GRE寫作補充講義
一、人物
Michelangelo 米開朗琪羅
Euclid 歐機裡德
Archimedes 阿基米德
Aristotle
Galileo
Kepler
Copernicus
Bruno
Ptolemy
Isaac Newton
Columbus
Thomas Edison
Einstein(Zurich 蘇黎世)
Marie curie(Pierre)
Radioactivity is the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modern genetics; it is also the source of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.
Frank Borman
In 1970, Apollo astronaut Frank Borman embarked on a 12-nation fact-finding mission to determine the fate of American servicemen missing in Vietnam. Though his search proved fruitless, he told Congress, "I beg you not to forsake your countrymen who have given so much for you."
Stephen hawking(A Brief History of Time ;suffer from ALS)
Descartes 笛卡爾
Kant--kantianism康得
Hegelian--Hegelianism
Schopenhauer 叔本華（German philosopher）
Socrates
Plato
以下選自英國文學史：
Geoffrey Chaucer
William Shakespeare----Hamlet,Sonnet,
Francis Bacon------Of Truth, Of Studies,
John Milton------Paradise Lst
John Bunyan-----The Pilgrim's Progress
Daniel Defoe-----Robinson Crusoe
Jonathan Swift----Gulliver's Travels
Robert Burns----A Red, Red Rose
William Wordsworth
George Gordon, Lord Byron
Shelley
John Keats
Walter Scott
Jane Austen---- Pride and Prejudice
Charles Dickens
Charlotte Bronte----Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte----Wuthering Heights
Thamos Hardy
Bernard Shaw
Lawrence-----Sons and Lovers
以下選自美國文學史：
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson--- The Declaration of Independence Washington Irving ----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Henry Wadsworth Longman
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickson
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Mark Twain---- The adventures of Tom Sawyer
O Henry--- The Cop and the Anthem
Henry James-----The Portrait of a Lady
Jack London---- The Sea Wolf, Martin Eden
Ernest Heminway ----- A Farewell to Arms
John Steinbeck ------ The Grapes of Wrath
Leonardo da Vinci
Bach 巴赫
Beethoven
Mozart
Time-Warner
Rolling Stones
Rock-and-Roll
Beetles
Dali
Picasso
Andy Warhol
Rodin's "The Thinker"
George Bush
On January 16, 1991, President Bush ordered the commencement of Operation Desert Storm, a massive U.S.-led military offensive against Iraq in the Persian Gulf.
In late 1992, Bush ordered U.S. troops into Somalia, a nation devastated by drought and civil war. The peacekeeping mission would prove the most disastrous since Lebanon, and President Clinton abruptly called it off in 1993. Jimmy Carter
President Carter's policy of placing human rights records at the forefront of America's relationships with other nations contributed to a cooling of Cold War relations in the late 1970s.
In 1980, for the first time in seven years, Fidel Castro authorized emigration out of Cuba by the country's citizens. The United States welcomed the Cubans, but later took steps to slow the tide when evidence suggested that Castro was using the refugee flight to empty his prisons.
Neville Chamberlain
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."
Eleven months after the signing of the Munich Pact, Germany broke the peace in Europe by invading Poland. A solemn Chamberlain had no choice but to declare war, and World War II began in Europe.
Winston Churchill
In the early 1930s, Conservative M.P. Winston Churchill issued unheeded warnings of the threat of Nazi aggression from his seat on a House of Commons backbench.
With German tanks racing across France, Churchill spoke to the British people for the first time as prime minister, and pledged a struggle to the last breath against Nazi conquest and oppression.
In the summer of 1940, the democracies of continental Europe fell to Germany one by one, leaving Great Britain alone in its resistance to Adolf Hitler. The Nazi leader was confident that victory against Britain would come soon, but Churchill prophesied otherwise, telling his countrymen that the Battle of Britain would be "their finest hour."
Bill Clinton
In 1994, President Clinton authorized a military operation to overthrow Haiti's military dictators and restore its democratically elected leader. On the eve of invasion, bloodshed was prevented when former president Jimmy Carter brokered an agreement with Haiti's leaders in which they pledged to give up power.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
On June 5, 1944, the supreme Allied commander ordered commencement of the D-Day invasion, the largest combined sea, air, and land military operation in history. Eisenhower told the 3 million men of the Allied Expeditionary Force, "The eyes of the world are upon you!"
In 1956, Israel, Britain, and France invaded Egypt in protest of its nationalization of the Suez Canal. The U.S.S.R. and the United States, both vying for greater influence in the Middle East, forced the three nations to end their occupation of the strategic canal.
Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret
During the Battle of Britain, the children of King George VI delivered a radio address to British children who had been evacuated abroad. Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, like their parents, weathered the dark days of World War II in Britain.
Gerald Ford
Nine days before the fall of Saigon, President Ford spoke on the resignation of South Vietnamese President Thieu. Soon after, the United States launched a massive helicopter evacuation of tens of thousands of anticommunist South Vietnamese and the last few Americans remaining in the country. Mohandas Gandhi
In 1931, Gandhi, the political and spiritual leader of the Indian independence movement, was released from prison to attend the London Round Table Conference on India as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress.
Mikhail Gorbachev
As leader of the U.S.S.R., Mikhail Gorbachev was a great force for peace, even at the cost of the Soviet government's downfall after 74 years in power.
Adolf Hitler
A few days before his occupation of the Sudetenland, a confident Hitler addressed a Nazi rally at Berlin's Sportpalast stadium, and reassured the crowd that if war came with Britain and France the German Wehrmacht would be victorious.
Pope John Paul II
In 1995, the pope addressed the United Nations on the occasion of its 50th anniversary. Reaffirming his support of the ideals and goals of the U.N., he praised the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called for the U.N. to become the moral center of a family of nations.
John F. Kennedy
At their 1961 summit meeting, Soviet leader Khrushchev greatly underestimated President Kennedy, who was not about to break his inaugural vow to "pay any price, bear any burden" to protect democracy in the world. Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon
In a defining moment of the Cold War, Vice President Nixon and Soviet leader Khrushchev engaged in an impromptu debate about the merits and disadvantages of capitalism and communism. The exchange, which took place in Moscow in front of a replica of a suburban American kitchen, was known as the "Kitchen Debate."
Douglas MacArthur
On September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, the most destructive war in human history officially came to an end as representatives of the Japanese government and military signed their country's unconditional surrender.
After clashing with President Truman over war policy, MacArthur was relieved of his command of U.N. forces in Korea and returned to the U.S. for the first time since before World War II. Given a hero's welcome, he addressed a joint meeting of Congress, where he declared, "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away."
Richard Nixon
In 1973, after five years of talks, the United States and North Vietnam reached a peace agreement to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Two years later, Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces and Vietnam was unified under Communist rule.
Ronald Reagan
In 1984, Reagan called for an international ban on chemical weapons. Six years later, President Bush and Soviet leader Gorbachev would sign a historic agreement to cease production and begin destruction of both nations' sizable reserves.
In 1987, during a visit to Berlin, the president made a dramatic plea to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down" the Berlin Wall. Two years later, Berliners would do so on their own accord.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The day after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress, and proclaimed December 7 "a date which will live in infamy." With only one dissent, Congress granted his request for an official declaration of war against Japan.
Two months before his death, Roosevelt met Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin for the last time at Yalta in the U.S.S.R. The "Big Three" leaders discussed military considerations in the war against Germany and Japan, and compromised on their visions of the postwar world order.
Tito
In 1963, Tito, the independent-minded communist leader of Yugoslavia since 1945, visited the United States during a tour of the Americas.
Harry Truman
Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, President Truman warned Japan of further atomic attacks until it surrendered. When no answer came, he authorized the dropping of a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Six days later, Japan surrendered.
In 1949, Truman signed the North Atlantic Treaty with 10 European nations and Canada--establishing the NATO military alliance.
二、Events
1.Medicine and biology
1348: Black Plague
The bubonic plague killed one third of Europe's population between 1348 and 1350, making it the most deadly epidemic since the sixth century. With no cure available, and no clue as to what caused the disease, many believed it was God's punishment for sinful behavior. The plague had a massive effect on every aspect of society: serfs were freed, the labor force was decimated, and cultivation of food ceased. Doctors were forced to think of medicine in a new
way, leading to the rise of the scientific theory.
1628: Harvey discovers circulatory system
Dr. William Harvey, an English physician, made medical history when he published his discovery that blood, driven by the pumping of the heart, is constantly on the move throughout the human body. This disproved the previous medical wisdom that the heart's main purpose was to keep blood warm.
1882: Germs proven to cause disease
In 1864, Louis Pasteur amazed the scientific community by proving that microorganisms live in the air. Years later, German scientist Robert Koch announced his findings that specific microorganisms can be linked to specific diseases in what is now known as the "germ theory of disease." His discovery instantly improved physicians' ability to diagnose and treat patients, as well as expanding human understanding of cleanliness as a means to prevent disease. 1928: Fleming discovers penicillin
Scottish physician Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the ability of molds to destroy sickness–causing bacteria, when he noticed that mold growing on a staphylococcus culture had killed parts of the culture. Penicillin, the antibiotic derived from mold, allows doctors to easily treat patients for a variety of ailments previously considered incurable, including pneumonia, tetanus, gangrene, and scarlet fever as well as more mundane illnesses like respiratory and ear infections.
1543: Anatomy 101
Andreas Vesalius took the medical community by storm by revealing the true skeletal and muscular structure of humans for the first time and correcting more than 200 errors in the common thinking among doctors of the day. Unfortunately, his contribution was tarnished in his own time by the legal and moral taboo against the dissection of human bodies—Vesalius's main source of research.
1796: Smallpox vaccine
English doctor Edward Jenner stumbled upon a way to prevent smallpox when he noticed that milkmaids who had developed cowpox didn't get the dreaded disease. His resulting vaccine, made from the cowpox virus, virtually wiped out smallpox, which had killed more than sixty million Europeans in the eighteenth century. His vaccine also gave credence to the science of immunology, leading to the development of vaccines for other deadly diseases, including diphtheria, polio, and measles.
1866: Mendel's Law of Heredity
Through his work crossbreeding different varieties of the garden pea, Austrian monk Gregor Mendel advanced the idea that traits are transferred from parents to progeny by way of distinct units and formulated mathematical laws governing the inheritance of these traits. Mendel's "law" was eventually proven true for both plants and animals. His findings were rediscovered in the early twentieth century, allowing farmers to reproduce positive traits in plants and create healthier, stronger crops of food.
1914: Birth Control
Margaret Sanger sparked the birth control movement with the publication of The Woman Rebel, in which she encourages women to view conception as a choice rather than an obligation. In 1923, her tireless efforts resulted in the establishment of America's first legal birth control clinic, which served as a contraceptive dispensary and research facility under the auspices of the American Birth Control League (one of the groups that eventually morphed into Planned Parenthood). The birth control movement has had far-reaching, worldwide implications, from women's rights to population control to the sexual revolution.
2.Science and discovery
Early 1300s: Gunpowder first used in Europe
Although gunpowder is believed to have been invented in China as early as the ninth century, it wasn't until the early 1300s that it was first used in battle in Europe. A relatively simple mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and saltpeter, gunpowder has been making the world's wars more deadly ever since. 1522: First circumnavigation of the globe completed
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan and a crew of 237 men and five ships set out on a voyage to claim the Spice Islands as the property of Spain. Although Magellan himself was killed while trying to convert a native Philippine chief to Christianity in 1521, one ship and the remainder of his crew, by then eighteen men, completed the voyage around the world and returned to Spain on September 8, 1522.
1859: Darwin's Origin of Species
Charles Darwin shocked the world with his theory of evolution as proposed in Origin of Species. He explained that, over time, species adapt to their environment in order to survive and then pass along these acquired traits to future generations in a process known as "natural selection." Although his ideas are widely accepted today, the notion that species could have evolved from an entirely different species caused outrage from those believing that all living creatures were created by God.
1492: Columbus lands in America
Although Leif Ericson was reportedly the first to land in America in 1000, his voyage ultimately brought about little change to the continent. On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew landed in what is now part of the Bahamas. With him, he brought about European colonization and slew of changes: Christianity, disease, guns, and horses to name a few.
1543: Copernicus disputes earth is center of universe
Nicolaus Copernicus may have tried to avoid public outrage by waiting until the year of his death to publish On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, but he was the first person to propose that the sun, and not the earth, was at the center of the universe. Later, Johannes Kepler argued the orbital paths of planets were actually elliptical, not circular, and in 1610, despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church, Galileo Galilei used his telescope to prove that the earth does, in fact, revolve around the sun.
1666: Newton's Law of Gravity
In 1666, after watching an apple fall from a tree, Isaac Newton realized that the force holding any object to the Earth is the same as the force holding the moon and planets in their orbits. He created a mathematical equation that defined the gravitational pull between two objects. In essence, our bodies pull on the Earth just as the Earth pulls on our bodies. However, since we weigh so much less than the Earth, we do not affect its motion at all.
1905: Einstein's Theory of Relativity
In 1905, Albert Einstein concluded that if the energy of motion could change mass, mass itself could become energy. The relationship between mass and the energy is described in what is probably the most famous equation in science, E=mc2 (Energy = mass x speed of light squared).
1957: First satellite launched
The successful launch of Sputnik-1 on October 4, 1957, indicated to the world that the Soviet Union had taken the lead in space exploration. It also caused fear that this technology would allow the Soviet Union to launch nuclear weapons into space. In response, the United States established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), embarking on a quest to the moon where Neil Armstrong took his revolutionary first steps in 1969.
3.Inventions.
1879: Incandescent lamp
In 1879, after more than 1,000 trials and $40,000, Thomas Edison introduced an inexpensive alternative to candles and gaslight: the incandescent lamp. Using carbonized filaments from cotton thread, his light bulb burned for two
days. These bulbs were first installed on the steamship Columbia and have been lighting up the world ever since.
1903: First powered flight
Orville Wright took off in the first powered flight in history in 1903 with the help of his brother, Wilbur. By 1905, the Wright brothers had completed the first practical airplane for public use. Since the advent of airplanes, the world has experienced a rapid merging of cultures, ideas and resources.
1908: Ford's Model T
At $850, the world's first automobile proved to be an invaluable bargain for farmers and city dwellers alike. And with Henry Ford's introduction of the revolutionary assembly line, the volume of sales increased dramatically, bringing the cost of the Model T, also known as the "Tin Lizzie," to just $525. 1712: Newcomen's steam engine
Although each separate component of a modern steam engine had already been invented by the year 1712, the first person to tie all of these elements together was Thomas Newcomen, an English blacksmith. The steam engine not only provided an immense source of power and energy, but, along with James Watt's improvements in 1769, also paved the way for the Industrial Revolution and the move from an agrarian society to life in a city.
1876: Telephone
Not realizing the full impact it would have on society, Alexander Graham Bell introduced the first telephone to an amazed audience at America's Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Within a year, Bell had installed 230 phones and established the Bell Telephone Company, which was later transformed into AT&T. In 1997, 643,000,000,000 calls were made by people in the United States alone.
1901: Wireless transmission of a signal
On December 12, 1901, Guglielmo Marconi transmitted the Morse code letter "s" across the Atlantic from Cornwall, England, to St. John's, Newfoundland. This demonstration of wireless transmission eventually paved the way for today's complex global (and interglobal) communications, including radio, radar, and even signals from other planets.
1926: First public demonstration of television
On January 26, 1926, John Logie Baird displayed television for the first time in public at a department store in London. This was the first major step in the advancement of television since Paul Nipkow received a patent on his proposal for a mechanical television system in 1883. By 1993, there were 215 million television sets in the United States alone.
1947: Silicon chip
After ENIAC, the first computer, was invented in 1946, researchers sought a more practical way to perform highly complex calculations. In 1947, three engineers (John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain) demonstrated that it was possible to selectively control the flow of electricity through silicon. This discovery led to the creation of microprocessors and has since paved the way for today's high-speed, efficient computers.
4.Politics and government
1787: Philadelphia Convention published the U.S. Constitution
The signing of the constitution is an unqualified benchmark in United States, and world, history. The constitution's four most important contributions were (1) the electoral process, (2) a system of checks and balances, (3) federalization combined with state control, and (4) protection of individual rights
1804: Napoleon declared himself emperor of France
Almost sixteen years after the French Revolution, monarchy returned to France when Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor; thereafter he was known simply as Napoleon. His Napoleonic Code was a sort of compromise between the aristocratic regime and the revolutionary's egalitarianism, remnants of which are still law in Europe today. He built the largest European empire since the Romans.
1917: Lenin led Bolshevik Revolution
Led by Vladimir I. Lenin, the Bolshevik Revolution finalized the end of Czarist Russia and formed a new nation, the Soviet Union. Lenin moved the capital to Moscow, abolished private property, suppressed organized religion, and nationalized business and industry. He also set the model for totalitarianism in the twentieth century and was an impassioned advocate of the Marxist-Leninist system, which he successfully exported to nearly half the world.
5.Society and culture
1596: Flush toile t
British nobleman John Harington devised the first flushing "water closet," which featured a wooden seat with a cistern and a valve for flushing. However, it wasn't until the nineteenth century when extensive sewage systems were introduced, that the flush toilet became as popular as the outhouse, the chamber pot, and the secluded tree.
1834: Refrigerator
Modern refrigeration was invented by Jacob Perkins, a Massachusetts native residing in London. Perkins's patented machine closely resembles today's refrigerator: a compressed fluid - ether for Perkins, Freon for us - evaporates to cool goods, then re-condenses. Today, fewer than one percent of American homes lack this cool convenience.
1854: Elevator
Elisha Graves Otis demonstrated the world's first safe elevator at an 1854 New York City fair. Like other elevators, Otis's invention ran up and down on a rope coiled around a power-driven drum. However, when Otis had his assistant cut the supporting rope, the public saw Otis's real innovation: a spring that set iron teeth into secure notches when tension in the rope slackened.
1498: Toothbrush
In 1498, the Chinese invented the toothbrush, a row of bristles mounted at right angles to a straight handle. Society has enjoyed cleaner teeth and brighter smiles ever since.
1582: Gregorian calendar
In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII boldly changed the course of history and of timekeeping when he instituted the present-day Christian calendar. The Gregorian calendar chopped ten days off the previously-used Julian calendar, which had been the standard since 46 BC, and switched New Year's Day from March to the first of January. The still-active Gregorian calendar is not quite accurate: it runs twenty-six seconds fast per year.
1714: Mercury thermometer
Daniel Fahrenheit, a German physicist working in Holland, invented the mercury thermometer. This invention was a more accurate temperature gauge than the alcohol-filled thermometer which was popular at the time. Fahrenheit's thermometer had three fixed points: water's freezing point, its boiling point, and the temperature of human blood. This temperature scale is still in use today.
1886: Coca-Cola
John Pemberton, an Atlanta druggist, invented the famous carbonated blend of coca leaf and kola nut in 1886. Pemberton originally marketed his drink as "French wine of Coca - an ideal Nerve Tonic and Stimulant," but today 606 million people choose Coke "just for the taste of it" every day.
6.Philosophy and learning
1088: The first university
The first university with the authority to grant degrees arose in Bologna, Italy from student guilds and societies of scholars seeking protection from an intolerant church and government. Universities in Paris and Oxford were formed shortly thereafter, creating largely secular and democratic centers of learning that began to challenge the beliefs of the church and state, and nurture the development of human thought.
1641: I think, therefore I am
In order to cleanse the palette of widely accepted, though incorrect, philosophical ideas in Europe, Rene Descartes coined the phrase "I think, therefore I am." Searching for the origin of human knowledge, he reasoned that one must start with doubt, instead of faith. He distinguished between the mind and material objects, concluded that the physical universe, aside from God and the human soul, is mechanical (and therefore subject to the laws of mechanics), and invented analytic geometry.
1897: The birth of psychoanalysis
German psychologist Sigmund Freud revolutionized the process of psychoanalysis for the treatment of mental illness. He popularized the concepts of anxiety and repression and introduced the idea of early childhood development of sexual feeling. Although his ideas are highly controversial and impossible to prove, terms such as "Oedipus complex" captured the collective imagination and equipped psychoanalysts with a new school of thought.
7.Art and architecture
1260: The gothic cathedral
Consecrated in 1260, the massive Chartres Cathedral in France marked the highpoint of gothic architecture. Its towering spires could be seen from twenty miles away, and innovations such as tall arcades, a narrow triforium, and a cavalcade of flying buttresses pushed the boundaries of architectural possibility. A popular pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages, the Chartres Cathedral seemed to embody the popular conception of God at that time--dwarfing, unreachable, and unknowable.
1883: First steel framed structure
A new cathedral is born on the cusp of the twentieth century— the skyscraper. The Home Insurance building in Chicago contained the first fireproof steel frame, but the Woolworth building in New York City combined several new technologies, including a set of concrete piers delving into the bedrock below
the waterline, portal arches, and high speed elevators. Mies Van der Roe carried the skyscraper to a whole new aesthetic level using metal and glass to give the monoliths an ethereal sense of lightness and spaciousness.
8.war
1066: Norman Conquest
In 1066, William, duke of Normandy (later William I), led a force of 6,000 men from northern France to defeat King Harold of England in the Battle of Hastings. The Norman Conquest destroyed England's tie to Scandinavia, instead bringing it into close contact with Western Europe. Within England, Norman French became the language of literature and of both the court and upper classes, and had a great effect on the development of the English language.
1775-1781: American Revolutionary War
The Thirteen Colonies' successful war of independence from Great Britain led to the creation of the United States and the establishment of the modern democratic style of government. The Revolution had a great influence on liberal thought throughout Europe, inspiring revolutions in France, and later, in Spain's American colonies.
1861-1865: American Civil War
The American Civil War erupted when southern states seceded from the Union in order to form their own nation. The North's ultimate victory preserved the Union, abolished slavery, and granted citizenship to newly freed slaves. The Civil War also marked the economic and political ascendancy of the rapidly industrializing states of the North.
1939-1945: World War II
World War II involved every major power in the world and was the costliest war in history. The conflict resulted from the rise of totalitarian, militaristic regimes after World War I. Modern methods of warfare, including the first use of nuclear weapons--together with Germany's attempt to exterminate entire religious and ethnic groups (particularly the Jews)-- killed tens of millions. Political consequences included the reduction of Britain and France to powers of lesser rank, the birth of the United Nations, and the beginning of the Cold War.
1095-1192: Crusades (One through Three)
The Crusades, profoundly altering European history, were a series of attacks organized by Western Christians in order to take control of the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim powers. Although they generally failed in their chief
purpose, the Crusades exercised an immense influence on Western civilization by bringing the West into closer contact with new ways of living and thinking--stimulating commerce, giving fresh impetus to literature and invention, and increasing geographical knowledge.
1799-1815: Napoleonic Wars
With Napoleon in a position of absolute power, France fought the shifting alliances of other European nations for territory. France enjoyed a short domination over most of Europe, during which Napoleon instituted many administrative and legal reforms. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon's empire disintegrated, stimulating movements for national unification.
1914-1917: World War I
The underlying causes of World War I were the imperialist, territorial, and economic rivalries of the great powers. It was the advent of "total war," in which civilians became legitimate targets, and use of modern weaponry made the war one of the bloodiest in history, with an estimated ten million killed. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles changed the face of Europe and the Middle East while the harsh terms imposed on Germany set the stage for World War II.
1950-1953: Korean War
The conflict between communist and non-communist forces in Korea was the first war fought under international authority (the United Nations) and the first post-nuclear war. Ending in a stalemate, the Korean War clarified the lines of the Cold War between democracy and Communism and intensified the arms race between the United States and Russia.
9.Music and literature
1955: Rock and roll
With his speedy, spiced-up version of rhythm and blues, Chuck Berry combined all the essential ingredients of rock 'n' roll and delivered them to the mainstream audience. Juiced up with double-string guitar licks and a witty lyricism that appealed to postwar youth, his sassy and energetic Maybelline skyrocketed to number five on the Billboard charts. Elvis Presley burst upon the scene shortly thereafter - adding the moves, charisma, and sensuality that caused nationwide hysteria. Rock 'n' roll was born.
1387: Tales from the trail
Geoffrey Chaucer begins work on The Canterbury Tales--the story of a storytelling contest amongst a group of pilgrims traveling to a shrine in Canterbury. Chaucer's exploration of the young Middle English language
profoundly influenced the development of English literature; his tales, ranging from the terrifyingly bleak to the raucous and bawdy, exhibited a keen perception of the human condition.
1795: Sense and Sensibility
Jane Austen expanded the novel's range in subject matter as the first to write about average people in everyday situations. Although not the first novelist (Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding beat her to it), her writing exhibited a shrewd mastery of the form. Austen's works have had mass appeal, proving that daily life for women at the close of the eighteenth century was every bit an adventure and a battlefield.
三、名言Old sayings
Get new insights through reviewing old materials---Confucius
*(孔子：Confucius)
Get twice the result with half the effort
Kill two birds with one stone.
Tough time does not last long, but tough people do.
Don’t part with your illusio ns. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. ------Mark Twain 不要放棄你的幻想。當幻想沒有了以後，你還可以生存，但是你雖生猶死。Man errs so long as strives.-----Johann Wolfgang Goethe,German poet and dramatist 人只要奮鬥就會犯錯誤。
Where there is a will, there is a way.--------Thomas Edison 有志者，事竟成。
Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired, and success achieved. ------Helen Keller 要使性格有所發展並非簡單之事，只有通過艱難
和困苦的磨練才能使心靈強化，視野開闊，雄心振奮，從而達到成功的目的。
Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.-----William Shakespeare 美德是勇敢的，善良從來無所畏懼。
Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
----Francis Bacon 歷史使人明智；詩詞使人靈秀；數學使人周密；自然哲學使人深邃；倫理使人莊重；邏輯修辭學使人善辯。
Never too old to learn.
------Thomas Middleton, British writer 活到老學到老。
The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant.
---Rene Descartes, French philosopher/mathematician。
All happy families are like one another; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. ------Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer 所有幸福的家庭都十分相似；而每個不幸的家庭各有自不幸。Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.
------Charles Bernard French philosopher 經驗是智慧之父，記憶是智慧之母。
Knowledge is power. Francis Bacon 知識就是力量。Experience is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him. -------Aldous Leonard HuxleyAmerican writer 經驗不會從天降；經驗只有通過實踐才能獲得。
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. --------Voltaire, French writer 我不同意你說的話，但是我願意誓死捍衛你說話的權利。
Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth. -----Aristotle,
Ancient Greek philosopher 吾愛吾師，吾更愛真理。Imagination is more important than knowledge. -------Albert Einstein 想像力比知識更為重要。
Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect. -----William Shakespeare 不要只因一次失敗，就放棄你原來決心想達到的目的。
I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man. I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world.Thomas Edison 我想揭示大自然的秘密，用來造福人類。認為，在我們的短暫一生中，最好的貢獻莫過於此了。
It is at our mother’s knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest ideals, but there is seldom any money in them.Mark Twain 就是在我們母親的膝上，我們獲得了我們的最高尚、最真誠和最遠大的理想，但是裡面很少有任何金錢。
The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully have been kindness, beauty and truth. ----Albert Einstein 有些理想曾為我引過道路，並不斷給我新的勇氣以欣然面對人生，那些理想就是—真、善、美。The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.Franklin Roosevelt 實現明天理想的唯一障礙是今天的疑慮。If you have great talents, industry will improve them; if you have but moderate abilities, industry will supply their deficiency.Joshuas Reynolds, American female essayist 如果你很有天賦，勤勉會使其更加完善；如果你能力一般，勤勉會補足其缺陷。My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we
can do for the freedom of man.John Kennedy美國同胞們，不要問國家能為你們做些什麼，而要問你們能為國家做些什麼。全世界的公民們，不要問美國將為你們做些什麼，而要問我們共同能為人類的自由做些什麼。
Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.Thomas Edison 有所成就是人生唯一的真正的樂趣。
Success covers a multitude of blunders.George Bernard Shaw 成功由大量的失誤鑄成。
You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success.Charles Chaplin 人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。
A light heart lives long.William Shakespeare 豁達者長壽。
Bitter pills may have blessed effects.Anonymous 良藥苦口利於病。Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body. M.T. Cicero,Ancient Roman orator and statesman 心靈上的疾病比身體上的疾病更危險。
The first wealth is health.Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker 健康是人生第一財富。
All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.Voltaire, French thinker 人世間所有的榮華富貴不如一個好朋友。
Beggars do not envy millionaires, though of course they will envy other beggars who are more successful.Bertrand Russell 乞丐並不羡慕百萬富翁，儘管他們一定會羡慕比他們乞討得多的乞丐。
It is good to have money to buy things that money can buy, but it is better not to lose things money cannot buy.George H Lorimer, American journalist 有錢去買能買得到的東西當然不錯，但是不丟失用金錢買不到的東西更好。
Money is a good servant and a bad master.Francis Bacon 金錢是善僕，也是惡主。
No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources.Frankin Roosevelt 任何一個國家，不管它多麼富裕，都浪費不起人力資源。
A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man enjoy in this world.Joseph Addison, American writer 知足是人生在世最大的幸事。
The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.Vitor Hugo 生活中最大的幸福是堅信有人愛我們。
Do you love life? Then do not squander time; for that’s the stuff life is made of.Benjamin Franklin 你熱愛生命嗎？那麼，別浪費時間，因為生命是由時間組成的。
Never leave that until tomorrow, which you can do today. Benjamin Franklin 今天的事不要拖到明天。
The time of life is short, to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.William Shakespeare 人生苦短，若虛度年華，則短暫的人生就太長了。
To choose time is to save time. Francis Bacon 合理安排時間是節約時間。
Liberty is the only thing you cannot have unless you give it to others.William A. White, American journalist 自由就是這樣的東西，不給予別人，你自己也無法得到。
Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant of rapid growth. George Washington 自由一旦生根，便是株迅猛生長的植物。Smokers and nonsmokers cannot be equally free in the same railway carriage.George Bernard Shaw 吸煙者和不吸煙者在同一節車廂裡無法享受同樣的自由。
A good laugh is sunshine in a house.William Makepeace Thackeray,British novelist 令人愉快的歡笑是房間裡的陽光。
He that travels far knows much.John Ray, British scientist 遠行者見聞多。
I never consider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.Albert Einstein 我從來不認為安逸和歡樂就是生活本身的目的。
In almost every face and every person, they may discover fine
gre作文算总分吗 GRE作文虽然分数单独计算，不计入总分，但并不代表这六分的含金量就不如其他部分的分数。相反，很多学校，都会特别对作文分数提出单独的标准，因为作文水平往往体现了考生的逻辑思维能力，重要性不容小觑。从某种程度上来说，作文才是GRE考试的精华部分——因为GRE考的就是逻辑，用英语写两篇作文只是形式而已，主要目的就是考察考生的逻辑分析水平。 因此，在准备GRE作文时，最重要的一个步骤就在于熟悉题库和认真准备提纲。对于立论文(Issue)而言，自己动手拟一份完整的提纲是很有必要的，当然可以参考各种资料，但必须勤动脑，想一想提纲的逻辑连续性。实际上，有偏向性、但又不要绝对化的思路才是最易上手的。对于驳论文(Argument)而言，熟悉题库更为重要。很多人觉得一个题目拿过来随便就能挑出五六个错误。正常情况下也许的确如此，但也有些难题若不事先好好准备，五分钟之内能找出两个错误都不太容易。写驳论文有很多小窍门，如需要锻炼出区别“事实”和“观点”的能力，不论题目中所给的事实有多夸张都需要默认其正确性，只能攻击观点中的逻辑漏洞;凡是跟统计数字、统计方法有关的逻辑错误都尽量不要攻击，最多只能一笔带过等等。至于作文的语言，其实要求并不太高，只要通顺、没有语法错误就可以了。 GRE写作初期备考的重点 一、首先是重心问题
对于时间不是很够的考友来说，把argument放在首位会是比较好的选择，毕竟argument和issue比较更注重思想，而这刚好是中国学生的强项，比较容易在短期之内收到成效。所以中国学生的argument一般也会比issue高出0.5到1分。这个时候的策略应该是保argu争issue 而对于时间比较充裕的考友们来说，开始时候可以从issue下手，比方说现在开始练习作文的10G朋友们，可以把argument缓一缓，因为这个在短期之内还是比较容易提高的。而且先解决对语言比较高的issue之后，用issue的语言来对付argu就会觉得非常的爽。不会觉得没有话说。 确定重心之后下面就进入较为实质性的阶段了，要说提高写作的途径是什么，千变万变离不开的前提就是多读多写，也就是多积累多练习。离开了本质一切所谓的技巧都只是空中楼阁。 那么问题来了，如何积累如何练习呢? 这个问题很同意kizen的看法，一上来就狂写的人总是不够理智的，特别是在写第一遍issue和第一篇argument的时候会觉得很难受。AW真正提高的部分还是在你写作的过程中，但是在此之前看一定量的书还是很必要的。 我个人的观点是，积累到一定的量之后写几篇，从写的几篇中找自己最薄弱最需要加强的部分然后想办法解决，最后一个月左右进行模考训练，熟悉完题库和范文及作文要求以后可以尝试着写一篇然后找一下差距，语言和例子在之前积累了更好，但是如果积累不足的话也可以先写一篇然后跟范文对照一下找一下不足，然后改进，在准备的过
热泪盈眶的GRE简体中文版来源：潘星宇的日志 这帖不转载真对不起自己。题目出得太好了，太好了，太好了！ GPA虽说不完美，但毕竟是大学四年成绩的统计数据，以此衡量学术基础足矣；国内考研，想想不过是挑几门课（有的课还没用）让大家突击个半年一年，再来次一考定终身……考虑国内现状承认有其暂态合理性，但一定是不科学的。况且对中国的苦孩子们，高考之类不仅痛苦而且没多大后续意义的独木桥，走一次新鲜新鲜，知道人生不易，也就够了。 相比GRE确实有很多值得借鉴的地方。GRE合理性在于它可算门素质考试，测试的是长期积累的文化底蕴和长期形成的思维方式，并以此作为学术潜力的指标。不过它的载体是英文和西方文化，所以某种意义上对中国考生是不公平的。 庆幸的是，在勤劳勇敢善良的中国人民面前，不仅语言和文化障碍变得可征服，而且GRE 针对长期的素质考察沦为可突击…… 之所以转这贴，原帖作者不是纯恶搞，而是真正把握了GRE的神韵，把语言和文化背景换成了汉语。汉语级别也够狠，很解气~ 强帖如下：原文：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/blog/118523294/394981703 【前言】 喵，这是猫家准备GRE期间智慧的结晶，带着怨念和放松的心态在不知不觉中凑齐了大部分题目，并且终于在考完G后的一天写好了长阅读，完成了这完整的38道题目。 我已经尽自己的全力高度模拟GRE的命题方式，并把其中不适合用中文来表现的部分加以转化（如中文中还在流通的生僻字数量不多且意义晦涩，因此引入了成语和俗语对应GR E的高难度英语词汇）。这一套题目除了娱乐以外，由于其高度模仿性，还具有让不熟悉G RE的人对GRE命题方式进行一定了解的作用。 这次的作品不同于以往，它不是一部恶搞试题，所以我非常希望有人可以认真地把它读完并对其中的部分或全部题目进行尝试。在杀G工程结束后献给大家，也算是对后辈们的一种激励，希望每个人都能够实现属于自己的梦想！ —————————————————————————————————————— 【GRE命题原则，以及我的原则】 （1）词汇难度极高，各种较低词频的词汇和词汇的低频含义都会在类反题目中出现。考生需正确理解词汇在题目中的含义 （2）到目前为止，GRE所考察的生僻单词或熟悉单词的偏僻含义，都是现实生活中还在应用的，不考察过时或已经废除的古英语。因此本套题目的主考内容中，不涉及现在已停止流通的古汉语词汇或文言句式 （3）类反题目对词汇含义要求把握精准，并拥有韦氏词典作为权威的参考标准。本套试题中词汇的含义一切以最新版的现代汉语词典为准；反义部分除了直接反义外，两个词汇或短语在某个层面构成对立亦算作反义
gre写作满分是多少分呢 为了帮助大家备考gre。了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来gre写作满分是多少分呢，希望大家喜欢。gre写作满分是多少分呢 gre作文满分为6分，以0.5分为最小计分单位，作文成绩单独计算，不计入语文数学部分的总分，对于大部分学校来说，4.5分左右的作文成绩就已经是比较好的分数，部分文科类专业也可能要求更高的分数。 以下是gre写作的评分点介绍： (1) complexity:事物的两面性(同一事物有优点就有缺点，相比较的事物有各自的优缺点)，从多角度分析事物(分析不同领域中，不同情况下)。论点一边倒的文章论述得再好也只能得5分。 (2) insightful position：在有全面深刻理解的基础上，观点最好新颖独到(对ets来说)，但必须保证能自圆其说。 (3) conveys meaning skillfully:可用于论证的一切技巧(估计老美自己用起来也得费点心思)。比如文章的行文方向，起承转合不用明显的标志词(first, second, however, on the other hand, the second example illustrating my point)，而是依靠论述的内在脉络(只可意会不可言传)自然而然的引
到下一块内容。 (4) compelling reasons(reason就已经够令人头疼的了，有加了个compelling)：这是最重要的一个得分点。 (5) persuasive examples：用来支持reason的，使抽象的reason更具体，更易被读者理解，从而产生共鸣，或使其更可信，更有说服力。可用的例子有自己的经历，引言。 GRE考试作文评分标准GRE考试作文评分标准 (6) well-focused:简单说就是不跑题。中心论点明确，全文不跑题;各段主题句明确，围绕主题句论述。 (7) well-organized：文章采用的论述结构，分几个部分论述，每部分有几段，各部分、各段间的关系是什么。 (8) connecting ideas logically：using transitional phrases起承转合词，过渡句，或有此种作用的句子，总之起到help organize the ideas and move the argument forward。 以上就是关于gre写作满分多少以及评分点的解读，希望大家可以好好备考! 1、结论无据(gratuitous assumption) The author falsely depends on gratuitousassumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to supportthis assumption.
GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业，由美国教育考试服务处（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办... ... GRE到底Skr啥？ 几乎每天都有同学 变着花样追问新一这个问题 并且对于度娘给到上述的答案 表示强烈不满 所以今天新一决定 换一个完全不一样的方式—— 关于考试范围、考试难度等等问题 如何直观的进行界定呢？ “不如就把把GRE考试翻译成中文， 让泥萌一次感受个明明白白！” 来吧，最强GRE科普模拟考
现在开始！！ 第一部分：填空题 请在甲、乙、丙、丁、戊五个选项中，选择最合适的一项填入题目的空白中，使句子的逻辑通顺且符合常理。 1、祖冲之末年于建康任谒者仆射期间________ 数年，终于继计算圆周率之后，在那段硝烟弥漫的艰苦岁月中发明了千里船、水碓磨。 （甲）惨淡经营 （乙）搜肠刮肚 （丙）苦思冥想 （丁）枕戈待旦 （戊）形销骨立 2、退一步说，雍正皇帝的诸如________ 地征税充盈国库、严查并打击科举舞弊等行为是客观存在的，但即便如此，它们并不能掩盖这位帝王是一个________ 的人物的事实。（甲）暴戾 ...... 昏庸无能 （乙）残戮 ...... 雷厉风行 （丙）高效 ...... 具有争议 （丁）积极 ...... 家喻户晓 （戊）懈怠 ...... 精明能干
3、长沙市的那一场惨烈的车祸，到底还是未能如那些事发现场的处理者们当初之预期一般，在事件的收尾结束一段时日之后为当地居民们所________ 。而________ 的是，浙江人茶余饭后的谈资中至今仍包含着几个月前发生在杭州的相似事故。 （甲）铭记 ...... 预料之中 （乙）窥探 ...... 令人生畏 （丙）忽视 ...... 迥然相异 （丁）觊觎 ...... 与此矛盾 （戊）淡忘 ...... 无独有偶 第二部分：类比题 请在甲、乙、丙、丁、戊五个选项中，选择与题目所给的两个词之逻辑关系最相近的一组 4、门闩：封闭 （甲）纺车：旋转 （乙）毛毽：蹴鞠 （丙）水银胆：保温 （丁）琴弓：弹奏 （戊）镇静剂：麻醉 5、犊：野牛
新GRE分数换算对照表 新GRE考试结束以后，就是10—15天等待新GRE成绩的时间了，许多考生在此期间还不太清楚新GRE分数换算的方法。由于改革后计分方式发生了改变，所以我们非常有必要了解新老GRE分数对照表。天道小编整理了新GRE成绩换算一览表，给广大考生作为参考： Verbal Reasoning Concordance Table
Quantitative Reasoning Concordance Table
我们取得什么样的新GRE分数就可以取得美国大学进行学习呢? 现在，去美国接受先进教育已经成为热潮，吸引着越来越多的人加入出国留学这个队伍。天道留学专家指出，申请就读美国大学，GRE成绩最好达到1100分以上，而申请奖学金，则必须达到1200~1300分。 名牌大学竞争更加激烈，GRE成绩则最好达到1300分以上;如果申请常春藤院校，即便是GRE接近满分也不一定会被录取，因为这些大学看重的是综合素质，更看重学生的能力，学生的在校成绩(GPA)、参与的社会活动、所获奖项等也是重要的考核标准。此外，有的院校会给出他们往年录取的学生的GRE、GPA、托福成绩等各项成绩的平均分，对于申请人来说，可以作为重要参考。 据美国教育机构了解，对我国考生而言，如果语文、数学、分析性写作三部分的分数分别在800分、800分和5分以上，1300分以上就算是比较高的分数了。另外，即使在同一研究生院中，各系对GRE成绩的要求也各不相同。一些热门专业，例如电子技术、计算机和自动控制等专业，由于申请者很多，即使GRE成绩高达1300分，也有可能被拒绝。而某些理科专业，如数学、化学、物理及生物等，申请者的GRE成绩只有1100分，却也很有希望被优秀大学录取，如果综合条件优秀的话也可能获得全额奖学金。 根据上述的新GRE分数换算表格，我们可以查看美国大学要求的新GRE分数是多少，不管是对老GRE成绩还是新GRE成绩的要求，都可以通过新老gre分数对照表来清楚理解。希望考生们认真复习老师，取得理想的GRE成绩。 原文地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/knowledge/119345.html 资料参考：新gre分数换算https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/
derivative / di5rivEtiv/ a. 引出的,系出的 Reductive / ri5dQktiv/ a. 减少的,还原的 SUBTLE / 5sQbtl/ a. 敏感的,精细的,狡猾的,微妙的, hesitant / 5hezitEnt/ a. 迟疑的,踌躇的,犹豫不定的 believe / bi5li:v/ vt.vi. 相信 satiric / sE5tirik/ a. 讽刺的,挖苦的 mockery / 5mRkEri/ n. 嘲弄,笑柄,蔑视 confound / kEn5faund/ vt. 使混淆,使狼狈,挫败 enduring / in5djuEriN/ a. 持久的,忍耐的 novelty / 5nRvElti/ n. 新奇,新鲜,新奇的事物 persistent / pE(:)5sistEnt/ a. 固执的,坚持的,持续的changeless / 5tFeindVlis/ a. 不变的,固定不变的,固定的 eerie / 5iEri/ a. 怪诞的,可怕的,奇异的,不安的 suspectable / sE5spektEbl/ a. 有嫌疑的,可疑的,值得怀疑的convincing / kEn5vinsiN/ a. 使人信服的,有力的,令人心悦诚服的incorporated // adj. 1 结合[合并,并入] 的 clarification / klArEfE5keiFEn/ n. 澄清,净化 envy / 5envi/ n. 羡慕,嫉妒 enmity / 5enmiti/ n. 敌意,憎恨 paramount / 5pArEmaunt/ n. 首长,最高当局 laudable / 5lR:dEbl/ a. 值得赞赏的,值得佩服的,动人的negligible / 5neglidVEbl/ a. 可以忽略的,不足取的,无用的impressive / im5presiv/ a. 给人深刻印象的,感人的predisposition / / n. 易患病的体质 resistance / ri5zistEns/ n. 抵抗力,反抗,耐力,反抗行动, malady / 5mAlEdi/ n. 病,疾病,弊病 easily / 5i:zili/ ad. 容易地,轻易地,流利地 difficult / 5difikElt/ a. 困难的 Actuate / 5AktFueit/ vt. 开动,促使,激励 disruptive / dis5rQptiv/ adj. 1 引起瓦解的,分裂(性) 的; 引起混trigger / 5trigE/ n. 触发器,板机,制滑机 criticize / 5kritisaiz/ vt.vi. 批评,吹毛求疵,非难 subvert / sEb5vE:t/ vt. 推翻,颠覆,毁灭 cutting / 5kQtiN/ n. 切断,切下,开凿 increasing / / vbl. 增加 harmful / 5ha:mful/ a. 有害的,伤害的 ossified / 5Rsifaid/ adj. 1 已硬化的; 已钙化的 originality / E5ridVi5nAliti/ n. 创意,新奇,原始 repudiate / ri5pjudieit/ vt. 离婚,抛弃,拒绝履行,拒付, shape / Feip/ n. 形状,形态,外形,身材,形式 encomium / en5koumjEm/ n. 赞辞,称赞,赞美
GRE考试语文VERBAL算分方式标准详细介绍 新gre阅读考试算分简介 新GRE阅读考试分数不像其他考试的计算方法，利用的是答对题得分不扣分的方式。新GRE 算分方法有助于避免现行考试中多做对一道题导致分数差十分这样局面产生，让分数计算更加精准更加合理。 新GRE阅读考试的算分方式 新GRE的计分方式主要的变化在于文字推理(Verbal Reasoning，以下简称“语文”)和数量推理(Quantitative Reasoning，以下简称“数学”)部分，分区区间为130分-170分，最小分数段为1分，评分尺度为41个分数级。作为语文中包含的一个主要部分的阅读考试，同样遵循这一记分规则。 新老GRE算分变化的含义 老GRE计分方式最小分数段为10分，分数值间跳跃幅度过大，调查发现，这会夸大两个考生水平的真实差距。比如，面对一个640分的考生和一个650分的考生，招生人员会感觉两者水平有着明显的差异，但事实上两人的分数只相差了一个分数级。 新GRE计分方式最小分数段为1分，可以有效的避免这种心理上的错觉，更加客观的反映考生的真实水平。 以上就是关于新GRE阅读考试记分规则的介绍，希望能够帮助各位考生清晰地明白新GRE阅读考试评分标准，在平时复习和模考时精确估算出自己的成绩，更有针对性的进行考试准备和规划。 GRE阅读：利用文章结构来解题 1. 结论-解释型(也叫论点-解释型) 2. 新老观点对比型 3. 现象解释型(包含问题-解决方案型) 首先是“结论-解释型”文章。这类文章在开始有一个判断句，一般是文章的结论，也是文章的主题。这个判断句的谓语部分通常包含系动词(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情态动词(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示态度的词汇(如形容词等)。例如， Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field
2010年1月23日TR1001 GRE写作新东方万泉河校区修锐 GRE写作共有243篇ISSUE，242篇ARGUMENT GRE将会改革，取消Verbal部分，数学变难。但2010年将会维持题型不变，且ETS将会提前半年通知题型改革。 相关网站： https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/ GRE官网，可以查询考试信息，作文题目已经全部给出 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/ GRE报名网站 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/xiuissue修锐老师的博客，提供资料下载，并且会回答同学们的提问 论坛： https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/太傻论坛https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html,/寄托天下论坛，商业气息相对较淡 ISSUE和ARGUMENT简介 （ISSUE图:一个脑袋，左边、右边分别是魔鬼、天使；ARGUMENT：一个红色与蓝色的小人辨论） ISSUE，就是unsettled matter（未解决难题），无准确答案；是Analytical writing test，考察Physical thinking；应熟悉写作题目及其翻译；写作题目的顺序：网络通用顺序 ARGUMENT，即找错，反驳观点； 什么是ISSUE？ Persuasive writing/辩证的立论文。注意：没有正确的观点，只有合理的观点。要注意perspective角度，不同观点、角度均合理。 例如：（图：维纳斯与爱因斯坦）美丽与智慧，你想要哪一个？ *If you were a supermodel… *If you were a physicist… *If you were a New Oriental teacher… 再例：喜洋洋和灰太狼，你喜欢哪一个？
你的GRE分数能上哪个等级的学校? 本文整理了四类等级的美国大学，分别是美国TOP20大学、美国TOP50大学、美国TOP80大学和美国TOP120大学对GRE等成绩的要求。 一、美国TOP20大学对GRE等成绩的要求 一般TOP20的院校不仅是美国名校了，更可以称之为世界名校，申请这类美国大学GPA要达到3.8以上，TOEFL要达到105分以上，GRE330分以上或GMAT720分以上。 推荐学校： 哈佛大学Harvard University 普林斯顿大学Princeton University 耶鲁大学Yale University 哥伦比亚大学Columbia University 芝加哥大学University of Chicago 麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technology 斯坦福大学Stanford University 杜克大学Duke University 宾夕法尼亚大学University of Pennsylvania 加州理工学院California Institute of Technology 二、美国TOP50大学对GRE等成绩的要求 虽然名次看起来并不是突出，但是在TOP50的院校中有一些中国学生十分青睐的学校，例如纽约大学等，所以申请这类美国大学GPA要达到3.5以上，TOEFL要达到90分以上，GRE320分以上或GMAT650分以上。 推荐学校： 范德堡大学Vanderbilt University 威斯康星大学-麦迪逊 University of Wisconsin-Madison 华盛顿大学-圣路易斯Washington University in St. Louis 纽约大学New York University
GRE考试内容，你了解多少 想要取得GRE考试高分就要对GRE考试内容了如指掌，然后各个突破。GRE考试中间经历一次改革，所以新GRE考试发生了一些改变。下面，小编先从整体上介绍了一下新GRE考试的变化，然后具体介绍新GRE考试内容以及各个题型突破方法，供大家参考。 一、新GRE考试的变化 1. 考试内容的变化 去掉了GRE的类比反义部分，在阅读和填空部分增加了新题型，数学考试部分引入了一些生活场景题。填空部分增加了段落填空题和对应填空题。总的来说这种变化更加强调考生运用逻辑推理的认知能力。 2. 考试形式的变化 形式采用机考，语文、数学、写作三个部分一天内全部考完。考试界面将变得非常友好，新增修改功能，在数学部分增加在线计算器功能。 3. 计分方式的变化 之前的GRE语文和数学每部分是800分，总分是1600分，而新GRE语文和数学每部分是170，总分是340分，作文还是6。 二、新GRE考试内容简介
1. 考试结构 2. 考试流程 新的GRE考试总耗时约为3小时45分钟，外加考生中场休息时间，共有6个部分。 最先考的是写作，其中包含两项计时写作任务(Issue和Argument); 接下来就是两个语文部分和两个数学部分(其中一个部分不算分数); 最后是研究考试部分。研究考试部分之前会有一个10分钟的休息，其余各个部分之间只有1分钟的间隔。 3. 考试要求 (1) 分析性写作 写作部分将重点考察考生有针对性地对具体考题做出反应的能力，而非要求考生堆砌泛泛的文字。具体说来，这些重点关注的能力包括： ?清楚有效地阐明复杂观点 ?用贴切的事理和事例支撑观点
?考察/验证他人论点及其相关论证 ?支撑一个有针对性的连贯的讨论 ?控制标准书面英语的各个要素。 (2) 语文部分 ?分析和评估书面材料，综合材料信息; ?理解词、句和文章的内涵; ?理解不同单词之间、不同概念之间的关系。 (3) 数学部分 ?基本的数学技能; ?对算数、代数和几何的基本数学概念的理解; ?数据分析。 三、新GRE考试各部分详解 A. 分析性写作 1. 概述 (1) 新GRE的分析性写作科目包括Issue和Argument两部分，Issue要求考生根据答题指导剖析一个论题，Argument要求考生分析一篇推理论证类的短文，找出其中的逻辑疏漏并加以评析。 (2) 每篇作文三十分钟，没有字数要求，一般需要写到四百个单词以上。 (3) 两篇作文均有题库，Issue为149篇，Argument174篇，考试会从题库里出原题。
GRE作文评分标准介绍 GRE作文包括issue和argument两部分，总分为6分，以下是GRE作文评分的一些标准，希望能给广大GRE考生带来一些帮助。 (1) complexity:事物的两面性(同一事物有优点就有缺点，相比较的事物有各自的优缺点)，从多角度分析事物(分析不同领域中，不同情况下)。论点一边倒的文章论述得再好也只能得5分。 (2) insightful position：在有全面深刻理解的基础上，观点新颖独到(对ets来说)，但必须保证能自圆其说。 (3) conveys meaning skillfully:可用于论证的一切技巧(估计老美自己用起来也得费点心思)。比如文章的行文方向，起承转合不用明显的标志词(first, second, however, on the other hand, the second example illustrating my point)，而是依靠论述的内在脉络(只可意会不可言传)自然而然的引到下一块内容。 (4) compelling reasons(reason就已经够令人头疼的了，有加了个compelling)：这是最重要的一个得分点。 (5) persuasive examples：用来支持reason的，使
抽象的reason更具体，更易被读者理解，从而产生共鸣，或使其更可信，更有说服力。可用的例子有自己的经历，引言。 (6) well-focused:简单说就是不跑题。中心论点明确，全文不跑题;各段主题句明确，围绕主题句论述。 (7) well-organized：文章采用的论述结构，分几个部分论述，每部分有几段，各部分、各段间的关系是什么。 (8) connecting ideas logically：using transitional phrases起承转合词，过渡句，或有此种作用的句子，总之起到help organize the ideas and move the argument forward。 (9) 跟着感觉走没错。 (10) 不要罗嗦，表达简洁。但如果以上几点做得好，这缺点可以忽略不计。 (11) 基本上挺难，但不影响大局，为避免重复大胆的用你想用的词，阅卷人能理解。 (12) sentence variety：长短句结合，ets藐视总用短句的人：Since most of the sentences are short and choppy, the ideas they try to communicate are also choppy. (13) 还有语法错误等等，小毛病，先把上面的问题解决好在理它吧。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9d15482813.html, GRE考试满分多少 GRE考试满分多少，对于参加GRE考试的同学们来说，GRE考试满分可不是那么容易就能够拿到的，在同学们想拿到新GRE分数满分之前先要了解新GRE满分是多少，下面小编就详细为考生介绍就新GRE满分到底是多少。 新GRE满分是多少，新GRE考试考试包括哪几部分? 新GRE考试包括：Verbal(语文)、Quantitative(数学)和Analytical Writing(逻辑写作)三部分，GRE为北美研究生入学考试，适用于除法律(LSAT)与部分商业(GMAT)的各专业。考试分两种：一是General Test，二是Subject Test.一般申请人考的都是general test. 新GRE分数满分是多少? 语文和数学分别是800满分，总分1600;写作满分6分。 新GRE分数满分是多少分? 语文和数学是170，作文还是6，总分为170+170+6. GRE考多少分算是比较好的成绩? 「1」GRE考试：verbal 800 数学 800 作文6.0 所以考试总分一共是1600+6.0; 「2」关于成绩： 1200以上出国就没问题了关于好成绩： 1400+; 想要考取1400以上的分数，还是很有难度的。难度主要在verbal，需要600+，数学基本780以上(有大量满分)，作文4以上。 新GRE分数满分是多少，新GRE考试考察哪些方面? 一般能力考试(General Test)主要是考察考生的基本英语能力以及对英语各方面知识的深度和广度的掌握。它包括三部分： 第一部分为分析性写作部分(Analytical Writing)，包括两个任务，分别要求应试者对一个问题发表个人的观点(Issue Task)和分析一个论点(Argument Task)。写作部分满分为6分，一般能够达到4.5就非常不错了; 第二部分为词汇(Verbal)部分。该部分内容很广泛，涉及天文、地理、人文、科学、艺术、政治及历史等领域; 第三部分为数学(Quantitative)部分。该部分皆为数理上的基本问题，包括几何、代数、统计图表、智力测验等方面，主要目的在于测验考生基本数学的潜在能力和对数理方面问题的理解判断及推理反应能力。题目难易和深浅程度，有时取决于考生对于题目叙述与说明的理解。 准备一场GRE考试，唯一的目的就是考出自己满意的成绩，最好能高分通过申请学校的分数要求，这样对于入学后会有一定的优势。新GRE满分到底是多少，以上即是相关介绍，相信各位同学们通过上文能够有一定的了解了吧。
新GRE考试多少分算高分?新GRE满分分数是多少?以及考多少分能进怎样的学校的标准是什么?据悉，在GRE考试中GRE分数320+才有希望申请一些相对好一些的学校。如果想申请奖学金，则必须达到325分—330分以上，而申请名牌大学则更加激烈。大家如果想知道更加详细的介绍，还不来看： GRE分数满分划分标准：170+170+6，语文(Verbal)和数学(Quantitative)是170分，作文(Analytical Writing)还是6分。Verbal(词汇)与Quantitative(数学)部分为笔试，Analytical Writing(分析性写作)为机考。 GRE考核能力 GRE词汇部分，即语言能力的考察强调高级认知能力，力求更加深入并且真实地反映考生理解阅读材料并运用推理能力的情况。 GRE数学部分，关注数学概念，但是将引入更多的生活场景并且更加突出对考生解读数字的能力的考察。 GRE写作部分，重点考察考生有针对性地对具体考题做出反应的能力，而非要求考生堆砌泛泛的文字。 新的GRE满分是170+170+6，新GRE是从2011.8.1开始实施的。原来的GRE的满分成绩是800+800+6，美国院校对新的GRE分数要求： 综合排名在前50的学校要求分数是280-290，排名前100的学校分数要求是260-270左右。 当然你的GRE分数越高，对你的申请越有利。 新GRE多少分算高分?同学校的不同专业对GRE要求不一样，中国学生的成绩在310~320的多一些，属于一般的成绩。但是320+才有希望申请一些相对好一些的学校。如果想申请奖学金，则必须达到325分—330分以上，而申请名牌大学则更加激烈。如果而且你是文科，GRE的成绩要求会比理工科类高一些。 会看中国上的学校，985和211申请有一些优势，部分学校比较明显，部分学校不太明显。自学可以，GRE是一项考验耐力的工程，阅读、填空技巧性比较强，对逻辑要求相当高。 对于申请来说，北美大多数学校对具体分数未作明文规定，此外，GRE分数仅仅是入学申请的一个参考因素，并非决定因素。不同的专业申请要求也不相同，一些热门专业，例如电子技术、计算机和自动控制等专业，由于申请者很多，即使GRE成绩非常高，也有可能被拒绝。相反，某些理科专业，如数学、化学、物理及生物等，申请者的GRE
-以aunt结尾 daunt v．使胆怯，使畏缩 dauntless adj．勇敢的，无畏的 undaunted adj．不屈不挠的，无畏的 flaunt v．炫耀，张扬 gaunt adj．憔悴的，瘦削的 haunt v．常到，（鬼魂）出没。（事情）萦绕心头n．常去的地方haunting adj．不易忘怀的 jaunt v．短程旅游 jaunty adj．愉快的，满足的 taunt v．嘲笑，讥笑 vaunt v．吹嘘，炫耀 -安慰,缓和 alleviate v．缓和，减轻 assuage v．缓和，减轻 cushion n．坐垫v．减轻，缓和 mitigate v．减轻，缓和 palliate v．减轻（痛苦），掩饰（罪行） palliation n．减轻，缓和 salve n．药膏，v．减轻，缓和 appease v．使平静，安抚 conciliate v．安抚，调和 conciliation n．安慰，安抚 console v．安慰，抚慰 consolation n．安慰，慰藉 mollify v．安慰，安抚 reassure v．使安心，安慰 reassurance n．安慰（的话），放心 solace n．安慰．慰藉 soothe v.缓和,使安静,安慰 常用词还有placate,comfort,relieve,ease,pacify,lighten -沉默 incommunicative adj．不爱交际的，沉默寡言的 mute adj．沉默的，n．弱音器 reticent adj．沉默不语的 reticence n无言,沉默,谨慎 tacit adj．心照不宣的，静默的 taciturn adj．沉默寡言的 mum adj.沉默的， 无言的 uncommunicative a.拘礼的,沉默寡言的
gre作文分数百分比换算方法 大家在备考gre作文的时候也要对gre作文百分比的换算方法有一定的了解，这样才能对自己的备考有所帮助，今天小编就为大家带来了相关的解答。 gre作文百分比换算方法 总分数 0-120分 新gre满分 170+170+6，语文和数学是170分，作文还是6分 写作 新托福作文包括两个部分测试：一个是独立论述题，同旧托福，30分钟;另一个是听写阅读题，即“先听后写”或“先读后写”，随机出现。这类题目既考察考生写作能力又考核听力能力或阅读能力。时间：50分钟分数：换算为0-30分 新gre的计分方式更易于比较不同考生的真实水平 老gre计分方式最小分数段为10分，分数值间跳跃幅度过大，调查发现，这会夸大两个考生水平的真实差距。比如，面对一个640分的考生和一个650分的考生，招生人员会感觉两者水平有着明显的差异，但事实上两人的分数只相差了一个分数级。 新gre计分方式最小分数段为1分，可以有效的避免这种心理上的错觉，更加客观的反映考生的真实水平。
GRE优秀范文：下一代的教育 How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society.Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。 People are never born into separated environment, while society will be their destiny to face and join no matter whether they are willed to do so. After being educated in greenhouses of campus,children will one day step into this destiny inevitably, therefore making socialization an indispensable progress of their growth. However, it seems to me that socialization is a method of acclimating to the surroundings and such abilities are inborn. So it may be too extreme and pessimistic to say we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society, especially when the education and other related fields are keeping a high-speed development. Socialization, defined as converting and meeting the social needs, determines a societys future by making its members work as effective parts of it. Society is a huge constitution combined by different individuals and groups, who need
GRE （Generic Routing Encapsulation） GRE是一种最传统的隧道协议，其根本功能就是要实现隧道功能，通过隧道连接的两个远程网络就如同直连，GRE在两个远程网络之间模拟出直连链路，从而使网络间达到直连的效果，为此，GRE需要完成多次封装，总共有3次，换句话说，就是在GRE隧道中传输的数据包都有3个爆头，因为只谈IP协议，所以GRE中的IP数据包是一层套一层，总共有3个IP地址，GRE在实现隧道时，需要创建虚拟直连链路，GRE实现的虚拟链路可以认为是隧道，隧道是模拟链路，所以隧道两端也有IP地址，但隧道需要在公网中找到起点和重点，所以隧道的源和终点分别都以公网IP地址结尾，该链路是通过GRE协议来完成的，隧道传递数据包的过程分为3步： 1、接收原始IP数据包当作乘客协议，原始数据包包头的IP地址为私有IP地址。 2、将原始IP数据包封装进GRE协议，GRE协议成为封装协议（Encapsulation Protocol），封装的包头IP地址为虚拟直连链路两端的IP地址。 3、将整个GRE数据包当作数据，在外层封装公网的IP包头，也就是隧道的起源和终点，从而路由到隧道终点。 GRE隧道中传输的数据包格式如下：
注： 1、其中公网IP包头部分也成为传输协议（Transport Protocol） 2、GRE会在原始IP数据包之外，额外多封装24个字节或28个字节，具体视GRE模式而定。下图为GRE传输数据过程：
GRE要在远程路由器之间创建虚拟直连链路，也就是隧道（Tunnel），如果没有该隧道，GRE不能完成隧道功能，隧道是GRE 最基本的功能，也是GRE所有功能；上图环境中，当上海分公司R2将数据包IP地址封装为192.168.1.4发往武汉时，GRE操作过程如下： 1、假设R1与R3的GRE虚拟直连链路（隧道）已经简历，隧道链路两端的地址分别为1.1.1.1和1.1.1.2，隧道两端的起源和终点分别为202.1.1.1和61.1.1.1. 2、R1收到目标IP为192.168.1.4的数据包后，将原始数据包当作乘客数据包封装进GRE协议中，并且添加GRE包头，包头中源IP 为隧道本端地址1.1.1.1，包头中目标IP为隧道对端地址1.1.1.2，从而完成GRE数据包的分装。 3、在封装了GRE隧道地址的数据包外面分装GRE隧道起源IP地址，该IP地址为公网地址，即源IP为100.1.1.1，目标IP为隧道终点200.1.1.1，最后将数据包发出去。
新GRE考试成绩标准要求与评判 GRE考试随着改革的进行而不断发生变革，对于GRE分数的评定是考试改革明显的变化。对于GRE考试改革考生可以在GRE考试官网上进行系统研究。下面由为大家总结出GRE考试成绩的评判标准。 新GRE考试成绩标准要求 目前，GRE分数的满分是170+170+6，语文与数学部分由原来的800分调整为170分，作文依旧是6分。更改分数计算方式主要有两个原因：第一，过去的GRE分数相差最小分数是10分，也就是说630分之后就是640分。虽然两者看起来差别很大，但实际上差距比较小。而新的计分方式最小分差为1分，更利于招生人员判断学生之间的差距;第二，新的计分方式更有利于拉开学生分数档次。据分析，GRE考试新的计分方式虽然分数层级较少，但是每一层级对应的人也更少。也就是说更容易通过分数来区分学生的能力水平。 事实上，许多美国院校对于GRE考试成绩并没有非常具体的要求，但是根据过去的资料和数据分析，想要申请TOP50美国院校或者专业排名靠前院校的学生，GRE的分数应该考到310分以上。如果报考的是文科类专业，GRE的分数还要考到更高。这基本上也是中国学生能够考出GRE的最好分数段了。 同学们需要注意的是，即使申请的是同一个研究生院，但是由于专业的冷热程度不同，需要的GRE分数也各不相同。相对来说，热门专业要求的分数更高。不过，如果你的GPA 成绩以及研究经历等都非常亮眼的话，GRE成绩稍微低一些也不会对申请造成太大影响。 各院校对于GRE分数标准要求各不相同，但是大多数实力相同的院校对于GRE的要求都差不多。如果你所申请的院校并未注明对GRE成绩的要求，那么可以参照同类其他院校的要求，或者去查看院校每年公布录取学生的GRE中段分数。这样更有利于定位自己的申请院校。这些在GRE考试官网中大家可以具体进行查询。
GRE阅读 第一题 The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or defined in order to present the idea intended by the speaker: "He took his stick-no, not John`s, but his own." No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages. 1、The misunderstanding presented by the author in lines 13-14 is similar to which of the following? A、X uses the word "you" to refer to a group, but Y thinks that X is referring to one person only. B、X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly" to refer to a typical example, but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception." C、X mistakenly uses the word "anomaly" to refer to a typical example, but Y knows that "anomaly" means "exception." 答案A 2、In presenting the argument, the author does which of the following? A、give an example B、draw a conclusion C、make a generalization 答案ABC 第二题 The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these "normal" rules