English Examination Paper (For Non-English Major Doctoral Candidates) Dec.2003
PartⅠ. Listening Comprehension (10%) (Omitted)
PartⅡ. V ocabulary and Structures(10%)
16. Those who ___ the weather as a conventional opening seem to be ignorant of the reason why human beings wish to talk. A) dispose B)dispatch C)dismiss D)despise
17. Man beings life with a cry and ends it in stillness; in the___ he does all he can to make a noise in the world.
A) intervention B) interval C) eclipse D) elapse
18. Cowboy artists____ a romantic vision of the Old West with a historically accurate depiction of that way of life.
A) provide B)offer C)blend D)associate
19. As the moist sea air travels inland toward the mountains, ___ occurs.
A) prevalence B) precipice C)precipitation D)downpour
20 .If fish were to become curious about the world, it would never ____ to them to begin by investigating water.
A) come B)refer C)get D)occur
21. Maturation refers to the ___ of the infant’s biological potential.
A) undoing B) unclosing C)unfolding D)unsealing
22. Subordinating individual tastes to harmony of the group is ___ to the Western citizens.
A) reflective B) repellent C) redefining D) recoverable
23. A dollar bill is a subjective and unstable token of purchasing power, and not at all ___ with the things it can buy.
A) sympathetic B) identical C) unified D)universal
24. The dynamics of the two-party system has been very unhelpful in the search for positions on the middle ground.
A) feasible B) liable C) viable D) navigable
25. The casual gang delinquent is less ___ to the gang. His association with the gang is loose.
A) compelled B) committed C) compromised D)complied
Part Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (25%)
PassageⅠ Questions 36-40
For hundreds of years, farmers have selected and bred plants and animals to favor,or bring out, characteristics they desired. For example, cows that produced large amounts of milk were selected for breeding, while poor milk producers were not allowed to reproduce. In like manner, horses were bred for speed and strength. Those having these desired characteristics were selected for breeding. Over time, these preferred breeds became more common than earlier,less desired types.This selective breeding is called artificial selection.
In this passage, Camp and Arms explain how this same process occurs naturally.
The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Waliace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred; but their name are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism by which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it dose.
The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparing one cat or human being with another, the members of species differ from one another, that is, there is variation among individuals of the same species. Second, some (though not all) of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited. But are caused by different environment. For instance, two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil,) third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduce: many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as samplings, nestlings, or larvae.
Inherited characteristics that improve an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be naturally selected for or against, from one generation to the next, depending on how they affect reproductive potential.
For natural selection to cause a change in a population from one generation to the next(that is, to cause evolution), it is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes makes an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce.
36. The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings ________.
A. control the direction of artificial selection
B. control the direction of natural selection
C. make new genes in artificial selection
D. make new genes in natural selection
37. Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection?
A. The selection by a farmer of the best milk-producing cows for breeding.
B. A breeder’s allowing only the fastest horses to reproduce
C. The selection for reproduction of the best egg-laying chickens by the farmer
D. An increase in the number of giraffes with long necks because of a decline in the number of low-lying plants used for feeding
38. Which statement is false?
A. Members of species differ from one another
B. differences between individuals are inherited
C. Two organisms with identical genes may grow to different sizes
D. More organisms are born than live to reproduce
39. What do people most probably believe in about a process?
A. Its definition
B. Its explanation
C. Its examples
D. Its main differences
40. In the new generation, inherited characteristics that decrease its chances of reproducing will be _____.
A. more common
B. necessary
C. less common
D. less necessary
Passage 2 Questions 41-45
Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. There are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that this is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling are allowed for the moment to take second place.
Apart from the question of the time given to pronunciation, there are too other requirements for the teacher, the first, knowledge; the second, technique.
It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some ideas of the mechanism of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on h is students’ pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.
But it dose not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique.
Now the first and most important part of a language teacher’s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language in every detail of articulation as well as influent speaking, so that the student’s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own pronounce, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings and radio, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself, or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material.
However, the process of demonstrating pronunciation, whether by personal example or by mechanical means, is only the beginning of teaching pronunciation. The technique of teaching the individual sounds also needs to be considered.
41. What dose the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign language?
A Only a few people are really proficient.
B No one is really in the skill.
C There aren’t many people who are even fairly good.
D There are even some people who are moderately proficient.
42.The best way of learning to speak a foreign language, he suggests, is by___.
A picking it up naturally as a child.
B learning from a native speaker
C not concentrating on pronunciation as such
D undertaking systematic work
43.The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon___.
A how closely he attends to the matter
B whether it is English that is being taught
C his teacher’s approach to pronunciation
D the importance normally given to grammar and spelling
44.What is the main point the auther makes about imitation of the teacher?
A It is a matter of secondary importance
B Students should be given every opportunity for it
C It depends on the student’s ability
D Teachers are perfect models for students to imitate
45.Demonstrating pronunciation is to be regarded as
A an initial process
B an exercise of value in itself
C an example of the use mechanical aids
D a technique for teaching separate sounds
Passage 3 Questions 46-50
Insects have inhabited the earth for well over 300 million years, and dutnny that time they have evolved onto an almost unbehavable vartety of .. The astronomical numbers involved in ant discussion of the insect world are difficult for the imagination to grasp. There are probably more than a million different species of them,compared with a mere 20,000 species of all other animals, and according to the best estimates roughly 1018 individual insects are living at any given time.
Most insects are completely harmless to man, and many are directly beneficial. Only about one-tenth of one percent of the insect world consists of species, harmful to man, but throughout human history these have a persistent threat. Many infectious diseases are transmitted to man by i nsects. Perhaps even more important insects are man’s principal competitors(indeed his only serious competitors) for food. Nearly 40 percent of the world’s food crops is destroyed by insects each year.
The battle against harmful insects has been fought for thousands of years, but man has never gained more than a
transitory advantage. Whenever man has concentrated on significant numbers and practiced any form of agriculture, the insect populations are on record from as far back as 1,000B.C.. An uneasy balance has occasionally been achieved, in which a certain percentage of each crop has been abandoned to the insects in hopes that the remaining yield would be sufficient for human needs. Whenever various circumstances, including man’s own mismanagement of th e environment, have upset this balance and allowed the insect population to explode, the result has been a graphic demonstration of man’s inability to attain mastery over insects.
The methods employed to control the growth of undesirable insects can be classified as biological, chemical, cultural, reproductive, mechanical and physical control.
None of the above types of control, used by itself, has ever proved to be more than a tempory solution to the insect problem, but an integrated approach utilizing combination of these methods can keep insect population down to point when farming remains ecnonmcal. No method, however, offers any hope that unwanted insects will ever be eliminated altogether.
46. According to the passage, there are probably more than___ different species of insects.
A.1,018
B.20,000
C. a million
D. 300 million
47. Which of the following is not true?
A. Most insects are beneficial, but some are completely harmful to man.
B. Insects transmit many infectious disease to man.
C. A large percentage of food crops is destroyed by insects each year.
D. Insects have evolved very quickly during the last 300 million years.
48. The word “transitory”(Line 2, para.3) in the passage means____.
A. eternal
B. temporary
C. great
D. distinctive
49. According to the passage, we can achieve occasional balance _____.
A. if we live up practicing any form of agriculture
B. if we give up a certain percentage of each crop to the insects.
C. if we make great efforts to reduce insect populations like what we did in 1,000 B.C
D. if we allow the insect population to explode
50. According to the fifth paragraph, ______
A. we have no methods to control insects
B. we can eliminate the unwanted insects altogether
C. we can keep insect populations down by using the combinations of the methods
D. we have no hope of controlling the unwanted insects at all
Passage 4. Questions 51-55
Thirty years ago the Today progrom was unpredictable to the point of chaos with presenter Jack da Manio improvising and adlibbing and thinking aloud, always eager for a joke or a prank. Through the studio trooped a procession of English eccentrics- a man who ate light bulbs, another who ate spiders, a chap who was touring the country leapfrogging all the pillar boxes, a hard-headed individual who could play rule Britannia by hitting himself on the head with a nine-inch spanner—and many another. Talking dogs and singing cats were almost common place.
By the mid-70s, however, Today had got to the point where, for example, it had an one morning Libby Purves making the first “live” radio broadcast from China, someone else in Dublin covering the pope’s visit, another presenter in Margate where the Laberals were conferring, and an anchorman in London.
When you have reached this stage, there is no room for talking dogs, and humour and whimsy have to be confined to odd comers.
Despite its more serious approach, however, Today has somehow retained its character and its tone of voice. And being a live, high-risk program, it can still go homhly wrong. Only recently an eminent doctor launched into a lengthy on-air harangue against the production team and refused to listen to the questions he was supposed to be answering. Such thing can always happen- and so can studio rows, sometimes even involving the presenters. There was a memorable spat not long ago when a rattled Nigel Lawson accused Redhead of being a well-known supporter of the Labour party.
But rows or no rows, Today is where the ministers and would-be ministers want to be heard. As Brian Redhead is fond of saying: “if you want to plant a ward in the nation’s ear, come on today.” His other favorite remark is: We set the agenda for the day.” Both statements ar e true of a progrom with a steady weekly audience of 6 million—easily the largest on Radio 4.
51.Which is the following refers to the “pillar box”(Paragraph)?
A. A small postbox that is fastened on the wall.
B. A round postbox that found in the post office.
C. A squire postbox that is set into the wall.
D. A tube-shaped type of postbox that stands in the street.
52. Before the 1970s, the Today program used to be quite a ____
A. serious program
B. humorous program
C. religious program
D. political program
53.According to the passage, the Today program is _____
A. extremely influential
B. becoming less popular
C. fairly timid
D. politically biased
54.Which of the following examples is given to show the program sometimes dose not go according to plan?
A. Libby Purves had an argument with Nigel Lawson.
B. Someone hit himself on the head in the street
C. Someone leapfrogged pillar boxes in the street
D. A doctor declined to answer the set questions
55. By saying “We set the agenda for the day”, Brain Redhead means ____
A. we have plants every day
B. we have all kinds of programs
C. we know what happens every day
D. we can be heard every day
Passage 5. Questions 56-60
The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprises to get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because the theories and conceptual constructs of the social scientists are especially accessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs with particular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they lose their distinctiveness as scientific advances.
This underappreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with what many see as their overutilization Game theory is pressed into service in studies of shifting international alliance. Evaluation research is called upon to demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economies and demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base of social security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable; public policy must continually be made and policy makers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.
56. The social sciences are less likely to get credit because the theories and discoveries are likely to meet with ___
A. underappreciation
B.overutilization
C. distinctiveness
D. practical application
57. The author is primarily concerned with____
A. advocating a more modest view, and less wide-spread utilization, of the social sciences
B. analyzing the mechanisms for translating discoveries into applications in the social science
C. dissolving the air of paradox inherent in human beings studying themselves
D. explaining a peculiar dilemma that the social sciences are in
58. Which is the following is a social science discipline that the author mentions as being possibly overutilized?
A. conventional theories of social change
B.Game theory
C. decision-making theory
D.Systems analysis
59. It can be inferred from the passage that,when speaking of the “overutilization” of the social sciences, the author is referring to the ____
A. premature practical application of social science advances
B. habitual reliance on the social science even where common sense would serve equally well
C. use of social science constructs by people who do not fully understand them
D. tendency on the part of social scientists to recast everyday truths in social science jargon
60.The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilized with ____
A. evidence that some public policy is made without any recourse to social science findings of theories
B. a long list of social science application that are perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitful
C. proof that over extensions of social science results are self-correcting
D. the observation that this practice represents the lesser of two evils under existing circumstances
Part ⅣTranslation(40%,40 minutes)
Section A: (20%, 20 minutes)
In contrast to symbiotic union, mature love is union under the condition of preserving one’s integrity, one’s individuality. Love is an active power in man, a power which breaks through the walls which separate man from his fellow man, which unites him with others; which makes him overcome the sense of isolation and separateness, yet it permits him to be himself. In love the paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two.
It is hardly necessary to stress the fact that the ability to love as an act of giving depends on the character development of the person. It presupposes the attainment of a predominantly productive orientation; in this orientation the person has overcome dependency, narcissistic omnipotence, the wish to exploit others, or to heard, and has acquired faith in his own human powers, courage to rely on his powers in the attainment of his goals. To the degree that these qualities are lacking, he is afraid of giving himself—hence of loving.
Section B: (20%,20 minutes)
不断提高工人、农民、知识分子和其他劳动群众以及全体人民的思想道德素质和科学问化素质，不断提高他们的劳动技能和创造才能，充分发挥他们的积极性主动性创造性，是我们必须履行的第一要务。
我们必须重视这个客观趋势，始终把发挥我国社会主义制度的优越性，同掌握运用和发展先进的科学技术紧密结合起来，不断用先进科技改造和提高国民经济，努力实现我国生产力的跨越式发展。
我们所有的衣服几乎都是用纤维制成的—不论这种纤维来源于动物、植物，还是来源于煤和石油：我们若仔细研究这些纤维，就会知道它们由长链分子组成的。
澳大利亚的内陆到处都是岩石和沙漠，但周边也有青草茂密的山谷，白雪覆盖的大地，蔚为壮观的珊瑚礁（coral）,暴风骤雨侵蚀的悬崖绝壁和浪花滚滚的海滩。
意味深长的是，虽然自17世纪以来科学发展迅速，但是有计算机问世以前，科学在预测问题上并没有产生巨大影响，只是由于有了强大的计算机，才可能真正对人类事务做出有价值的预测。
P art Ⅴ Composition(15%, 30 minutes)
It seems that the world now is requesting increasing number of credentials many people accordingly join in the frenzy to secure one degree after another. How do you comment on your own pursuit for a Ph.D. Write a composition “What Dose A Ph.D Mean to Me?” with 300 words or so.
What Dose A Ph.D Mean to Me?
考博英语历年真题 北大2013年考博士英语真题及答案 Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20 Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suita bly complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit compose d of father,mother and children. A.refers to B.defines C.describes D.devotes to 22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that e lderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness. A.reproach ed B.favored C.plagued D.reprehended 23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation_____ ___the quality of interpersonal relationship. A.ascends https://www.doczj.com/doc/a115228163.html,pels C.enhances D.prefers 24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of resea rch_____on the human brain. A.was…did B.has been…to be done C.was…doing D.has been…done 25. “I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not t o eat at a restaurant.You’ d better_______at hom e when you are not in the shape.” A.to throw up… to eat B.throwing up…eating C.to throw up…eat D.throwing up…eat 26.Parent shave to show due concerns to their children’ s creativity and emotional output;otherwise what they think beneficial to t he kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations. A.hold back B.hold to C.hold down D.hold over 27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’ s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals____ ____by their context,significance,and information content. A.not less than…as B.as…just as C.so much…as D.not so much… as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south. A.the windows of which opened B.the windows of it opened C. its windows opened D.the windows of which opening 29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned o ut to be a distant relation of his. A.put him up B.put him out C.put him on D.put him in30.By standers, _______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances. A.bloody and cov ered with dust,looking dazed B.bloodied and covered with dust,looked daze
94年口腔内科试题 请回答以下问题 1、试述能引起龋病的牙菌斑所具有的致病性。 2、试述酸粘结法机理及其临床意义 3、患者未见龋洞，但有牙髓炎症状，诊断时应考虑哪些问题 4、牙髓炎常用的治疗方法有哪些？如何选择？ 5、急性坏死溃疡性牙龈炎的致病因素及治疗原则 6、复合性牙周炎的临床特点及用选磨法消除牙合创伤的原则 7、盘状红斑狼疮与（扁平）苔藓在唇部的损害特点是什么？如何鉴别？ 8、试述白塞氏综合症和斯一约氏综合症临床表现的异同 华西医科大学（2003） 口外 1、上颌窦癌的临床表现 2、现代正颌外科的概念及主要步骤 3、唇腭裂序列治疗的概念及内容 4、口腔颌面部创伤引起窒息的常见原因 口内： 简答题： 1. 逐步后退法 2. 根管预备 3. 龋病活跃性检测方法及其根据 4. 试举二例常发于儿童口腔黏膜的疾病并述其临床特征 名词解释：牙体牙髓复合体 填空： 1. 生理性根尖孔及其意义 2. 天疱疮用肾上腺素治疗的四个阶段及每一阶段的用药特点 3. 局部用氟的方法（8个空）—、—、—、—、—、—、—、—。 4. 口腔预防医学的研究对象 5. 扩大样本数可以减少—、—、—、— 6. 复合树脂充填，洞缘应预备成——，其目的是—、—、—。 7. 深龋时牙髓可能的状态—、—、—、—。 四川大学华西医学部2004年 口内：（10分×4个） 1. 为什么说糖是龋病的祸根； 2. 牙周病的病理改变； 3. 简述10种粘膜病的基本病理改变并举例说明；
4. 牙体预备的步骤及目的； 口外： 1. 局麻并发症晕厥和即刻过敏反应的区别； 2. 清创术的原则和步骤； 3. 下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉的操作要点 口解：（以功能为主，不考神经、血管） 1. 磨耗的生理意义 2. 正中颌的新近展 四川大学华西医学部2005年 一、口外部分（共40 分） 1、选择（每题1 分，共19 分） 1）室性心律失常病员首选的局麻药是 A、利多卡因 B、普鲁卡因 C、的卡因 D、布比卡因 E、卡波卡因 2）口内注射法进行下牙槽神经阻滞麻醉时，注射器应 A、放在同侧第一二双尖牙之间，与中线呈45°角，注射针高于下颌牙合面1cm 并与之平行； B、放在对侧第一二双尖牙之间，与中线呈45°角，注射针高于下颌牙合面1cm 并与之平行； C、放在同侧侧切牙与尖牙之间，注射针高于下颌牙合面1cm 并与之平行； D、放在对侧侧切牙与尖牙之间，注射针高于下颌牙合面1cm 并与之平行； E、放在对侧侧切牙与尖牙之间，放在左右中切牙之间，注射针高于下颌牙合面1cm 并与之平行； 3）对于拔牙创的处理，不正确的方法是 A、拔除乳牙残根后彻底搔刮牙槽窝 B、压迫缩小扩大的牙槽窝 C、撕裂的牙龈组织应给予缝合 D、与骨膜牙龈相连的骨折片应复位保留 E、挂净拔牙创内的肉芽及碎片 4）以下哪种情况应暂缓拔牙 A、高血压血压控制在160/100Hg 以下 B、妊娠第4、5、6 月 C、糖尿病的血糖8.0mmol/L，尿糖（+），无酸中毒 D、急性智齿冠周炎伴嚼肌间隙感染 E、甲亢治疗后心率低于100 次/分 5）下列间隙感染首先表现为张口困难的有： A、翼下颌间隙 B、眶下间隙 C、下颌下间隙 D、口底蜂窝织炎 E、舌下间隙 6）嚼肌间隙感染，若未及时引流或引流不彻底，最常引起的并发症为 A、败血症 B、脓毒血症 C、海绵窦血栓性静脉炎 D、下颌升支边缘性骨髓炎 E、下颌升支中央性骨髓炎 7）治疗颌骨骨折的基本标准是： A、解剖复位 B、恢复原有的咬合关系 C、达到理想的咬合关系 D、保证良好的咀嚼功能 E、
三套医学免疫学试题及 答案 Document number：WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT
模拟题（一） 一、单选题（只许从每题备选答案种选择一个最佳答案。每题1分，共40分） 1、外周免疫器官不包括（） A、胸腺 B、淋巴结 C、脾脏 D、粘膜相关淋巴组织 2、人B细胞分化成熟的部位是在（） A、胸腺 B、脾脏 C、骨髓 D、法氏囊 3、木瓜蛋白酶水解IgG所获片段中，能与抗原特异结合的是（） A、Fab段 B、Fc段 C、F（ab）2 段 D、pFc段 4、参与新生儿溶血症的Ig是（） A、IgG B、IgA C、IgM D、IgD 5、能抵抗蛋白酶水解的Ig是（） A、IgG B、sIgA C、IgM D、IgE 6、以下关于IgG 生物学特性的错误叙述是（） A、能通过胎盘 B、能激活补体 C、是参与I 型超敏反应的主要 Ig D、能发挥调理作用 7、参与旁路激活途径的补体成份是（） A、C1 B、C2 C、C3 D、C4 8、补体经典激活途径中形成的C3转化酶是（） A、C4b2b B、C3bBb C、C4b2b3b D、C3bnBb 9、下列补体裂解片段中具有调理作用的是（） A、C3a B、C3b C、C5a D、C5b 10、同时参与经典、旁路及MBL三条激活途径的补体成分是（） A、C1 B、C2 C、C3 D、C4 11、细胞因子（CK）的生物学作用特点不包括（） A、具有高效性 B、为特异性作用 C、多数在局部发挥作用 D、对细胞的作用不受MHC限制 12、能直接杀伤肿瘤细胞的细胞因子是（） A、TNF B、IFN C、IL-1 D、IL-2
2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary
一.硕士及本科 1999年 简答题：1Wylie分析法测量项目。 2Tweed三角意义，拔牙计划制定。 3正颌术前正畸目的。 4牙根吸收的原因、预防。 问答题：1M/F比率控制牙移动的类型？ 2前牙支抗增加的方法？ 3生长型评估、临床中生长型的意义？ 1998年 简答题：1托槽粘结时近远中位置及角度有何意义？ 2成人正畸特点？ 3软组织侧貌，H线、S线、E线、H角、Z角的定点？ 4矫治力强度与牙移动速度的关系？ 问答题：1试述牙颌畸形引起TMD的病因？ 2试述正畸治疗中怎样防止继发龋和牙周病？ 3什么叫术前去代偿？术前正畸治疗达到的目标和要求，举例说明。 2004年考研复试 1.面部不对称的病因及鉴别诊断（10） 2.与牙齿、颌骨发育有关的综合征？（10） 3.成人正畸的矫治特点（10） 4阻生尖牙可能的处理方式（5） 5错合的遗传证据？遗传因素经何种途径产生畸形？（15） 6SNA、SNB、ANB、SN－MP在错合诊治中的作用（20） 7英文题（不详） 8名词解释：正常合复发差动力支抗功能矫形治疗面部生长型控根外展弯箭头卡环过度矫治颏兜（10） 2003年考研复试 1.正常合的六个关键（10） 2.怎样判断生长发育状况（10） 3.替牙期不良习惯与错合畸形的关系 －state of art，essence of science谈谈你对这句话的体会（25） Science 生理的基础上牙移动，不能过分唇倾或舌倾代偿，不能过分扩大牙弓，应尽量让牙在牙槽骨中处于正常位置。
对于青春生长发育期可进行功能矫形，而成人则不可，避免出现双重咬合等。 对于错颌畸形的矫治还应该考虑病人的关节问题，避免矫治结束后咬合关系改正却出现关节问题。对错颌畸形的矫治还应该预测其预后，顺应其生长发育及神经肌肉咀嚼系统的平衡。 Art 颜面美观，平衡，协调 5.骨性错合的矫治时机、方法和效果（25） 2000年考研 1试述牙阻力中心、旋转中心和牙移动类型的关系（10）Z21 2试述颌骨的生长旋转（10） 3正畸治疗拔牙应考虑的因素（10） 4安氏二类一（二？）分类错合的形态特征、治疗方法及治疗效果（10） 二. 华西近年考博正畸试题 2001年 问答题： 1不同组织的生长曲线图。 2Ackerman－Proffit分类 3Proffit牙移动图Graber P3 4牙龄的Helman分期 5Leeway Space 6上中切牙、上磨牙、上牙弓、鼻上颌复合体的阻力中心，以及在矫治力设计的意义 7Bolton指数 8不同牙移动类型的力范围 2000年 概念：1生长区 2正常合 问答题：1方丝弓矫治技术中打开咬合的方法？及你对各自的认识 2颅颌面的代偿型生长及其在正畸治疗中的作用 3矫治力、矫形力在牙、牙弓、颌骨治疗作用 4比较方丝弓、直丝弓矫治技术的优缺点 2006-4-16 考博 一、简答 1.ⅢA期是指颌骨发育的哪一期？适应症如何？ 2.画图表示Proffit三圈图的内圈，并在X轴Y轴上表示出移动距离 3.下前牙拥挤复发的原因及预防措施 enamel stripping的适应症 5.说明Z角、T角、H角的意义和正常值。
医学免疫学模拟试题及答案(一) 1 同种异型抗原（ A） A．同一种属不同个体间的遗传标记不同 B．同一种属的所有个体分布相同 C．是定义同种类型蛋白的抗原 D．不能诱导同一种属动物间的免疫应答 E．在免疫球蛋白中，只限于 2．与抗原结合后，激活补体能力最强的是（E ） A．2 B．3 C． D． E． 3．哪两类的H 链有4 个功能区：（B ） A．和 B．和 C．和 D．和 E．和 4．在旁路激活途径中C3 转化酶是（A） 5b6789n 4b2b3b 4b2b 3 5b678 5．半抗原：（D ） A．只有和载体结合后才能和抗体分子特异结合 B．是大分子物质C．通常是多肽D．本身没有免疫原性E．本身没有抗原 6 .①外源性抗原的递呈，②胸腺内阳性选择，③细胞杀伤过程，④巨噬细胞对抗原的加工上述哪些过程与限制性有关（A） A.①+② B.②+③ C.①+③ D.②+④ E.①+④ 7.补体系统经典途径激活的顺序是D 12345-9 13245-9 C. C14325-9 14235-9 12453-9 8.抗体与抗原结合的部位是( B ) 区区区 区区 9．下列哪种作用特点是细胞因子所不具备的（ E ） A．网络性B．重叠性C．多效性D．高效性E．特异性 10．人类的定位的染色体是D A．第9 对染色体B．第17 对染色体C．第2 对染色体D．第6 对染色体 E．第22 对染色体 11．兄弟姐妹间进行器官移植引起排斥反应的物质是（ C ） A．异种抗原B．自身抗原 C．同种异体抗原D．异嗜性抗原E．超抗原 12．可被胃蛋水解酶切成为B A.2 段段 (’)2 段′段 C.2 段′段 段段 (’)2 段段 13．免疫对机体（ C ） A．正常情况下有利，某些条件下造成损伤B．有利C．有利也有害 D．有害E．无利也无害
04级口腔设备学 一．填空 牙钻的发展根据动力源分为、、三个阶段 最早的牙钻发条式牙钻/森马伊式莫里森牙钻是人力阶段 口腔设备的应用管理原则：完好性、效益性、经济管理、系统管理原则 口腔设备的评价：社会效益评价、经济效益评价 效益性原则评价：使用率、总效能、社会效益参考指标 选设备的因素依据、需求评价、可能性、条件、技术评价、选型、维修性能、发展趋势 手机交叉感染的途径表面污染、内部污染、空气污染、直接损伤 手机消毒清洗、养护注油、装袋封包、蒸汽压力灭菌 手机消毒的温度/压强/时间134c，2.1bar，3min 卫生组织推荐的防止手机交叉感染方法蒸汽压力灭菌法 手机防回吸装置卫生机头系统、逆止阀、喷气防回吸技术 综合治疗台结构内部结构、外部结构，外部结构有地箱、附体箱、器械盘、冷光灯、脚控开关 气压，水压 滚珠轴承式涡轮手机机头的结构、、 转速，驱动气压 气动马达手机工作气压，转速 种植机的结构、、、 弯手机变速齿轮盘、增速、减速、 CAD/CAM的结构、、 铸钛机的结构、、、 烤瓷炉的机构、、、、 洁牙机的结构：、、、 全景X线机的机构、、 数字化全景X线机的组成、 高频离心铸造机的原理： 二．单选(15分，很简单不记得了) 三．多选（5分，很难不记得了） 四．判断（10分，一般，不记得了）
五．大题： 1.数字化牙片机的结构及工作原理，与普通胶片机的区别 2.口腔综合治疗台的内部结构功能，及操作常规 3.口腔医源性交叉感染传播途径，口腔医源性感染控制原则 05级口腔设备 一、填空选择(50’) 口腔设备的运行过程包括（4） 低速弯机头可以通过（）装置，达到转速（）和（）的功能可以代替牙钻的口腔激光设备是（） 各种设备重要参数及结构组成等等 二、判断(10’) 三、PPt认图10张（10*1’） 四、大题(3*10’) 1、CAD/CAM组成及原理，与传统修复的流程比较 2、现代口腔设备的特征 3、口腔综合治疗台内部和外部结构及其功能
河北大学2005年博士入学考试题 二、Structure and Vocabulary （20points） Direction：In each question decide which of the four choices given below will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. 1.When workers are organized in trade unions，employers find it hard lay them______ A. Off B. aside C. out D. down 2. A man who could ____such treatment was a man of remarkable physical courage and moral strength A.bear upon B. insist on C. stand up to D. persist in 3. If this method doesn’t ___, we shall have to think of another way. A. come off B. come about C. come out D. come on 4.The____ of a chemical compound when brought into contact with another gives us clues to its composition. A .deed B. behavior C. characteristics D. correspondence 5. The chairman of the committee was delighted by the almost full __of its members at the conference. A. dependence B. absence C. attendance D. enrollment 6. The police are supposed to protect the people and their properties, ___evil conducts, guide traffic and so on. A. suppress B. depress C. frustrate D. condemn 7. John was proved innocent, for it was just a (n) _____to have found him on the murder spot. A. coincidence B. accident C. occasion D. incident 8. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____will down the economy. A. knock B. drag C. settle D. put 9.It would have taken hours to work the sum out, so I____ my pocket calculator A.turned over B. turned to C. turned in D. turned out 10.The founding of the United Nations ____people’s longing for peace.
《医学免疫学模拟试题及答案》姓名： 学号：记分： 一单选择题以下每一考题下面有A、B、C、D、E 5个备选答案，请从中选一个最佳答案，填在括号内 1．T细胞分化成熟的场所是）（ B ） A．骨髓B．胸腺C．腔上囊D．淋巴结E．脾 2．人类T细胞不具备的受体是（ C ） A．E受体B．IgG Fc受体C．C3b受体D．DHA受体E．IL—2受体3．关于IgA下述哪项是正确的（ E ） A．二聚体IgA结合抗原的亲合力，高于单体IgA B．IgA1主要存在于血清中 C．sIgA是膜局部免疫的最重要因素D．sIgA具有免疫排除功能E．以上均正确4．与类风湿因子有关的Ig是（ C ） A．IgG B．IgA C．IgM D．IgD E. IgE 5．惟一能通过胎盘的Ig是（ A ） A．IgG B．IgA C．IgM D．IgD E．IgE 6．决定Ig的类和亚类的部位是（ D ） A．VL十VH B．VL十CL C．铰链区D．DH E．CL 7．体液补体抑制因子是（ D ） A．C1qB．IgG1 C．IL-2 D．H因子E．B因子 8．各种单体抗体分子都有的特性是（ B ） A．分子量在10万以下B．具有两个完全相同的抗原结合部位 C．H链与L链借非共价键相联D．能结合补体E．能促进吞噬 9．单克隆抗体的应用不包括（ C ） A．肿瘤的诊断B．肿瘤的治疗C．血清Cl-含量测定 D．激素水平测定E．细胞受体测定 10．关于细胞因子（ E ） A．细胞因子是由细胞产生的B．单一细胞因子可具有多种生物学活性C．细胞因子可以自分泌和旁分泌两种方式发挥作用D．细胞因子的作用不是孤立存在的E．以上均正确 11．既属于免疫球蛋白基因超家族又属于造血因子受体超家族的是（ D ） 受体IL-4受体、IL-2．B 受体IL-2受体、IL-6．A． C．IFN-α受体、IFN-γ受体D．IL-8受体 E．IL-1受体 12．宿主的天然抵抗力（ A ） A．经遗传而获得B．感染病原微生物而获得 C．接种菌苗或疫苗而获得D．母体的抗体(IgG)通过胎盘给婴儿而获得 E．给宿主转输致敏巴细胞而获得
2017年上海交通大学博士入学测试英语试题回忆 阅读理解Passage One Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level. In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The construction of apartments in the United States. (B) Causes and effects of rent control (C) The fluctuations of rental prices (D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 2. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California? (A) rapid population growth (B) inflation (C) economic conditions during wartime (D) record-high housing prices 3. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to (A) protect tenants
医学免疫学期末考试试题及答案 、单项选择题（20X1分=20分） 1. 最早用人痘苗预防天花的国家是 A 法国 B 中国 C 英国 2. 机体免疫监视功能低下时易发生 C 移植排斥反应 D 免疫耐受 E 自身免疫疾病 B. 有免疫原性，无反应原性 D.无免疫原性，无反应原性 E ?以上均不是 4. 以下哪种细胞因子是 Th2产生的: A. IL-2 B 」FN- 丫 C. TNF- a D. IL-4 E.IL — 1 5?在阴性选择中，发生凋亡的细胞是 A.不能与MHC 有效结合的双阳性细胞 B.与MHC 亲和力过高的双阳性细胞 C. 与MHC 有效结合的单阳性细胞 D.不与MHC-自身肽发生结合 的单阳性细胞 E.与MHC-自身肽有高亲和力的单阳性细胞 6. 与HLA-B27阳性呈强相关的是 A.类风湿性关节炎 B.系统性红斑狼疮 C.强直性脊柱炎 D.肾小球性肾炎咳血综合症 E.乳糜泻 7. 巨噬细胞不具备的受体是 A IgG Fc 受体 B.C3b 受体 C.细胞因子受体 D.甘露糖受体 E.抗原识别受体 8. 血清半衰期最长的Ig 是 A Ig G B Ig M C Ig E D Ig D E IgA 9?免疫是指 A.机体清除病原微生物的功能 B.机体清除衰老和损伤细胞的功能 C.机体抗感染的功能 D. 机体识别和清除抗原性异物的功能 E.机体识别和清除自身突 变细胞的功能 10. NK 细胞活化性受体胞内段带有 A. ITAM B. ITIM C. DD D. DED E. AICD 11. 属人工主动免疫的是 A.破伤风抗毒素 B.人免疫球蛋白 C.人胎盘免疫球蛋白 D.白喉类毒素 E.白喉抗毒素 12. 发病机制属于川型超敏反应的疾病是 A.系统性红斑狼疮 B.链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎 C.肺出血肾炎综合征 D. Arthus 反应 E.类风湿性关节炎 13. 关于W 型超敏反应哪一项是正确的 ？ A.以中性粒细胞浸润为主的炎症 B.抗原注入后4小时达到反应高峰 C.补体参与炎症的发生 D.能通过血清Ig 被动转移 E.以单个核细胞浸润为主的炎症 14. 免疫防御功能低下的机体易发生： A .移植排斥反应 B.反复感染C.肿瘤D.超敏反应E.自身免疫病 15..I 型超敏反应中，下列哪一个是肥大细胞新合成的介质？ A. 组胺B.白三烯C. ECF D.激肽原酶E. FceRI D 美国 E 印度 A 肿瘤 B 超敏反应 3?半抗原是指 A.有免疫原性，有反应原性 C ?无免疫原性，有反应原性
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein