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20110402现代英语语法结构

20110402现代英语语法结构
20110402现代英语语法结构

现代英语语法结构

1.0 Introduction a. Affixation

1.1 Morphemes b. Composition

1.2 Words 1.

2.1 Word classes c. Conversion

1.2.2 Word-formation d. Blending

e. Back-formation

f. Shortening

g. Acronyms

Chapter 1 1.3.2 The verb phrase

The Structure of 1.3 Phrases 1.3.3 The adjective phrase

the English Sentence 1.3.4 The adverb phrase

1.3.5 The prepositional phrase

1.4.1 Subject and predicate

1.4 Clauses 1.4.2 Clause patterns

1.4.3 Functions

1.5 Sentences

1.5.1 Simple, compound and complex sentences

1.5.2 Statements, commands, questions and exclamations

1.6 The text

1.7 Exercises

2.0 Introduction

2.1.1 Assertion vs. non-assertion

2.1.2 Negation a. Choice of negative words

2.1 Statements b. Scope of negation

c. Transferred negation

2.1.3 Other functions of statements

Chapter 2 2.2.1 YES-NO questions

Sentence Types 2.2 Questions 2.2.2 WH-questions

2.2.3 Alternative questions

2.2.4 Tag questions a. Forms and meanings

2.3 Commands b. Irregular question tags

2.4 Exclamations

2.4.1 WHAT-exclamations

2.4.2 HOW-exclamations

2.5 Exercises

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Noun classes

3.2.1 Singular invariables

3.2.2 Plural invariables a. Proper nouns

b. Mass nouns

Chapter 3 3.2 Number a. Irregular spelling/pronunciation

Noun and Noun Phrase (1): b. Zero plurals

Noun and Number 3.2.3 Irregular plurals c. Foreign plurals

d. Plural compounds

e. Plural of letters, numerals, abbreviations, etc.

3.3 Unit nouns 3.3.1 Unit nouns listed in alphabetical order

3.3.2 Unit nouns classified

4.1.1 Functions of determiners

4.1.2 Co-occurrence of determiners

a. all and whole

b. all and both

4.1 Determiners 4.1.3 Usage of some determiners c. all, every and each

d. both, each and either

e. any, either, no (none) and

neither

a. Pronunciation

4.1.4 Articles b. Generic reference vs. specific reference

c. Indefinite article a (n)

Chapter 4 d. Definite article the

Noun and Noun Phrase (2): 4.2 Genitives 4.2.1 Forms of genitive a. Genitive

Determiner and Genitive 4.2.2 Genitive vs. of-phrase b. Of-phrase

4.2.3 Group genitive c. Genitive and of-phrase

4.2.4 Local genitive

4.2.5 Double genitive

4.3 Exercises

5.0.1 Classification of verbs

5.0 Introduction 5.0.2 System of two tenses and two aspects

a. Simple present referring to the present

5.1.1 Simple present b. Simple present referring to the past

5.1 Tense c. Simple present referring to the future

a. Simple past referring to the past

5.1.2 Simple past b. Simple past referring to the present

c. Simple past referring to the future

a. Present progressive referring to the present

b. Present progressive referring to the past

5.2.1 Present progressive c. Present progressive referring to the future

d. Progressive verbs and non-progressive verbs

a. Past progressive referring to the past

5.2.2 Past progressive b. Past progressive referring to

the present or the future

Chapter 5 a. Present perfect referring to a state, Verb and Verb Phrase (1): a habit or an event

Tense, Aspect and Future 5.2 Aspect 5.2.3 Present perfect and b. Present perfect vs. simple past

present perfect progressive c. Finished/unfinished use and

present perfect progressive

d. Adverbials and constructions

associated with present perfect

5.2.4 Past perfect and a. Finished/unfinished use and

past perfect progressive past perfect progressive

b. Hypothetical use of past perfect

5.3.1 Will/shall do sth. (see 7.2 for more details)

5.3.2 Be going to do sth.

5.3 Future 5.3.3 Present progressive

5.3.4 Simple present a. Will/(shall) be doing sth.

5.3.5 Other constructions expressing future time b. Be about to do sth.

6.1.1 Be-passive, get-passive and pseudo-passive

a. Grammatical constraints

6.1.2 Voice constraints b. Semantic constraints

6.1.3 By-phrase c. Stylistic constraints

Chapter 6 6.1 Passive voice a. Verb + preposition

Verb and Verb Phrase (2): 6.1.4 Passive voice of b. Verb + particle

Passive Voice and multi-word verbs c. Verb + particle + preposition Subjunctive Mood d. Verb + noun phrase + preposition

6.1.5 Passive voice of non-finite verbs

a. Formulaic be-subjunctive

b. Mandative be-subjunctive

6.2 Subjunctive mood c. Other uses of be-subjunctive

6.3 Exercises 6.2.2 Were-subjunctive

7.0 Introduction

7.1.1 Can/could

7.1 Can and may 7.1.2 May/might

7.1.3 Can vs. may

7.2 Will and shall 7.2.1 Will/would(’ll/’d)

Chapter 7 7.2.2 Shall/(should)

Verb and Verb Phrase (3): 7.3.1 Should

Modal Auxiliaries 7.3 Should and ought to 7.3.2 Ought to

7.3.3 Should vs. ought to

7.4.1 Must

7.4 Must, need and have (got) to 7.4.2 Need

7.5 Dare 7.4.3 Have (got) to

7.6 Exercises

a. Aux + verb

8.0 Introduction b. Idiomatic verb constructions

8.1.1 Bare infinitive c. Rather/sooner than

d. Do

e. Why

8.1 Infinitive a. Verb + infinitive

8.1.2 To-infinitive b. Verb + object + infinitive

c. Verb + (object) + infinitive

Chapter 8 8.1.3 Other uses of infinitive

Verb and Verb Phrase (4): 8.2.1 Object to verb a. Begin, cease, continue, start Non-finite Verbs 8.2 -ing participle 8.2.2 Logical subject b. Like, love, hate

c. Deserve, need, require, want

–ing participle d. Remember, forget, go on

e. Mean, regret, try

f. Advise, allow, encourage,

permit, recommend

8.3 -ed participle 8.3.1 -ed participle as a premodifier

8.3.2 -ed participle as a complement a. Subject complement

8.4 Dangling participle b. Object complement

8.5 Exercises

9.1 Syntactic features

of adjectives 9.1.2 Attributive adjectives and a. Attributive adjectives

predicative adjectives b. Predicative adjectives

9.2.1 Stative adjectives vs. dynamic adjectives

9.2.2 Gradable adjectives vs. non-gradable adjectives

9.2 Semantic classification9.2.3 Inherent adjectives vs. non-inherent adjectives

of adjectives9.2.4 Restrictive adjectives vs. non-restrictive adjectives

9.2.5 Marked adjectives vs. unmarked adjectives

9.3 Ordering of premodifying adjectives

a. Regular inflection

Chapter 9 9.4.1 Forms of comparison b. Irregular inflection

Adjective Phrase a. Elder and older

and Comparison b. Farther and further

c. Less and fewer

9.4.2 Usage notes d. Lesser

e. The

9.4 Comparison f. The more...the more...

a. As...as...

9.4.3 Comparative constructions b. More...than...

c. The most...

9.4.4 Ellipsis in comparative sentences

9.4.5 Other expressions of comparison

9.5 Exercises

10.0 Introduction

10.1 Forms of prepositions 10.1.1 Simple prepositions

10.1.2 Complex prepositions

a. At, on and in

10.2.1 Prepositions b. Over, above, under and below Chapter 10 relating to Place c. Between and among

Preposition and d. Aboard the ship, etc.

Prepositional Phrase e. From above, etc.

10.2 Meanings of 10.2.2 Prepositions relation to time a. At, on and in

prepositions b. Time expressions

without prepositions

10.2.3 Prepositions denoting other relations

10.3 Collocations of prepositions with verbs, adjectives and nouns

10.4 Exercises

11.0 Introduction

11.1.1 Coordinators b. Or and related coordinators

Chapter 11 11.1 Coordination c. But and related coordinators Coordination and 11.1.2 Punctuation between coordinated units

Subordination 11.2 Subordination 11.2.1 Subordinators

11.2.2 Subordinate clauses a. Finite subordinate clauses

11.3 Exercise b. Non-finite and verbless clauses

12.1 Restrictiveness and non-restrictiveness

a. Antecedent + restrictive relative clause

b. Antecedent + non-restrictive relative clause

12.2.1 Nominal antecedent c. Antecedent + restrictive/

12.2 Antecedent non-restrictive relative clause

12.2.2 Non-nominal antecedent b. Verb phrase as antecedent Chapter 12 c. Predicative adjective as antecedent Relative Clause 12.3.1 Relative pronouns a. Pronouns for personal antecedents

12.3 Choice of in restrictive b. Pronouns for

relative pronouns relative clauses non-personal antecedents

c. Relative adverbs

12.3.2 Relative pronouns in non-restrictive relative clauses

12.4 Double relative clause

12.5 Exercises

13.0 Introduction a. Types of time adjuncts

13.1.1 Time adjuncts b. Positions of time adjuncts

a. Types of place adjuncts

13.1.2 Place adjuncts b. Positions of place adjuncts

a. Manner-adjuncts

13.1.3 Process adjuncts b. Instrument-adjuncts

c. Agentive-adjuncts

13.1 Adjuncts a. Reason-adjuncts

b. Result-adjuncts

13.1.4 Contingency adjuncts c. Purpose-adjuncts

d. Concession-adjuncts

Chapter 13 Adverbials e. Condition-adjuncts

13.1.5 Other adjuncts

13.2 Disjuncts a. Enumeration-conjuncts

b. Addition-conjuncts

c. Transition-conjuncts

d. Summation-conjuncts

13.3 Conjuncts e. Explanation-conjuncts

f. Contrast-conjuncts

g. Result-conjuncts

h. Inference-conjuncts

i. Concession-conjuncts

13.4 Exercises

14.0 Introduction

14.1 Principles of concor d

14.2.1 Collective nouns as subject

14.2.2 Coordinated noun phrases as subject

14.2.3 Expressions of a. Subject with numerals

Chapter 14 Concord 14.2 Subject-verb quantity as subject b. Subject with indefinite quantifiers

concord14.2.4 Nominal clauses as subject

14.2.5 Concord in the existential sentence

14.2.6 Concord in the relative clause

14.3 Pronoun concord

15.1.1 Given and new information

15.1 Information structure15.1.2 Information focus

15.2.1 Passive voice

a. Extraposed clausal subject

15.2 Postponement 15.2.2 Extra-position b. Extraposed clausal object

15.2.3 Discontinuity

Chapter 15 15.2.4 Other types of postponement

Information Structure 15.3 Fronting

and Emphasis 15.4.1 Partial inversion

15.4 Inversion15.4.2 Complete inversion

15.5.1 Cleft sentence

15.5 Cleaving 15.5.2 Pseudo-cleft sentence

15.6.1 Information structure of existential sentence

15.6 Existential sentence 15.6.2 Grammatical features of existential sentence

15.7 Exercises

16.0 Introduction

16.1.1 Reference by pronouns

16.1 Reference 16.1.2 Reference by demonstratives

16.1.3 Reference by comparison

16.2 Substitution 16.2.2 Verbal substitution by do

Chapter 16 Cohesion 16.2.3 Clausal substitution by so or not

16.3.1 Nominal ellipsis

16.3 Ellipsis 16.3.2 Verbal ellipsis

16.3.3 Clausal ellipsis

16.4 Other cohesive devices16.4.2 Repetition

16.5 Exercises

下面是语法术语:

Appendix I Noun + Preposition Appendix II Preposition + Noun Appendix III Verb + Preposition Appendix IV Adjective + Preposition Bibliography

语法grammar

句法syntax

词法morphology

结构structure

层次rank

句子sentence

从句clause

词组phrase

词类part of speech

单词word

实词notional word

虚词structrural word

名词noun

专有名词proper noun

普通名词common noun

可数名词countable noun

不可数名词uncountable noun

抽象名词abstract noun

具体名词concret moun

物质名词material noun

集体名词collective noun

个体名词individual noun

介词preposition

连词conjunction

动词verb

主动词main verb

及物动词transitive verb

不及物动词intransitive verb

系动词link verb

助动词auxiliary verb

情态动词modal verb

规则动词regular verb

不规则动词irregular verb

短语动词phrasal verb

限定动词finite verb

非限定动词infinite verb

使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses

动态动词event verb

静态动词state verb

感叹词exclamation

形容词adjective

副词adverb

方式副词adverb of manner

程度副词adverb of degree

时间副词adverb of time

地点副词adverb of place

修饰性副词adjunct

连接性副词conjunct

疑问副词interogative adverb

关系副词relative adverb

代词pronoun

人称代词personal pronoun

物主代词possesive pronoun

反身代词reflexive pronoun

相互代词reciprocal pronoun

指示代词demonstrative pronoun

疑问代词interrogative pronoun

关系代词relative pronoun

不定代词indefinite pronoun

物主代词possecive pronoun

名词性物主代词

nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词

adjectival possesive pronoun

冠词article

定冠词definite article

不定冠词indefinite article

数词numeral

基数词cardinal numeral

序数词ordinal numeral

分数词fractional numeral

形式form

单数形式singular form

复数形式plural form

限定动词finite verb form

非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form

从句clause

从属句subordinate clause

并列句coordinate clause

名词从句nominal clause

定语从句attributive clause

状语从句adverbial clause

宾语从句object clause

主语从句subject clause

同位语从句appositive clause

时间状语从句adverbial clause of time

地点状语从句adverbial clause of place 方式状语从句

adverbial clause of manner

让步状语从句

adverbial clause of concession

原因状语从句

adverbial clause of cause

结果状语从句

adverbial clause of result

目的状语从句

adverbial clause of purpose

条件状语从句

adverbial clause of condition 真实条件状语从句

adverbial clause of real condition

非真实条件状语从句

adverbial clause of unreal condition

含蓄条件句

adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句

adverbial clause of mixed condition

句子sentence

简单句simple sentence

并列句compound sentence

复合句complex sentence

并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence

疑问句interrogative sentence 一般疑问句general question

特殊疑问句special question

选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question

反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question

存在句existential sentence

肯定句positive sentwence

否定句negative sentence

祈使句imperative sentence

省略句elliptical sentence

感叹句exclamatory sentence

基本句型basic sentence patern

句子成分members of sentences 主语subject

谓语predicate

宾语object

双宾语dual object

直接宾语direct object

间接宾语indirect object

复合宾语complex object

同源宾语cognate object

补语complement

主补subject complement

宾补object complement

表语predicative

定语attribute

同位语appositive

状语adverbial

句法关系syntatic relationship

并列coordinate

从属subordination

修饰modification

前置修饰pre-modification

后置修饰post-modification

限制restriction

双重限制double-restriction

非限制non-restriction

数number

单数形式singular form

复数形式plural form

规则形式regular form

不规则形式irregular form

格case

普通格common case

所有格possessive case

主格nominative case

宾格objective case

性gender

阳性masculine

阴性feminine

通性common

中性neuter

人称person

第一人称first person

第二人称second person

第三人称third person

时态tense

过去将来时past future tense

过去将来进行时

past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时

past future perfect tense

一般现在时present simple tense

一般过去时past simple tense

一般将来时future simple tense

现在完成时past perfect tense

过去完成时present perfect tense

将来完成时future perfect tense

现在进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense

将来进行时future continuous tense 过去将来进行时

past future continuous tense

现在完成进行时

present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时

past perfect continuous tense

语态voice

主动语态active voice

被动语态passive voice

语气mood

陈述语气indicative mood

祈使语气imperative mood

虚拟语气subjunctive mood

否定negation

否定范围scope of negation

全部否定full negation

局部否定partial negation

转移否定shift of negation

语序order

自然语序natural order

倒装语序inversion

全部倒装full inversion

部分倒装partial inversion

直接引语direct speech

间接引语indirect speech

自由直接引语free direct speech

自由间接引语free indirect speech

一致agreement

主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammatical agreement

概念一致notional agreement

就近原则principle of proximity

强调emphasis

重复repetition

语音pronunciation

语调tone

升调rising tone

降调falling tone

降升调falling-rising tone

文体style

正式文体formal

非正式文体informal

口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression 英国英语British English

美国英语American English 用法usage 感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory

贬义derogatory

幽默humorous

讽刺sarcastic

挖苦ironic

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. :who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如): 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

英语语法 句子成分分析

知识精讲 一、整体把握 成分用法说明位置 主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主 体。 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前;疑问句或倒装句 中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后;there be结 构中放在be之后;祈使句中常省 谓语对主语加以陈述,说明主语怎 么样或是什么。必须由动词担 任,其人称和数必须和主语一 致。 通常在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。 表语与系动词连用,一起构成复合 谓语,说明主语的性质、特征、 身份、类别、状态等。 常在系动词之后。 宾语表示动作、行为的对象。一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前。直接宾语是人称代词,间接宾语是名词或两个宾语都是人称代词时,间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,并在间接宾语前加to或for。 定语用来修饰名词或代词,说明人 或物的状态、品质、数量及所 属等。 单个词常在被修饰的词前,短语或句子在被修饰 的词之后;副词作定语常放在被修饰的伺候;形 容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的伺候。 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词,表 示动作发生的时间、地点、目 的、方式等。 位置比较灵活。 补语补充说明宾语或主语的成分。宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后,主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。 同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解 释、说明,与前面的被修辞成 分在语法上处于同等地位。 常常置于被说明的成分之后。有时可以放在句子 的前面(主语之前),尤其是主语为人称代词时, 为平衡句子的节奏,则把同位语放置于此代词前。 独立成分独立成分是指句子里的一个词 或词组与全局没有语法上的联 系,不属于句子的组成部分; 一般由感叹语、呼语或插入语 等担任。 可放在句首、句中或句末。 二、细讲:主语 表现形式例句

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