营销策略业务英文文献及翻译
1 Introduction
Marketing continues to be a mystery to those who create it and to those who sponsor it. Often, the ad t hat generates record-breaking volume for a retail store one month is repeated the following month and b ombs. A campaign designed by the best Madison Avenue ad agency may elicit mediocre response. The s ame item sells like hotcakes after a 30-word classified ad, with abominable grammar, appears on page 35 of an all-advertising shopper tossed on the front stoops of homes during a rainstorm! The mystery elude s solution but demands attention. The success of an enterprise and development of enterprises depends to a large extent on whether or not they have advanced, meet the needs of the enterprise marketing strateg y. For Marketing is the definition, The well-known American scholar Philips marketing of the core marke ting concept of the following description : "Marketing is individuals or groups to create, provide and exc hange with other valuable products, to satisfy their own needs and desires of a social activities and mana gement process. " In the core concept contains a number of elements: needs, desires and needs; Products or provide; Value and satisfaction; exchange and transactions; and networking; market; Marketing and sa les were a series of concept.
This article is devoted to the idea that your marketing results can be improved through a better Understa nding of your customers. This approach usually is referred to as the marketing concept.
Putting the customer first is probably the most popular phrase used by firms ranging from giant conglom erates to the corner barber shop, but the slogan zing is often just lip service. The business continues to operate under the classic approach -- "Come buy this great product，if you dedicate your activities e xclusively to solving your customer's problems. The quality of services, and enterprises to culti vate customers satisfaction and loyalty, and can create enterprise value.
Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed, designed and w ritten to solve a problem for potential customers and is carried out in a way that the customer understands and trusts. The pages that follow will present the marketing concept of putting th e customer first. Marketing is a very complex subject; it deals with all the steps between deter mining customer needs and supplying them at a profit. In addition to some introductory materi al on marketing, this publication includes practical material on the marketing approaches to bu dgeting, layout design, and headline writing, copywriting and media analysis. So that a clear u nderstanding of enterprise marketing strategy to improve the operations of enterprises.
2 The marketing concept
Market positioning is identifying the target market, enterprises will adopt what marketing m ethods, which provide products and services the target market and competitors to show distincti on, thereby establishing corporate image and obtain favorable competitive position. Market posit ioning is a process of enterprise differentiation process, how to find the differences, identify di fferences and show differences. Today too many similar products, consumers how to choose? Consumers buy what is the justification? On the effective positioning for a solution. Positionin g is the first to propose in the advertising industry, advertising emphasized in the eyes of the public who left the location, And people often prefer preconceptions; If enterprises can target your customers mind to establish a definite position, to the consumer a reason to buy, enterpri ses can often compete in an advantageous position.
Marketing is an economy built on science, behavioral science and modern management theory on the basis of applied sciences. It enterprise marketing activities and to study law, customers.
? Determine what you are now doing to satisfy those wants and needs.
? Prepare a marketing plan that allows you to reach out to new customers or to sell more to your present customers.? Test the results to see if your new strategies are yielding the desir ed results.
Market research must be used in each of these six steps to help define your business for your customer's interests, not your own. It is the process of learning what customers want or need and determining how to satisfy those wants or needs. It is also used to confirm whether the customer reacted to a marketing program as expected. The benefits of market research include
? Learning who your customers are and what they want.
? Learning how to reach your customers and how frequently you should try to communicate with them.
? Learning which advertising appeals are most effective and which ones get no response.
? Learning the relative success of is that, properly done, market research is quite expensive, takes time and requires professional expertise. Acquiring all the necessary data to reduce the risk to your venture may cost so much and take so long that you may go out of business. The answer is to find a quick and inexpensive way of getting enough data to help you make the right decision most of the time. Some obvious pitfalls are
? Using a sample that does not represent the total market.
? Asking the wrong questions.
? Not listening to the responses.
? Building in biases or predispositions that distort the reliability of information.
? Letting arrogance or hostility cut off communi cation at some point in the marketing process.
If you have a limited budget, develop the skills to hear what your customers and potential customers are telling you. Some techniques worthy of consideration are
? Advisory board -- Occasionally convene a group of local people, whose opinions you respect, to act as a sounding board for new ideas. Choose your group with extreme care; one or two negative thinkers
can distort the thought process of the entire group.
? User group -- Gather customers together to discuss new ideas. Their opinions can help you keep your business on track. Pick a neutral setting where the people will talk. Be sure to reward the participants and share the credit for good ideas.
? Informal survey -- If you seek feedback from customers by simply asking how was everything? You can be seriously misled. Most people, even those with legitimate complaints, are reluctant to speak out because they are afraid of appearing foolish.
对于企业的创造者和提案者而言营销策略是一个谜。它能够使企业起死回生也能够使企业从天堂掉进地狱的。一个企业能否成功和发展在很大程度上取决于企业是否拥有先进的，符合企业发展需要的营销策略。美国著名的营销学者菲利浦对市场营销的核心概念进行了如下的描述：“市场营销是个人或群体通过创造提供并同他人交换有价值的产品，以满足各自的需要和欲望的一种社会活动和管理过程”。在这个核心概念中包含了几方面的内容：需要欲望和需求；产品或提供物；价值和满意；交换和交易；关系和网络；市场；营销和营销者等一系列的概念
这篇文章的撰写是专门让客户了解到企业的营销成功是可以通过更好地理解顾客的需求的方法来获取市场的而使企业的营销策略得到改善这种办法通常被人们称为营销理念
把顾客放在首位，恐怕是当今企业最受用的字眼。无论是从巨人集团还是到理发店，纷纷提出为顾客服务的口号。这些口号的提出往往只是口惠而已。企业的经营典型模式也是这样的“来买这个伟大的产品我们创造成本奇妙的服务我们提供。” 所谓的赠品当然只是我们一词换句话说大部分的商业活动，包括广告，都致力于解决公司的营销问题。不过，如果企业能把所有的经济活动都是完全为了解决客户问题的话，企业就更加容易得到成功。因为优质的服务，有利于企业培养顾客群的满意度和忠诚度，并可以创造企业的价值。
任何营销计划在良好的契机上能成为使企业得到成功的方法，以
下的内容将目前的营销观念的设计和解决潜在客户问题的进行方式，以及如何取得它们的利润分析。从而使企业清楚认识营销策略，改善企业的经营运作。
2 营销观念
营销学是一门建立在经济科学、行为科学和现代管理理论基础上的应用学科。它以企业营销活动过程及其规律性为研究对象，具有全程性、综合性、实践性特点。作为现代工商企业的“生意经”市场营销学系统地介绍在市场经济条件下企业应当具备的市场观念、经营意识、营销策略与方法。随着我国经济的日益繁荣，市场竞争的日趋激烈，企业急需现代市场营销理论的指导。
在最初阶段，很多企业都把市场营销仅作为一种有助于产品销售增长的策略和手段，如至今为止，中国的很多企业仍然是将营销部同销售部合二而一的；当人们认识到以顾客需要的满足为导向的市场营销观念应当成为企业的一种经营哲学，而对企业的整体经营活动产生影响时，又出现了将市场营销的地位不恰当地提高的倾向，如有不少人认为，市场营销应当是企业决策层次的指导思想，而不是执行层次的工作。对市场营销在企业中地位认识的不正确，必须会对市场营销在企业中的运用带来影响。
市场营销工作是属于开辟市场、占领市场和扩大市场的工作企业的开发和生产活动都要为市场的开拓工作服务，即以市场为依据，最终服务于市场。市场营销工作是以顾客作为企业再生产过程的起点，又以顾客作为再生产过程的重点，即以顾客的需求为
导向，按顾客的实际需要开发适销对路的产品，并有的放矢地推销到市场，实现销售，满足顾客的需要，随着企业成为市场主体，企业市场营销工作的地位日益突出，企业领导者必须高度重视。可惜的是，对于许多人而言，包括高层的管理人员，对营销存在了一个严重的误解。管理者只是利用营销理论作为一种先进的销售策略，把营销代表当作常用的广告招聘推销员。其实，营销是属于一种企业管理理论，用营销的知识来充分了解客户和企业之间的关系，从而影响每一个关键的商业决定。
以下有一些具体的办法，是用经典的营销方式和传统的销售办法来管理业务的不同做出比较，从而得出营销不等于销售。1、所谓的营销方式，就是指工程师和设计师创造了一种产品，这是当时给销售人士用于找客户以及推销的产品，在营销方式上，第一步是要确定哪些客户需要或想要什么，理解到客户的需求。然后销售人员把该信息反馈给设计师上，从而让工程师和设计师了解到客户对产品的要求不断改进产品的性能。然而，传统的销售方式只是销售人员与客户接触的开始与结束的这一个过程。
2、第二个主要差别的销售和营销方法的侧重点。营销方法的重点的管理。销售方式的重点几乎都是集中在商品的利润。总之，在古典的销售方式，客户的存在是为了生意，而在营销方式而言，客户的存在是为了加强企业的管理。
营销观念是一个管理计划，把所有营销元件作为一个整体系统，
要求有效的规划，组织领导和控制。它是基于对客户坚定的支持。所有公司的政策和活动都应以满足顾客的需求为主。
3、营销计划
营销计划是就像一个解决问题的方法，要做到熟练解题，就必须把一个大问题分成几个较小的问题，然后每一个小问题中开始解决：第一，从而把大问题变成一个可管理的问题。企业的营销计划应采取同样的态度它应是一个引导较好的目标，比如最高销售量等，在此基础上决定，并应确保员工在企业的组织工作达到相同的目标。一个良好的促销计划，可以防止企业的组织在一些零碎的方式的反应问题上洞悉先机。
要使企业的营销计划得到进一步的发展，必须为营销计划制定一个具科学性的基本方针。首先，企业要明确对象设计产品或服务，也就是说如何进行市场分割。而要提供怎样的产品或服务，则是指如何进行市场定位。以下列举的一些准则，有利于企业制定营销计划，进行市场分割和定位。
1、用人口统计学的方法，也就是研究人口的分布，密度和人口动态来统计的人口,具包括性的特点。如：性别、年龄、教育、地理位置、自置居所与租赁、婚姻状况、家庭成员人数的单位、总收入的家庭单位、种族或宗教背景、职位分类等。
2、物理学：研究了人类特性的消费者行为来衡量。研究可能会影响其对产品包装，广告和公关工作。如一个人的过去，接受的文化教育，生长环境等因素都可能影响到他或她的能力，从而考虑是否需要购买一个新的产品或服务。又如产品属性在消费者心中代表的意义，是否能够让消费者接受这些属性,可建议由经销
商去访问顾客的感觉。
3、生活方式：报表，使消费者对自己的消费，可以善加利用的研究人阅读正确信号。通过学习行为的变数，如某人的使用时间，服务及产品。研究人员可以找出一些共同的因素，用于预测未来的行为。
4、市场细分：企业的营销计划应承认各部分市场为企业的产品或服务,并说明如何调整产品能达到在独特的市场里生存，而不是推销产品的途径之具体的进入方法就比较明确。首先，实行点的占据。因为企业不可能一开始就进入到目标区域的中心，只能在这一区域的附近选择有利的阵地点，并在这个点上展开强有力的营销活动。其次，在第一个点的营销活动取得相当成功后，再在目标区域附近另选第二个点。在第二个点完成后，便可形成营销网络的线。再次，线形成后，再选一个第三点，此点应能与第一、第二点形成对目标区域的包围圈，这样营销面积便告形成。在面积形成后，企业还要设立第四点，此点应放在目标区域的中心，这是一个非常重要的点，没有这一点，目标区域还不能算进入，因为相对于竞争对手来说，你的企业活动只是外围组织而已，核心市场没有进入。选择目标市场应注意三个问题：（1）市场细分确定目标消费群，只能在你的有效市场范围内，决不能放弃自己的优势，去追逐所谓的“热”；（2）对已确定的目标市场一定要进行精细地了解；（3）细分后的目标市场的变化要有足够的把握
5、市场定位：企业必须意识到产品或服务不能面面俱到。极少数项目在市场上具有普遍感召力，即使基本商品像食盐或阿司匹林营销人到各种极端创品牌意识和产品的鉴别。如果企业的产品或服务是在适当的位置，有意购买者或使用者，应立即承认其独特的利益或好处，并能更好地评估它。定位是企业如何让其产品或服务的品牌得到识别
市场定位是指确定目标市场后企业将通过何种营销方式、提供何种产品和服务，在目标市场与竞争者以示区别，从而树立企业的形象取得有利的竞争地位。市场定位的过程就是企业差别化的过程，如何寻找差别、识别差别和显示差别。在今天同类产品太多了，消费者如何选择？消费者购买的理由是什么？靠企业的有效定位来解决。定位最早提出是在广告业，强调广告要在视听者心目中留下一定的位置，而人往往又是喜欢先入为主；如果企业能在你的目标顾客心中去确立一定的位置，给消费者一个购买的理由，企业往往能在竞争中处于有利的地位。
需要记住的是企业的营销位置和营销产品应该能够符合市场当前条件变动，公司的能力调整将由市场的最新知识的获取而得到很大的提高。当从客户上获取最大的信息以后，紧扣顾客的购买动机。你就可以作出最优的市场定位。
表现如下：1、定位特定产品的特征――一种非常普遍的做法，尤其是工业产品。如果你的产品或服务具有一些独特的特点具有明显的价值这可能是一段路要走。2、定位的好处――强烈的
关系定位，对产品的特点，一般来说, 这是更为有效，因为你可以跟你的客户对你的产品或服务能做。特征可能是好的,但是，除非客户能理解为什么产品能为他们带来的好处。
当今社会，竞争日趋激烈，企业对市场的把握稍纵即逝。任何企业行动停滞甚至迟缓都可能导致其业绩一落千丈。企业与企业之间的差距在外部环境较好时并不明显，而在外部环境较差时方显英雄本色。实际上，没有那种产业、那种行业与生俱来就是增长性的产业、行业只有那些能够抓住增长机会的企业才可以得到发展和壮大。企业要克服“营销近视”倾向，就应该加强对消费者需求和行为发展趋势的研究，随时研究和掌握变化中的市场动态，及时作出正确反应。
4市场调查
以营销观念有效地提高业务增长，你应做到以下六个步骤：第一，分析贵公司的竞争优势。你能把什么做得最好呢？第二，确定你现在服务具体的市场。第三，确定需要和需求您目前的顾客。第四，确定你正在做的能满足客户的需要。第五，准备一份销售计划，让你接触到新客户或者以更高的价钱获取你的产品的顾客
第六，测试结果，看看你的新战略，并取得预期的结果。
市场研究必须按照这六个步骤，以帮助确定你的业务为客户的利益，不是为了你自己的利益。这是一个学习过程，什么是客户想要或需要，并确定如何满足那些想要或需要。它也可以用来确定顾客反应了营销计划，如预期开放市场的好处，包括研究：学习
你的客户和他们想要什么。学习如何达到客户的要求和如何与客户沟通。学习的广告诉求是最有效的，哪些得不到任何回应。学习相对成功的不同的营销战略，从而提高投资回报率。学习如何不重复你的错误。
网络营销参与与消费者行为外文翻译 本科毕业论文设计外文翻译原文 Internet Marketing Involvement and Consumer Behavior Introduction One of the most stunning aspects of the past few years has been the speed at which the Internet market has expanded and matured This rapid rate of Internet adoption has resulted in an extraordinary pace of change in the marketing landscape- and opened up a variety of opportunities for marketers All across Taiwan and around the world shopping centers are closing their doors as consumers turn to the Internet for all of their shopping needs The Internet as the primary on-line marketing channel is now overtaking the commercial on-line servicesIn fact all of the on-line service firms now offer Internet access as a primary service Users can send e-mails exchange views shop for products and access newsfood recipes art and business information As the Internet establishes its position as a mainstream marketing channel consumer criticism regarding Internet marketing strategies have increased as well Critics worry about information privacy including issues related to the acquisition and dissemination
学士学位证书及毕业证英文翻译模板 附录：今天老师给我们留了个作业，让我们把本科毕业证书翻译成英文的，怎么翻译啊~所以请大家帮帮忙吧~谁能给我提供一个毕业证书的英文模版啊~本科毕业证书的啊~越快越好，如果老师满意，多少钱我都不在乎~包括专升本证书，能有工商管理硕士的最好！学士学位证书英语翻译与毕业证英文翻译模板，为爱大学本科生及研究生提供英文毕业证翻译样本。首先请看《办理中英文成绩单、英文毕业证学位证书的须知》。涉及中文或英文成绩单翻译，含英文毕业证书学位证书的证明。学生学位证书英文翻译模板BACHELOR’S DEGREE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Wang Danli, born in October 1977, has studied in the Department of Law, xxx University with a specialty of Law from September 1996 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required courses of the 4-year undergraduate program, she is granted graduation. In accordance with the academic degree act of the People’s Republic of China, the aforesaid student is awarded the Bachelor’s Degree in Law. xxx Chairman of Degree Appraising Committee of xx University June 30, 2000 Certificate No.: 103354003888 本科毕业证书翻译模板DIPLOMA This is to certify that Ms. Wang Lan, born on February 29, 1980, has studied in the Department of Foreign Languages,xxxUniversity with a specialty of English from September 1997 to June 2000. Upon completing and passing all the required
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of Googel. shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot- bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部经济学部 专业经济学 年级 2007级 班级名称 07经济学6班 学号 16020706001 学生姓名张瑜琴 指导教师陈锶 2011 年05月
目录 1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1) 2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2) 3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4) 3.1内在的单位 (4) 3.2财务子公司 (5) 3.3策略的同盟 (5) 3.4服务公司模型 (6) 4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8) 5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)
1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。 在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。在这些情形的大部分方面， ACCION 和它的合伙人正在使用方法，已知的当做服务公司模型，表演早答应当做一个能工作的方法克服真正的。 商业银行的障碍进入和穿越建立长命的小额贷款操作一个商业银行 这论文描述如何服务公司模型、住址商业银行中的主要议题进入进小额贷款，监定成功建立的因素动作井小额贷款服务公司，和礼物结果和小额贷款的课servic e 公司用最长的经验，在海地和审判官席 del 的 SOGEBANK│ SOGESOL 初期结果指出那这服务公司模型表现一重要的突破在促成商业银行进入和留在小额贷款。在厄瓜多尔的 Pichincha│ CREDIFE。初期结果指出服务公司模型在促成商业广告中表现一次重要的突破银行进入而且留在小额贷款。
互联网网络营销外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 文献出处：Peter Kenzelmann. Technical Consultancy in Internationalization[J]. International Marketing Review, 2006, 4(3):20-29. 英文原文 The technical basis of network marketing Peter Kenzelmann Network marketing is based on the technology infrastructure of computer network technology, as represented by information technology. Computer networks of modern communications technology and computer technology to the product of combining it in different geographic regions and specialized computer equipment for external interconnection lines of communication into a large, powerful networks, thus enabling a large number of computers can easily transmit information to each other, share hardware, software, data and other resources. And network marketing is closely related to the computer network there are three types: the Internet, Extranet and Intranet. The theoretical basis for the network marketing Theoretical foundation of network marketing is direct marketing network theory, network theory of relationship marketing, marketing theory and network software to integrate marketing theory. (A) Direct Response Network Marketing Theory
1. Introduction America is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States. American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English. The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1]. Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world. The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency. 2. Analyses the Differences As we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";
关于毕业设计说明书（论文）英文文献及中文翻译撰写格式 为提高我校毕业生毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）的撰写质量，做到毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）在内容和格式上的统一和规范，特规定如下: 一、装订顺序 论文（设计说明书）英文文献及中文翻译内容一般应由3个部分组成，严格按以下顺序装订。 1、封面 2、中文翻译 3、英文文献（原文） 二、书写格式要求 1、毕业设计（论文）英文文献及中文翻译分毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译和毕业论文英文文献及中文翻译两种，所有出现相关字样之处请根据具体情况选择“毕业设计说明书” 或“毕业论文”字样。 2、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译中的中文翻译用Word 软件编辑，英文文献用原文，一律打印在A4幅面白纸上，单面打印。 3、毕业设计说明书（毕业论文）英文文献及中文翻译的上边距:30mm；下边距:25mm；左边距:3Omm；右边距:2Omm；行间距1.5倍行距。 4、中文翻译页眉的文字为“中北大学2019届毕业设计说明书” 或“中北大学××××届毕业论文”，用小四号黑体字，页眉线的上边距为25mm；页脚的下边距为18mm。 5、中文翻译正文用小四号宋体，每章的大标题用小三号黑体，加粗，留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行；二级标题用小四号黑体，加粗；其余小标题用小四号黑体，不加粗。 6、文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如图1.2，表2.3，附注3.2或式4.3。 7、图表应认真设计和绘制,不得徒手勾画。表格与插图中的文字一律用5号宋体。
每一插图和表格应有明确简短的图表名，图名置于图之下，表名置于表之上，图表号与图表名之间空一格。插图和表格应安排在正文中第一次提及该图表的文字的下方。当插图或表格不能安排在该页时，应安排在该页的下一页。 图表居中放置，表尽量采用三线表。每个表应尽量放在一页内，如有困难，要加“续表X.X”字样，并有标题栏。 图、表中若有附注时，附注各项的序号一律用阿拉伯数字加圆括号顺序排，如:注①。附注写在图、表的下方。 文中公式的编号用圆括号括起写在右边行末顶格，其间不加虚线。 8、文中所用的物理量和单位及符号一律采用国家标准，可参见国家标准《量和单位》(GB3100~3102-93)。 9、文中章节编号可参照《中华人民共和国国家标准文献著录总则》。
文献出处：Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.
英语专业文献翻译 题目: 基于交通服务感知质量的效用评价方法姓名: 丁贞钰 学院: 工学院 专业: 交通运输 班级: 101班 学号: 30210101 指导教师: 陈青春职称: 副教授 2013年11月25日 南京农业大学教务处制
基于交通服务感知质量的效用评价方法 Hideyuki Kita a Akira Kouchi b a Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Kobe, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan b Infrastructural Planning Department, Chodai Co. Ltd., 2-20-6, Shin-machi, Nishi-ku, Osaka, 550-0013, Japan 摘要：本研究旨在开发一个通过宏观交通状态数据评价微观驾驶环境的模型，并且展示一系列基于驾驶员视觉的交通服务质量估算方法的模型。该方法由三部分组成，第一部分通过宏观数据评价行驶速度和时间间隔分配，第二部分评价作为行驶速度和时间间隔联合概率的基点效用。第三部分通过利用经验公式的基点概率分布估计基段效用。通过一个研究案列论证所提出的方法。 关键词：驾驶员感知；交通服务质量；基础效用评价；估计方法；交通调查数据；相关函数 1 引言 交通服务质量直接关系到驾驶员的利益。为了提高交通服务质量，应采取必要措施提高驾驶员对道路规划和交通管理的满意度。采取适当的基于驾驶员感知的方法来评价路用性能是必要的。弄清驾驶员服务质量感知结构对区分驾驶员感知服务质量也是必要的。 从驾驶员感知的角度对服务质量的评价已经有了很大成就,研究人员对评价驾驶员感知结构的感知服务质量做了比以前更多的尝试，但是感知服务质量的层次结构依旧很少被人认识。基于驾驶员的感知结构的层次结构，包括基点服务质量、基段服务质量和基面服务质量。通过参考感知结构的服务质量，Kita(2000)提出了测量服务质量的方法的基本框架。这个框架的基本思想是服务质量的最小单位是微观驾驶环境，比如在每个路段驾驶员的视野范围内相对速度和空间时间间隔。驾驶员对于特定路段的服务质量感知是这些基点服务质量的集合。然而关于感知服务质量的重要因素—微观驾驶环境的数据却很难获得。另一方面，宏观交通状态变量，比如由微观交通状况变量集合的数据—速率，可以很容易的通过车辆检测器。在给定宏观交通状况下，捕捉发生在什么样的微观环境和到什么程度是必要的。但是，没有研究与以上观点相关，直到本文作者对他的认识。 本研究的目的是开发一个通过宏观交通状况变量评价微观驾驶环境的方法，并提出一系列对宏观交通状态变量的基点服务质量的测量和对根据驾驶感知结构和服务质量层次结构基点服务质量的基段服务质量的测量方法。通过使用上面的方法，获得有关驾驶员感知结构的宏观交通状况数据，评价基于驾驶员感知的基段服务质量。 本文组织如下。第2部分，概括评价服务质量领域的相关文献。第3部分，表述包括提出的方法论的一系列方法的概要和基本思想。第4部分，概述运用宏观交通状态变量估计微观驾驶环境的方法。第5部分，开发了一种联系基点感知服务质量和考虑认知倾向的基段感知服务质量的模型，并对概率分布之间的关系效用进行微观分析。第6部分，通过运用从车辆检测器上获得的实际交通状况数据检测本文所表述的理论模型的有效性。第7部分，结论。 2 文献综述 已经做过很多关于驾驶员感知的服务质量评价工作。但由于篇幅有限，只把文献大纲列出如下。更多信息可以从Kita and Kouchi(2010)中获得。有一些研究阐述了交通服务质量应该基于驾驶员的微观驾驶环境的感知评价交通服务质量(Morrall and Werner (1990), Ishibashi et al. (2006))。有一些研究试图找到一个可以展现与感知交通服务质
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
翻译练习一（英译汉）小组讨论情况记录 小组成员：赵一，钱二，孙三，李四 本次讨论记录、执笔人：赵一 1.本次翻译文本的目标读者是？ 2.本次翻译任务需要达成的目的是？ 3.请用注释的形式写出“翻译根据”。翻译根据包括（但不限于）根据翻译目的 对翻译方法（策略）的选择；术语的出处或论证过程；译文选词、造句、结构、篇章等方面的考虑； 原文：在国内众多的历史课本或辅导爱国读本中，讲到北宋的社会经济，往往说这时期出现了中国第一个商标。这枚传说中的白兔商标现存于中国历史博物馆，中间一个白兔图，寓“玉兔捣药”之意. 译文：In various Chinese history textbooks and patriotic readings[i], one thing is always covered in the economic development[ii] of the Northern Song Dynasty—the emergence[iii] of China’s first trademark, which is now kept in the National Museum of Chinese History[iv]. This legendary trademark was designed with a white rabbit image in the middle, implying the message of the Jade Rabbit pounding medicine[v] [i]辅导爱国读本 第一步，理解中文。 所谓“辅导爱国读本”一般指供学生课下阅读的旨在培养爱国情操的材料(当然也可以面向社会读者)，内容可以涵盖从古至今国家经济政治文化等各方面情况：讲成就可以培养人们的民族自尊心、自信心、自豪感等等；也可以讲失败、讲教训，激励人们奋发图强，建设祖国。…这些在中国都属于“爱国主义教育”的内容。文中要讲的是北宋出现了中国历史上第一枚商标，这是经济发展的标志之一，算是“成就”，同时此商标设计上又体现了浓郁的中国传统文化特色（玉兔捣药），因此自然会被写入爱国读本让大家了解。 第二步，理解基础上做出一个译文。
（ 本科毕业设计外文文献翻译 学校代码： 10128 学 号： 题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)
Shear wall structural design of high-level framework Wu Jicheng Abstract: In this paper the basic concepts of manpower from the frame shear wall structure, analysis of the structural design of the content of the frame shear wall, including the seismic wall shear span ratio design, and a concrete structure in the most commonly used frame shear wall structure the design of points to note. Keywords: concrete; frame shear wall structure; high-rise buildings The wall is a modern high-rise buildings is an important building content, the size of the frame shear wall must comply with building regulations. The principle is that the larger size but the thickness must be smaller geometric features should be presented to the plate, the force is close to cylindrical. The wall shear wall structure is a flat component. Its exposure to the force along the plane level of the role of shear and moment, must also take into account the vertical pressure. Operate under the combined action of bending moments and axial force and shear force by the cantilever deep beam under the action of the force level to look into the bottom mounted on the basis of. Shear wall is divided into a whole wall and the associated shear wall in the actual project, a whole wall for example, such as general housing construction in the gable or fish bone structure film walls and small openings wall. Coupled Shear walls are connected by the coupling beam shear wall. But because the
( 合同范本 ) 甲方： 乙方： 日期：年月日 精品合同 / Word文档 / 文字可改 外文翻译合同(合同示范文本) The contract concluded after the parties reached a consensus through equal consultations stipulates the mutual obligations and the rights they should enjoy.
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__________________________________________________ 联系电话：__________________________________________________ 鉴于甲方拍摄的_____集电视连续剧《》（暂定名，最终定名以通过审核的完成片片名___________为准，改变剧名和集数不影响本合同的效力及履行，以下简称该剧）外文翻译事宜，拟聘请乙方担任该剧外文翻译等相关后期工作，经甲、乙双方充分协商，达成以下协议，以兹共同信守。 第一条聘用期限 本合同有效期限自合同签订之日起至甲方交付乙方的全部工作完成后为有效期。因不可抗力原因延期拍摄时，甲乙双方协商本合约可顺延。 第二条乙方的工作 乙方负责如下事项。 1．除日文之外其它各外文语种的全部翻译工作（外文配音台词本的制作、外文翻译中文并校对、配合后期配音工作的要求、配合
网络营销策略分析外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
Network marketing strategy analysis of VANCL Abstract:21 century is the information century, the development of science technology, economic and social is to meet the coming of age. The network marketing is also the Internet for media, to implement marketing campaigns in the new ways, method and idea, more effective individual and organization the realization of the trading activities. Enterprise how to develop the network marketing in such a huge market potential, occupation in emerging markets, to the enterprise both opportunities and challenges. The network marketing is also produced in the change of the values of consumers: meet the needs of the consumers, is the enterprise manages the core of the eternal. Using network of this high- technology to provide consumers with various types of service, is a important way of future competition advantage. V ANCL makes a huge success by the network marketing, and becomes a Chinese clothing network marketing market leader in the short term. Based on the network marketing way as the foundation, reading V ANCL marketing strategy. Key words:Network marketing Marketing strategy V ANCL The network marketing as a new marketing concept and marketing mode in a digital economy times, even if the enterprise opened up more broad market, and can lead and reforming the traditional marketing. The network marketing compared with the traditional marketing has the personality, interactive, economy, efficiency and obvious advantages, if V ANCL want to market in big foothold, it must learn to use the new marketing method, the most suitable for enterprise of the integration of traditional and modern marketing method. 1、The marketing situation of V ANCL With the development of the Internet, e-commerce enterprises emerging batches. The e-commerce market in other properties, once created "clothing direct sales model" the myth of a brief period of prosperity in PPG after into decline. And take the