第一部分选择题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide
which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,
it is said to be ___.
A、prescriptive
B、sociolinguistic
C、descriptive
D、psycholinguistic
2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that
introduces the embedded clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator主从连词
5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."
A、is synonymous with
B、is inconsistent with
C、entails
D、presupposes
6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.
A、semantics
B、pragmatics
C、sociolinguistics
D、psycholinguistics
7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.
A、elaboration
B、simplification精简
C、external borrowing
D、internal borrowing
8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A、Lingua franca通用语
B、Creole
C、Pidgin
D、Standard language标准语言
9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回
B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex
C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A、learning
B、competence
C、performance
D、acquisition
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following
statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the
letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's
k of the rules of his language.
12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .
13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.
15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.
16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been
said.
17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .
18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".
19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.
20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or
false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each
statement. If you think a statement is false, you must
explain why you
think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.
()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English.
()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings
of its components.
()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.
()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects
such as British English and American English but cannot be found within
the variety itself, for example, within British English or American
English.
()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated
and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational
implicatures arise.
()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken
today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.
()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech
situations known as domains.
()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,
speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern
their way of life.
()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first
language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31、duality
32、diachronic linguistics
33、broad transcription
34、morphological rules
35、phrase structure rule
36、relational opposites
37、componential analysis
38、context
39、euphemism
40、brain lateralization
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in
English for illustration.
42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of
a second language.
英语语言学试题（2）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words ―lend‖and ―borrow‖are ___.()
A.gradable opposites
B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms
D.synonyms
2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )
A.Jacob Grimm
B.Rasmus Rask
C.Franz Bopp
D.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
A.unusual
B.something to be feared
C.abnormal
D.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( )
A.Broca's aphasic
B.The linguistic deprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus
D.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say ―night‖ as ―light‖.This shows: .( )
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is called __word.( )
A.a polysemous
B.a synonymous
C.an abnormal
D.a multiple
7.The function of the sentence ―A nice day, isn't it?‖is __.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,rmative
B.phatic
C.directive
D.performativ e
8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,age B.grammar C.pronunciation D. structure
9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )
A.Linguistic geography
B.Lexicology
C.Lexicography
D.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word ―gentleman‖ can be expressed as __.( )
A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.
12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.
13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.
14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a
________,one who can speak several languages fluently.
15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or
v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写
“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
16.All words may be said to contain a root
morpheme.( )
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )
18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )
21.The term dialect,as a technical term in
linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )
22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。( )
23.The word ―photographically‖ is made up of 4 morphemes.( )
24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )
25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.general linguistics
27.suprasegmental features
28.root and stem
29.hierarchical structure
30.naming theory and conceptualist view
31.maxims of quality and manner
32.blending
33.sociolect
34.subvocal speech
35.contrastive analysis
五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.
(2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.
re-
un-
anti-
super-
-wise
-itis
-ize
-age
英语语言学试题（3）
第一部分选择题
Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.
A. arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C. logical
D.non-productive
2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips,i.e. rounded, EXCEPT ______.
3.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______. A.phrase structure B.surface structure
C.syntactic structure
D.deep structure
4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
A.Case Condition
B.Adjacent Condition
C.parameter
D.Adjacent parameters
5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.
A.polysemy
B.hyponymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy
6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.
A.quality
B.quantity
C.relation
D.manner
7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,e
B.accept
C.generalize
D.reconstruct
8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in order to facilitate communications.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage interpretation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage identification
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage choice
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage planning
9.Which of the following choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?
______.
A.Cerebral cortex
B.Neurons
C.Eyes
D.Angular gyrus
10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.
A.the copula verb "be"
B.inflectional morphemes
C.function words
D.content words
第二部分非选择题
Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage exists in time and changes through time. The
description of a language at some point of time is called a _s_______ study of language.
12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.
13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called _b________ morphemes.
14.XP may contain more than just X.For example,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the complement.
15.According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone should see the doctor" should fall into the category of _d________.
16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ac3303371.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang