Unit 1
1.Do you agree that it is sheer neuron overload on the doctor side that leads to the
complaint that doctors don’t listen? (Pre. 1)
Neuron overload
Patients’ high expectations
Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physician
2.One stray request （偏离正题的要求）from Mrs. Osorio sends the delicately
balanced three-ring circus tumbling down. (Pre. 4)
The author was in moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. O sorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all
Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent—and completely justified—request”: the form signed by her doctor
The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patients while completing documentation
The doctor could no longer handle everything properly.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2257211.html,pare multitasking in human beings and in the computer field. (Pre. 5) Multitasking originated in computer science.
Microprocessors in fact linear, actually performing only one task at a time Multitasking is just as an illusion both in computer and humans.
At best, human juggling only a handful of thoughts in this manner
The more thoughts we juggle, the less we are able to attune fully to any given thought.
V
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2257211.html,e numbers to justify that it is juggling mind that keeps doctors awake at night.
(Pre. 6)
If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves ten thoughts that might get lost in the process.
5.Possible solutions to the impossible high-wire act of juggling competing details
and panicking about slipping a critical one. (Pre. 7)
computer-generated reminders (计算机提示)
case managers (病例管理人)
ancillary services (辅助服务)
the simplest: time
Unit 2
1.What does the author imply by mentioning two choices? (Pre. 1)
The war against infectious diseases is not over.
If we do not do anything about the reemerging diseases, there will be serious
consequences.
People are wrongly complacent about the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
2.Describe the heady days (令人兴奋的日子) of victory declarations and what
followed ever since. (Pre. 2)
Victory declarations
Surgeon General William Stewart’s hyperbolic (夸张的) statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”
A string of (一系列的) impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines
The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost over
Unexpected outcome
Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola
Comeback of the old afflictions
Diphtheria (白喉) in the former Soviet Union
TB in urban centers like New York City
Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever (猩红热)
The fear of a powerful new flu strain (流感病毒) sweeping the world
3.Justify “the realization that world health is indivisible”. (Pre. 4)
We can not meet most local needs without proper attention to the health conditions of the globe.
National borders are meaningless as pathogenic microbes may spread across the world.
4.What are the four areas of focus according to Bob Howard? (Pre. 7)
Need for surveillance
Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field
Appropriate prevention and control
Strong public health infrastructure (基础设施)
5.“Old enemies never dies.” Justify it medically. (Pre. 8)
Resurgence of infectious diseases
TB
Flu
Diphtheria
Scarlet fever
Unit 3
1.How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Pre. 2) Symptoms as mentioned by the author
loss of stamina and strength体力和精力下降
problems with balance平衡问题
bouts of horrific facial pain可怕的脸部疼痛
dips in visual acuity视敏度下降
Cause as mentioned by the author
the assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up and/or combination of environmental factors
Treatment as mentioned by the author
Interferon(干扰素) and copolymer-1(共聚物-1)
2.What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Pre. 3)
Relearning much of what I had forgotten in my basic science years: cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology
温习了基础科学中遗忘的内容：细胞生理学、生物化学和神经生理学
Turning to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types—dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s disease
开始研究各种神经退化疾病的相关文章，包括痴呆、帕金森症、亨廷顿舞蹈症和路·盖里格氏病
3.What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? (Pre. 4) self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models
self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literature
online search to identify the sources of micronutrients
reduction of food allergy and toxic load
4.One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and disease (Pre. 5) Pesticide/mercury exposure and neurodegeneration
接触杀虫剂/汞和神经退化
5.What does the tile “The Seventy Percent Solution”mean? (Pre. 6)
With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load. Unit 4
1.Give a brief explanation of the concepts: complementary medicine，alternative
medicine. (Pre. 1)
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine
Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine Alternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicine
2.Traditional Chinese medicin e as being “affordable, low tech, safe, and effective”? Facilities: simple, inexpensive (needles, cups)
Low tech: easy to manage (massage and Tai Chi)
Nature of the procedures: mostly noninvasive
The substances used as medicine: all natural, from raw herbs or abstracts from them Effectiveness: proven and ensured with a long history
3.Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture. (Pre. 3)
An adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program fortennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndromeand asthma, post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps.
4.Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of
acupuncture in the US? (Pre. 4)
More intense research with increased funding and scientific vigor
More interest from healthcare providers
More demand from patients
More push for insurance companies to provide coverage of acupuncture treatment 5.Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. (Pre. 5) Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance
Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient
正确诊断患者之“证”（病例生理状况）
Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas
正确选择相应的治疗策略和草药/草药配方挑选原则
Misuses of herbs will result in a wide array of complications in patient
6.What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies? (Pre. 6) Dependence of synthesis of evidence on
The completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies)
The accuracy of evaluation
7.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western
medicine?(Pre. 8)
Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society
Research and education
Political, economic and social factors
Unit 5
1.Clarify the differences between disease and dis-ease. (Pre. 1)
Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from a continuous stress, pain and hardships Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases
Ease: the state of being very comfortable and able to live as you want, without any worries or problems.
Dis-ease: lack of ease.
Disease: the result of lack of ease——an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning.
2.Your personal understanding about the claim that Health is a multidimensional
experience of body, mind and spirit. (Pre. 2)
Wellness as a state involving every aspect of our body: body, mind, and spirit Manifestations of a healthy person
Energy and vitality (精力和活力)
A certain zip in gait (步伐有力)
A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior (内心平和温暖，呈现于行为)
3.Illustrate the relationship between life on automatic pilot and wellness. (Pre. 3) Constant messages, positive and negative, sent to our mind about the health of our body
Physical symptoms suppressed
Wellness confused with an absence of symptoms
=> Ignore key information about health
4.Describe the time of great confusion we live in. (Pre. 4)
People’s mind infected by spin
half-truth
fearful fictions
blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit
Spin as a result of unconscious living
Pandemic falseness
Showing up on every front in society and the media
Spreading to all corners of the globe
Deeply embedded in our minds
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2257211.html,ment on “a culture that values thinking more than feeling and emphasizes
reason over intuitive awareness and knowing”. (Pre. 5)
Our body intelligence suppressed and dormant
Tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis
Limiting, self-defeating, and even self-destructive behaviors that undermines our well-being and keeps them from achieving our full potential
6.Explain the process where we change from “playing full-out” to “play it safe, or
play not to lose”. (Pre. 6)
Play full-out:全面发挥Play it safe / play not to lose: 不冒险，避免失败
Unable to feel and acknowledge our feelings and the courage to speak out.
No sense of self-confidence.
Reluctant to take risks.
An unconscious and self-protective habit——fear, denial, and disconnection from our bodies and feelings
7.Explain how wellness can be established? (Pre. 7)
A multi-faceted process (多方面)
Issues rooted and resolved in different dimensions
Building our wellness toolbox slowly
Picturing our whole state of being
Attention to the little stuff (细节)
Wellness not a goal but a process
Maintenance of a balance of our mind, body, and spirit
8.Make a list of the tips on how to become a fully integrated human being. (Pre. 8) Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously
Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions
Come to terms with / Make peace with the toxic emotions
Unit 6
1.How has the end-of-life care changed over time?(Pre.1)
In the past: died at home
At present: stay in hospitals or nursing homes at the end of life
2.What advantages does a hospital have over a nursing home for end-of-life
care?(Pre. 3)
Availability of medical resources, including doctors, nurses and facility around the clock
Anything else you can add to that?
Advantages of Nursing Home
Prearranged plans for end-of-life care
Establishment of a relationship between the staff and family
More personalized care
Privacy arrangement: time alone
3.What’s the role of family and friends when the patient is ca red at home? (Pre. 4) Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially；
Hiring a home nurse for additional help;
Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)
4.What needs to be considered to make comfort care available at home? (Pre. 5) Health insurance
Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge planner or a social worker Help from local governmental agencies
Doctor supervision at home
Unit 7
1.What difficult situation is the young doctor facing? (Pre. 1)
A dying patient
Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures
The family’s refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments
2.What is paternalistic decision-making in medicine? (Pre. 2)
Doctors as exclusive decision maker
Patients as participants with little say in the final choice
3.In what way can patient empowerment be good for the patient? (Pre. 3) Respect for the patient, especially the patient’s autonomy
Patient-centered care
4.Why does the author say too much physician restraint may not be that good for the
patient? (Pre. 4)
The patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.
Patients, at least a large majority, prefer their doctors to make final decisions. Shifting responsibility of decision making to the patients will bring about more stress to the patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain
5.What kind of considerations may have prevented doctors from making decisions
for their patients? (Pre. 5)
Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethical transgression. ‘Who am I to presume to know what my patients need?’
6.Do you agree that doctors should be prepared to make any decisions together with
their patients? (Pre. 6)
Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decision on their own alone.
Balancing between patern alism and respect for patient’s autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.
Unit 8
1.How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1)
Practice: interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success.
to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individuals Research: an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge
expressed in theories, principles, and statements of relationships
Blurred distinction 区分模糊
Cooccurrence of research and practice in research designed to evaluate a therapy 2.What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre. 2)
Autonomy: Individuals treated as autonomous agents
Voluntary involvement in the research
Adequate information
Protection: Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection
An Instructive Example: prisoners involved in research
Not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research
Be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer
3.What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre. 3)
Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence.
The term "beneficence" is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.
Two rules:
1. Do not harm.
2. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms.
4.How is the principle of beneficence related to Hippocratic Oath? (Pre. 4) Hippocratic Oath (excerpts)
Whatsoever house I may enter, my visit shall be for the convenience and advantage of the patient; and I will willingly refrain from doing any injury or wrong from falsehood…
To benefit patients according to the best judgment.
Claude Bernard extended to the realm of research
5.What concrete examples can be given to illustrate the principle of justice? (Pre. 5) Benefits denied or burdens imposed with no good reason.
Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: who should be enrolled and who should not? Equal treatment of equals
Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status
6.What is informed consent and its application? (Pre. 6)
Definition: the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them Application
A process rather than signing a written form
Adequate information as the premise
A well-informed decision as the expected result
7.What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research?
(Pre. 7)
Requirement for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons
Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence
More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice
At the individual level: fairness
At the social level: distinction between classes
2020学校团委工作总结 20xx学校团委工作总结范文1 20xx年我校共青团工作在上级团委和学校党支部的正确领导下，?通过校团委全体委员和全校团员青年的共同努力，取得了一定的成绩，现将我校共青团工作总结如下。 一、强素质，抓好团干队伍先进性教育 为了提高团员队伍的整体素质?组建一个有战斗力、凝聚力的团队，校团委在学校6个团支部中进行选拔，最后选拔出6名团干，保障了团委会的持续发展，促使学校工作的有效街接。同时在平时工作中坚持每个月与各团干、团支部进行一次工作经验的交流，通过此种方式增强了团干的服务意识、主人翁意识和责任感，同时也培养了团干爱国、爱校、爱集体的精神。同时团干部能够在学习生活在起到模范带头作用，及时化解了同学间的矛盾，并能够以身作则。 二、抓常规，做好学生的养成教育文章 1、每学期开学第一个月定为常规教育月，开展中学生守则和规范教育，文明、纪律、卫生、课间两操教育，并举行考试制度; 2、抓好升降旗仪式，利用国旗下讲话对学生进行爱国主义教育，阶段性贯彻思想德育主题。 3、每月的重大节日中进行革命传统教育，安全教育、理想教育等， 4、每月开展团员培训教育，召开团章知识讲座，定期
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专业英语写作考点总结 Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分 (1)description of a situation （描述情况） (2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格） (1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6)Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.
老师教你如何备考英语四六级 【本文由大学生电脑主页( https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2257211.html,)收集整理，大学生电脑主页——大学生的百事通】 很多同学学习新概念的目的是为了准备四六级的考试，关于BT的四六级考试，在这里简单的说明一下如何准备四六级考试以及考试的技巧，这一部分是整理自戴尔英语副校长张建成老师和新东方国内考试部范猛老师的讲座。 四六级考试自推出的时候就是不完善的，虽然经过多年的修正，但是无法解决其考试指导思想与运转体系上的问题。就像一个一出生就先天残疾的婴儿，无论怎样的手术修正，也不可能和正常人一样的健康。所以，四六级考试不能考察出学生的真正英语水平，只能检查出学生的应付考试的水平。 考过四六级的学生，看不懂给欧美9岁儿童阅读的原版《哈里波特》，在听说上甚至听不懂欧美小学生的交谈。而是否能听说，则是衡量文盲的最低标准。所以，准备四六级的考试所付出的努力和英语水平的提高相比，不成正比，效率低下。 但是由于目前四六级考试和大学教育的学位文凭硬性的挂上了勾，所以四六级还必须考。作为曾经参与过四六级考试出题与批卷的张建成老师和实战经验丰富的新东方国内考试部，为大家总结了一些宝贵的学习方法和考试经验，可以帮助大家事半功倍的准备四六级考试，而且同时也能迅速的提高你对英语的认识和水平。 我们大多数准备四六级考试的学生的问题大都在于词汇单薄，语法混乱。关于语法的问题，建议参考的看一下高教出版社的一本红皮的《高等英语语法》就可以解决。如果找不到可以看一下《剑桥英语语法》也很不错。然后我们来看怎么考试。 先来说听力考试部分。由于答题试卷发下来以后不能启封，启封的话就会被取消考试资格，但是我们可以在不破坏封条的情况下掀开来看，考试规则里面并没有说不可以，我们可以利用这个逻辑上诡辩来看一下听力的选择答案。 然后根据答案的选项，你就能猜测到题目会是怎样的场景，例如，如果有”declear“这个单词就要和海关，公安等场景联系起来，因为这里是申报的场所。如果有” menual“则有可能是和餐饮有关的场景。有过有”Dear John letter（绝交信）“则是和感情有关的场景。这样提前想好可能的场景以后，听录音的时候就不会太紧张，因为很多对话你已经能想到可能怎么说了。 而对于数字题则要经过简单的计算，需要你提前做好准备，以便快速在演算纸上迅速的计算。 当监考官宣布考试开始以后，在放录音之前的考卷拆封条时间是最宝贵的时间，这时候要做到一心六用。 第一要迅速的把刚才看过的题的可能答案标注出来，然后继续往后看题并猜测可能的场景和答案。同时耳朵要注意听录音的播放。但是，录音的一开始是考试的英文说明，这时候不要管他，继续往后做题。
2020年学校团委工作总结 团委年终总结会是学校各级团组织要通过进一步加强服务型团组织建设、进一步 拓宽创业谷覆盖范围、进一步探究社会实践与志愿服务工作内涵、进一步提升校园艺 术文化内涵、整合体育类学生团体力量、促进学生身心健康发展等举措，不断提升共 青团工作服务水平。他还强调要加强团干部的培养工作，提高团干部自身能力和素养，希望团的工作经历成为团干部人生精彩的一站。 我校团委在上级团市委和学校领导的指导下，紧紧围绕学校中心工作，坚持育人 为本、创新为魂，创艺术特色，树精品，抓载体，做到基础工作扎实推进，主体工作 力显成效，着眼于青年团员的思想道德理想信念教育，加强团组织自身的组织建设， 致力于团员队伍素质的提高，团结和带领广大青少年振奋精神，积极适应时代的发展 和社会的需求，为学校的发展发挥团组织的优势作用，以出色的成绩争创一流的团委。现就本年度的主要工作总结如下： 一、加强学习，大力开展团员思想品德教育 认真组织团员利用班会课和团课广泛开展爱国主义教育，激发广大团员热爱党、 热爱祖国、热爱社会主义的情感，引导和激励他们继承和弘扬革命光荣传统，明确历 史使命，坚定社会主义信念。自觉把个人理想和祖国的前途命运紧密联系起来，时刻 维护国家利益，绝不做危害国家或有损国家尊严的事。从孝敬长辈做起，从尊敬老师 做起，从帮助同学做起，树立服务他人、奉献社会的意识，使自己的言行有益于他人、有益于学校、有益于社会。 二、常规工作常抓不懈 1、做好每年度的计划、总结及评选优秀团员工作。 2、学校团组织建设工作，学校每学年发展一次新团员。 3、每学期开展8课时的团课学习，做好团员的思想政治教育工作。 4、按时收缴团费，及时上缴团市委。 5、坚持做好每周的升国旗仪式和国旗下演讲活动。 6、做好校广播站的人员选拔，节目制定、学校铃声制定和播音工作。 7、组织好各类活动和宣传，例如元旦晚会大型演出活动、语文背书大赛、英语我爱记单词活动等。 8、做好青年志愿者推选及服务工作。
专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
学术综合英语1~5单元单词及重要词组总结（包含易考单词）=============UNIT1================ *sustain支撑，保持，撑住 craft手艺，工艺 *clutter凌乱，杂乱 simile明喻 *metaphor隐喻 *implicit不言明的，默认的，含蓄的 *rhythm节奏，节律 parallelism平行，对应，排比 alliteration头韵 antithesis对比，对偶 juxtaposition并列，并置 *assertion断言 bolster支持 testimony证明，证据 anecdote轶事 hypothetical假设的，假定的 textured具有特定结构或特征的 sparing节约的 credible可靠地 credentials可信任的证明 extemporaneously即兴的， impromptu无准备的 *unbiased公正，无偏见 *contrary to与。。。相反 *look up查找 *adapt to适应 *at hand在附近，在手边 hot air空话连篇 *in the course of在、、、、过程中 in passing附带地，顺便地 =============UNIT2================ detract贬低，减损，降低 dominant首要的，主要的，主导的 inadequacy缺乏，匮乏，不足 convert转化 deprivation缺失，匮乏 constancy不变，恒定 plausible貌似合理/可信的
staggering惊人的 unprecedented史无前例的 entail要求 mediocre二流的平庸的，劣质的elaborate复杂的 effluent工业废水 disruption有限，限定，限度 traverse穿行 magnitude程度 particulate微粒，颗粒 *consensus一致意见 concentration浓度 *liability不利因素 *menace威胁 *portend预示 pathogen病原体 *striking显著地 augment增加 emergence出现 *intractable难处理的 *massive巨大的 central重要的 *devastating毁灭性的 *aggravate恶化，加重，是恼火 *plausible貌似可信的 *entail使需要，承担 *triple三倍的 *intractable不听话的 *pose造成，形成 *staggering蹒跚 *emergence出现 *resurgence复活，再现，再起 *contribute to导致，引起，为。。。做贡献*center on集中于 *on a par with等同于 *pin down准确界定，确定 *detract from贬低 kindle点燃 revere尊敬
pre-词根应用解析 pre-词根应用如下： pre-"...前的,预先" preschool 学龄前的（pre+school学校→上学前的） prehistory 史前(pre+history历史) prefix 前缀(pre+fix固定→固定在前面→前缀) preposition 前置词,介词(pre+position位置→位置放在前面→前置词) prepay 预付(pre+pay付钱) prebuilt 预制的(pre+built建造) preamble 前言,绪言(pre+amble跑→跑在前面→前言) precaution 预防措施(pre+caution小心→预先小心→预防) precede (在时间上)先于,早于(pre+cede走→走在前面→[时间上]先于) precedent 先例(pre+ced走+ent→走在前面的东西→先例) precept 规范;格言(pre+cept拿→以前拿好的[名言]→格言) precinct 区域,范围(pre+cinct捆→预先捆好的→范围) precipice 峭壁(pre+cipice头→在前面是尽头→峭壁) precipitation 降落,仓促(pre+cipit头→ation→落在前头→降落,下降) precise 精确的,精细的(pre+cise切→预先切好的→精确的) preclude 妨碍;阻止(pre+clude关闭→提前关闭→阻止) precocious 早熟的(pre+cocious熟→提前煮熟→早熟的) predict 预言,预报(pre+dict说→预先说→预言) predisposition 倾向,癖性(pre+disposition性情→性情预定→癖性) preoccupation 全神贯注(pre+occup占有+ation→优先占有(注意力) →全神贯注) prescient 有先见之明的(pre+scient知道的→预先知道) prerogative 权利,特权(pre+rog要求+ative→预先要求→(有)特权)
高中英语语法课教学活动的设计 密云二中季李红 《英语课程标准》指出：英语语法是语言知识的重要组成部分，是发展语言技能的基础。语法教学是语言教学的重要内容之一。基于高中学生认知能力的发展，课标倡导语法教学应遵循的教学模式为：关注—归纳—操练—运用。相对传统的语法教学方式，学生不再是死记硬背语法规则，做大量的机械练习，而是积极参与课堂，通过观察、体验、实践、合作等方式学习语法，是课堂学习的主体。要实现学生角色的转变，培养学生的英语思维能力，教学活动的精心设计是高效课堂的重要保障。 笔者以课例研究的方式对语法教学进行了大量实践，认为语法课教学活动的设计应注意以下原则。 一、教学活动的设计与教学目标一致 教学活动的设计要与教学目标一致，为教学目标达成服务，因此每个教学活动要有明确的目的。以北师大版第五模块第13单元语法项目---情态动词表推测，第一课时的教学设计为例。笔者设计的教学目标 动学生的主动性，激发他们的思维活动；事实上，要学生关注目标语法结构前，教师应对语料进行必要的阅读理解处理，这有利于解决教学难点。此外，文中有18个含情态动词的句子；其中4个不是情态动词表推测的句子。若学生能将他们成功挑出，说明他们不但回顾了旧知识，理解了must, may, may not, might, can’t, could 表推测时，在上下文中表达的语气，而且更将注意力关注于目标语法。 本课的教学难点为：Use the proper forms of modal verbs to express guesses about what happened and what
学生通过以表达内容为依据继续对句子分类处理，既很好地理解了情态动词表推测的深层含义，同时又关注、归纳出了语法规则。 在归纳法语法教学模式中，学生首先接触的是包含语法规则的真实上下文情景，然后根据上下文的信息归纳出使用规则。这种教学法有助于培养学生的语感。通过分析归纳总结语言使用规律课深化学生对用法的理解，培养学生的逻辑思维能力。但教师必须提供充足的，以语境为依托的语料，教学活动的形式适合学生的认知水平，他们的观察、体验、探究、合作等主动学习行为才得以开展。 二、教学活动的设计是形式和意义的结合 高中阶段的语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来。要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。例如：在强化巩固情态动词对发生了的事情表推测的句型时，笔者认为教材P13 Ex-8 的活动设计得很好，例如：A housewife is cheering. 针对这个情境，学生的语言产出为： 1)Her husband may be cooking. 2)She may have got a surprising gift. 3)Her husband may have been promoted. 4)She could be pregnant. 学生的表达多样，富于想象，不是对例句的机械模仿，他们在努力传达内心所想，这使得课堂气氛越来越活跃。 三、教学活动的设计具有层次性和梯度 变化是学习的调料，是教学的调节剂。由于学生水平的差异，课堂上活动任务应有一定的梯度，使各层次的学生都能学到东西。另外, 过于单一、没有挑战性的教学活动会使学生对语法教学产生厌倦情绪。 语法练习一般分为结构认知性练习、控制和指导性练习、交流性练习。教学过程中，教师的指令要简洁明确，做出清晰的示范，以保证练习效果。在本课例中，练习设计的层次和形式如表格所示： 忌含有分散学生注意力的动画和声效。 四、教学活动的设计保持话题一致性 运用得当的语法结构表达意思，离不开词汇的支持。为了实现语言的输入与输出的一致，教学活动的设计要保持话题的一致性。笔者认为话题应在贴近学生生活实际的前提下，尽量保持与单元话题一致。例如: 北师大版第二模块，第六单元—定语从句的教学设计。该单元话题为文学与艺术，如果要学生描写一位艺术家或作品，练习就不具有可操作性。因此，笔者设计了如下活动：
2015年学校团委工作总结五篇汇总 2015年学校团委工作总结(一) 本学期，我校共青团在上级团委和校党支部的领导下，通过校团委和全体共青团员的共同努力，积极完成各项任务，尤其在迎接两项国家检查(义务教育均衡发展验收、创建全国文明城市验收)方面全员参与、共同努力，通过验收。不断开展各项具有教育意义的活动，丰富了全校师生的课外生活，为学校的教育教学营造良好的育人环境。现将我校本学期共青团工作总结如下： 一、总体目标和工作重点 本学期，我校共青团工作的的指导思想是：根据上级团委要求，不断加强团的自身建设，加强对团员青年的思想教育工作，不断完善学校团队组织建设;做好学校的宣传工作，积极配合各处室做好学生的德育工作，推动学校共青团工作的发展。 二、本学期主要工作回顾 (一)加强团的自身建设 1、健全团委的规章制度。制定团委、团支部工作规划，明确支部委员的工作内容与范围，健全支部常规工作。以“党建带团建”为指导思想，深化团建创新工作，促进团组织的自身建设，发挥阵地作用，不断提高共青团的作用。 2、发展新团员工作。发展新团员工作是学校团委的一项重要工作，发展团员对搞好学校团组织的建设及学生自身思想素质的提高和
促进学生学习就业等都十分重要。学校团委认真制定工作计划，建立健全了各支部组织，以各团支部为单位做好发展新团员工作。 加强组织建设，提高组织能力，完善“团委——团支部”的管理体系，强化组织领导，配备好团支部的领导班子。及早选好学校新一届团支部干部，把一批有朝气、有才能、热心共青团工作的先进青少年吸引到团委班子中来，让我校共青团工作充满蓬勃生机和活力，使团委工作能有序有效的进行。 通过团校团课的学习、团支部主题讨论等活动，引导学生深入学习“三个代表”重要思想及团的基本理论知识、《增强共青团员意识教育读本》，提高团员的思想政治素质。 校团委严把新团员入口关，对于想入团的学生，需经个人自荐，班级团支部，班主任层层推荐，经团委审核后集中组织学习共青团知识，进行综合考核，以保证新团员的质量。今年一二九运动纪念日发展了一批新团员，并认真组织了新团员入团宣誓仪式。 3、加强理论学习，努力提高团员青年思想道德素质。本学期对积极要求加入团组织的同学进行为期两周左右的团课学习。学习团的理论知识，结合学校及学生生活实际进行思想教育，通过团委考核合格的学生，方可加入共青团组织。 4、加强团干部培养。为落实好团员干部工作，让团员干部真正成为学校管理的好助手，校团委除了每隔一月召开好团员干部的例会外，更注重平时对团员干部的严格管理和培训，提高了团员干部工作能力和水平，加强了团员干部队伍自身建设，真正架起了老师与学生
学术论文写作课程总结 科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。在第一节课，老师就告诉我们，面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义，才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。 在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中，我们组经历了第一次的细致分工，到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区，在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。同时，在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction 部分的汇报，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料，再到最后制作修改完成终稿，最后是台下的汇报演练，每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。 回首这学期本门课程的学习，我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。首先，作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士，在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作，在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。无论是发表期刊论文，还是撰写自己的学位论文，插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用，让我熟悉了文献管理器，在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用，极大的方便了论文写作。其次，语料库的检索分析，制定自己论文写作方向，都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。 接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。从第一节课开始，老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度，给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。在本次课程中，我们在老师的带领下，通过小组合作的形式，对introduction，methodology,results,conclusion等几个论文的主体部分，以及title，authors,abstract，keywords进行了细致的学习，理解了每个部分在论文中所起到的作用，以及写作这些部分的英文论文的时候所需要注意的时态语法主语人称等方面的问题。也让我明白，英语学术论文的写作，不应该是简单的中译英，而更重要的是自己的学术内容与思想能够清晰而又高效的传达出来，进而实现学术交流与提高的作用。
Ieoh Ming Pei(贝聿铭)'s style is described as thoroughly modernist, with significant cubist themes. He is known for combining traditional architectural elements with progressive designs based on simple geometric patterns. As one critic writes: "Ieoh Ming Pei has been aptly described as combining a classical sense of form with a contemporary mastery of method." In 2000, biographer Carter Wiseman called Ieoh Ming Pei "the most distinguished member of his Late-Modernist generation still in practice" using geometric patterns. Ieoh Ming Pei is an expert in using geometric patterns. In his most famous building, we could all find the influence of geometry. The reliance on triangles throughout National Gallery East Building in Washington, DC, and also the Louvre in Paris show a strong Ieoh Ming Pei's style. Light Ieoh Ming Pei is a very good architect who pays a lot of attention on light, including natural light and lighting. Sometimes, he even let the light lead his design. He uses glass and special design on windows in Suzhou Museum to reflect sunlight into almost every room, which give visitor a unique experience. Nature Besides,Ieoh Ming Pei's emphasis on the balance of the natural environment and architecture. He enhances the connection between buildings and the environment, which makes his architecture more appealing. He wanted the buildings to exist in harmony with their natural surroundings. When he designed Mesa Laboratory, he called for a rock-treatment process that could color the buildings to match the nearby mountains. Creative The public responded rigorously to the design, mainly because of the proposed pyramid. Ieoh Ming Pei himself rejects simple dichotomies of architectural trends. He once said:
美联英语提供：英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法 关于关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里 https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b2257211.html,/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 学习英语的初级语法时，可以接触英语在用剑桥初级英语语法这本书籍。下面是学习啦小编给大家整理的英语在用剑桥初级英语语法，供大家参阅! 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法简介 《英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法》为《英语在用》系列丛书中的一册。本系列丛书是世界上热销的英语语法与词汇学习参考书，迄今读者记逾千万，被誉为“英语学习者的‘圣经’”。它专为非英语国家英语学习者编写，在结构上，条理明晰，形式简约顺达;在内容上，解析重点与难点，透彻生动，同时反复练习，巩固成效。 “英语在用”丛书包括语法和词汇两个系列，每系列分3级，分别针对初、中、高级学习者，并配有练习册。既可作为自学用书，也可作为课堂用书。 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法编辑推荐 《英语在用：剑桥初级英语语法》丛书特点： 教法新颖：以“在语境中学习语言”为原则，辅以大量生动的图表，摒弃死记硬背的陈旧方法。 内容实用：取材自真实的语料库，强调内容的实用性，使您真正达到学以致用。 结构简明：将语法和词汇项目分类解说，方便您挑选所需内容。 使用方便：采用解说与练习左右两页对照的形式。左页解释说明语法规则和词汇意义，右页通过练习巩固本单元所学用法，随学随练，让您能每迈一步都体会到进步的成就感。 技巧训练：介绍学习技巧，帮助您自己总结语法及词汇规律，养成良好的学习习惯。
参考答案：详尽全面，给您充分的信息。 英语在用剑桥初级英语语法目录 To the student To the teacher Thanks Unit 1 am/is/are 2 am/is/are(questions) 3 I am doing(present continuous) 4 are you doing?(present continuous questions) 5 I do /work/llike etc.(present simple) 6 I dont…(present simple negative) 7 Do you…?(presnt simple questions) 8 I am doing and I do(present continuous and present simple) 9 I have…/Ive got… 10 was/were 11 worked/got/went etc.(past simple) 12 I didnt…Did you…?(past simple negative and questions) 13 I was doing(past continuous) 14 I was doing(past continuous)and I did (past simple) 15 I have done(present perfect 1) 16 Ive just... Ive already... I havens...yet(present perfect 2)
初中学校团委工作总结 要求学校团委在思想政治教育方面寻找新途径和新举措,着力提升活动的教育性,用积极的、今天小编给大家带来了初中学校团委工作总结，希望对大家有所帮助。 初中学校团委工作总结篇一 今天，共青团竞业园学校第二届团员代表大会暨学生代表大会胜利召开了，我受学校团委委托向本次大会做工作报告，请代表们审议。两年来，在学校领导和全体师生的共同关怀和指导下，我校团委根据上级团委和学校的工作计划，以“给我一个孩子，还您一个人才”为目标，注重抓细节管理和特色建设，本着德育教育与综合实践活动、研究性学习和校本课程开发相结合的原则，创建并完善了竞业园学校社团活动，努力实践学生会的自主管理，加强了学校的宣传工作。现将两年来工作总结如下： 一、加强团队文化建设，强素质，树形象。 两年来，我们团委成员团结协作，打造成了一个具有战斗力和凝聚力的团队。我们共同学习团队领导艺术，制定团委工作制度，明确每个人的职责，在工作中不断学习与成长。注重培养各年级团总支书记，各班团支书，促进了新生团干的成长与进步，增强了团干的服务意识、主人翁意识和责任感。充分利用学校团校加强对学生社团干部的培养，提高学生干部的管理能力、组织能力和协调能力，使社团学生干部牢固树立对学校负责、对团组织负责的思想，团结和带领社团成员为学校发展作不懈努力。
二、突出重点、强化品牌，开展丰富多彩的社团活动。 “语泉文学社”成立于XX年，于XX年获山东省优秀文学社称号，校刊《语泉》获全国优秀期刊一等奖。2009年，团委组织我校全体学生参加全国创新作文大赛，我校获全国优秀组织奖，有三名教师获优秀指导奖，学生获奖人次达40人，初二一班曹金枝同学代表山东省参加了大赛决赛。在端午节征文比赛中，“语泉”文学社副社长马鹏飞同学获济南市一等奖。 两年来，我校团委结合学校新课程改革，又先后建起了读书协会、小记者站和蓝翼艺术社团。以“合唱队”和“舞蹈队”为龙头的学生艺术社团工作又上了一个新的台阶。艺术团排练的《妈妈格桑拉》《我是一朵雪花天上来》等歌曲，《你真伟大》《奔腾》等舞蹈，还有葫芦丝独奏，钢琴独奏先后为县电视台、省教学研究所录制，并在消夏晚会教育局专场中演出，受到了大家的一致好评。 特别是“泉韵”广播站的工作，更是深受学生喜爱。品牌栏目“求新”、“求变”、“求异”，提高了节目的吸引力。“文学星空、校园风铃、心灵驿站”等栏目已形成了品牌效应。每周四下午的举行广播站社团培训活动，提高了学生的主持水平，从而使广播站的节目质量不断提高。我们根据节目的质量、主持的水平和听众的反映等，在每年期末都会评选出四位“金牌主持人”和八位“银牌主持人”，并颁发了证书和胸卡，在宣传栏进行了公示，在很大程度上调动了学生参与活动的积极性。 为了使学生社团工作进一步规范、完善，我们定期召开社团干部例会，认真听取社团管理工作汇报，并及时拟定各类方案，协调各社团工作，帮助
Comparison of the Flood Myth between China & the West 2010583 行政100班 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC STUDY COURSE Department of Political Science Southwest University of Science and Technology
Abstract Flood myth is a common theme of all ethnic groups in the world．F or the past，the research on the western myth of the flood was particularly in the comparison study of the basic structure and the story contrast. The important significance of studying the lies in rehabilitation history and tapping—its deep cultural connotations by using the way of primitive people．In this paper, from the Angle of cultural function of myth, Chinese and western the flood myth rooted by the culture differences. Overall，the creation-made the sin．correctional impunity of the flood—creation again，as the more common myths flood program．Flood myth of Chinese and in the west can be embodied in the story of the god of punishment as the cause of floods，reflecting the original people’S awareness of the early relationship between mankind and nature．After the floods，the recycling world reflected the awareness of the relationship of the original people．They expressed the aspirations of civilization. However，the flood myths of Chinese and in the west have a marked difference．The theme of western flood myth is asylum，which did not reflect the spirits of protest．On the contrary，Chinese flood myths take the”harnessing water”as a theme，which mainly reflected the use and control of flood．The people who are in harnessing water, the west flood myth Was God-centered and embodied a strong sense of religion while the Chinese flood myths is people—oriented．Yu and his son became the representatives of the floods and beco me heroes of the Chinese nation． Key Words：flood；myths；compare；difference References [1] (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)7th Edition [2] Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary