第一部分选择题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide
which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the
letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1、As mod ern linguistics aims to d escribe and analyze the language peopl e actually use, and not to lay d own rul es for "correct" linguistic behavior,
it is said to be ___.
A、prescriptive
B、sociolinguistic
C、d escriptive
D、psycholinguistic
2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most fl exible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、infl ectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
4、A ___ in the embed d ed clause refers to the introductory word that
introduces the embed d ed clause.
A、coordinator
B、particle
C、preposition
D、subordinator主从连词
5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."
A、is synonymous with
B、is inconsistent with
C、entails
D、presupposes
6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is call ed ___.
A、semantics
B、pragmatics
C、sociolinguistics
D、psycholinguistics
7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as anal ogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.
A、elaboration
B、simplification精简
C、external borrowing
D、internal borrowing
8、___ refers to a marginal language of few l exical items and straightforward grammatical rul es, used as a medium of communication.
A、Lingua franca通用语
B、Creole
C、Pidgin
D、Standard language标准语言
9、Psychol ogists, neurol ogists and linguists have conclud ed that, in addition to the motor area which is responsibl e for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the l eft brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus角回
B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex
C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious d evelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A、l earning
B、competence
C、performance
D、acquisition
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first l etter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the
letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11、Chomsky d efines "competence" as the id eal user's k of the rul es of his language.
12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .
13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rul es by which words are formed.
14、A s is a structurally ind epend ent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a
compl etestatement, question or command.
15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutabl e und er allcircumstances are call ed c synonyms.
16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to
something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.
17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .
18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".
19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is call ed the c period for first language acquisition.
20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 l earning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rul es, and l earning and communicative strategies of the learner.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or
false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each
statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you
think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
()21、In mod ern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.
()22、Voicing is a phonol ogical feature that distinguishes meaning in both
Chinese and English.
()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sol d. This
indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings
of its components.
()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.
()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dial ects
such as British English and American English but cannot be found within
the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
()26、Only when a maxim und er Cooperative Principl e is blatantly violated
and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.
()27、The territory in which the Ind o-European languages are mainly spoken
today also includ es languages that are not Ind o-European.
()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech
situations known as d omains.
()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,
speakers' perceptions d etermine language and pattern their way of life.
()30、All normal chil dren have equal ability to acquire their first
language.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for
illustration. (3%×10=30%)
31、duality
32、diachronic linguistics
33、broad transcription
34、morphol ogical rul es
35、phrase structure rul e
36、relational opposites
37、componential analysis
38、context
39、euphemism
40、brain lateralization
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some exampl es in
English for illustration.
42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of
a second language.
英语语言学试题（2）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The pair of words “l end”and “borrow”are ___.()
A.gradabl e opposites
B.relational opposites
C.co-hyponyms
D.synonyms
2.The discovery of Ind o-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( )
A.Jacob Grimm
B.Rasmus Rask
C.Franz Bopp
D.Sir William Jones
3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )
A.unusual
B.something to be feared
C.abnormal
D.natural
4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligibl e.( )
A.Broca's aphasic
B.The linguistic d eprivation
C.The damage on the angular gyrus
D.Wernicke's aphasic
5.Some Southern l earners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows:.( )
A.They cannot pronounce/n/
B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue
C.The teachers d o not have a good teaching method
D.They d o not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6.A word with several meanings is call ed __word.( )
A.a polysemous
B.a synonymous
C.an abnormal
D.a multipl e
7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.()
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,rmative
B.phatic
C.directive
D.performative
8.The most recognizabl e differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,age
B.grammar
C.pronunciation
D.structure
9.__d eals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )
A.Linguistic geography
B.Lexicol ogy
C.Lexicography
D.Sociolinguistics
10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.()
A.+animate,+mal e,+human,-adult
B.+animate,+mal e,+human,+adult
C.+animate,-mal e,+human,-adult
D.+animate,-mal e,+human,+adult
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.A sentence is a structurally ind epend ent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a compl ete statement,q________or command.
12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.
13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context
14.To many peopl e,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.
15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,whil e all vowel sounds are v________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )
17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )
18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )
19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically call ed predicate.( )
20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )
21.The term dial ect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )
22.Morphol ogy is translated as 形态学。( )
23.The word “photographically” is mad e up of 4 morphemes.()
24.The small est meaningful unit of language is all omorph.( )
25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.general linguistics
27.suprasegmental features
28.root and stem
29.hierarchical structure
30.naming theory and conceptualist view
31.maxims of quality and manner
32.bl ending
33.sociol ect
34.subvocal speech
35.contrastive analysis
五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.Paraphrase each of the foll owing sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rul es account for the ambiguity of sentences.
(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terribl e.
(2)He saw young men and women present.
(3)They were surprised at the presid ent's appointment.
37.Decid e the meaning of the foll owing affixes and give each affix two exampl es.
re- un- anti- super- -wise
-itis -ize -age
英语语言学试题（3）
第一部分选择题
Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ______.
A. arbitrary
B.non-arbitrary
C. l ogical
D.non-productive
2.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with round ed-lips,i.e. round ed, EXCEPT _____
3.The l evel of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______.
A.phrase structure
B.surface structure
C.syntactic structure
D.d eep structure
4.The theory of ______ accounts for the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
A.Case Condition
B.Adjacent Condition
C.parameter
D.Adjacent parameters
5.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is call ed ______.
A.polysemy
B.hyponymy
C.antonymy
D.homonymy
6.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.
A.quality
B.quantity
C.relation
D.manner
7.In first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rul es from the linguistic information they hear.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,e
B.accept
C.generalize
D.reconstruct
8.Standardization known as ______ is necessary in ord er to facilitate communications.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage interpretation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage identification
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage choice
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage planning
9.Which of the foll owing choices is not the key biological basis for human language acquisition?
______.
A.Cerebral cortex
B.Neurons
C.Eyes
D.Angular gyrus
10.Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.
A.the copula verb "be"
B.infl ectional morphemes
C.function words
D.content words
第二部分非选择题
Ⅱ.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first l etter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage exists in time and changes through time. The d escription of a language at some point of time is call ed a _s_______ study of language.
12.An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any _o________ when a sound is produced.
13.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are call ed _b________ morphemes.
14.XP may contain more than just X.For exampl e,the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det,N and S,with Det being the _s________,N the head and S the compl ement.
15.According to Searl e's classification of ill ocutionary acts,"to suggest that someone shoul d see the d octor" shoul d fall into the category of _d________.
16.Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general l exical items.The word that is more general in meaning is call ed _s________.
17.Vowels can be nasalized.The vowel nasalization rul e is an _a________ rul e,which,for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are mad e id entical, or more similar, to one another.
18.One mark of an informal styl e is the frequent occurrence of _s________ words and expressions, which make sense only to the peopl e of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.
19.The brain is divid ed into two roughly symmetrical halves, call ed _h________, one on the right and one on the left.
20.Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and _t________ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)
21.( )Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
22.( )A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds whil e phonol ogy is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
23.( )Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.
24.( )Sentences are not formed by rand omly combining l exical items, but by foll owing a set of syntactic rul es that arrange linguistic el ements in a particular ord er.
25.( )The same semantic feature occurs in one part of speech only. For exampl e, "female" occurs only in nouns such as "mother", "woman" "girl" "tigress" and so on but not in other parts of speech.
26.( )According to Searl e's classification of ill ocutionary acts, inviting, ord ering, advising, promising and apol ogizing all fall into the category of directives.
27.( )New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the ol d word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus "ped dl e" was d erived from "peddl er" on the mistaken assumption that the "-er" was the agentive suffix.
28.( )Women in Western countries at l east appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the social significance of certain linguistic variabl es.
29.( )The case of Genie confirms that the language faculty of an average human d egenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot d evel op.
30.( )Conscious knowl edge of linguistic rul es d oes ensure acquisition of the rul es and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.
(3%×10=30%)
31.narrow transcription
32.stem
33.d erivational affixes
34.grammatical relation
35.predication
36.semantic narrowing
37.nonstandard languages
38.linguistic taboo
39.angular gyrus
40.interlanguage
Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)
41.Explain with exampl es the three notions of phone, phoneme and all ophone, and also how they are related.
英语语言学试题（5）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1.The d escription of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.
A. comparative
B. diachronic
C. up-to-date
D. d escriptive
2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the l ongest established, and until recently the most highly
d evel oped, is ( ) phonetics.
A. auditory
B. acoustic
C. articulatory
D. none of the above three
3. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular,present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect.Since they are the small est unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).
A. phonemes
B. morphemes
C. allophones
D. phones
4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and d eveloped a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.
A. speech act
B. TG
C. principl es-and-parameters
D. minimalist programme
5. One way to analyze l exical meaning is ( ).
A. predication analysis
B. stylistic analysis
C. componential analysis
D. proposition analysis
6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is id entical with the speaker’s intention.
A. l ocutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perl ocutionary act
D. constative act
7. The discovery of Ind o-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).
A. Sir William Jones
B. John Firth
C. M. A. K. Halliday
D. F. D. Saussure
8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).
A. discourse rol e-switching
B. activity rol e-switching
C. social rol e-switching
D. cod e-switching
9. A focal point of SLA research has been the n ature and d evel opment of L2 l earners’().
A. second language
B. first language
C. foreign language
D. interlanguage
10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).
A. 7800
B. 6800
C. 5800
D. 4800
二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)
11. The d escription of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.
12. When pitch, stress and sound l ength are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are coll ectively known as i________.
13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divid ed into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.
14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.
15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rul es call ed s________ restrictions.
16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.
17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to id entify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.
19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowl edge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.
20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which l earners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is called a ________.
三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分)
21. Mod ern linguistics is mainly diachronic. ( )
22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( )
23. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. ( )
24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rul es traditionally call ed transformational rul es, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. ( )
25. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the generative semanticists to analyze meaning. ( )
26. Linguists found that it woul d be possibl e to give an ad equate d escription of meaning even if the context of language use was left unconsid ered. ( )
27. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divid ed into the periods of Old English, Mid dl e English and Mod ern English. ( )
28. When peopl e of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( )
29. Linguistic lateralization in terms of right hemispheric d ominance for language is found to exist in an overwhelming majority of human beings. ( )
30. In ord er to id entify the areas of l earning difficulty, an interlingual contrastive procedure Contrastive Analysis was d eveloped. ( )
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
31. competence and performance
32. minimal pair
33. morphol ogy
34. finite clause
35. sense and reference
36. Cooperative Principl e
37. semantic broad ening
38. language planning
39. the critical period hypothesis
40. instrumental motivation vs. integrative motivation
五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
41. Und er what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?
42. For the foll owing sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its und erlying structure.
The girl ate the orange.
43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and id entify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Mod ern English that is evid ent.
King: Where is Polonius?
Haml et: In heaven, Send thither to see.
If your messenger find him not there,
seek him i’ the other place yourself.
But ind eed, if you find him not within
this month, you shall nose him as you
go up the stairs into the lobby.
Act IV, Scene iii
英语语言学试题（6）
Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)
1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rul es of his language in linguistic communication.
A. langue
B. competence
C. parol e
D. performance
2.In terms of the place of articulation, the foll owing sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ( ).
A. palatal
B. alveolar
C. bilabial
D. d ental
3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.
A. L. Bl oomfiel d
B. F. Saussure
C. N. Chomsky
D.M. A. K. Halliday
4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principl es to particular values.
A. Adjacent Condition
B. parameters
C. Case Condition
D. Case requirement
5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. T he kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is call ed () synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dial ectal
C. emotive
D. coll ocational
6. The ill ocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychol ogical state specified in the utterance.
A. representatives
B. commissives
C. expressives
D. d eclaratives
7. Mod ern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).
A. Mid dl e English
B. Old English
C. French
D. Norman French
8. In a digl ossic country, the two digl ossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.
A. genetic
B. social
C. direct
D. cl ose
9.Many aphasics d o not show total language l oss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.
A. Werniker’s
B. visual
C. motor
D. Broca’s
10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner d esires to l earn a second language in ord er to communicate with native speakers of the target language.
A. Instrumental
B. Functional
C. Integrative
D. Social
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)
11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language peopl e actually use, it is said to be d _____.
12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glid es all have some d egree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.
13. M ____ is the small est meaningful unit of language.
14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”, “have”, “d o” etc.
15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real worl d; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.
16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state o r d escribe, and were thus verifiabl e.
17. In the process of first language acquisition, chil dren usually construct their personal grammars, and their language d evelops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rul es of the adult language.
18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at l east a singl e language variety.
19. Peopl e may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.
20. Although the d evelopment of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rul es and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.
Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)
21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s worl d that can only be spoken, but not written.
22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent. 23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always d etermined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.
24. ( ) The relationship between the embed d ed clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whol e.
25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning hol ds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
26. ( ) Searl e’s classification of ill ocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been call ed internal borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rul e generally.
28. ( ) There are differences in the way peopl e of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.
29. ( ) The l eft hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left
hemisphere is language-d ominant.
30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardl ess of their general intelligence.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×
10=30％)
31. assimilation rul e
32. root
33. bound morphemes
34. surface structure
35. grammaticality
36. elaboration
37. bilingualism
38. creol e
39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
40. fossilization
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)
41. The phonol ogical features that occur above the level of individual sounds are call ed suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.
42. Explain and give exampl es to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.
英语语言学试题（7）
一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分)
1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).
A. manner of articulation
B. openness of mouth
C. place of articulation
D. voicing
2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is call ed ( ).
A. phonetics
B. morphol ogy
C. syntax
D. semantics
3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the id eal user’s internalized knowl edge of his language.
A. competence
B. parol e
C. performance
D. langue
4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.
A. coll ocational
B. dial ectal
C. compl ete
D. stylistic
5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).
A. homonymy
B. hyponymy
C. polysemy
D. antonymy
6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?” () “He ran the red light”.
A. entails
B. contradicts
C. presupposes
D. includ es
7. The word “lab” is formed through ().
A. back formation
B. bl ending
C. clipping
D. d erivation
8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.
A. Angular gyrus
B. Broca’s area
C. The right hemisphere
D. Wernicke’s area
9. When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy” mea ns ( ).
A. + Human
B. + Human + Adult
C. + Human + Adult – Male
D. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent
10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.
A. Aspiration
B. Intonation
C. Stress
D. Tone
二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。（每空1分，共16分）
1. D_________ is a d esign feature of human language that enabl es speakers to talk about a wid e range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.
2. S_________ study of language d escribes language at some point in time; d_________ study d escribes language as it changes through time.
3. N_________ transcription transcribes sounds with diacritics, whil e b_________ transcription d oes not.
4. A sentence has a hierarchical structure and l_________ structure as well.
5. Unlike a sentence, the meaning of an u_________ is concrete and context-d epend ent.
6. Chinese belongs to S_________ language family, whil e English belongs to I _________ language family.
7. R_________ are situational dial ects appropriate for use in particular situations; i_________ is a personal
dial ect.
8. When a p_________ comes to be ad opted by a population as its primary language and chil dren l earn it as their first language, it becomes c_________.
9. I_________ is the approximate linguistic system that a second language learner constructs, which represents the learner’s transitional competence in the target language.
10. A_________ is the l earner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community. 11. Words that have d escend ed from a common source are c_________.
三、判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错误的写“F”并且加以改正。（每小题2分，共20分）
1. “ Beat” and “bit” are not a minimal pair. ()
2. Compounds are words created by combining two or more than two words. ( )
3. Linguistic change occurs only in sound and l exical system, but not in syntax. ( )
4. In a predication, the argument is said to govern the predicate. ( )
5. Mod ern English began with the Norman Conquest. ( )
6. Bilingualism is a situation in which two different varieties of a language co-exist in a speech community. ( )
7. The case of Genie suggests that the language faculty of an average human d egenerates after the critical period. ( )
8. Interference is the only source of errors in the second language acquisition. ( )
9. When a plural form -s is ad d ed to a noun that ends with a vowel, it is pronounced as ［z］, due to assimilation. ( )
10. In the sentence “The father beat the child”, “the child” is both a structural and l ogical object. ()
四、名词解释，并至少举一例加以说明（每小题4分，共24分）
1. duality
2. phoneme
3. compl ex sentence
4. reference
5. perl ocutionary act
6. linguistic taboo
五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）
1. Comment on the foll owing conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principl e:
A: Where’ve you been?
B: Out.
2. Analyse the foll owing words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:
specialize , indisputabl e, individualistic, d ownfall, unexceptionabl eness, ungentl emanliness
(每个语素0. 5分)
英语语言学试题（8）
语言学试题
第一部分选择题
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any other name woul d smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.()
A.the conventional nature of language
B.the creative nature of language
C.the universality of language
D.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Of the foll owing sound combinations, only _______ is permissibl e according to the sequential rul es in English.( )
A.kibl
B.bkil
C.ilkb
D.ilbk
3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".( )
A.hierarchical
B.linear
C.tree diagram
D.vertical
4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient shoul d stay adjacent to each other.( )
A.Case Condition
B.parameter
C.Adjacent Condition
D.Adjacent Parameter
5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A.phoneme
B.word
C.phrase
D.sentence
6.According to Searl e,those ill ocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are call ed _______.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,misives
B.directives
C.expressives
D.d eclaratives
7.The term _______ linguistics may be d efined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A.synchronic
B.diachronic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,parative
D.historical comparative
8.The way in which peopl e ad dress each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of ad dress forms frequently used includ es first name, last name, titl e+last name, _______,and kin term.
A.titl e+first name
B.titl e+title
C.titl e al one
D.first name+last name+titl e
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage and thought may be viewed as two ind epend ent circl es overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are id entical or cl osely parall el to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )
A.vocal thought
B.subvocal thought
C.covert thought
D.overt thought
10.Whcih of the foll owing best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C.Chil dren are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
第二部分非选择题
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)
11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish cl ose links with other branches of
s________ studies, such as sociol ogy and psychol ogy.
12.Cl ear ［1］and dark［］are all ophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.
13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears cl ear, d efinite meaning.
14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.
15.That the d enial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of
c________ antonyms.
16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and d econtextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-d epend ent.
17.Phonol ogical rul es may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Mod ern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.
18.In many societies of the worl d, we find a large number of peopl e who speak more than one language. As
a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of peopl e with different cultures and different languages.
19.The brain's neurol ogical specialization for language is call ed linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.
20.In ord er to acquire a second language, l earners will subconsciously use their first language knowl edge in l earning a second language. This is know as language t________.
三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, l ong vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such
as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
( )24.“The stud ent” in the sentence “The stud ent liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic
l ecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the stud ent.”belong to the same syntactic c ategory.
)25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations
whil e linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerabl e to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.The division of English into Ol d English, Mid dl e English, and Mod ern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
( )https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitud es as well as attitud es about social taboos or racism.
( )29.If a chil d is d eprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to l earn a language successfully later on.
( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)
31.cultural transmission (as a d efining feature of human language)
32.phonic medium of language
33.voicing
34.infl ectional morphemes
35.reference
36.l ocutionary act
37.protolanguage
38.ethnic dial ect
39.registers
40.acculturation
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)
41.Why d o we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic el ements? Support your statement with exampl es.
42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production
英语语言学试题（9）
语言学试题及参考答案
I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.
A. a particular language
B. the English language
C. human languages in general
D. the system of a particular language
2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly d escribed as having the foll owing phonetic features:
__________.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop
B. voiceless, labiod ental, fricative
C. voiced, bilabial, stop
D. voiced, labiod ental, fricative
3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "l earned" is known as a(n) __________.
A. d erivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. infl ectional morpheme
D. free form
4. In the phrase structure rul e "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.
A. is equal to
B. consists of
C. has
D. generates
5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some fl owers".
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with
6. Y's utterance in the foll owing conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rul es may be borrowed, add ed, l ost or altered.
A. phrases
B. sentences
C. morphemes
D. utterances
8. In a speech community peopl e have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rul es for using it.
A. socially
B. linguistically
C. culturally
D. pragmatically
9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not und er the control of the left hemisphere in most peopl e? __________.
A. language and speech
B. visual and spatial skills
C. reading and writing
D. analytic reasoning
10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.
A. babbling
B. one-word
C. two-word
D. multiword
Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the l etter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and coll ect linguistic f before they can d o anything else.
12. Phonol ogical rul es that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called
s rul es.
13. An ind epend ent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is call ed a f___________ morpheme.
14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".
15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is call ed s .
16. In making conversation, the general principl e that all participants are expected to observe is call ed the C principl e proposed by J. Grice.
17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.
18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may refl ect the s attitud e connoted in the language that is sexist.
19. When language and thought are id entical or cl osely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
20. I is the language that a l earner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)
21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and mod ern linguists in their study of language is that the former tend ed to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage peopl e to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.
22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.
23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of
a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
24. ( ) Phrase structure rul es can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite l ength, due to their recursive properites.
25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often consid ered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
27. ( ) In first language acquisition children's grammar mod els exactly after the grammar of adult language.
28. ( ) The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptabl e in Black English vernacular because copula d el etion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capabl e of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective worl d according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language d evel opment.
Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.
(3%×10=30%)
31. synchronic linguistics
32. displacement
33. a minimal pair
34. d erivational affixes
35. syntax
36. language transfer
37. hyponymy
38. sentence meaning
39. lingua franca
40. cerebral cortex
Ⅴ. Answer the foll owing questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. Explain sociol ogical triggers for language change by giving a typical exampl e in the history of
English.
42. Explain briefly the four main individual l earner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second
language.
语言学试题参考答案
一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1、C
2、C
3、D
4、D
5、D
6、B
7、B
8、C
9、A 10、D
二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11、knowl edge
12、bilabial
13、morphol ogy
14、sentence
15、compl ete
16、representatives
17、coinage
18、d elete
19、critical
20、interlanguage
三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
21、F
Actually mod ern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for
a number of reasons.
22、F
Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.
23、F
The meaning of some compound words has nothing to d o with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "red coat".
24、F
Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.
25、F
Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dial ects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For exampl e, within British English, "girl" is call ed "lassie" in Scottish dial ect, and "liquor" is call ed "whishey" in Irish dial ect.
26、T
27、T
28、F
They have a fairly cl ear fairly cl ear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some
d omains, other languag
e in other d omains.
29、F
The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language d etermines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"
30、T
四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two l evels. At the
l ower l evel, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningl ess whil e at the higher l evel there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as d oubl e articulation.
32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the
study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.
33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principl e is to use one l etter to indicate one sound. It is
generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.
34、The rul es that govern which affix can be add ed to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be
ad d ed to a noun to form an adjective.
35、a rewrite rul e that allows for the possibl e combinations of words to form phrases and sentences
36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a
relationship between the two items. For exampl e, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.
37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The
approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,
call ed semantic features. For exampl e, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.
38、Context is regard ed as constituted by all kinds of knowl edge assumed to be shared by the speaker and
the hearer, For exampl e, the knowl edge of the language used and the knowl edge of the world, including the general knowl edge about the worl d and the specific knowl edge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.
39、A euphemism is a mil d, indirect or l ess offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or
serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpl easantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".
40、Brain lateralization refers to the l ocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular
hemisphere of the brain. For exampl e, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most peopl e, the l eft hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, whil e the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.
五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes includ e changes in vowel sounds, sound l oss,
sound addition, and sound movement.
1) Vowel sound change: English has und ergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds,
known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Mid dl e English period and which involved seven l ong, or tense vowels. These changes l ed to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Mod ern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middl e English)→/faiv/(Mod ern English)
2) Sound l oss: Sounds can change by the l oss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/
was l ost. This sound existed in Ol d English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Mod ern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.
3) Sound ad dition: Sound ad dition includ es the gain or insertion of a sound. For exampl e, the word l eisure
was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was add ed to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the mid dl e of a word is known as epenthesis,
e.g.spinle--spindl e.
4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a
reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is l ess common, but it d oes exist. In some dial ects of English, for exampl e, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, brid d ("bird") is an Ol d English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Mod ern English counterpart "bird".
评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
42、The acquisition of a second language is d epend ent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate
success in SLA are affected not only by l earners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual l earner factors. The l earner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers includ e age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:
1) Age The optimum age for SLA d oes not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it
has been d emonstrated that ad ol escents are quicker and more effective L2 l earners than young children.
The early teenagers are good L2 l earners because their fl exibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been compl etely l ost and their cognitive skills have d eveloped consid erably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.
2) Motivation Adults are motivated to l earn a second language because of a communicative need. If the
l earners have a strong instrumental need to l earn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.
3) Acculturation The more a l earner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language, the
further he or she will progress al ong the d evelopmental continuum.
4) Personality The generally outgoing adult l earners l earn more quickly and therefore are more successful
than the generally reserved ones.
二、
英语语言学试题（2）参考答案
一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)
1.B
2.D
3.D
4.D
5.B
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.A 10.B
二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)
11.words question
12.social groups
13.sentence meaning
14.polyglot
15.voiceless voiced voiced
三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)
16.T
17.F(Sen se and reference…)
18.F(scientific study of language)
19.F(finite verb…)
20.F(diachronic)
21.F(no value judgement)
22.T
23.T
24.F(morpheme)
25.F(one of the parts)
四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)
26.The study of language as a whol e is often call ed general linguistics.
27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.
28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a d erivational affix can be ad d ed.
29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.
30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.
31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without ad equate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and ord erly.
32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.
33.A variety of languages used by a social class.
34.Thought when it is cl ose to language.
35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.
五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)
36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot;
(2)young men and young women; young men and (not young) women
(3)the presid ent appoints others; the presid ent is appointed.
37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize
un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unl ock
anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism
super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman
-wise: in the manner of, e.g. cl ockwise, moneywise
-itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis
-ize: make into, e.g. realize, mod ernize
-age: process. e.g. mil eage, linkage
英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
1.A
2.A
3.B
4.C
5.D
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.D 10.A
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
11.social https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,pl ementary
13.root https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,pl ex
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,pl ementary 16.utterance
17.metathesis 18.bilingualism
https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,teralization 20.transfer
三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
21.F
The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.
22.T
23.F
Some compounds contain more than two words.
24.T
25.F
It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.
26.T
27.F
The division of English into Old English, Mid dl e English, and Mod ern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.
28.T
29.T
30.F
Chil dren first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the worl d, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)
31.One of the major d efining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and l earnt.
32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.
33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
34.Infl ectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real worl d; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For exampl e ,if we say, "The d og is barking," we must be talking about a certain d og known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual d og the word "d og" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "d og".
36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, l exicon and phonol ogy. For exampl e, by saying "You have left the d oor wid e open",the l ocutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by id entifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.
38.An ethnic dial ect is a social dial ect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a l ess privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dial ects.
40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)
41.In ad dition to revealing a linear ord er, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
For exampl e, the phrase " the ol d men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective "ol d”may modify the noun "men", or the foll owing two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference cl ear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.
NP NP
NP NP NP NP
The ol d men and the women the ol d men and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production foll ows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.
When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which d etermines the d etails of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.
英语语言学试题（9）参考答案
一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
1、C
2、B
3、C
4、B
5、A
6、C
7、C
8、B
9、B 10、C
二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
11、facts 12、sequential 13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission
18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage
三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
21、（T）
22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossibl e to use the same criteria in their classification.
23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of
a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.
24、（T）
25、（F）The conceptualist view hol ds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real worl d; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
26、（T）
27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never mod els exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rul es from the linguistic information they hear.
28、（T）
29、（T）
30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language d evelopment. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language d evelopment occurs spontaneously and requires littl e conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor rol e.
四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）
31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.
32、One of the major d efining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.
33、A pair of sound combinations which are id entical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.
34、Affixes add ed to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rul es that all ow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.
36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 l earners subconsciously use their L1 knowl edge in their l earning process.
37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is includ ed in the latter. For exampl e, a cat is a hyponym of animal.
38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and d econtextualized. For exampl e, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).
39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of peopl e of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by peopl e thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.
40、Cerebral cortex is the outsid e surface of the brain, the d ecision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to resid e in the cortex.
五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）
41、Sociol ogical triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, col onialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical exampl e in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Mid dl e English period. This means that Mid dle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invad ers in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Mid dl e English was d eeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For exampl e, such terms as "army," "court," "d efense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from
the language of the French rul ers.
评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。
42、The four main individual l earner factors that affect a l earner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.
The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.
Motivation refers to the l earner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the l earner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the l earner's goal is social.
Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.
Personality is also related to L2 l earning. Adult l earners who are extroverted l earn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted l earners.
北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷
北京师范大学2004考研《语言学》试卷
1. Define the foll owing terms:20 points
1) langue
2) parol e
3) all ophone
4) semantic field
5) cohesion
2.Try to id entify the possibl e paradigmatic relation between any items in the foll owing poem by Lu Xun 10points
岂有豪情似旧时？
花开花落两由之。
何期泪洒江南雨，
又为斯民哭健儿！
3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points
4. What can this rul e mean in English grammar? 10 points
[d] ___ [ -id] / [t] ___
5. Define the foll owing sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points
这些音标我打不出来和往年的差不多全掌握了就行
6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some exampl es.10 points
7.We can use the pattern “it is ……”to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we
d o if w
e must emphasize it ? Please give exampl es to highlight your emphasis o
f any part of this sentence :15points
I bought a book in the city yesterday.
8. Try to discuss as many as possibl e the d esign features of human language.15 points
9. Observe the foll owing sentences:
老王找到老张，才找到他的儿子。
老王找到老张，才找到他自己的儿子。
老王找到老张，才找到自己的儿子。
老王找到老张，才找到儿子。
Which sentence is cl ear in its meaning? Which one is uncl ear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of the Chinese language.10points
10.Discuss the foll owing 2 sentences, and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing.
She has d one it very well; she is only fifteen, you know.
11.What can linguistics d o for language l earning and teaching? (10 points)
12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like
1)a book;
2)the book;
3)books;
4)o book.
This name may be better than the ol d name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) l earn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. (10 points)
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
英语专业语言学考试试题 Information for the examinees: This examination consists of Four sections. They are: Section I: Content Awareness of the Course (30 points, 20 minutes) Section II: General Principles of Language and Linguistics (30 points, 25 minutes) Section III: Some Specific Aspects of Language and Linguistics (20 points, 35 minutes) Section IV: Analysis and Application (20 points, 40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. You must write all your answers on the Answer Sheet. Section I: Content Awareness of the Course 30 points I. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points, 1 point for each item) 1. "Historical linguistics" seeks to provide scientific evidence ( ) A. of the reasons for human speech B. of human habitation in Africa C. why there are many world languages D. concerning the origins of speech 2. Which of the following does NOT have something to do with the production of speech sounds? ( ) A. Organic analysis B. Linguistic analysis C. Acoustic analysis D. Phonetic analysis 3. In determining the symbolic nature of language humans( ) A. examine Braille and signs B. examine the media and signs C. examine the language of the media D. examine the language itself 4. The aims of Unit 4 are to understand that language functions in the world ( ) A. through the use of naming devices and education B. by people experiencing abstractions in education C. based on experience, abstraction and symbolism D. through symbolic and abstract experiences 5. The aim of Unit 5 is for students to understand that speech acts( ) A. need to be defined precisely through oral actions B. need to be terminated under appropriate circumstances C. need to be defined, analysed and comprehended D. need to be analysed by definition and example: 6. Generally speaking, 脸and 面子is: ( ) A. more important for teenage girls than boys B. something teenagers don"t worry about C. not the same for adults as for teenagers
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
I. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only. 1. Clear ［1］and dark [?] are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c omplementary distribution. (P24) 2. M orphology is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (P32) 3. Consonant sounds can be either?voiceless or voiced, while all v owel sounds are voiced. (P16) 4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C ooperative?principle proposed by J. Grice. (P86-87) 5.??Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time is called a s ynchronic study of language. (P4) 6.?An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any o bstruction when a sound is produced. (P18) 7.?XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP “the boy who likes this puppy” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the s pecifier, N the head and S the complement. (P46) 9.??While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u tterance is concrete and context-dependent. (P70) 11. P sycholinguistics relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language. (P70) 12. A d iachronic study of language is a historical study, it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (P70) 13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d uality. (P70) 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ral cavity and the nasal cavity. (P15) 16. S uprasegmental features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning. (P70) 18. H omonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (P70) 19. The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a rticulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. (P15)
有答案的 第一部分选择题 41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration. 42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language. 英语语言学试题（2） 五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分) 36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences. (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible. (2)He saw young men and women present. (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.
37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples. re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age 英语语言学试题（3） Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%) 41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related. 英语语言学试题（5） 五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.doczj.com/doc/f35990631.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies
英语语言学试题（9） 语言学试题及参考答案 I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative 3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form 4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________. A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates 5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers". A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity