Updated: June 8, 2005
Applies To: Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2003 with SP1, Windows Server 2003 with SP2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2
In this section
?Data Store Architecture
?Data Store Protocols
?Data Store Interfaces
?Data Store Logical Structure
?Data Store Physical Structure
?Data Store Processes and Interactions
?Network Ports Used by the Data Store
?Related Information
In Active Directory, the data store contains database files and processes that store and m anage directory information for users, services, and applications. A copy of the data store runs on each do m ain controller in the forest. The Active Directory data store is often referred to as the directory.
Note
? A dom ain controller running an operating system in the Windows Server 2003 or later fam ily and containing hardware that m eets the minimu m hardware requirements of the edition of the
operating system.
?For environments consisting of multiple domain controllers, the presence of a fully functioning Active Directory replication topology
?For environm ents consisting of multiple domain controllers, the presence of a fully functioning File Replication Service (FRS) topology
? A regular backup schedule
Regular monitoring of Active Directory, ei ther through m anual review of event logs or through an autom ated m onitoring solution, such as Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM)
This section describes the elem ents of the Active Directory data store, including its architecture, protocols, interfaces, logical structure, physical structure, processes and interactions, and network ports.
Data Store Architecture
The Active Directory data store consists of several com ponents that together provide directory services to directory clients and to other directory servers. These components include three service components, four interfaces, and the directory database where data is actually stored.
The following figure illustrates the architecture of the data store.
Data Store Architecture
The following table describes the com ponents of the data store.
Data Store Components
interfaces, see ―Data Store Interfaces" later in this section. For information about the database files, see ―Data Store Physical Structure‖ later in this section.
DSA
The DSA runs on every domain controller as Ntdsa.dll, and it provides access to t he directory database. The DSA runs as part of the Local Security Authority (LSA) process (Lsass.exe), which m anages authentication packages and authenticates users and services. Running in Lsass.exe enables Active Directory to securely m anage sensitive information, such as account passwords.
Clients can use one of the supported interfaces to connect (bind) to the DSA and then search for, read, and write to Active Directory objects and their attributes.
A forest-wide object in the directory, the NTDS Settings object (class nTDSDSA), represents the DSA on a dom ain controller, and this object contains configuration information about the DSA on that dom ain controller.
In addition to providing the interfaces through which directory clients gain access to directory data, the DSA provides the following functionality.
Object identification
Every object in Active Directory has a permanent globally unique identifier (GUID), which is associated with several string forms of the object nam e (SAMAccountNam e, user p rincipal name, and distinguished nam e), as well as a security identifier (SID). The object nam es and the SID are not permanent; that is, they can be changed. All permanent references to the object are kept in term s of the GUID. The object nam e is used for hierarchy navigation and display purposes, and the SID is used for access control. The DSA m aintains the GUID association with an object when the object’s string name or SID changes, for example, when the object is moved to a different folder (the string name changes) or when the object is moved to a different dom ain (the string name and the SID change).
Schema enforcement
The DSA ensures that data in the directory adheres to the data definitions that are provided by the directory schem a. The schem a is the set of rules that determ ines what kind of data the directory can hold.
Note
In forests, if an update does not produce a conflict with the schem a at the originating replica, the update is considered acceptable at all replicas. Therefore, replicated update s do not perform
schem a checks, and you do not have to wait until the schem a replicates before creating instances of a new object or attribute. For m ore information about replication, see ―Active Directory
Replication Model Technical Reference‖.
Access control enforcement
The DSA enforces security limitations in the directory by reading SIDs on the access token.
Support for replication
The API that is called to initiate replication is implemented in the DSA.
Referrals
The DSA m anages the directory hierarchy information (referred to as knowledge), which it receives from the database layer. The DSA is responsible for cross-references of Active Directory dom ain objects.
Functional levels
Beginning with Windows Server 2003 and later dom ain controllers, the DSA has a built-in num eric value that identifies its operating system version — and therefore its functional capabilities — to other services. Services that rely on the DSA can use this num eric value to determine which of their service features to enable.
DSA GUID and Invocation ID
Both the DSA and the Active Directory database are represented uniquely and have their own respective GUIDS. The DSA GUID is the GUID of the NTDS Settings object (class nTDSDSA). The value of the DSA GUID is stored in the objectGUID attribute of the NTDS Settings object of the given domain controller server object, which resides in the Sites container in the configuration directory partition.
Domain controllers use the DSA GUID to locate replication partners. Replication uses a special Domain Name System (DNS) name that contains the DSA GUID. This GUID-based DNS name is an alias for the local computer nam e. The Net Logon service registers this alias resource record in DNS in the form of the CNAME (canonical name) resource record.
The DSA GUID is created when the dom ain controller is initially promoted, that is, when Active Directory is installed. The DSA GUID is destroyed only if Active Directory is rem oved from the dom ain controller. The DSA GUID ensures that the DSA remains recognizable when a domain controller is renamed. The DSA GUID is also not affected by the Active Directory backup and restore process.
The Active Directory database has its own GUID, which the DSA uses to identify the database instance (the version of the database). The database GUID is stored in the invocationId attribute on the nTDSDSA object. Unlike the DSA GUID, which never changes for the lifetim e of the dom ain controller, the
invocation ID changes during the Active Directory restore process to ensure the consistency of the replication process. On dom ain controllers running Windows Server 2003 or later, the invocation ID also changes when an application directory partition is removed from or added to the dom ain controller.
Database Layer
The database layer is an API that resides in Nt dsa.dll and provides an object view of the directory database, m aking the data accessible to the DSA as a set of hierarchical containers. By applying schema sem antics to database records, the database layer isolates the upper components of the directory se rvice from the underlying database system. The database layer is an internal interface. No database access calls are m ade directly to the ESE; instead, all database access is routed through the database layer.
In the directory database, each object is identified by its relative distinguished name, which is unique in the object’s parent container. The relative distinguished name and the chain of successive parent object nam es make up the object’s distinguished name. The database stores the relative distingui shed name for each object, as well as a reference to the parent object. The database layer follows these parent references and concatenates the successive relative distinguished names to form distinguished names, thereby defining the object hierarchy.
The database layer is also responsible for the creation, retrieval, and deletion of individual records (objects), attributes within records, and values within attributes. To carry out these functions, the database layer uses the schem a cache (an in-m emory structure in the DSA) to get the information about the attributes that it needs.
ESE
The Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) is a Windows com ponent that is used by Active Directory, as well as by several other Windows com ponents, as an interface to the data that is stored in an indexed and sequential access m ethod (ISAM) database. (The Active Directory database is an ISAM database.) The ESE is responsible for indexing the data in the database file and for transferring the data in and out of the database. Its purpose is to enable applications to store and retrieve data by using the ISAM. The ESE provides applications with a consistent data state by m eans of transacted data update and retrieval. A crash recovery m echanism maintains data consistency, even in the event of a system crash. Transactions in the ESE are highly concurrent, m aking the ESE suitable for server applications. The ESE caches data intelligently to ensure high-performance access to data. In addition, the ESE is resource efficient, m aking it suitable for applications that perform auxiliary roles.
The version of the ESE that runs on domain controllers is implemented in Esent.dll.
The following characteristics of the ESE m ake it well suited to the storage needs of Active Directory. The ESE:
?Supports databases of up to 16 terabytes (TB) in size, and it can hold m any millions of objects per dom ain.
?Supports indexing.
?Supports m ultivalued attributes.
?Supports update operations that are transacted for stability and integrity across system failures.
?Can be backed up while the dom ain controller is online.
?Handles sparsely populated objects well; that is, space in the database is not reserved for attributes that do not have values.
Note
?The encrypting file system (EFS) enables users to encrypt individual files, folders, or entire data drives. Because EFS initialization and domain controller startup occur in parallel, EFS recovery operations can interfere with the ability of the ESE to start Active Directory and cause dom ain controller startup to fail.
The Active Directory schem a defines all the attributes that are required and allowed for a given object. However, the ESE reserves storage only for the space that is used — that is, only for the attributes that have values, not for all possible attributes. For example, if a user object has 50 attributes defined in the schem a and you create a user with values for only 4 attributes, storage space is allocated only for those 4 attributes. If more attributes are added later, m ore storage is allocated for them.
The ESE implem ents the search and retrieval functionality of the underlying database. Also, the ESE is able to store attributes that can have m ultiple values. For example, the database can store multiple phone numbers for a single user without requiring a different phone number attribute for each phone numb er.
ESE provides transactional views of the database. The cost of providing these views is that any object that is modified in a transaction has to be temporarily copied so that two views of the object can be provi ded: one to the thread inside that transaction and one to threads in other transactions. This copy m ust remain as long as any two transactions in the process have different views of the object. The repository that holds these tem porary copies is called the version store. Because the version store requires contiguous virtual address space, it has a size limit. If a transaction is open for a long time while changes are being m ade (either in that transaction or in others), eventually the version store can be e xhausted. At this point, no further database updates are possible.
Note
?The percentage of version store space that is available for processing has been significantly increased in Windows Server 2003 and later.
Data Store Protocols
The primary protocol that is used by the Active Directory data store is Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), which runs on top of TCP/IP. In addition, the data store uses rem ote procedure call (RPC) for MAPI, replication, dom ain controller management, and SAM-related operations. And, although it is not widely used, the data store also supports the use of Sim ple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) for replication between dom ain controllers where ―always on‖ network connections do not exist.
The following figure illustrates the protocols and interfaces that are used by the data store. For more information about the data store protocols, see the table that follows this figure. For more information about the data store interfaces, see ―Data Store Interfaces‖ later in this section.
Data Store Protocols
The following table describes the protocols that are used by the data store. Data Store Protocols
Data Store Interfaces
As shown in the ―Data Store Architecture‖ figure earlier in thi s section, network clients and other directory servers obtain access to Active Directory through one of the interfaces that are described in the following table.
Data Store Interfaces
The MAPI interface is provided only for support of legacy Microsoft Outlook clients. Development against the MAPI interface is no longer supported.
Data Store Logical Structure
The Active Directory data store uses the LDAP information model as its m odel for organizing data. In addition, the data store is organized into logical partitions that can each be replicated independently, so that individual domain controllers only need to store data that is pertinent to the dom ain in which they reside.
LDAP Information Model
The LDAP information model is based on the entry, which contains information about som e object, for example, a person or com puter. In Active Directory, an LDAP entry is referred to as an object. Active Directory objects are composed of attributes, which have a type and one or m ore values.
The im plementation of the inform ation m odel is called the schem a, which is a set of objects that defines the structure and content of every object that can be created in a directory service.
Directory Tree
Active Directory organizes objects into a hierarchical tree structure. The directory tree represents the hierarchy of Active Directory objects for a given forest. The structure of the hierarchy is derived from t he schem a, and the directory service im plements the hierarchy. The hierarchy provides the basis both for using names for navigation and for defining the scope of search requests.
Every object in Active Directory has exactly one parent, and a reference to the parent object is stored with the object. As a result of these parent references, the hierarchy of objects that are m anaged by
Active Directory form s a tree structure. The objects that populate the directory create this tree structure according to the rules of the schem a. For example, the schem a might dictate that a given class of object can be the child of one class but not the child of another class.
The architectural restrictions and requirements in the directory tree are as follows:
?Domain objects, which are containers, can be children only of other domain objects. For example,
a dom ain cannot be the child of an organizational unit (OU).
?The root object of the directory tree is called the DSA-specific Entry (DSE), or root DSE. The rootDSE object has no hierarchical name or schem a class, but it does have a set of attributes that identify the contents of the dom ain controller on which it resides. Therefore, root DSE constitutes the root of the directory tree from the perspective of the dom ain controller to which you are
connected.
?Below the rootDSE, every directory has a root dom ain, which is the first dom ain that is created in
a forest. This dom ain always has a child container called Configuration, which contains
configuration data for the forest.
rootDSE
In the LDAP information m odel, one or more directory servers can jointly provide access to a directory tree. The servers that host directories are known in LDAP terminology as Directory System Agents (DSAs). In Active Directory, the DSAs are always domain controllers.
At the root of a directory tree is a DSE, which is not part of any directory partition. Theroot DSE represents the top of the logical namespace for one domain controller. The rootDSE attributes contain information about the directory server, including its capabilities and configuration.
There is only one root for a given directory, but the information that is stored in the root is specific to the dom ain controller to which you connect. Am ong other things, the attributes of rootDSE identify the following key information:
?The directory partitions (the dom ain, schem a, and configuration directory partitions) that are specific to one dom ain controller.
?The forest root dom ain directory partition.
In this way, the rootDSE provides a ―table of contents‖ for a given dom ain controller.
rootDSE operational attributes
The rootDSE publishes information through attributes on the rootDSE object. RFC 2251 and RFC 2252 define a set of seven rootDSE operational attributes that LDAP v3 servers are expected to publish, and these attributes are described in the following list. All LDAP servers recognize these attribute nam es, but when the attribute corresponds to a feature that the server does not im plement, t he attribute is absent.
supportedLDAPVersion
LDAP versions that the server implements. Domain controllers running Windows 2000 Server and later support LDAP v2 and LDAP v3.
namingContexts
Naming contexts (directory partitions) that this server m asters (stores as a writable replica) or shadows (stores as a read-only replica). A client uses this attribute to choose suitable base objects for searching when the client contacts a server.
subschemaSubentry
The nam e of a subschem a entry, which is used to administer information about the schem a, in particular, the object classes and attribute types that are supported.
altServer
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) of other servers that can be contacted when this server becom es unavailable. If the server does not know of any other servers, this attribute is absent. Clients can cache this information in case their preferred LDAP server becom es unavailable. This attribute is absent by default for Active Directory servers.
supportedExtension
Object identifiers that identify the supported extended LDAP operations that the server supports. LDAP extensions include operations such as different query types, paging operations, and sorting methods, which each have a different object identifier. This attribute is absent by default f or Active Directory servers.
Note
A new extended LDAP operation on domain controllers running Windows Server 2003 enables
client refresh of a dynamic entry in the directory. Object identifier = 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.101.119.1 is defined and published in the supportedExtension attribute of the rootDSE object. supportedControl
Object identifiers that identify the LDAP controls that the server supports. If the server does not support any controls, this attribute is absent. Server controls extend LDAP functionality; examples include a control to m ove objects across dom ains and a control to delete an entire subtree of a container object.
supportedSASLMechanisms
The nam es of the SASL m echanisms that the server supports. SASL is a standard for negotiating an authentication m echanism and, optionally, an encryption mechanism to provide client authorization for accessing Active Directory. By default, Generic Security Service API (GSSAPI) is supported.
rootDSE informational attributes
In addition to the previous operational attributes, Active Directory also supports the following informational attributes.
currentTime
The current tim e in the generalized time format.
dsServiceName
The distinguished name of the NTDS settings object that represents this domain controller in the configuration directory partition.
defaultNamingContext
The default nam ing context (directory partition) for a particular server. This value is the distinguished nam e of the dom ain directory partition for which this dom ain controller is authorita tive.
schemaNamingContext
The nam ing context (directory partition) for the forest schem a.
configurationNamingContext
The nam ing context (directory partition) for the forest Configuration container.
rootDomainNamingContext
The distinguished name for the domain naming context (directory partition) of the first dom ain that is created in this forest. This dom ain functions as the forest root dom ain.
supportedLDAPPolicies
Supported LDAP administrative query policies, such as the m aximum size of a result set (MaxResultSetSize) and m aximum page size (MaxPageSize).
highestCommittedUsn
Highest update sequence number (USN) that is committed to the database on this domain controller.
dnsHostName
The DNS name of this dom ain controller.
serverName
The fully qualified distinguished name for this domain controller.
supportedCapabilities
The object identifier value (1.2.840.113556.1.4.800) that indicates the additional capabilities of an Active Directory server, such as dynam ic update, integrated DNS zones, and LDAP policies.
LdapServiceName
The SPN for the LDAP server, which is used for mutual authentication.
isSynchronized
A Boolean indicator for whether the dom ain controller has com pleted its initial synchronization with replica partners.
isGlobalCatalogReady
A Boolean indicator for whether the dom ain controller is prepared to advertise itself as a global catalog.
domainControllerFunctionality
The num eric level of Active Directory functionality for the dom ain controller.
Distribution of Directory Data
So that it can scale to tens of millions of objects, the Active Directory data store is logically partitioned in such a way that each dom ain controller does not store the entire directory. To accom plish logical partitioning, the data is categorized according to a naming sche m e: object nam es group objects into logical categories so that the objects can be m anaged and replicated appropriately. In Active Directory, the largest of these logical categories is called a directory partition.
Every domain controller holds at least one directory partition that stores dom ain data, such as users, groups, and OUs. Every domain controller also stores two nondomain directory partitions that store forest-wide data, which includes the schem a and configuration data.
The data store holds data for a single forest. Although there is a single directory, som e directory data is distributed within domains, while other data is distributed throughout the forest without regard for
dom ain boundaries. In Windows Server 2003 and later, data can also be distributed to dom ain controllers according to applications that use the data, where the scope of distribution is set by the application. The following table describes the three types of data that are stored in the Active Directory data store.
Types of Active Directory Data
In Active Directory, a directory partition is a portion of the directory nam espace. Each directory partition contains a subtree of the directory objects in the directory tree. The sam e directory partition can be stored as a replica on m any domain controllers, and t he replicas are updated through directory replication.
There is an important distinction between the physical storage of a directory partition and its logical position in the directory tree. Physically, all objects are stored in a single database table, re gardless of the directory partition to which they are assigned because of their object nam es. Logically, the head of a directory partition appears in the naming hierarchy as the topm ost object; that is, the Domain container, the Configuration container, and the Schem a container each has a distinguished name that identifies its position in the hierarchy.
Every domain controller stores a replica of a dom ain directory partition, the configuration directory partition, and the schem a partition. For more informat ion about these partitions, see ―Directory Partitions‖ later in this section.
Note
?Although the schem a directory partition is replicated to every dom ain controller in the forest, it can be updated only on the dom ain controller that holds the schem a operations m aster role.
The following figure is a conceptual diagram of the directory tree hierarchy, including the directory root (rootDSE) and the default directory partitions below the directory root. TherootDSE represents the top of the logical namespace for one dom ain controller and, as such, it represents the top of the LDAP search tree. There is only one root for a given directory, but the inform ation that is stored in the root is specific to the dom ain controller to which you connect.
In any Active Directory forest, the first dom ain directory partition that is created in the forest (the forest root dom ain), the configuration directory partition, and the schem a directory partition always form the hierarchy that is illustrated in the following figure.
Default Active Directory Partitions
Additional directory partitions are possible in the form of application directory partitions, but these partitions are not stored by default on every dom ain controller.
Directory Partition Cross-Reference Objects
When Active Directory is installed to create the first dom ain controller in a new forest, the three directory partitions that are shown in the previous figure are created on the dom ain controller. At this tim e, a cross-reference object (class crossRef) is created for each directory partition in the Partitions container in the configuration directory partition (CN=partitions,CN=configuration,DC=forest RootDomain). Creation of each subsequent directory partition in the forest, either by installing Active Directory to create a new dom ain or by creating a new application directory partition on an existing domain controller, initiates the creation of an associated cross-reference object in the Partitions container.
Note
?You can also m anually create a cross-reference object for an application directory partition.
A cross-reference object identifies the nam e and server location of each directory partition in the forest. The replication system uses this information to identify servers that store the sam e directory partitions. LDAP queries use cross-reference objects to create referrals to different dom ains.
Forest Root Domain
Because the forest root dom ain is the first domain that is created in a forest, it is the root nam e in the dom ain namespace hierarc hy. In naming only, the topm ost object of the configuration directory partition — the Configuration container — is the child of the forest root dom ain object in the hierarchy. The LDAP distinguished name of the Configuration container (CN=configuration,DC=forestRoot Domain) reflects this naming hierarchy, which links the configuration directory partition to the forest.
Similarly, the topm ost object in the schem a directory partition — the Schem a container — is the child of the Configuration container. The distinguished name of the Schem a container
(CN=schema,CN=configuration,DC=forestRootDomain) links the schem a to the forest.
Directory Partitions
The Active Directory data store holds three default directory partitions:
?The configuration directory partition
?The schem a directory partition
?The dom ain directory partition
Optionally, the data store m ay also hold one or more application directory partitions.
Configuration Directory Partition
The configuration directory partition is created initially when the first domain of a forest is created during the installation of Active Directory. Thereafter, it is replicated to every new dom ain controller that is added to the forest. The configuration directory partition holds information of global interest, for example, the default configuration and policy information for all instances of a given service in the forest.
Note
?Global information should be stored in one of two places: in a child of the Services container or in
a child of a site object.
Contents of the configuration directory partition
In Active Directory tools, such as ADSI Edit, the configuration directory partition is represented by a Configuration container. When you open ADSI Edit (Adsiedit.m sc) from the Run dialog box, the Configuration container for the forest of the dom ain to which you are connected is displayed, along with the current dom ain directory partition and the schem a directory partition.
Note
?If you open ADSI Edit with Microsoft Managem ent Console (MMC) (as opposed to opening ADSI Edit from the Run dialog box), you must connect to the directory partition to view it.
The following objects are child containers in the Configuration container.
DisplaySpecifiers
Contains the objects that define different user interfaces (UIs) for each object class in the schem a that requires a graphical user interface (GUI), for example, context m enus and property pages. The display specification system uses the information that is stored in the display specifiers to form different UIs for administrators and end use rs. One set of elem ents can be associated with administrative applications, and a different set of elem ents can be associated with end-user applications. What you see and what the user sees are different, even though in both cases the UI references the same objects. The display specification system stores information for property sheets, context m enus, icons, creation wizards, and localized class and attribute nam es.
This UI specification occurs at the level of each object class as defined in the schem a in classSchem a objects. Each classSchem a object can have UI display specification information that is uniquely associated with it.
The DisplaySpecifiers container stores other containers that correspond to each locale that is supported.
A locale is either a language or a language in combination with a country/region. Windows supports more than 150 locales, such as French (Belgium), Arabic (Saudi Arabia), and so forth. The nam es of locale
containers are the hexadecim al representations of the locale identifiers (LCIDs). For example, the English (United States) locale container is 409.
Display-specifier objects (class displaySpecifier) are nam ed by appending the LDAP Display Name of the class object with the string -―-Display.‖. For example, the user class has a corresponding display-specifier object called user-Display. Therefore, when an Active Directory administrative tool displays an object of a particular class, the object is displayed according to inform ation that is contained in the display-specifier object whose nam e contains the sam e name as the respective class in the container for the current locale.
Because the Active Directory schem a can be m odified by creating new classes and attributes or by modifying existing classes, display-specifier objects can be m odified to reflect any new UI elem ents that schem a modifications require.
Extended-rights
Stores objects of the class controlAccessRight that can be used by applications to extend standard access control.
ForestUpdates
Stores operation objects that are generated by forest preparation tasks (when you run adprep
/forestprep) so that the system can check for the tasks that have and have not been com pleted when you upgrade the first domain controller in the forest to Windows Server 2003 or later. The child object CN=Operations contains the objects that represent each update operation. These objects are nam ed for the GUID of the operation. The child object CN=Windows2003Update is created to indicate that all adprep operations have run.
LostAndFoundConfig
Provides storage for configuration directory partition objects that are being created in containers that are simultaneously being deleted on another domain controller in the sam e forest. If, before replication, an object is created in or m oved to a location that no longer exists after replication, the ―lost‖ object is added to the LostAndFoundConfig container. A LostAndFound container in each dom ain directory partition serves the sam e purpose for domain-specific objects.
NTDS Quotas
Stores objects (class msDS-QuotaControl) that contain object ownership quota assignments for the configuration directory partition. Quotas limit the number of objects that a user (including inetOrgPerson), group, com puter, or service can own in a dom ain directory partition, configuration directory partition, or application directory partition.
Partitions
Stores the cross-references to every directory partition in the forest, including the configuration partition, the schem a partition, and all domain directory partitions. These cross-references to directory partitions make referrals to other dom ains possible during LDAP searches.
Physical locations
Not used in this version of Windows but reserved for future use.
Services
Stores data for various networking services and applications, such as Message Queuing (MsmqServices), public key services, and Routing and Remote Access. In the Windows NT container, the Directory Service object (nTDSService) has attributes that you can use to m anage garbage collection intervals and dynamic object Tim e to Live (TTL). For the m ost part, however, objects in the Services container do not require administration. Specifically, do not publish application services in this container. Such services are best published in the Program Data container in the dom ain directory partition.
Sites
Identifies all of the sites in the network, the dom ain controllers in those sites, and the replication topology. The contents take the form of replication transports, subnets, and the first site and site link that are created, called Default-First-Site-Nam e and Default-First-Site-Link, respectively.
Well-known security principals
Contains the special identities that are defined by the security system, such as Everyone, Local System, Principal Self, Authenticated User, and Creator Owner.
Schema Directory Partition
The Active Directory schem a is stored in the Schem a container in the schem a directory partition. The schem a consists of a set of object classes, attributes, and syntaxes. It also defines rules that ensure th at objects are created and m odified with consistency. Active Directory contains a default set of classes and attributes that cannot be m odified. However, if you have Schem a Admins credentials and if schem a modification is enabled for the dom ain controller, you can extend the schem a by adding new attributes and classes to represent application-specific classes. These changes are targeted at the dom ain controller that is the schem a master for the forest. Only the schem a master stores a writable copy of the sc hema.
Domain Directory Partition
When you create a new domain, a domain directory partition is created in Active Directory as an instance of the class domainDns. A cross-reference object is added for the dom ain in the Partitions container to advertise the dom ain’s location in the directory.
Contents of a domain directory partition
The topmost object in each dom ain directory partition is a domainDns object that is nam ed with the DNS nam e of the dom ain.
A dom ain directory partition is represented by a dom ain container, and a domain directory partition has the following child containers.
Builtin
Default local group accounts, such as Adm inistrators and Users, that are installed whenever a new workstation, server, or domain controller is set up.
Computers
A defa ult storage area for ―new‖ com puter objects that were originally created through legacy APIs. When a Windows NT 4.0 domain or a Windows NT 3.51 domain is upgraded to Windows 2000, or when a Windows NT 4.0 domain is upgraded to Windows Server 2003 or later, the computer accounts are m oved autom atically to the Computers container. The Computers container also supports the Windows NT 4.0 tool User Manager (Usrmgr). This container cannot be renam ed, but when a Windows Server 2003 or later domain has a domain functional level of Windows Server 2003 or later, the default location for com puter accounts can be specified as an OU to redirect the location of newly created com puter objects.
Domain Controllers
The default container for new domain controllers. The Dom ain Controllers container cannot be renamed.
ForeignSecurityPrincipals
Proxy objects for security principals that are from Windows NT 4.0 domains or Windows NT 3.51 domains, or that are from different forests, and that have been added to Windows 2000 or later groups.
LostAndFound (advanced features)
A storage area for new domain objects whose containers were deleted elsewhere at the sam e time that the object was created. If an object has been created in or m oved to a location that is missing after replication, the ―lost‖ object is added to the LostAndFound container. The LostAndFoundConfig container in the configuration directory partition serves the sam e purpose for forest-wide objects.
NTDS Quotas (advanced features)
A storage area for objects of the class msDS-QuotaControl that contain object ownership quotas for the dom ain directory partition. Quotas limit the number of objects that a user, group, com puter, or service can create in a directory partition.
Program Data (advanced features)
An em pty container that is available for applications to store application-specific data in the dom ain directory partition.
System (advanced features)
Built-in system settings for the various system service containers and objects.
Users
A default storage area for new user accounts created through legacy APIs that are not Active
Directory–aware. When a Windows NT 4.0 domain or a Windows NT 3.51 domain is upgraded to Windows 2000 or later, or when a Windows NT 4.0 domain is upgraded to Windows Server 2003 or lat er, the user accounts and groups are moved automatically to the Users container. The Users container also supports the Windows NT 4.0 tool User Manager (Usrmgr). This container cannot be renam ed, but when a Windows Server 2003 or later domain has a domain functional level of Windows Server 2003 or later, the default location for user and group accounts can be specified as an OU to redirect the location of newly created user objects.
Note
The Users and Computers containers and several other special containers, called ―well-known‖ containers, can be located dependably by applications.
Deleted Objects
A special container, which is not visible in the UI, to which objects are m oved when they are deleted. The deleted objects are stored as tom bstones, which are eventually removed by garbage collection. The contents of the Deleted Objects container are visible if you search by using the 1.2.840.113556.1.4.417 control, which enables you to see deleted objects.
Infrastructure
An object of class infrastructureUpdate that identifies the NTDS Settings object of the dom ain controller that holds the infrastructure operations m aster role for the domain.
Contents of the System container
The System container stores per-dom ain operational information, which includes the default local security policy, file link tracking, Microsoft NetMeeting network meeting objects, objects representing other trusted dom ains, and containers for RPC and Windows Sockets (Winsock) connection points.
The System container has the following child containers.
AdminSDHolder
Administrator security descriptor holder. Windows Server 2003 and later implements protection of administrative groups through a background task that com putes the set of m emberships and checks whether their security descriptors are well-known protected security descriptors. If the security descriptor of any adm inistrative account does not m atch that of AdminSDHolder, the security descriptor is overwritten with the security descriptor of AdminSDHolder. This task is executed only on the domain controller that holds the primary domain controller (PDC) emulator operations master role.
COMPartitions
A nam espace that is used by Com ponent Services to allow m ultiple versions of the sam e COM+ application to exist on the sam e physical computer.
ComPartitionSets
A conceptual collection of COM+ partitions.
Default Domain Policy
The common domain location for the AppCategories container (class classStore), which holds objects of the class categoryRegistration. These objects are m anaged by the Group Policy Software Installation MMC extension, and they can be associated with applications that are deployed through Group Policy in the dom ain.
Note
The Group Policy object (GPO) for the default dom ain policy is stored in the Policies container.
Dfs-Configuration
Lists the fault-tolerant Distributed File System (DFS) configuration and DFS volume information.
DomainUpdates
Stores operation objects that are generated by domain preparation t asks (when you run adprep
/domainprep) so that the system can check for tasks that have and have not been com pleted when you upgrade the first dom ain controller in the dom ain to Windows Server 2003 or later. The child Operations object contains the objects that represent each update operation. These objects are nam ed for the GUID of the operation. The child Windows2003Update object is created to indicate that all adprep operations have run.
File Replication Service
Unit 1How can I get there? 第一课时 一、教学内容 Part A Let's try & Let's talk 二、教学目标 1．能够听、说、读、写句子：“Where is the museum shop？”“It's near the door.”。 2．能够听、说、认读单词ask、sir和句型“Is there a…？”“I want to…”“What a great museum！”。 三、教学重难点 1．学习句子“Where is the museum shop？”“It's near the door.”。 2．正确使用方位介词。 四、教学准备 单词卡、录音机、磁带。 五、教学过程 Step 1 热身(Warming－up) Let's do Go to the bookstore.Buy some books. Go to the post office.Send a letter. Go to the hospital.See the doctor. Go to the cinema.See a film.
Go to the museum.See some robots. Step 2 新课呈现(Presentation) 1．学习Let's try (1)打开课本读一读Let's try中呈现的问题和选项。 (2)播放录音，让学生听完后勾出正确的选项。 (3)全班核对答案。 2．学习Let's talk (1)播放Let's talk的录音，学生带着问题听录音：Where is the museum shop？Where is the post office？听完录音后让学生回答这两个问题，教师板书：It's near the door.It's next to the museum.教师讲解：near表示“在附近”，next to表示“与……相邻”，它的范围比near小。最后让学生用near和next to来讲述学校周围的建筑物。 (2)讲解“A talking robot！What a great museum！”，让学生说说这两个感叹句的意思。 (3)再次播放录音，学生一边听一边跟读。 (4)分角色朗读课文。 Step 3 巩固与拓展(Consolidation and extension) 1．三人一组分角色练习Let's talk的对话，然后请一些同学到台前表演。 2．教学Part A：Talk about the places in your city/town/village.
人教版六年级英语上册各单元知识点汇总 Unit 1 How do you go to school？一、重点短语： by plane 坐飞机 by ship 坐轮船 on foot 步行 by bike 骑自行车 by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车 traffic lights 交通灯 traffic rules 交通规则 go to school 去上学 get to 到达 get on 上车 get off 下车Stop at a red light. 红灯停Wait at a yellow light. 黄灯等Go at a green light. 绿灯行 二、重点句型： 1.How do you go to school？你怎么去上学？ https://www.doczj.com/doc/a42052397.html,ually I go to school on foot. Sometimes I go by bus. 通常我步行去上学。有时候骑自行车去。 3.How can I get to Zhongshan Park ？我怎么到达中山公园？ 4.You can go by the No. 15 bus. 你可以坐 15 路公共汽车去。三、重点语法： 1、There are many ways to go somewhere.到一个地方去有许多方法。这里的 ways 一定要用复数。因为 there are 是There be 句型的复数形式。 2、on foot 步行乘坐其他交通工具大都可以用介词by…，但是步行只能用介词 on 。 4、go to school 的前面绝对不能加 the，这里是固定搭配。 5、USA 和 US 都是美国的意思。另外America 也是美国的意思。 6、go to the park 前面一定要加the. 如果要去的地方有具体的名字，就不能再加 the ，如果要去的地方没有具体名字，都要在前面加 the. （ go to school 除外。） 7、How do you go to …？你怎样到达某个地方？如果要问的是第三人称单数，则要用： How does he/she…go to …？ 8、反义词： get on（上车）---get off（下车） near（近的）—far（远的） fast（快的）—slow（慢的） because（因为）—why（为什么） same（相同的）—different（不同的） 9、近义词： see you---goodbye sure---certainly---of course 10、频度副词： always 总是，一直 usually 通常 often 经常 sometimes 有时候 never 从来不 Unit 2 Where is the science museum？一、重点短语： library 图书馆 post office 邮局 hospital 医院 cinema 电影院
Unit 1 How can I get there? 一：重点单词和短语 Science科学, museum博物馆, post office, bookstore, cinema, hospital ，tasty, buy, London Eye伦敦银, stomach胃,crossing十字路口, turn left, turn right, go straight=walk straight直走.next to紧挨着/与。。。相邻, far from(离。。。远), near在。。。附近,behind（在。。。后面）, in front of（在。。。前面）, between…and…（在。。。和。。。之间） 二：按要求写单词： hot(反义词)cold , cool(反义词)warm，too（同音词）to/two can not(缩写)can’t right(反义词)left/wrong buy(同音词)by/bye sea(同音 词)see first（基数词）one four(序数词)fourth did (原形)do /does three(序数词)third give(过去式)gave 三：重点句型分析 1. Where is the museum shop? 此问句是由特殊疑问词where 引导的一个特殊疑问句，where意为“在哪里，到哪里”，用来询问地点，放在句子的开头。询问“某人或某物在哪里”的基本句型是：“ Where +is/are+ 主语？”，where is 后接名词或代词的单数形式，where are 后接名词或代词的复数形式。表示地点的词：museum博物馆, post office邮局, bookstore书店, cinema电影院, hospital医院restaurant餐馆bank银行bus stop 公交车站lake湖library图书馆zoo动物园school学校park公园garden花园hotel旅馆 2. It’s nea r the door. 此句中near是表示位置的介词，意为“旁边，附近” ，其同义句是：It’s next to the door.它在门的旁边。表示位置的短语：next to the bookstore挨着书店near the hospital在医院附近near the post office在邮局附近over there 在那边on Dongfang Street在东方大街上in front of the school在学校前面 3. How can we get there? 此句用来询问“怎样去某地”，后面直接跟地点。回答时，可以用“ Turn left, turn right, go straight.”等句来回答。 同义句：1.Can you tell me the way to+地点？ 2.Where is the +地点？ 3.Which is the way to +地点 4. Turn left at the bookstore. Then turn right at the hospital. 此句是指路的句型。常用到的句型有：turn left, 向左转turn right, 向右转go straight直着走。同时表示在某处的介词用at. 5.Is the Thames far from here? No, it isn’t. 此句是个be动词开头的一般疑问句，其回答要用Yes或No. 句中的far from意为“离……远”。反义词组为next to.
六年级上复习资料 Unit1 How Do You Go There? (你怎样去那里？) 重点单词： on foot= walk走路by bike骑自行车by bus坐公车by train坐火车by plane坐飞机by ship坐轮船by subway坐地铁near近的far远的usually通常sometimes有时候easy简单的the fifth floor第五层楼traffic lights交通灯traffic rules交通规则stop停止wait等待get to到达same相同的mean意思是driver司机right 右边left左边must必须know知道 重点句子： 1. How do you go to school? 你是怎样去上学的？ 2. I go to school by bus.我是坐公交车去上学的。 3. Usually I go to school on foot. 我通常走路去上学。 4. Sometimes I go by bike. 有时候我骑自行车去。、 5. My home is near/ far. 我的家是近的。/ 远的。 6. Look at the traffic lights, remember the traffic rules. 看着交通灯，记住交通规则。 7. Stop at a red light. Wait at a yellow light. Go at a green light. 红灯停。黄灯等一等。绿灯行。 8. Red means stop, yellow means wait, green means go. 红色的意思是停止，黄色的意思是等待，绿色的意思是通行。 9. How can I get to the park? 我该怎样到达公园呢？ 10. You can go by the No. 15 bus. 你可以坐15路公交车去。 重点知识： 1.坐某种交通工具用by，例如：by bike, by train。而走路用“on”例如on foot. 2.国家名字，地方名字第一个字母要大些：例如：Canada加拿大, China中国, America美 国，England英国，Australia澳大利亚 3.国家名缩写前面加the，缩写字母都要大写。例如：the USA=the US美国，the UK英 国，the CAN加拿大，the PRC中国。 4.频度副词是表示做的次数多少的词语。从多到少依次排列为：always总是，usually通 常，often经常，sometimes有时候，never从不。频度副词可以放在句首，也可以放在人称后面。例如：Usually I go to school by bus. = I usually go to school by bus. 5.near近的，far远的。这两个词是一对反义词。注意：not near= far, not far = near. 6.时间前面用at. 例如：在三点钟：at 3 o’ clock. 一段时间前面用for 7.表达第几层楼的时候我们要用序数词，前面还要有the。例如：第一、二、三、四、五 层楼分别是：the first floor. the second floor. the third floor. the fourth floor. the fifth floor. 8.交通灯traffic lights，交通规则：traffic rules。这两个词后面都一定要加s, 绝对不能少。 因为交通灯有红黄绿三盏，一定是复数，交通规则不可能只有一条，所以都一定要加s，考试的时候千万别忘了加s哦！ 9.大部分的国家都是靠右行驶的：drivers drive on the right side of the road. 记住England and Australia, drivers drive on the left side of the road.英国和澳大利亚，司机是靠左行驶的。
PEP新版六年级上册英语知识点归纳总结 目录 Unit1How can I get there? (2) Unit2Ways to go to school (3) Unit3My weekend plan (4) Unit4I have a pen pal (5) Unit5What does he do? (6) Unit6How do you feel? (7)
Unit1How can I get there? library图书馆north(北) post office邮局 hospital医院turn left左转turn right右转places:cinema电影院 (地点)bookstore书店(东)east west(西) science museum科学博物馆 pet hospital宠物医院crossing十字路口 school学校south(南) shoe store/shop鞋店 supermarket超市go straight直行 一、问路 1．Where is the cinema,please?请问电影院在哪儿？ next to the hospital.在医院的旁边。 in front of the school.在学校的前面. behind the park在公园的后面 It’s near the zoo.在动物园的附近. on the right/left of the bookstore.在书店的左/右边. east of the bank.在银行的东边. far from here.离这儿很远. 2.Excuse me,is there a cinema near here请问这附近有电影院吗？ Yes,there is./No,there isn’t.有./没有。 3.How can I get to the hospital?我该怎样到达医院呢？ Take the No.57bus.乘坐57路公汽。 二、指引路 1．You can take the No.312bus.你可乘坐312路公交车去那儿. 2.Go straight for three minutes.向前直走3分钟. 3.Turn right/left at the…在…地方向右/左转. 4.Walk east/west/south/north for…minutes.朝东/西/南/北/走…分钟. 三、Is it far from here?离这儿远吗? Yes,it is./No,it isn’t.是的，很远/不是，很远。
PEP7最新六年级下册Unit4-Unit6英语课文翻译 Unit4 I have a pen pal.单词表：学习的三单形式，迷，远足，笔友，业余爱好，茉莉， 想法主意，堪培拉，令人惊奇的，表示征求意见，射门，加入，俱乐部，分享 P38Let’s talk奥利弗：彼得的爱好是什么？ 张鹏：他喜欢读故事。他住在一个农场上，所以有时他读给那些奶牛！ 奥利弗：那是有趣的。张鹏：他喜欢练功夫和游泳。奥利弗：真的吗？我也是。张鹏：他也喜欢唱歌。奥利弗：哦，你也喜欢唱歌。张鹏：是的。我打算教他中国歌曲《茉莉花》！奥利弗：好主意！P39Let’s learn彼得：嘿，张鹏，你的爱好是什么？张鹏：我喜欢读故事。我也喜欢唱歌和练功夫。 跳舞唱歌读故事踢足球练功夫 P40Let’s talk约翰：嘿，一。你正在干什么？（现在进行时）吴一凡：我正在写一份电子邮件 给我的朋友在澳大利亚。约翰：他住在悉尼吗？吴一凡：不，他不是。他住在堪培拉。他的名字是约翰，也。约翰：真的吗？他喜欢猜字谜和去远足吗？吴一凡:是的，他是。约翰：太神奇了！我也喜欢这些。我也能成为他的笔友吗？吴一凡：当然。为什么不呢？约翰：酷！ P41Let’s learn约翰：过来并且看看我的新的笔友。他的名字也是约翰！兄弟：真的吗？他也住在中国吗？约翰：不，他不在。他住在澳大利亚，但是他学语文。烧中国食物学语文猜字谜去远足 P42let’s read布告栏：我们能跳舞吗？有一个跳舞课在星期天在下午一点。我喜欢跳舞,兵器我需要一个搭档。打电话给艾米：3345567射门！射门！射门让我们一起读。你的爱好是什么？你喜欢阅读吗？我有很棒的书。我们能分享！打电话给迈克：4435678 科学俱乐部，你的俱乐部。你想学习关于机器人吗？来到科学房间。见见罗宾。他教学生制作机器人。robin Unit 5 What does he do?单词表：工厂，工人，邮递员，商人企业家，警察，渔民科学家， 飞行员，教练，国家，校长，大海，保持，大学，体育馆，如果，记者，使用，打字，快速地， 秘书 P48Let’s talk莎拉：你的爸爸是在这里今天吗？奥利弗：不，他在澳大利亚。莎拉：他是干什么的？奥利弗：他是一个商人。他经常去其它的城市。莎拉：并且你的妈妈是干什么的？奥利弗：她是一个班主任。莎拉：那是好的。奥利弗：是的，她将要是在这里今天。莎拉：你想成为一个班主任吗？奥利弗：不，我想成为一个出租车司机。 P49Let’s learn职业日工厂工人邮递员商人警察张鹏：你的爸爸是一个邮递员吗？奥利弗：不，他不是。张鹏：他是干什么的？：奥利弗：他是一个商人。 P50Let’s talk迈克：我的叔叔是一个渔夫。小雨：他在哪里工作？迈克：他工作在海上。他看 到很多鱼每天。小雨：我知道了。他怎么去工作的？乘小船？迈克：不，他工作在小船上。他骑自行车去工作。小雨：他有一个很健康的生活。迈克：是的。他工作非常努力并且保持健康。小雨：我们也应该努力学习并且保持健康。 P51Let’s learn渔民科学家飞行员教练奥利弗：我的叔叔是科学家。吴一凡：他在哪里工作？奥利弗：他工作在一个大学。 P52let’s read胡斌喜欢运动。他擅长足球，乒乓球和篮球。他经常去跑步放学后。他想工作在一个体育馆。提示：
Unit 1How can I get there？ 单元整体分析 本单元是人教版英语六年级上册的第一单元，单元的话题是“How can I get there?” 本单元通过不同的场景，提供了表达地点、问路的句型结构。教学中三个版块:A 部分，B部分和C 部分。A部分包括重点词汇和情景对话，共两个课时。第一课时呈现了吴一凡和Robin的谈话，引出表示地点的词汇。.第二课时吴一凡和Robin的谈话，引出句型Where is the...? It?s…A 部分重点掌握词汇和询问地点并回答的句型。B部分包括重点词汇、情景对话和读和写，共三个课时。第一课时呈现Mike问路的对话，引出关于路线的一些词汇。第二课时吴一凡和Mike 看完电影讨论吃饭地点在哪，呈现了问路并回答的句型How can we get there? Turn left/right....,并进一步表达句型Where is the ...? It?s next to...第三课时通过图片了解辨别方位的方法。通过吴一凡、Mike和Robin寻找意大利餐馆，拓展本单元所学句型。B部分重点是掌握词汇和问路及回答的句型How can we get there? Turn left/right... C 部分包括听力测试、介词词组的总结和故事，共一课时。重点是复习巩固本单元所学重点词汇和句型。 在课堂教学中，首先要整体把握本单元教学内容，教学重点和教学难点，了解学生学情。然后围绕本单元主题“How can I get there?”展开教学设计。本单元的教学内容与学生的生活相关，在组织语言教学时要注意设计生活化，充分利用教材已经设定的情境展开教学，引导学生在合作学习中表达和语用所学句型。鼓励学生自编对话巩固所学知识。同时还要引导学生自己归纳介词词组，启发学生的思维。 本单元所需要掌握的词汇中science, post office 中的office,在四年级、五年级的教材中已经学过。本单元所需要掌握的询问地点并回答的句型在Where is the ...?It’s in/on/under/near/in front of/behind....在四年级、五年级的教材中已经学过。这个句型的表达为本单元的教学奠定了一定的基础。 单元教学目标 1. 知识目标 （1）能够听、说、读、写单词和词组：science museum, post office, bookstore, cinema, crossing, turn left, go straight, turn right （2）能够听、说、认读单词：ask, sir, interesting, Italian, restaurant, pizza, street, get, GPS, street, gave, feature, follow, far, tell （3）能够听、说、读、写句型： —Where is the...? —It?s near the door.. —How can we get there? —Turn left at the bookstore. （4）能够掌握句式： Where+系动词+地点名词？ It+系动词+表示地点的介词短语。 How can I/we + get to +地点？ （5）知道英语句子有升降调。 2. 能力目标 （1）能够正确使用science museum, post office, bookstore, cinema, crossing, turn left, go straight, turn right这些单词和词组描述城市设施及其位置。 （2）能够在情景中运用句型询问地点并作答： —Where is the....? —It?s ... （3）能够在情景中运用句型问路并描述路线。
人教版(PEP)小学英语总复习六年级上册知识点 Unit 1 How can I get there ? 一、主要单词： museum博物馆bookstore书店cinema电影院turn 转弯hospital医院left向左post office 邮局science科学right向右straight笔直地crossing十字路口 二、习惯语搭配： post office邮局science museum科学博物馆pet hospital宠物医院Italian restaurant意大利餐馆Beihai Park北海公园Palace Museum故宫博物院go straight直走turn right/left右/左转next to挨着in front of...在...前面near the park在公园附近on Dongfang Street在东方大街上三、惯用表达式： Excuse me 打扰一下Follow me, please!请跟着我！ 四、公式化句型： 1、问路的句型及其答语： 问句：Where is the + 地点？···在哪儿？ 答语：It’s + 表示地点的词语。它···。 next to the bookstore, near the hospital/post office, over there, on Dongfang Street, in front of the school... 2、询问怎么到某地的句型及其答语： 问句：How can +主语+ get (to)+地点？···怎么到···？ 同义句型： Can you tell me the way to +地点？ Where is + 地点？ Which is the way to +地点？ 答语：Turn +方向+表示地点的介词短语。···转。 at the cinema at the corner near the post office... 五、例句： Where is the cinema, please? 请问电影院在哪里？ It’s next to the hospital. 它与医院相邻。 Turn left at the cinema, then go straight. It’s on the left. 在电影院向左转，然后直行。它在左边。 Turn left at the bank。在银行左转。 六、主题写作：范文 How to Get to the Science Museum We are going to the science museum tomorrow.The science museum is next to the hospital.It’s not far from our school.So we can go there on foot.First,go straight from our school.Next,turn left at the post office and walk for about five minutes.Then turn right at the bookstore.We can find the hospital on the right.Walk straight,and we’ll see the science museum.
Unit 1 How do you go there? Period One Teaching contents: Part A let’s learn & let’s play Teaching aims: 1．To enable the students to master the four skills phrases: on foot，by bike，by bus，by train, by plane，by ship，by subway 2．To enable the students to ask about the ways of traffic with the following sentence patterns: How do you go to school? Or How do you go to Canada…?‖And answer with―I go by…‖ Teaching focus: To master the four skills phrases: by train, by plane, by subway, by ship, by bike, on foot Teaching difficulty: To differ ―subway‖ from―train‖ Teaching methods: Communicative Approach Teaching aids: 1.Word cards 2.Tape recorder and tape 3.Multi-media player Teaching procedure: 1. (Warm-up) Greeting: Good morning , class ! Glad to meet you again. How are you? What day is it? What ?s the date? What‘s the weather like today? 2. Presentation Show a picture of bus T: What‘s this? S: It‘s a bus. T: I go to school by bus. How do you go to school? (Show a picture of bike and help a student to answer with ―I go to school by bike.‖) (In the same ways)Teach ―by subway‖ and ―by train‖ ―by ship‖ ―by plane‖ ―on foot‖. Subway: It's an underground railway in a city．It travels very fast．We can see subway in Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Gongzhou… Explain the differences between subway and train Pay attention to the pre. ― by‖& ―on‖
人教版六年级上册英语课本 篇一：小学人教版英语六年级上册电子课本 篇二：人教版PEP小学六年级上册英语电子课本 篇三：人教版六年级英语上册教材研说 人教版六年级英语上册教材研说 各位领导老师好： 今天我所研读的是人教版六年级英语上册的教材，我先说一下说教材流程。 一、说课标，主要包括1、英语课程的总体目标。2、学段具体目标 3、本册教材的目标要求。 二、说教材包括1、教材编排意图、编写体例。2、教材内容结构及特点。3、教材知识结构整合。 三、说建议主要包括1、教学建议2、评价建议3、教学方法的建议。接下来分层说：说课标 1英语课程的总体目标：通过英语学习形成初步的综合语言运用能力，并通过英语学习促进学生的心智发展，提高学生的综合人文素养。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等诸方面整体发展的基础之上。语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础；文化意识有利于正确地理解语言和得体地使用语言；积极的情感态度有利于促进学生主动学习和持续发展；有效的学习策略有利于提高学习效率和发展自主学习能力。这五个方面相辅相成，共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成与发展。 2本学段的具体目标。对英语学习有持续的兴趣和爱好。能用简单的英语互致问候、交换有关个人、家庭和朋友的简单信息。能根据所学内容表演小对话或歌谣。能在图片的帮助下听懂、读懂并讲述简单的故事。能根据图片或提示写简单的句子。在学习中乐于参与、积极合作、主动请教.乐于了解异国文化、习俗。 3、本册教材的目标要
语言知识方面：1．能听、说、读、写71个单词和短语以及10组句子和7个单句。要求能在真实语境中正确运用并能读懂简短语篇。 2．能听、说、认读16个单词。 语言技能方面：1．能听懂、会唱8首歌曲。 2．能听懂、会吟唱8首歌谣。 学习策略方面 1．能完成1个手工制作。 2.能完成6个自我评价活动。 情感态度方面：能理解6个幽默小故事。 文化意识方面：能了解6项简单的中西方文化知识。 二说教材 1、教材编写意图及编写体例： ? 本套教材的编写思路是以话题为纲，以交际功能和语言结构为主线，逐步引导学生运用英语完成有实际意义的语言任务，即：话题—功能—结构—任务。? 教材编写体例本套教材总共有六个单元两个复习，一单元How do you go there? 主要是Means of transportation交通方式。二单元Where is the science museum?主要内容是Locations, directions地理位置与方向。三单元What are you going to do?主要内容是Spare time activities业余生活。接下来是Recycle1 是对前三个单元的复习四单元I have a new pen pal主要内容是Hobbies, daily routine爱好和日常生活。五单元What does she do?主要内容是Jobs职业。第六单元The story of rain，水的 循环过程和植物种植。最后为Recycle2,是对四五六单元的一个复习。 ?单元编写体例每个单元大致有三大块儿，第一块儿是主场景部分也是每个单元的开始部分Let’s start，该部分只做引入单元内容的作用。第二大块儿为Part A & Part B，是每个单元的主体部分主要包括两Let’s learn、两Let’s talk 、两Let’s read即分别为单词、句子和阅读的学习。Let’s learn是Key words是关键词，Let’s talk是Key drills关键演练，Let’s read是Consolidation巩固。第三大块儿为Part C，是一个单元的拓展延伸，主要有Good to know、Task time 、Pronunciation、Story time，Good to know 是Culture，主要让学生了解西方文化。Task time是Revision是对本
by [bai]介词，经……；乘……foot [fut] 脚 bike [baik]自行车 bus 公共汽车train火车 plane飞机 ship船；舰 subway地铁 how怎样 go to school上学 then然后 fifth第五 traffic交通 traffic light交通灯 traffic rule交通规则 stop停；停车站wait等；等待 remember记住 get to到达 find寻找；找到difference不同；区别 same相同的 every每个；所有的 country 国家 always总是；一直 mean意思是 drive驾驶 right右边的 side 边 England英国 Australia澳大利亚 however但是 left左边的 if 如果 must必须 know知道 Unit 2 library [post office hospital cinema bookstore science museum excuse me where please next to far supermarket bank after school want buy a pair of shoe store get off minute north south east west turn right left straight then twelfth party tell start take look for Unit 3 next week this morning this afternoon this evening tonight tomorrow take a trip read a magazine go to the cinema theme park the Great Wall busy together comic book post card newspaper magazine dictionary shoe store buy fruit stand pet shop need plant else shop
Unit 1 How Do You Go There ? 一． 知识点归纳 （一）、 词汇 bike ( 自行车 乘坐) 公共汽车（脚） 火车（怎样） 飞机（上学） 轮船) 地铁) （ 交通工具前加by , 表示乘坐但步行要用on foot ） fifth 第五 remember 记住 find 找到 difference 不同 same 相同的 every 每个 所有的 三会 country 国家 mean 意思是 drive 驾驶 right 右边的 side 边 England 英国 Australia 澳大利亚 however 但是 left 左边的 if 如果 must 必须 （二）、重点句型 ① 询问交通方式用疑问代词how ? —— How do you go to school ? 你怎样去上学？ —— I go to school on foot . 我走路去上学。 ? —— How do you go to Canada ? 你怎么去加拿大。 —— I go by plane . 我坐飞机去。 ? —— How does your father go to work ? 你父亲怎样去上班？ —— He goes to work by subway . 他坐地铁去上班。 ② 询问地点，用疑问代词where ? —— Where is your home ? 你家在哪里？ —— It’s near the post office . 在邮局旁边。 ? —— Where are the teachers ? 老师们在哪儿？ —— They are in the teache r’s office . 在老师的办公室。 ③ 问路 ? —— How can I get to Zhongshan Park ? 我怎么去中山公园？ —— You can go by the No.1 bus. You can take the No .1 bus . ④ 交通规则(traffic rules ) ? Stop at a red light . 红灯停 ? Wait at a yellow light . 黄灯停 ? Go at a green light . 绿灯行 ? In China and the US , drivers drive on the right side of the road . 在中国和美国,司机靠右行驶。 ? In England and Australia, however, drivers drive on the left side of the road. 但是在英国和澳大利亚，司机靠左边行驶。
六年级PEP上册知识点总结 Unit 1 How can I get there? 知识点归纳 library 图书馆 post office 邮局 hospital 医院 turn left 左转 turn right 右转places: cinema 电影院 ( 地点) bookstore 书店 science museum科学博物馆 go straight 直行 pet hospital 宠物医院 school 学校 supermarket 超市 crossing 十字路口 shoe store 鞋店 Italian restaurant 意大利餐馆 问路的重点句型： 1．Where is the cinema, please? 请问电影院在哪儿？ next to the bookstore 紧挨着书店 in front of the school. 在学校的前面. behind the park 在公园的后面 It’s near the zoo. 在动物园的附近. on D ongfang S treet 在东方大街上 over there 在那边 2. Excuse me, is there a cinema near here ？请问这附近有电影院吗？ Yes, there is. /No,there isn’t. 有./没有。 3. How can I get to the hospital? 我该怎样到达医院呢？ How can I / we get there？我/ 我们怎样到那？ 回答Turn right/ left at the … 在… 地方向右/ 左转. 或Go straight 向前直走. 或You can take the No.31 bus. 你可乘坐31路公交车去。 4. Is it far from here? 离这儿远吗? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.是的很远/ 不是很远。 Unit 2 Ways to go to school 一．知识点归纳 （一）、词汇 bike ( 自行车乘坐) slow down 慢下来 公共汽车（脚） stop 停下来 火车（怎样） 飞机（上学） 轮船) taxi 出租车 ferry 轮渡 sled 雪橇 地铁) （交通工具前加by ,表示乘坐,但步行要用on foot ）
pep人教版英语六年级上册下载 篇一：最新人教版(PEP)小学英语六年级上册复习资料 人教版(PEP)小学英语总复习六年级上册知识点 Unit 1 How can I get there ? 一、主要单词： museum博物馆 bookstore书店 cinema电影院 turn 转弯 hospital 医院 left向左post office 邮局 science科学 right向右 straight笔直地crossing十字路口二、习惯语搭配： post office邮局science museum科学博物馆pet hospital宠物医院 Italian restaurant意大利餐馆 Beihai Park北海公园Palace Museum故宫博物院go straight直走 turn right/left右/左转 next to挨着in front of...在...前面 near the park在公园附近on Dongfang Street在东方大街上三、惯用表达式： Excuse me 打扰一下Follow me, please!请跟着我！四、公式化句型： 1、问路的句型及其答语：问句：Where is the + 地点？···在哪儿？问句：How can +主语 + get (to)+地点？···怎么到· ··？ 同义句型： Can you tell me the way to +地点？ Where is + 地点？ Which is the way to +地点？ 答语：Turn +方向+表示地点的介词短语。···转。 五、例句： Where is the cinema, please? 请问电影院在哪里？ It’s next to the hospital. 它与医院相邻。 Turn left at the cinema, then go straight. It’s on the left. 在电影院向左转，然后直行。它在左边。 Turn left at the bank。在银行左转。