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英国文学简史(期末考试资料)

英国文学简史(期末考试资料)
英国文学简史(期末考试资料)

英国文学简史

英美文学史名词翻译

Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴)

Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)

Enlightenment (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)

Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism(美学主义)

Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)

Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学)

Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)

Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人)New Criticism (新批评主义)

Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义)

Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言)

Romance (传奇) epic(史诗)

Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔)

Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)

Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律)

Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)

Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节)

Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句)

The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)

Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局)

parable (寓言) Genre (流派)

Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺)

Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌)

Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章)

Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象)

Dramatic monologue(戏剧独白)Psychological novel (心理小说)

Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义)

Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵)

Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物)

Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)

Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传说)

Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义)

Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)

Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记)

Foot (脚注) Protagonist (正面人物)

Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)

Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣

consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)

repeated initial(开头的)

一、中世纪文学(约5世纪—1485)

?《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)

?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )

杰弗利·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父(Father of English Poetry)

《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales )

二、文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期—17世纪初)

?托马斯·莫尔(Thomas More )《乌托邦》(Utopia)

?埃德蒙·斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser)《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)

?弗兰西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)《论说文集》(Essays)

?克里斯托弗·马洛(Christopher Marlowe)

《帖木儿大帝》(Tamburlaine)

《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus)

《马耳他岛的犹太人》(The Jew of Malta )

?威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare )

四大悲剧: Hamlet(哈姆雷特)、Othello(奥瑟罗)、King Lear(李尔王)、Macbeth(麦克白)

四大喜剧:A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》

Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》

三、17世纪文学

?约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)

(诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。)

①Epics: 失乐园 复乐园

②②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙

?约翰·班扬(John Bunyan)《天路历程》(The Pilgrim’s Progress)

(代表作《天路历程》,宗教寓言,被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”,是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。)Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)

①Religionary Allegory:天路历程

?约翰·多恩(英国诗人)John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人). Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗):(用语)the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.(主题:love, religious, thought)Artistic features: 1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻The Flea 虱子③

四、启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)

18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope)是新古典主义诗歌的代表。

Alexander Pope亚历山大?蒲柏1688~1744

(18世纪英国最伟大的诗人,其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。)As a representative of the Enlightenment,Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England....

批评论 Artistic features: https://www.doczj.com/doc/a218512425.html,ing “heroic couplets” ②卷发遇劫记③道德论人论 愚人记

?乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels

(十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。)

格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人国Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议 ②书战③木桶的故事 ④一个麻布商的书信

?丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父《鲁滨孙漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)

(小说家,新闻记者,小册子作者;十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。)

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

?亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》(Tom Jones)

(英国小说家,戏剧家,被誉为“英国小说之父”。)He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

①novels: 弃婴汤姆?琼斯约瑟夫?安德鲁大诗人江奈生?威尔德

?托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard )

Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德?布林斯利?施莱登1751~1816

情敌 ②造谣学校

William Blake威廉?布莱克1757~1827 ①天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from children?s eye. ②经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯1759~1796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗②一朵红红的玫瑰 ③往昔时光

五、浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832)

Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).

“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人,who lived in the lake district.

William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey

?罗伯特·彭斯Robert Burns

The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗①约翰?安德生,我的爱人,Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect,苏格兰抒情歌谣集②一朵红红的玫瑰③Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长④不管那一套⑤My heart is on the plateau我的心在那高原上⑥布鲁斯在班诺克本⑦ 自由树Farewell to Scotland 再见苏格兰

?威廉·布莱克William Blake

天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from children?s eye. ②经验之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes. Include: 扫烟囱的小孩 Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence ③ 天堂与地狱的婚姻

?威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth

(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets)

抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) ② Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof pe ace”

2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet?s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. ③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女②序曲

?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads )

The Lake Poets ①古舟子颂②柯里斯塔贝尔③忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory ④半夜冰霜⑤忧郁颂⑥抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)

George Gordon Byron乔治?戈登?拜伦1788~1824

(拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫,却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷,却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。) “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. ①唐?璜恰尔德?哈罗德尔游记

Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?比希?雪莱1792~1822

①Poetic Drama:解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man?s victory over tyranny and oppression ②麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛诗辩无神论的必要性

John Keats约翰?济慈1795~1821

(“美即是真,真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) ①Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂心灵颂 忧郁颂②秋颂

Jane Austen简?奥斯丁1775~1817

She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.

理智与感情 傲慢与偏见(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. 【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 曼斯菲尔德庄园爱玛诺桑觉寺劝导

The Victorian Period 1832-1900 English Critical Realism(Victorian Era)

Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯1812~1870

(批判现实主义小说家)the greatest representative of English critical realist writer ①匹克威克外传②奥利弗?特维斯特(雾都孤儿)③老古玩店④圣诞颂歌⑤董贝父子⑥大卫?科波菲尔⑦荒凉山庄艰难时世⑧双城记(London & Paris) ⑨远大前程⑩我们共同的朋友Sketches by Boz; American Notes 美国札记

William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷1811~1863

or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan) ② ③Cox's Diary庸人之书

Jane Austen简?奥斯丁

She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. ①理智与感情 傲慢与偏见曼斯菲尔德庄园爱玛诺桑觉寺劝导

Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特1816~1855

简?爱②雪莉③教师

Emily Bronte艾米莉?勃朗特1818~1854

①呼啸山庄< Old Stoic>

弗洛斯河上的磨坊②亚当?比德③< >织工马南④< Middlemarch>米德尔马契

Mid and Late 19th Century

Robert Browning罗伯特?白朗宁1812~1889

①< My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人②< Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思Men and Women;

Dramatic Lyrics; Pippa Paaaes; The Ring and the Book;

Elizabeth Barrett Browing: 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁

葡萄牙十四行诗Christina. G. Rossetti: 1830-1894 Seek and Find; A Story for Girls; Song; A Birthday

1900~1950 The 20th Century

Playwrights ①Oscar Wilde ②George Bernard Shaw Henrry James: the wings of a dove; a portrait of a women; Daisy Miller; the ambassadors; the golden bowl

George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家)critical realistic dramatist ①Plays Unpleasant 华伦夫人的职业鳏夫的房产②Plays Pleasant 武器与人左右命运的人③Plays 人与超人匹格玛利翁苹果车圣女贞德Heartbreak House

. 托马斯?哈代1840~1928

(小说多以农村生活为背景;自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment)? Novels ①< Tess Of The D’Urbervilles>德伯家的苔丝Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ②< Jude The Obscure>无名的裘德③< Under The Greenwood Tree>绿荫下④

远离尘嚣⑤< The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特桥市长⑥< The Return of the Native>还乡?Poems :Wessex Poems And Other Verses ,Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国

Oscar Wilde奥斯卡?王尔德1856~1900

salome (The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake)①4 Comedies: 认真的重要温德米尔夫人的扇子一个无足轻重的女人理想的丈夫②Novel: 多利安?格雷的画像③Fairy Stories: 快乐王子故事集The Truth Of Masks

.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨1865~1939

(爱尔兰诗人,剧作家;The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动;The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴;The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团)? collections ① 苇风 责任② 旋转的楼梯?Poems 复活节,1916 第二次来临/再世 到拜占庭航行When You are Old; The Lake Isle of Innisfree;

Thomas Sterns Eliot(诗人,剧作家,批评家)? Poems ①四个

Morning at the Window;

David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1885~1930

Modernist 儿子与情人(autobiographical)②

虹③恋爱中的女人④查特莱夫人的情人

詹姆斯?乔伊斯1882~1941 Modernist

(爱尔兰小说家,意识流小说的代表人物)stream-of-consciousness 尤利西斯(S_O_C) 一个青年艺术家的肖像芬尼根的苏醒都柏林人

Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙1882~1941 Modernist

(意识流小说的代表人物)stream-of-consciousness ①Novels 达洛维夫人到灯塔去 雅各布的房间 奥兰朵幕间The Voyage Out; A room of one?s own

Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)

印度之行霍华兹别墅Where Angels Fear to Tread; The Longest Journey; A Room with a View; Howards End; A Passage to India; Maurice

Dorris Lessing

The Grass is Singing; The Golden Notebook; Particularly Cats; Love, Again

Samuel Beckett

Finnegans Waken ; More Pricks Than Kicks; Waiting for Godot; The Trilogy Molloy;Malone Dies; The Unameable

Harold Pinter

The Room; The Birthday Party; Tea Party;The Homecoming; Old Times

名词解释、定义

Sonnet 十四行诗

A sonnet is a lyric poem comprising包含14 rhyming lines of equal length. 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. The sonnet, an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed ,was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey.

十四行诗是一首抒情诗包括14包含押韵线长度相等。14行抒情诗,通常是押韵的抑扬格五音步写。十四行诗,14行诗押韵诗错综复杂的精确形式,介绍了从意大利到英国的托马斯爵士怀亚特和亨利霍华德,萨里伯爵。

William Shakespeare

威廉·莎士比亚

Renaissance 文艺复兴

a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.

第十四世纪起源于意大利的艺术和科学复兴的复兴或复兴,并逐渐传遍整个欧洲。它有两个特点:一个渴望的好奇心,对古典文学和人类活动的兴趣。

Alighieri Dante,A pioneer of the Renaissance, as a representative of "the Divine Comedy"

阿利盖利·但丁,文艺复兴的先驱,代表作为《神曲》

Sentimentalism 感伤主义

it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.

这是第十八世纪后几十年英国文学的重要趋势之一.。它集中在思想和情感的自由表达上,提出了一种新的人性观,即对思想的珍视,对理性的激情。

British sentimental representative writer Steyn's novel < < sentimental travel in France and Italy > >

英国感伤主义代表作家斯泰恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤旅行》

Romanticism 浪漫主义

imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.

想象、情感和自由是浪漫主义的焦点。浪漫主义文学的特殊性包括:主体性和强调个人主义;脱离规则的自由;孤独的生活而不是社会生活;想象优于理性的信仰;对自然的热爱和崇拜。

Ode to the west wind is the poem of English Romantic poet Shelley.

metaphysical poetry 玄学派诗歌

Metaphysical poetry mainly refers to England in seventeenth Century by John Dunn (1572-1631) the influence of the works of poets. The metaphysical poets with rebellious spirit, Elizabeth tried to break away from the traditional period of love poetry. The imagery is extracted from real life. The form of poetry is often with the love, with God, or with himself of an argument.

玄学派诗歌主要是指英国十七世纪深受约翰·邓恩(1572-1631)影响的诗人的作品。玄学派诗人具有强烈的叛逆精神,试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。诗中的意象都是从现实的生活中提取。诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人,同上帝,甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。

John Donne is the representative of "metaphysical"

约翰.邓恩便是“玄学派”的代表人物。

Classicalism 古典主义

Classical, popular in Western Europe in seventeenth Century, especially a literary trend in France. This trend is the product of a specific historical period, because of it in literary theory and creative practice in ancient Greece, Rome literature as a model and a model known as the "classical". In art mainly refers to contain highly recognized the era of classical Greece and the ancient Rome culture. The classical classical taste as a standard, and trying to imitate the classical style. The formation and prosperity in France, and then spread to other European countries, is the age of enlightenment, the concept of the age of reason and part of the modern ideology advocated.

古典主义,17世纪流行在西欧、特别是法国的一种文学思潮.这一潮流是特定历史时期产物,因它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊、罗马文学为典范和样板而被称为“古典主义”. 在艺术上主要是指对包含希腊及古罗马的古典时代文化的高度认同。古典主义将古典时代的品味作为标准,并试图模仿其风格。古典主义形成和繁荣于法国,随后扩展到欧洲其他国家,是启蒙时代、理性时代以及部分现代主义思想所提倡的概念。

John Dryden, British representative poet

英国的代表诗人约翰·德莱顿

作品分析

《坎特伯雷故事集》

作者:杰弗雷·乔叟

作品描写一群朝圣者聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里,准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。店主人建议朝圣者们在往返途中各讲两个故事,看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了24个故事,其中最精彩的故事有:骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。Description of a group of pilgrims gathered in a small hotel in London, ready to go to Canterbury City pilgrimage. The shopkeeper suggested that the pilgrims talk about two stories on their way back and forth to see who spoke the best. The story set includes 24 stories, the most exciting stories are: Knight love tragedy story, the story of the Knights of the Bath woman, sellers of sinners to persuade the fable of the world, the priests speak animal fables, businessmen Talking about the story of family disputes, farmers talk about the touching love and the story of generous loyalty behavior.

作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活,揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善,谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义,肯定了世俗的爱情生活。The work broadly reflects the capitalist stage of British society, exposing the corruption of the church, the priest's greed and hypocrisy, condemned the killing of human asceticism, affirmed the secular love life.

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)

威廉·莎士比亚著名戏剧作品之一

戏剧讲述了两位青年男女相恋,却因家族仇恨而遭不幸,最后导致两家和好的故事。The drama tells the story of two young men and women in love, but because of family hatred and misfortune, and finally led to the two stories.

鲜明的反封建倾向,明确地把悲剧的根源归咎于陈旧的封建意识,巧妙地把爱情题材和文艺复兴时期的社会矛盾联系起来,把批判的锋芒指向中世纪衰朽而野蛮的伦理观念,指向现实的封建势力。Obvious anti feudal, clearly the tragedy attributed to the old feudal ideology, skillfully the love theme and Renaissance social contradictions together, the criticism was directed at the medieval decrepit and brutal ethic, pointing to the reality of the feudal forces.

《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》

英国剧作家威廉·莎士比亚

戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆雷特的父亲,篡取了王位,并娶了国王的遗孀乔特鲁德;哈姆雷特王子因此为父王向叔叔复仇。Drama tells the story of Uncle Claudius J murdered Hamlett's father, usurped the throne, and married the widow of King Jo Trude; Prince Hamlett so for my father to my uncle revenge.

它以精湛的艺术形式,博大的思想内容表现出主人公人文主义理想的幻灭,反映了作者对人生价值和意义的探索。一部深刻反映时代面貌、具有激烈矛盾冲突的杰出悲剧,使这一复仇故事有了广泛的社会意义。With its exquisite art form, broad ideological content showed the protagonist the humanistic ideal disillusionment, reflects the author's exploration of the value and meaning of life. A profound reflection of the outlook of the times, outstanding tragedy has intense conflict, the revenge story had extensive social significance.

《奥赛罗(Othello)》

是莎士比亚

故事讲述了一个嫉妒心很强的摩尔人,因为轻信部下的谗言,而将自己清白无辜的妻子杀害。The story of a jealous moor, because of his gullible calumny, and his innocent wife killed.

反映了文艺复兴时期深刻的社会矛盾Reflects the profound social contradictions during the Renaissance

《失乐园》Paradise Lost

约翰·弥尔顿

诗中叛逆之神撒旦,因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱,却毫不屈服,为复仇寻至伊甸园。亚当与夏娃受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱,偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的知识树上的果子。最终,撒旦及其同伙遭谴全变成了蛇,亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园In the poem the rebellious angels of Satan, because against God's authority be damned, but did not yield to seek revenge for the garden of Eden. Adam and Eve were possessed by Satan's serpent, ate the tree of the knowledge of the God expressly forbidden to eat the fruit. In the end, it was Satan and their full turns the snake, Adam and Eve were expelled from the garden of Eden

以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落。体现了诗人追求自由的崇高精神,是世界文学史、思想史上的一部极重要的作品。With the majestic momentum epic reveals the original sin and fallen people. Embodies the lofty spirit of the pursuit of freedom of the poet, is the history of world literature, a history of very important works.

《格列佛游记》

英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特

作品以里梅尔·格列佛船长的口气叙述周游四国的经历。通过格列佛在利立浦特、布罗卜丁奈格、飞岛国、慧骃国的奇遇,反映了18世纪前半期英国统治阶级的腐败和罪恶。Works with the Riemer captain Gulliver tone around four narrative experience. By Gulliver in Lilliput, Bo Martin Nai G Brokaw, flying island, houy's adventure, reflects the first half of the eighteenth Century British ruling class corruption and crime.

还以较为完美的艺术形式表达了作者的思想观念,作者用了丰富的讽刺手法和虚构的幻想写出了荒诞而离奇的情节,深刻地反映了当时的英国议会中毫无意义的党派斗争,统治集团的昏庸腐朽和唯利是图,对殖民战争的残酷暴戾进行了揭露和批判;同时它在一定程度上歌颂了殖民地人民反抗统治者的英勇斗争。With more perfect forms of artistic expression of the author's ideas, the author used the rich irony and fiction wrote absurd and bizarre plot, a profound reflection of the meaningless when the British Parliament party struggle, the ruling clique of stupid and mercenary in colonial wars are cruel and fierce expose and criticize; at the same time it to a certain extent, sing the praises of the colonial people's heroic struggle against the ruler.

《鲁滨孙漂流记》

英国作家丹尼尔·笛福

主要讲述了主人公鲁滨逊,因出海遭遇灾难,先被海盗攻击,再到种植园,最后漂流到无人小岛,并坚持在岛上生活了28年后,最后回到原来所生活的社会的故事。Mainly tells the story of the hero Robinson, because the sea disaster, first attacked by pirates, and then to the plantation, finally drifting to the uninhabited island, and persisted after 28 years on the island, and finally back to the original social life story.

个人通过努力,靠自己的智慧和勇敢战胜困难Individuals through hard work, rely on their own wisdom and courage to overcome difficulties

英国文学简史问答题期末考试复习提纲教学教材

1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Romantic Age? ①The Romantic Age in England was like the Elizabethan Age, distinctively an age of poetry. It was regarded as the second great age in English literary history; for poetry is the highest form of literary expression, and seems to have been most in harmony with the noblest powers of the English genius. The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats, Moore, and Southey; ②Women novelists appeared in this age. It was during this period that women assumed for the first time, an important place in English literature. Mrs. Anne Radcliff was one of the most successful writers of the school of exaggerated romance. Jane Austen offered us her charming descriptions of everyday life in her enduring work her masterpiece----Pride and Prejudice; ③The greatest historical novelist Walter Scott also appeared in this period. His historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic description of historical background and common people life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it; ④Romantic prose was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hume. Lamb was the best essayist, whose familiar essays are very famous. 3.What are the major features of Dickens’ novels? ①Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. His novels tell much of the unhappy experiences of his own childhood. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, and criticize the vices of capitalist society. ② The success of Dickens novels also lies in his character-portrayal. Not only are the major characters in his novels very carefully delineated and given distinctive individual characteristics but also his minor figures create in the readers’ mind strong impressions of their personalities. Some of Dickens’characters are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”that they become proverbial or are representative of a whole group of similar persons. ③Dickens is a great humorist and satirist. His novels are full of humor and satire ④Dickens is not especially known for the construction of plot in his novels. There is in his novels often more than one minor thread of story beside the major one, and these threads are generally very loosely woven together. He seems to love a complicated and involved plot. ⑤In almost every one of Dickens’ novels there is a happy ending, which points to the author’s optimism which is an admirable thing for a critical realist because that means his still has his hopes after seeing the gloomy world all around him and one hand, and as a petty-bourgeois intellectual, could not overstep the limits of his class on the other hand. ⑥Another feature in Dickens’novels is his adroit use of language. On the whole Dickens has a richness of expressions and generally succeeds in using the right words and phrases at the right moments for the right characters to attain the right effects. 12. What are the characteristics of Dickens’ novels?(同第三题)

马原复习资料重点知识论述题

马原复习资料重点知识论述题-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

马原期末复习资料 一、有人说,马克思主义产生于19世纪中叶,到现在都160多年了,应该已经过时了,如何看待这种观点。 答:这种观点是错误的,因为马克思主义有着与时俱进的理论品质。 1.坚持一切从实际出发,理论联系实际,实事求是,在实践中检验和发展真理,是马克思主义最重要的理论品质。这种与时俱进的理论品质,是160年来马克思主义始终保持蓬勃生命力的关键所在。 2.首先,这种品质是马克思主义理论本质的反映。马克思主义之所以能够经久不衰,永葆青春和活力,其根本原因就在于它具有彻底的科学性。而彻底的科学性是与理论的与时俱进紧密联系在一起的,理论上的与时俱进正是科学性的必要性。 3.其次,这种品质是人类认识发展规律的具体体现。坚持一切从实际出发,实事求是,在实践中检验和发展真理,这是人类认识发展规律的基本要求。从这个意义讲,与时俱进就要把握规律性,马克思主义经典作家从不认为他们的理论是一成不变的,而总是要求根据实践的发展和时代的变化丰富和发展他们的学说。 4.最后,这种品质是理论创新的内在要求,创新就要不断解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进。 二、试运用事物普遍联系的基本原理评说“各人自扫门前雪,莫管他人瓦上霜”(或头痛医头,脚痛医脚)这一观点。 答:观点错误。 1.联系是指事物内部各要素之间和事物相互影响、相互制约和相互作用的联系。 2.联系具有客观性,联系具有普遍性,联系具有多样性。 3.马克思主义关于事物普遍联系的原理,要求人们善于分析事物的具体联系,确立整体性、开放性观念,从动态中考察事物的普遍联系。 4.人类社会也是一张联系之网,是由单个的个人组成的有普遍联系的群体组织,社会的发展是由所有个人的力量结合得以推动的。

中国文学批评史试卷及答案

中国文学批评史试卷一 一、解释(每题6分,共30分) 1、以意逆志 2、发愤著书说 3、妙悟说 4、六义说 5、无我之境 二、简答(每题10分,共30分) 1、试述《诗大序》的主要诗学观点。 2、试析《文心雕龙》的理论结构。 3、试述唐宋文道观的异同。 三、论述(每题20分,共40分) 1、试述孔子“兴观群怨”说的理论内涵,并指出王夫之对此说的发展创新表现在哪些方面。 2、试述司马迁的“发愤著书”说的理论内涵。后世还有哪些文论家提出过类似观点?试述之。 答案要点: 一、解释(每题10分,共30分) 1、以意逆志:是孟子提出的深刻理解作品的方法。“逆”,此处即为“求”的意思;“志”,指作者所表达的思想感情;“意”的理解历代有分歧,旧注指说诗者之意,近代指作者之意,两者实际很难分开。所谓“以意逆志”,是指解说作品时,不要抓住其中片言只语而望文生义,也不应对某些夸张修饰作机械理解,而应当着眼于作品的实际,把握作品的全篇内容,加上自己切身的体会,去探索作者的志趣倾,理解作品的思想感情。 2、发愤著书说:是司马迁最重要的文论命题。愤,指作为创作动力的“怨愤”,司马迁指出“愤”是作家“意有所郁结”的情绪状态,即心理受压抑而不得伸展的状态。作家怨愤郁结,“不得通其道”,从而借创作发挥疏通,以恢复心理平衡。司马迁的发愤著书说揭示了“愤”是作家创作的心理动力,以“愤”为创作动力,其作品具有较高的品质和质量。 3、妙悟说:是严羽提出的学诗的重要方法。妙悟原为佛语,指佛理高深莫测,不可言传,因而认识佛理不能靠逻辑推理或语言文字的解说,只有心领神会的方式才能进行。严羽认为学诗与学佛相似,诗歌意境空灵虚幻,变化无方,只可意会不可言传,对诗境的把握同样只有通过“悟”才能实现。 4、六义说:《诗大序》对《诗经》的诗体与艺术手法的归纳。六义指风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴。前三者指诗体,后三者指创作手法。 5、无我之境:王国维将“境界”分为“有我之境”与“无我之境”二类。无我之境指审美主体把自己的意趣隐藏于客观事物之中,使客体表现上看不出主体的主观情感色彩。 二、简答(每题20分,共40分) 1、试述《诗大序》的主要诗学观点。 (1)情志统一论——对诗歌本质认识的深化。 (2)止乎礼义——儒家诗学的思想规范 (3)讽谏教化——对诗歌社会政治作用的强调 (4)诗有六义——儒家政教化诗体观的体现 2、试析《文心雕龙》的理论结构。 (一)文之枢纽——总原则(创作的原则,评价的标准) (1)依据什么指导创作:原道、征圣、宗经——文章根源于道,圣人文章体道,以圣人之经为文章标准。 (2)对不合道的著作的态度:正纬——事丰奇伟,辞富膏腴,无益经典而有助文章。 (3)怎样解决文学演变:辨骚——酌奇而不失其贞,玩华而不坠其实。执正驭奇。 (二)论文叙笔 (1)论文:《明诗》至《谐隐》十篇,有韵之文。 (2)叙笔:《史传》至《书记》十篇,无韵之笔。 (三)剖情析采 (1)创作论:《神思》—《总术》二十篇(《物色》提前) (2)批评论:《时序》—《程器》四篇 3、试述唐宋文道观的异同。 唐:强调文道并重,文从字顺,务去陈言; 宋:古文家文道观与唐基本相同; 道学家文道观重道轻文,认为作文害道。 三、论述(30分) 1、试述孔子“兴观群怨”说的理论内涵,并指出王夫之对此说的发展创新表现在哪些方面。 兴:意谓诗歌对于人们思想情感有启发感染作用,可以引起联翩的想像。[想象力] 观:指通过诗歌可以考察社会状况、政治得失、人民愿望,还包括赋诗者的品性、志向等。[观察力] 群:指诗歌可使人们借以交流思想,促进感情融洽,起到协和群体的作用。例:孔子与学生间便是这么一个群体。[亲和力] 怨:意谓诗歌可以抒写不满,疏导人情。“怨刺上政”,批判现实作用,但要求“怨而不怒”。当然“怨”情并不限于政治方面。 孔子从“用诗”角度方论,其“兴观群怨”全面地总结了文学的社会功能和作用。但其实精神却接触到诗歌的一些本质特征,如诗歌的抒情性、感染力和认识作用、社会效果等。因此对后世的文学理论批评生了深刻的影响。其中“兴”“怨”侧重于个体心灵的情感抒发功能;“观”“群”侧重于群体审美时诗歌所表现的社会教化功能。 王夫之的“兴观群怨”说改造和发展了前人的见解,对诗歌的本质和功能作了更为全面、系统的阐述。这具体表现在以下几个方面: 其一、指出“兴观群怨”四者都是“情”的表现。尽管它们的表现形态不同,但它们的共同本质都是“情”,是人们在各自的社会生活实践中(事父、事君、草木鸟兽等)所触发的形形色色的感情的具体表现,这就深刻地阐明了诗歌的社会本质。 其二、王夫之还指出,兴、观、群、怨四者并不是各自独立无关的,而是相互联系、相互补充的:兴中可观,观中有兴,群而愈怨,怨而益群,四者的配合使作品更具有艺术感染力量。 其三、对“兴观群怨”作雅俗得失之辨。这就不是一般地讲“兴观群怨”的社会本质和社会功能,而是对“兴观群怨”作审美价值的判断。 其四、诗人的创作与读者的阅读鉴赏都与“兴观群怨”紧密相关。 总之,在王夫之看来,“兴观群怨”是一个有机的整体,它们互为配合,相得益彰,极大地增强了诗歌的艺术感染力,故而不同的读者可以根据各自不同境况、经历来接受这种艺术感染。 2、试述司马迁的“发愤著书”说的理论内涵。后世还有哪些文论家提出过类似观点?试述之。 (1)出处 “发愤著书”是司马迁最重要的文论命题。《太史公自序》云:“夫诗书隐约者,欲遂其志之思也。昔西伯拘羑里,演《周易》;孔子厄陈、蔡,作《春秋》;屈原放逐,著《离骚》;左丘失明,厥有《国语》……《诗三百》篇,大抵贤圣发愤之所作也。此人皆意有所郁结,不得通其道也。” (2)内涵 愤,怨愤,指作为创作动力的“怨愤”。司马迁指出“愤”是作家“意有所郁结”的情绪状态,即心理受压抑而不得伸展的状态。作家怨愤郁结,“不得通其道”,从而借创作发挥疏通,以恢复心理平衡,所以,司马迁对“发愤著书”的心理机制作了较深的探索和阐发。 (3)意义

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A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe. 2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. 3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.(definition)In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements. 4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest) 5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero. Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table 6. The Class Nature of the Romance The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse. They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble. 7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. 8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事 9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟 The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form 三大著名教堂:Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂 10.The Renaissance and Humanism The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features

英美文学期末复习

1.Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved. 高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。 2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Round character is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops and usu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。 3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and characters grow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead of all-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比如《西游记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying阴谋 4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story, mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。 5. Novels of the soil focus on country life, and usu. more on its hardship than on its pleasure.土壤的小说关注乡村生活,和usu.更困难比快乐。 6. The plot development in a fiction or drama can be divided into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. 小说或戏剧的情节发展可分为五个阶段:博览会,上行,高潮,下降动作,决议。 7. Essays can be divided into narration, description, exposition, argumentation论文可以分为叙述、描述、博览会、论证 8. American literature can be divided into5 stages:Colonial Period, Reason and revolution, romanticism, realism, modernism美国文学可分为5个阶段:殖民时期,理性和革命浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义 9. Figure of speech: personification treats objects as human beings, which are described with human emotion and action.图的言论:化身把对象作为人类,与人类情感和行为描述。 10. Poetry can be divided into three types: narrative(ballard, epic, etc), dramatic, lyric.诗歌可分为三种类型:叙事(巴拉德、史诗等),戏剧性,抒情。 11. Allegory is a story in which events and human characters represent abstract ideas and teach a moral lesson. While fable is usu. Written for kids, and the characters are often animals.寓言故事的事件和人物代表抽象的概念和给一个道德教训。而寓言一般,为孩子们写的和人物往往是动物。 12. Noah Webster is a lexicographer, who onc e said “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms.”诺亚·韦伯斯特词典编纂者,曾说过“美国必须像她那样独立的文学在政治、艺术作为武器一样出名。” 13. Washington Irving is the father of American Literature. His style includes entertainment, humor, vivid plot and characters, musical rhythm, historical elements. He wrote Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of New York, The Sketch Book华盛顿·欧文是美国文学之父。他的风格包括娱乐、幽默、生动的情节和人物,音乐节奏,历史元素。他写了里普·万·温克尔,无头骑士的传说,纽约的历史素描的书 14. James Cooper is first major frontier novel writer, who starts the tradition of writing western frontier life. His Leatherstocking Tales center around the hunter Natty Bumppo, including Deerslayer, Pathfinder, The Last of Mohicans,

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