南京理工大学泰州科技学院
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
学院(系)：电子电气工程学院
专业：电子信息工程
姓名：翟靖
学号： 0802040250
外文出处：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/view
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附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
基于AT89C52单片机的LED显示屏控制系统的设计
摘要这篇文章介绍了基于AT89C52单片机的LED点阵显示屏的软件和硬件开发过程。使用一个简单的外部电路来控制像素是32×192的显示屏。用动态扫描，显示屏可以显示6个32×32的点阵汉字。显示屏也可以分为两个小的显示屏，它可以显示24个像素是16×16的汉字。可以通过修改代码来改变显示的内容和字符的滚动功能，而且可以根据需要调整字符的滚速或者暂停滚动。中文字符代码存储在外部存储寄存器中，内存的大小由需要显示的汉字个数决定。这种显示屏具有体积小，硬件和电路结构简单的优点。
关键词发光二极管汉字显示AT89C52单片机
1.导言
随着LED显示屏不断改善和美化人们的生活环境，LED显示屏已经成为城市明亮化，现代化、信息化的一项重要标志。在大的购物商场，火车站，码头，地铁，大量的管理窗口等，我们经常可以看到LED灯光。LED商业已成为一个快速增长的新产业，拥有巨大的市场空间和光明前景。文章，图片，动画和视频通过LED发光显示，并且内容可以变换。一些显示设备的模块化结构，通常有显示模块，控制系统和电源系统。显示模块是由LED管组成的点阵结构，进行发光显示，可以显示文章，图片，视频等。控制系统可以控制区域里LED的亮灭，电源系统为显示屏提供电压和电流。用电脑，取出字符字节，传送到微控制器，然后送到LED点阵显示屏上进行显示，很多室内和室外显示屏都是通过这个方法进行显示的。按显示的内容区分，LED点阵屏的显示可分为图形显示、图片显示和视频显示三个部分。与图片显示屏比较，不管是单色或者彩色的图形显示屏，都没有灰色色差，所以，图形显示不能反映丰富的色彩。视频显示屏不但可以显示运动、清楚和全彩的图像，也可以显示电视和计算机信号。虽然三者之间有一些不同，但显示的原理基本一样。
单片机具有优良的性价比，体型小，可靠性高，控制能力强，它广泛用于智能仪器、机电一体化的实时过程控制、机器人、家用电器、模糊控制和通讯系统等。
这篇文章讲诉了LED显示屏设计相关原理，以及对硬件的设计和软件流程进行了详细的介绍。最后，我们对整体的设计进行仿真并对结果进行了分析。
2.系统总体结构的设计
通过控制系统实现的目标、功能、可靠性、成本，精度和速度，选择单片机的型号。根据问题的实况，选择单片机型号主要考虑以下两个方面：首先，单片机要有很强的抗干扰能力，二是单片机要有低成本高效益的特性。MCS-51单片机在中国有很广的使用，有很多关于它的信息资料，而且可以兼容很多的芯片，尤其是ATMEL公司在2003年研发出的新一代微控制器，89S系列以及低成本高性能的AT89C52。AT89C52单片机是低电压，高性能CMOS 8位微控制器，这种芯片有8 KB的只读程序存储器（PEROM），它可以反复抹擦，运用了高密度不容易失性内存技术，256字节的随机存取数据存储（RAM），能与MCS-51指令集和8052产品相兼容。芯片的内置运用了8位中央处理器（CPU）的闪存存储单元，可以在更复杂的控制中使用。
总体的系统电路结构是由AT89C52芯片，时钟电路，复位电路，列、行扫描驱动电路和6个32× 32 LED点阵屏组成。LED显示屏的整体设计结构如图1所示。单个显示单元由点阵模块和两个74HC154组成。行的数据信号分为两部分，是由两个8255A所决定的。而8255A中数据来自AT89C52的P0口。两个74HC154芯片输入字符的列扫描信号，12个74HC154共分为六组。AT89C52的P1.0?P1.3口提供74HC154输入信号。外部数据存储器6264和AT89C52 的P0口相连。
图1 LED字符显示的整体结构
3.单片机控制系统电路设计
汉字的大小是32×32，然而单片机只有32个I/ O口，它不能满足这种设计的需要，所以I / O端口必须要扩展，数据口的扩展要用两个8255A。数据端口扩展如图2所示，74HC373是锁存八位低地址的锁存器，它为6264的低8位地址提供信号。6224高八位地址则由端口P2.0?P2.4所提供。A0和A1决定8255A内部端口地址。 74HC139是2-4的译码器，它的输入信号是单片机的P2.6和P2.7口，为外部端口设备提供选通信号。系统中有很多个外部设备，要保证它们的选通，并使它们的地址是唯一、不重复的。
图2 单片机控制系统电路
AT89C52单片机的时钟电路是由单片机18，19号引脚（XTALI和XTAL2），12MHz的晶体振荡器，电容C1、C2所组成。它运用了内部时钟模式。
复位电路与AT89C52的复位输入引脚端相连，它主要由电阻R1，电容C3构成，用了简单的上电复位电路。
4.显示器存储器单元电路的设计
在设计中汉字大小是32×32，每个汉字的字符由四个部分（a），（b），（c）和（d）组成，每部分又有四个8×8点阵。图3是显示模块的电路分解。（a）?（b）的行信号由两个8255A输入的，1PA0?1PA7和1PB0?1PB7分别为8255A- 1的PA和PB口，2PA0?2PA7和2PB0?2PB7分别为8255A- 2的PA和PB口，右边的数字代表由74HC154提供的列扫描信号。74HC154输入16列选通信号，因为（a）?（d）要八个信号，因此（a）和（b）用同一个74HC154，（c）和（d）用同一个74HC154。两个74HC154提供的列扫描信号可以显示一个字符。在电路工作时，（a）?（d）扫描相应选通信号，一次只有一个处在选通状态，而别的列处于关闭状态。显示的数据是由两片8255A同时提供，由于人眼有暂留效应，眼睛只会看到一个稳定字符。另外，显示每个中文字符要128个字节的空间，然而AT89C52单片机芯片内只有256字节数据存储器，远达不到设计所要求的，所以扩展了6264这个8×8K外部数据存储器。
图3 显示单元电路分解图
5.数据单元电路的设计
Intel 8255A是一种可编程通用并行输入/输出接口芯片。可以通过软件设置功能，有很强的通用性。它可通过CPU数据总线直接连接外部设备，使用很灵
活方便。Intel 8255A接口芯片有三个8位的并行输入和输出端，运用编程方法可以设置这三个端口作为输入端或者输出端。芯片有基本输入和输出的工作方式，即选通输入/输出和双向输入/输出。数据在CPU数据总线传输时，它可进行选择性无条件移动，查询或者中断传输。Intel 8255A芯片的第三端口，就是端口C可以用作数据端，也可以作为控制端。当端口C作为一个数据端口时，它可用作8位数据端口，但也分别作为两个4位数据端口，每位都可以进行操作，可以设置一个特定的位进行输入或输出，这样对位的控制提供了方便。在显示单元电路的设计中，两个8255A提供行数据信号，如图4所示。设计运用了动态扫描的方式，通过控制行或者列扫描来显示汉字。系统用列扫描方式控制屏的显示，如图5所示为列扫描电路。12片74HC154组成列扫描电路。由2片74HC154控制一个字符并显示一个字符32列。74HC154的输入信号传入显示屏的AT89C52的P1.0的?P1.3口，第二片的输入信号是P1.7?P1.4口，12片74HC154根据这种指令工作。
图4 行数据单元电路
6.串行通信接口电路的设计
PC机和单片机通过串行通讯接口链接。这个系统为了实现PC 机与单片机的串行通讯功能,把单片机串行接口的电平转换成RS–232C电平标准[11]，其中PC机的RS232 口输出电压为±12V。照顾到单片机与PC 机的通信长度短，而且单片机只能接收命令和数据，所以选择最简单接法：PC机与单片机直接相连，PC机TXD端发出的信号传送到通信电路中再转化为电流信号，当有信号送进来时就有电流流过光耦合器中的红外发光二极管，二极管发出光信号投射到光敏三极管，再转换成电信号输到单片机的RXD 端，实现了以光为媒介的电到光到电信号转换传输过程，而且在电气上是完全阻隔的，减除了输出端对输入端可能产生的干扰和反馈。它的原理如图6所示。
图6 串行通行接口电路
7.软件的设计
整体软件设计可分为两大功能块：显示功能和通信功能。显示部分运用了动态扫描的方式，显示屏可以显示的汉字、字符等数据信息进行传输控制以及显示等功能。与PC 机的实时通信部分主要用了单片机串口中断接收数据信息，实现了与计算机的实时数据信息传输。
通信部分的主机软件运用了Visual Basic 编程，使用VB 在标准串口通信方面提供的具有强大功能的通信控件MSCOMM，该控件可设置串行通信的数据发送和接收，对串口状态及串口通信的信息格式和协议进行设置，直接用PC机的RS-232/RS-485 串口发送数据。
为了实现单片机与PC 机的可靠通信，必须要双方具有相同的数据格式和波特率，这个设计采用RS-232 通信，一帧10 位的数据格式，9600bit/s 的波特率。
附件2：外文原件
Design of LED Display Control System Based
On AT89C52 Single Chip Microcomputer Abstract—This paper introduces display design process about hardware and software based on AT89C52 single chip microcomputer. We use a simple external circuit to control the display screen, which size is 32 × 192. The display screen also can display the size of the six 32 × 32 dot matrix Chinese characters by a dynamic scan mode, and can be divided into two small display screen, which can display twenty-four Chinese characters whose size is 16×16. We can modify the code to change the content of the display, subtitles can achieve scrolling function and the scroll speed can be adjusted according to requirements, subtitles can also achieve pause function. The Chinese character code stored in external data memory, the capacity of data memory is expanded according to the requirements of Chinese characters we want to show. This display screen has advantages of small volume, few hardware and simple circuit structure.
Index Terms—LED, Chinese Character Display, AT89C52
I. INTRODUCTION
LED display has become an important symbol of the city lighting, modernization and information society with continuous improvement and beautification of people's living environment [6]. LED lights can be seen in the large shopping malls, railway station, docks, underground station, a variety of management window and so on. LED business has become a fast-growing new industry, a huge market space and bright prospects [9]. The text, pictures, animation and video are displayed by LED’s light, and content can be changed. Some components are the display devices of the modular structure, and which usually consists of a display module, control system and power system. The display module is constituted by the lattice structure which consists of LED, and is responsible for light-emitting display; the screen can display text, pictures, video and so on by control system which can control light or dark of LED in the corresponding region; Power system is responsible for transforming input voltage an d current into voltage and current which the screen needs. LED dot matrix display extracted display character font through PC, and sent to the microcontroller, then displayed in the dot matrix screen, which mainly used for display of indoor and outdoor characters. LED dot matrix display can be divided into graphic display, image display and video display by displayed content. Compared with the image display, the characteristics of graphic display is no difference in gray color whether it is monochrome or color display. Therefore, graphic display also fails to reflect the richness of color, and video display can not only show exercise, clear and full-color images, but also show television and computer signals. Although there are some
differences between the three, but the most basic principles are similar [6].
SCM has excellent cost performance, small size, high reliability, strong control, and widely used in smart instruments, mechanical and electrical integration, real-time process control, robotics, domestic appliances, fuzzy control, communications systems and so on.
This article described the design by the LED display relevant principle, and the design of hardware and software structure are described in detail, finally, we simulate for the overall design and analyze the results.
II. System Overall Structure Design
Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) models were selected according to the target, function, reliability, cost, accuracy and speed of the control system. According to the actual situation of the subject, the choice of SCM models mainly considered from the following two aspects: First, SCM has strong anti-interference ability; Second,
SCM has a higher cost-effective. Due to MCS-51 is widely used in China, has more information and can compatible with the more peripheral chips too, in particular, ATMEL Corporation, introduced a new generation microcontroller in 2003, that is 89S series, and its typical products with high performance and low cost microcontroller is AT89C52. AT89C52 is a low voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller, the chip includes 8 KB read-only program memory (PEROM) which erase can be repeated, 256byte random access data memory (RAM), devices adopt high-density nonvolatile memory technology to produce, compatible with the standard MCS-51 instruction set and the 8052 products, while the chip built-in general-purpose 8-bit central processing (CPU) , Flash storage unit, can be applied to the more complex control applications[10].
The system was realized by the circuitry which is made up of AT89C52 chip, Clock circuit, reset circuit, column scan driver circuit, line drive circuit and the six
32 × 32 LED dot matrix, the overall structure of LED characters display is shown in Fig.1. A display unit is composed of dot matrix and two 74HC154. Line data signal is divided into two parts, which is given by the two 8255A respectively, but the 8255A data are from the P0 port the master controller AT89C52. The column scanning signal of each character was given by the two 74HC154, the 74HC154 12 pieces and was divided into six groups. The input signal of 74HC154 was given by the P1.0~P1.3 of AT89C52. External data memory 6264 connected with the AT89C52 the P0 port.
III. SYSTEM HARDW ARE CIRCUIT DESIGN
A.Circuit Design of MCU Control System
The size of Chinese characters is 32 × 32, but microcontroller has 32 I/O port, and can’t meet design requirements, so the I/O port must expand, the data port expansion was implemented by two 8255A. The data port expansion is shown in Fig.2, 74HC373 is the address latch, and latch low eight address, the low eight address signals of 6264 provided by it, but the high eight address signals of 6264 provided by P2.0~P2.4, Internal port of 8255A was chosen by A0 and A1. 74HC139 is 2-4 decoder, whose input signals are provided by P2.6 and P2.7 of SCM, and provided strobe for
the external I / O devices, because the system has more than one external device, make sure that they can not be gated, so that their addresses is the only and do not repeat.
The clock circuit of AT89C52 composed of 18, 19 feet from the clock side (XTALI and XTAL2), and 12MHz crystal X, capacitor C1 and C2, and uses on-chip oscillator mode.
Reset circuit uses a simple power-on reset circuit, and mainly constitute of resistor R1, capacitor C3, connected to the AT89C52's reset input pin.
B.The Circuit Design of Display Memory Unit
The size of Chinese characters is 32×32 in the design, each character composed of four parts which are (a), (b), (c), and (d), and each part composed of four LED matrix which the size is 8 × 8, circuit decomposition map of display unit is shown in Fig.3. The line signals of (a) ~ (b) are given by two 8255A, 1PA0 ~1PA7 and 1PB0 ~1PB7 are PA and PB port of 8255A-1, 2PA0 ~ 2PA7 and 2PB0 ~ 2PB7 are PA and PB port of 8255A-2, the right figures represent column scan signals which is given by 74HC154. 16 column strobes are provided by 74HC154, (a) ~ (d) requires eight signal, respectively, so (a) and (b) share a 74HC154, (c) and (d) shared a 74HC154. Display a character need two 74HC154 which provide column scan signals. When the circuit works, the (a) ~ (d) is gated by scanning signal in proper order, only one was gated at a time, and other columns are extinguished, the displayed data is given by two pieces of 8255A simultaneously, the human eye will see a stable character because of the human eye's persistence of vision. In addition, because the Chinese character for each display needs 128 bytes storage space, but AT89C52 microcontroller chip is only 256 bytes data memory, it is far less than the design requirements, so we the expanded storage space by 8K × 8 external data memory 6264.
C.The Design of Ranks Data Unit Circuit
Inte1 8255A is a universal programmable parallel input/output interface chip. Its function can be set through the software program, and has a strong versatility. It can be directly through the CPU data bus connected to external devices, easy to use and flexible. Inte18255A interface chip has three 8-bit parallel input and output ports, programming methods can be used to set three ports as input ports or output ports. Chips work have the basic input and output, strobe input/output and bidirectional input / output. When the data were transmitted by data bus of CPU, its can choose to unconditionally transfer, query transmission or interrupt transmission. During Inte1 8255A chip three-port, the port C can be used as not only the data port, but also the control port. When the port C is taken as a data port, it can be used as not only 8-bit data port, but also separately as two 4-bit data port, and each bit of the port C can be operated, can set a particular bit to input or output, so provide convenient conditions for bits control.
In design of the display unit circuit, the lines data are given by two 8255A, as is shown in Figure 4. This design uses dynamic display means to display Chinese characters, which can be controlled the by the means of line or column scanning, The
system uses the method of column scanning to control screen, Specific column scanning circuit is shown in Figure 5. Column scanning circuit composed of 12 pieces of 74HC154.Two pieces of 74HC154 provided 32 strobes to display a character. The input signal of 74HC154 is P1.0 ~ P1.3 which is provided by AT89C52 to control screen, but 12 pieces of 74HC154 were used in the design, they work according to the order, the input of another piece of 74HC154 is P1.4 ~ P1.7 which is provided by AT89C52 to control screen.
D.Serial Communication Interface Circuit
PC and SCM are linked via a serial communication interface. In order to implement serial communication function between MCU and PC, and serial interface level of SCM will be changed into standard RS-232C level [11]. Where the output vo ltage of PC’s RS-232C port is ±12V. MCU and PC, taking into account the short distance communication, and microcontroller is mainly responsible for receiving commands and data, so the PC is directly connected with the microcontroller, this is the simplest connection method. the signals which is from PC’s TXD-side were changed into a current signal through the communication circuit, the infrared light-emitting diodes of optocouper have current when a signal occurs, the light signals which is emitted by diode projected onto the phototransistor, and converted to electric signal, then input to the microcontroller RXD side, so photoelectric conversion is implemented, and electrical is completely isolated to avoid the feedback and interference which is produced by output side. as is shown in Figure 6 IV. SOFTWARE DESIGN
The entire software design mainly composes of display program and communication program. The Chinese characters to be displayed on the screen, character and other data for transmission control and display functions were achieved by dynamic scan. Real-time communication parts which communicate with PC receive data information by SCM serial disruption, so real-time data information transmission with PC was implemented.
The host computer software was implemented by Visual Basic. In the standard serial communication, MSCOMM which is the power communication control is provided by VB, it can set the serial communication of data sent and received, and the serial communication port status, message formats and protocols are set, directly send data by PC’s RS -232/RS-485 serial port. In order to realized to PC reliable communication with SCM, and ensure that both sides have the same data format and baud rate [11], this design uses RS-232 communications, a 10 bits data format, 9600bit / s baud rate.
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
当今时代是一个自动化时代，交通灯控制等很多行业的设备都与计算机密切相关。因此，一个好的交通灯控制系统，将给道路拥挤，违章控制等方面给予技术革新。随着大规模集成电路及计算机技术的迅速发展，以及人工智能在控制技术方面的广泛运用，智能设备有了很大的发展，是现代科技发展的主流方向。本文介绍了一个智能交通的系统的设计。该智能交通灯控制系统可以实现的功能有：对某市区的四个主要交通路口进行控制：个路口有固定的工作周期，并且在道路拥挤时中控制中心能改变其周期：对路口违章的机动车能够即时拍照，并提取车牌号。在世界范围内，一个以微电子技术，计算机和通信技术为先导的，一信息技术和信息产业为中心的信息革命方兴未艾。而计算机技术怎样与实际应用更有效的结合并有效的发挥其作用是科学界最热门的话题，也是当今计算机应用中空前活跃的领域。本文主要从单片机的应用上来实现十字路口交通灯智能化的管理，用以控制过往车辆的正常运作。 研究交通的目的是为了优化运输，人流以及货流。由于道路使用者的不断增加，现有资源和基础设施有限，智能交通控制将成为一个非常重要的课题。但是，智能交通控制的应用还存在局限性。例如避免交通拥堵被认为是对环境和经济都有利的，但改善交通流也可能导致需求增加。交通仿真有几个不同的模型。在研究中，我们着重于微观模型，该模型能模仿单独车辆的行为，从而模仿动态的车辆组。 由于低效率的交通控制，汽车在城市交通中都经历过长时间的行进。采用先进的传感器和智能优化算法来优化交通灯控制系统，将会是非常有益的。优化交通灯开关，增加道路容量和流量，可以防止交通堵塞，交通信号灯控制是一个复杂的优化问题和几种智能算法的融合，如模糊逻辑，进化算法，和聚类算法已经在使用，试图解决这一问题，本文提出一种基于多代理聚类算法控制交通信号灯。 在我们的方法中，聚类算法与道路使用者的价值函数是用来确定每个交通灯的最优决策的，这项决定是基于所有道路使用者站在交通路口累积投票，通过估计每辆车的好处(或收益)来确定绿灯时间增益值与总时间是有差异的，它希望在它往返的时候等待，如果灯是红色，或者灯是绿色。等待，直到车辆到达目的地，通过有聚类算法的基础设施，最后经过监测车的监测。 我们对自己的聚类算法模型和其它使用绿灯模拟器的系统做了比较。绿灯模拟器是一个交通模拟器，监控交通流量统计，如平均等待时间，并测试不同的交通灯控制器。结果表明，在拥挤的交通条件下，聚类控制器性能优于其它所有测试的非自适应控制器，我们也测试理论上的平均等待时间，用以选择车辆通过市区的道路，并表明，道路使用者采用合作学习的方法可避免交通瓶颈。 本文安排如下：第2部分叙述如何建立交通模型，预测交通情况和控制交通。第3部分是就相关问题得出结论。第4部分说明了现在正在进一步研究的事实，并介绍了我们的新思想。
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
Journal of Industrial Textiles https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/ Optimization of Parameters for the Production of Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextiles Amit Rawal, Subhash Anand and Tahir Shah 2008 37: 341Journal of Industrial Textiles DOI: 10.1177/1528083707081594 The online version of this article can be found at: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/content/37/4/341 Published by: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html, can be found at:Journal of Industrial TextilesAdditional services and information for https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/cgi/alertsEmail Alerts: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/subscriptionsSubscriptions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/journalsReprints.navReprints: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/journalsPermissions.navPermissions: https://www.doczj.com/doc/9917041285.html,/content/37/4/341.refs.htmlCitations: - Mar 28, 2008Version of Record >>
外文文献： Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009 ABSTRACT This analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong. KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
英文 Because of the rapid development of our economy resulting in the car number of large and medium-sized cities surged and the urban traffic, is facing serious test, leading to the traffic problem increasingly serious, its basically are behaved as follows: traffic accident frequency, to the human life safety enormous threat, Traffic congestion, resulting in serious travel time increases, energy consumption increase; Air pollution and noise pollution degree of deepening, etc. Daily traffic jams become people commonplace and had to endure. In this context, in combination with the actual situation of urban road traffic, develop truly suitable for our own characteristics of intelligent signal control system has become the main task. Preface In practical application at home and abroad, according to the actual traffic signal control application inspection, planar independent intersection signal control basic using set cycle, much time set cycle, half induction, whole sensor etc in several ways. The former two control mode is completely based on planar intersection always traffic flow data of statistical investigation, due to traffic flow the existence of variable sex and randomicity, the two methods have traffic efficiency is low, the scheme, the defects of aging and half inductive and all the inductive the two methods are in the former two ways based on increased vehicle detector and according to the information provided to adjust cycle is long and green letter of vehicle, it than random arrived adaptability bigger, can make vehicles in the parking cord before as few parking, achieve traffic flowing effect In modern industrial production,current,voltage,temperature, pressure, and flow rate, velocity, and switch quantity are common mainly controlled parameter. For example: in metallurgical industry, chemical production, power engineering, the papermaking industry, machinery and food processing and so on many domains, people need to transport the orderly control. By single chip microcomputer to control of traffic, not only has the convenient control, configuration simple and flexible wait for an advantage, but also can greatly improve the technical index by control quantity, thus greatly improve product quality and quantity. Therefore, the monolithic integrated circuit to the traffic light control problem is an industrial production we often encounter problems. In the course of industrial production, there are many industries have lots of traffic equipment, in the current system, most of the traffic control signal is accomplished by relays, but relays response time is long, sensitivity low, long-term after use, fault opportunity increases greatly, and adopts single-chip microcomputer control, the accuracy of far greater than relays, short response time, software reliability, not because working time reduced its performance sake, compared with, this solution has the high feasibility. About AT89C51 (1)function characteristics description: AT89C51 is a low power consumption, high performance CMOS8 bit micro-controller, has the 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-density Atmel company the beltpassword nonvolatile storage technology and manufacturing, and industrial 80S51 product instructions and pin fully compatible. Chip Flash allow program memory in system programmable, also suitable for conventional programmer. In a single chip, have dexterous 8 bits CPU and in system programmable Flash, make AT89C51 for many embedded control application system provides the high flexible, super efficient solution. AT89C51 has the following standard function: 8k bytes Flash, 256 bytes RAM, 32-bit I/O mouth line, the watchdog timer, two data pointer, three 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 interrupt structure, full-duplex serial port, piece inside crystals timely clock circuit. In addition, AT89C51 can drop to 0Hz static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, allowing the RAM, timer/counter, serial ports, interruption continue to work. Power lost protection mode, RAM content being saved, has been frozen, microcontroller all work stop, until the next interruption or hardware reset so far. As shown in