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2018年华约自主招生物理试题与答案word解析版1

2018年华约自主招生物理试题与答案word解析版1
2018年华约自主招生物理试题与答案word解析版1

2018年高水平大学<华约)自主选拔学业能力测试

物理探究

注意事项:

1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

本试卷共七大题,满分100分。解答应写出必要的文字说明、方程式和主要演算步骤。

一、<15分)<1)质量约1T 的汽车在10s 内由静止加速到60km/h 。如果不计阻力,发动机的平均输出功率约为多大?nm5xXc3wsq <2)汽车速度较高时,空气阻力不能忽略。将汽车简化为横截面积约1m2的长

方体,并以此模型估算汽车以60km/h 行驶时为克服空气阻力所增加的功率。已知空气密度ρ=1.3kg/m3。J3gWbbdyrj <3)数据表明,上述汽车所受阻力与速度平方的关系如图所示。假定除空气阻

力外,汽车行驶所受的其它阻力与速度无关,

估计其它阻力总的大小。 J3gWbbdyrj 二、<10分)核聚变发电有望提供人类需要的丰富清洁能源。氢核聚变可以简化为4个氢核

成氦核

1)和2个中微子

<2)计算氢聚变生成一个氦核所释放的能量;

<3)计算1kg 氢完全聚变所释放的能量;它相当于多少质量的煤完全燃烧放出的能量?

(1kg 煤完全燃烧放出的能量约为3.7×107 J>。

已知:m

2)=6.646477×10-27kg ,

m

三、(15分>明理同学平时注意锻炼身体,力量较大,最多能提起m=50kg的物体。一重物放置在倾角θ=15°的粗糙斜坡上,重物与斜坡间的摩擦因数为3≈0.58。试求该同学向上拉动的重物质量M的最大值?J3gWbbdyrj

μ=

3

四、(15分>如图,电阻为R的长直螺线管,其两端通过电阻可忽略的导线相连接。一个质量为m的小条形磁铁从静止开始落入其中,经过一段距离后以速度

v做匀速运动。假设小磁铁在下落过程中始终沿螺线管的轴线运动

且无翻转。J3gWbbdyrj

(1>定性分析说明:小磁铁的磁性越强,最后匀速运动的速度

就越小;

(2>小磁铁做匀速运动时在回路中产生的感应电动势约为多少?

五、(10分>自行车胎打足气后骑着很轻快。由于慢撒气——缓慢漏气,车胎内气压下降了四分之一。求漏掉气体占原来气体的比例η。假设漏气过程是绝热的,一定质量的气体,在绝热过程中其压强p和体积v满足关系pvγ=常量,式中参数γ是与胎内气体有关的常数。J3gWbbdyrj

六、(15分>如图所示,在光学用直导轨型支架上,半径为 R的球面反射镜放置在焦距为f的凸透镜右侧,其中心位于凸透镜的光轴上,并可沿凸透镜的光轴左右调节。J3gWbbdyrj

(1>固定凸透镜与反射镜之间的距离l,将一点光源放置于凸透镜的左侧光轴上,调节光源在光轴上的位置,使该光源的光线经凸透镜——反射镜——凸透镜后,成实像于点光源处。问该点光源与凸透镜之间的距离d可能是多

少?J3gWbbdyrj

(2>根据(1>的结果,若固定距离d,调节l以实现同样的实验目的,则l 的调节范围是多少?

七、(20分>“顿牟缀芥”是两干多年前我国古人对摩擦起电现象的观察记录,经摩擦后带电的琥珀能吸起小物体。现用下述模型分析探究。J3gWbbdyrj 在某处固定一个电荷量为Q 的点电荷,在其正下方h 处有一个原子。在点电荷产生的电场(场强为E>作用下,原子的负电荷中心与正电荷中心会分开很小的距离l ,形成电偶极子。描述电偶极子特征的物理量称为电偶极矩p ,p=ql ,这里q 为原子核的电荷。实验显示,p=αE ,α为原子的极化系数,反映其极化的难易程度。被极化的原子与点电荷之间产生作用力F 。在一定条件下,原子会被点电荷“缀”上去。J3gWbbdyrj (1>F 是吸引力还是排斥力?简要说明理由;

(2>若固定点电荷的电荷量增加一倍,力F 如何变化,即求

(Q)

)2(F F Q 的值; (3>若原子与点电荷间的距离减小一半,力F 如何变化,即求

)

()

2/(h h F F 的值。

2018年高水平大学自主选拔学业能力测试

物理探究答案及评分参考

评分说明:

1.本解答给出了一种或几种解法供参考,如果考生的解法与本解答不同,可根据试题的主要考查内容比照评分参考制订相应的评分细则。J3gWbbdyrj 2.对计算题,当考生的解答在某一步出现计算错误而影响后继部分的结果时,原则上不重复扣分,最后的结果不给分。J3gWbbdyrj 一、本题共15分。

(1>假设汽车启动时做匀加速运动,根据匀加速运动规律有 t

v a = ①

F=ma ②

在不计阻力的情况下,汽车的平均功率为 Fv p 21= ③

联立①②③式并代入数据解得 P=1.4 ×104 W ④

(2>假设汽车的截面积为A ,当汽车以一定速度运动时,将推动前方的空气使之获得相应的速度,则在Δt 时间内,车前方以A 为底、v Δt 为高的柱形空气获得的动能为J3gWbbdyrj 222

12

1v t Av mv E k ??==ρ ⑤

为使该空气柱在Δt 时间内获得上述动能,车需增加的功率为 321

Av t E p k ρ=??=

⑥ 根据已知条件,车的截面积约为1 m2,代入上式解得 P=3×103 W ⑦

(3>当汽车匀速运动时,牵引力与阻力平衡,由图可知 F=kv2+f

式中F 为牵引力,f 为除空气阻力外的其它阻力之和,外推图线得 f=125 N

评分参考:第(1>问4分,①②③④式各1分;

第(2>问7分,⑤⑥式各3分,⑦式1分; 第(3>问4分。

二、本题共10分。

(1>4H 11→He 4

2+2e 01+2e 00v

(2>一次反应中的质量亏损为 )()()H (01

42

11

24e H m m m m e

--=?①

相应放出能量为

△E=△mc2②

联立①②式并代入数据解得

△E=3.79×10-12J (3>1 kg 氢完全反应能放出能量 2)

H (11

41mc m kg

E ??=

③ 代入数据得

E=5.67×1014 J ④ 相当于完全燃烧的煤的质量约为

M=7

14

10

7.31067.5??=1.5×107 kg ⑤ 评分参考:第(1>问2分;第(2>问4分;第(3>问4分,其中③式2分。

数值结果只要数量级正确即给分。

三、本题共1 5分。

设该同学拉动重物的力F 的方向与斜面成角度φ,根据力的平衡,在垂直于斜面的方向上有

FN+F sin φ-Mg cos θ=0 ①

式中FN 是斜面对重物的支持力,其大小等于重物对斜面的正压力。 沿斜面的方向上有

Fcos φ-μFN- Mg sin θ=Ma ②

根据题意,重物刚能被拉动,加速度a 近似为零,由牛顿运动定律

Fcos φ-μFN- Mg sin θ=0 ③

联立①③式得

θ

θμ?μ?sin cos sin cos ++?=g F M ④ 令Ω=tan μ⑤

联立④⑤式得

)

sin()cos(Ω+-Ω?=

θ?g F M ⑥ 要使质量最大,分子须取最大值,即

1)cos(=-Ω?,?=Ω⑦ 此时能拉动的重物的质量的最大值为 )

sin(1Ω+?=θg F M max ⑧ 由题给数据,知

3

3

tan =

Ω,?=Ω30⑨ 于是该同学能拉动的重物质量不超过Mmax ,有 kg 7.702)

1530sin(1

≈=?+??=

评分参考:①②式各3分,得到⑦式5分,得到⑩式4分。 四、本题共15分。

(1>根据楞次定律,小磁铁的磁性越强,通过导线环的磁通量越大,因此下落过程中在导线环中产生的感应电流越大,这些感应电流产生的磁场也越强,从而对小磁铁的阻碍也 越大,小磁铁向下运动的加速度越小,因此其极限速度就越小。J3gWbbdyrj (2>设小磁铁做匀速运动时,下落距离h ,在此过程中有 mgh ≈Q ①

式中Q 为小磁铁下落时在螺线管中产生的焦耳热,其大小为

t R

E Q ?=2

式中E 是感应电动势,Δt 是小磁铁通过距离h 所需的时间。由于小磁铁匀速运动,因此有

v

h

R E mgh ?=2 ③

联立①②③式得

mgRv E = ④

评分参考:第(1>问5分:第(2>问1 0分,①式4分,②式3分,③式2分,④式1分。

五、本题共10分。

解法一:设原来气体压强为p 、体积为V 。绝热膨胀漏气后气体压强变为p/,体积为V/。根据题意有

P/=(1—1/4>p=3p/4① 漏气过程绝热,则有

pV γ=p/V/γ或V p

p

V γ1

//)(=②

因此,漏出气体占原来气体的比例为

γ

γη1

1

////)4

3(1)(11-=-=-=-=

P P V V V V V ③ 评分参考:②③式各5分。

解法二:设胎内原来气体质量为m 、压强为P 、体积为V 。漏气后变为质量m/,压强p/=3p/4,体积仍为V 。J3gWbbdyrj 漏气过程绝热,可以设想,漏气前质量为m/的气体占有体积V m

m V /

1=,经

绝热过程而膨胀到整个轮胎体积V 。于是有

γγ

V p V m

m p //)(=①

由此得

γγ1

1

//)4

3

()(==p p m m ②

漏出气体占原有气体的比例为

γη1

//)4

3

(11-=-=-=

m m m m m ③ 评分参考:①②式各3分,③式4分。

六、本题共15分。

(1>可分下列三种情况讨论:

第一种情况:通过调节光源与透镜之间的d 值(d>f>,如右图所示。当

v+R=l

即:由光源发出的任意光线穿过透镜后,点光源成实像于透镜右侧光轴上的C 点,而C 点正好处在反射镜的球心位置上,光线会沿反射镜的半径方向入射到它上面,并将沿同一路径 反射回去,所有这样的光线都将会聚于光源所在点。由J3gWbbdyrj

f

v

d

111=+ 解得 f

R l R l f f v fv d ---=-=

)

( 第二种情况:调节左侧光源与透镜之间的d 值(d,如右图所示。 当v+R=l ,v<0

即:由点光源发出的光线穿过透镜后,点光源成虚像于透镜左侧光轴上的C 点,而C 点正好处在反射镜的球心位置上,光线会沿反射镜的半径方向入射到它上面,并将沿同一路径反射回去,所有这样的光线

都将会聚于光源所在点。由J3gWbbdyrj f

v

d

111=+ 解得

l f R l R f f R l R l f f v fv d -+-=---=-=

)

()( 第三种情况:如正好有条件R=l ,调节左侧光源与透镜之间的d 值(d>f>,右图所示。 当V=R=l

即:由点光源发出的光线通过透镜后,点光源成实像于透镜右侧光轴上的C 点,C 点正好处在反射镜的对称中心,光线可被反射镜对称反射,再经凸透镜后,形成如图光路(由上到下或由下到上>,也将会聚于光源所在点。由J3gWbbdyrj f

v

d

111=+

解得 f

l fl

f R fR f v fv d -=-=-=

(2>对应于(1>中的三种情况。 对应于第一种情况,即:

根据d>f ,当f

R l R l f f v fv d ---=-=

)

( 实现实验目的l 可调节范围是:l>R+f 对应于第二种情况,即: 根据d

f R l R f f R l R l f f v fv d -+-=---=-=

)

()( 实现实验目的l 可调节范围是:lf ,R=I ,f

R fR

f v fv d -=-=

实现实验目的需调节:l=R

评分参考:第(1>问10分,第1种情况和第2种情况各4分,第3种情况2分;

第(2>问5分,对应于第1种和第2种情况各2分,第3种情况1

分。

七、本题共20分。

(1>F 为吸引力。理由:当原子极化时,与Q 异性的电荷移向Q ,而与Q 同性的电荷被排斥而远离Q 。这样异性电荷之间的吸引力大于同性电荷的排斥力,总的效果是吸引。J3gWbbdyrj (2> (Q)

)2(F F Q =4

(3>

3225)

()2/(==h h F F

设电荷Q 带正电(见图>。电荷Q 与分离开距离l 的一对异性电荷间的总作用力为 332222222)4

(2)2()2()(h kQp

h kQql l h hl kQq l h kQq l h q kQ F -=-≈--=++--=① 这里0

41πε=

k ,而p=ql 为原子极化形成的电偶极矩,式中负号表示吸引力。

实验显示,p=aE ,而电荷Q 在离它h 处的原子所在地产生的电场大小为 2h

kQ

E =

② 于是,电荷Q 与极化原子之间的作用力为 5

2

2h Q k F α-

=③

它正比于固定电荷的平方,反比于距离的五次方,因此不管电荷Q 的符号,均产生吸引力;电荷增加一倍,力变为4倍;距离缩短一半,则力变为32倍。J3gWbbdyrj 评分参考:第(1>问5分,正确得出结论2分,理由3分。

第(2>问和第(3>问的结果各3分。

推理过程共9分。①式5分,②③各2分。

申明:

所有资料为本人收集整理,仅限个人学习使用,勿做商业用途。

(完整版)2018年上海高考语文试卷及答案(可编辑修改word版)

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益阳市 2018 年普通初中学业水平考试 英语 考生注意: 1.本学科试卷分试题卷和答题卡两部分; 2.请将姓名、准考证号等相关信息按要求填涂在答题卡上; 3.请按答题卡上的注意事项在答题卡上作答,答在试题卷上无效; 4.本学科为闭卷考试,考试时量为90 分钟,卷面满分为120 分; 5.考试结束后,请将试题卷和答题卡一并交回; 6.试卷中听力材料以中速朗读两遍;选择题中最佳选项只有一个,不选、多选、错选、涂写不清楚,均不给分。 试题卷 I.听力技能(三个部分,共20 小题,计 25 分) A )听音选图(共 5 小题,计 5 分) 根据你所听到的内容,选择相应的图片。 1.A. B. C. 2.A. B. C. 3.A. B. C. 4.A. B. C. 5.A. B. C. B )对话理解(共10 小题,计10 分) 根据你所听到的对话以及针对该对话所提的问题,选出能回答该问题的最佳答案。 听下面一段对话,回答第 6 小题。 6.What color is Mary ’s bike? A. Black. B. White. C. Blue. 听下面一段对话,回答第7 小题。 7.Where are the boy’s keys? A. On the table. B. On the chair. C. Under the desk. 听下面一段对话,回答第8 小题。 8.What will the weather be like tomorrow? A. Snowy. B. Sunny. C. Rainy. 普通初中学业水平考试英语试题卷第1页(共 6 页)

听下面一段对话,回答第9 小题。 9.How much is the red bag? A. 15 yuan. B. 30 yuan. C. 50 yuan. 听下面一段对话,回答第10 小题。 10.What kind of TV shows does the man like best? A. Talk shows. B. Soap operas. C. News. 听下面一段对话,回答第11-12 小题。 11.Who is Sally going to watch a movie with? A. Her mother. B. Her sister. C. Her brother. 12.What will Tommy do this weekend? A. Watch a movie. B. Prepare for his test. C. Play soccer. 听下面一段对话,回答第13-15 小题。 13.What’ s the matter with the boy? A.He had a bad headache. B.He had a terrible stomachache. C.He hurt his leg. 14.When did the boy s stomachache’ begin? A. Three days ago. B. Last week. C. Last night. 15.Why did the boy have a stomachache? A.Because he ate a lot of junk food. B.Because his friend asked him to drink. C.Because he had a cold. C )笔录要点(共 5 小题,计10 分) 根据你所听到的内容,完成下面的表格。(每空不超过三个单词) Some rules at home In the morning16. ____________at 6:00. After 17. ____________Wash the dirty dishes. After school Do 18. ____________ first. After dinner 19.____________ before watching TV . Go to bed before 20. ____________. II .知识运用(两个部分,计 20 分) A )选择填空(共 10 小题,计10 分) 从 A 、 B 、C 三个选项中选出一个可以填入空白处的最佳答案。 21.—Have you seen _____ film Journey to the West? — Yes, it’s _____ interesting film. A. a, an B. a, the C. the, an 22.—I like _____. They are my favorite fruit. — Really? But I like apples. A. strawberries B. orange C. banana 23.It ’s very dangerous for us _____ the mobile phone while crossing the street. A. answering B. to answer C. answer 24.It _____ me two hours to help Mary with her math last Saturday. A. took B. spent C. paid 25._____ the mountain is, _____ the air is. A. The highest, the thinnest B. Higher, thinner C. The higher, the thinner 26.—Dad, I want to be a policeman in the future. — Work hard, _____ you will succeed. A. or B. and C. but 普通初中学业水平考试英语试题卷第2页 (共 6 页)

2018年上海中考英语试卷(word版-含答案)

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1、________ 2、_________ 3、__________ 4、__________ 5、__________ 6、__________上海市教育考试院保留版权 初中学业考试(2018)英语试卷第1页(共10页) B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear(根据你听到的对话和问题,选出最恰当的答案)(8分) 7. A)Apple. B)Banana. C) Orange . D)Pear. 8.A)At8:45. B)At 9:00. C)At9:15. D)At 9:00. 9. A)By bus. B)By bike. C) By car. D)By underground. 10. A)Rainy. B) Cloud y. C)Sunny. D )Windy. 11. A)Visit his uncle. B)Visit his classmates. C) Go to London. D) Go to a language camp. 12. A)In a store. B)At home. C) At the cinema. D)In a restaurant. 13.A) Husband and wife. B) Doctor and patient. C)Shop assistant and customer. D)Teacher and student. 14. A) Talk to Lucy. B)Go to the supermarket. C) Eat more. D)Lose some weight. C. Listen to the dialogue and tell whether the following statements are true or false TF 列句子是否符合你听到的对话内容,符合的用“T”表示,不符合的用“F”表示)(6分)

2018年最新版本广东高考英语试卷Word版

普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(附参考答案) 英语 本试卷共12页,三大题,满分135分.考试用时120分钟 I 语言知识及应用(共两节,满分45分) 第一节完形填空(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分) 阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从1—15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中,选出最佳选项,并 在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers h ave 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, 4 . On the other clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the hand, teenagers lose their patience continually zxxkwhen parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket. The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances o f changing their children’s 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions. Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say. Parents may 14 their children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space. Communication is a two-way process. It is only by listening to and 15 each other that problems between parents and children can be settled. 1. A. natural B. strong C. guilty D. similar 2. A. interest B. argument C. link D. knowledge 3. A. noisy B. crowded zxxk C. messy D. locked 4. A. homework B. housework C. problem D. research 5. A. washing B. using C. dropping D. replacing 6. A. approaches B. contributions C. introductions D. attitudes 7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful 8. A. later B. deliberately C. seldom D. thoroughly 9. A. behavior B. taste C. future D. nature 10. A. failures B. changes C. consequences D. thrills 11. A. defend B. delay C. repeat D. reconsider 第 1 页共 11 页

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