语法回顾篇
专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。
专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气
一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）
考点1. 与现在事实相反
从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，
主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；
考点2. 与过去事实相反
从句谓语动词用had done，
主句谓语动词用would(should,could,might)+ have done；
例如：
43.I _________the party much more if there hadn?t been quite such a crowd of people there.
A. would enjoy
B. will have enjoyed
C. would have enjoyed
D. will be enjoying
49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there.
A. weren?t
B. hasn?t been
C. hadn?t been
D. wouldn?t
考点3.与将来事实相反，
从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were + to do)，
主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。
例如：
43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年）
? A. shall need C. would need
? B. should need D. will need
考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段
例如：
If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were,had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。
例如：
65.___, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年）
? A. Hadn't he been taken good care of
? B. Had he not been taken good care of
? C. Had not he been taken good care of
? D. Had he been not taken good care of
考点6. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight.(04年)
? A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not
考点7.It is +advisable, essential important,, imperative, incredible,等等相关的从句，
谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
46.It is imperative that students ____ their term papers on time.（04年）
? A. hand in B. would hand in
? C. have to hand in D. handed in
考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式
例如:
54 It?s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.（06年）
A stopped
B had to stop
C shall stop
D stop
考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。
例如：
52. Much as ____, I couldn?t lend him the money because I simply didn?t have that much
spare cash.（99年）
A.I would have liked to
B.I would like to have
C.I should have to like
D.I should have liked to
考点10. if only表示要是…就好了相当与wish, as if/as though 的用法。
与现在事实相反：动词过去式
与过去事实相反: had + done
与将来事实相反： could/would + do
例如：
52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （06 年）
A would
B could
C should
D might
备考1. would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”
例如：
The manager would rather his daughter ____ in the same office now.
A.had not worked
B.not to work
C.does not work
D.did not work
备考2.用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用"(should +)原形动词"这一虚拟语气形式
例如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.
A.injure
B.had injured
C.injured
D.would injure
专四语法考点串讲之二情态动词
考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can?t / couldn?t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。
例如：
Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作?很可能?发生了
3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事?也许?发生了.may 比might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。
4.ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作
5.needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为?本没必要…?。
例如：You needn?t have waken me up; I don?t have to go to work today.
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生
例：I didn?t need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m.
*特殊用法
(1) can…t表示“不可能”，may not 表示“不可以”，mustn?t(must not) 表示“不许可禁止”，needn't (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not ＋动词原形表示“不敢”
(2) must表推测的否定现在式用can?t ,过去式用couldn?t
(3)May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don?t.或No, you mustn?t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn?t. You haven?t finished your home work yet.”
(4) need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn?t
(5)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn?t，而要用needn?t或don?t
have to
(6)May/might as well may……but….(表转折)
(7) I wish to go home with you, may I?
(8) Do help yourself to have fruit, won?t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）
*情态动词短语的使用
would like to do…
would rather do…
would rather + 从句
would prefer to do...
had better do...
*情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）
*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词
*情态动词一般用法的否定：
mustn?t 不准, 禁止，不要can’t(couldn’t) 不会；不能；
may (might) not 不可以;
needn?t 没必要( = don?t have to )
used not／usedn?t to或didn?t use to…过去不…
dare not 不敢
*情态动词推测用法
Must 一定，肯定can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
Can/ could 可能Can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
may/ might “可能，也许”May (might) not 也许不，可能不
*推断用法
should／ought to“按理应当，应该是；shouldn?t 不应该( = ought not to )
*情态动词＋have ＋done结构表示对过去动作的推测
1.must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作“一定做了…”，只能用于肯定句中。
其否定形式为can’t／couldn’t have done
It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy
2.can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了…”。只能用疑问句中
Can／Could he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？
3.may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作“也许能，有可能。
It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
*情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔
肯定：过去应该做而没有做；
否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。
⑴might／could＋have＋过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该”
（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can）
You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！
⑵should（ought to）＋have＋过去分词：“本应”（没做）
should not（ought not to）＋have＋过去分词：“本不该”（做了）
You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。
You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。
3. needn't＋have＋过去分词：“本不必，本不须”（need只用于否定句）（做了）
You needn't have woken her up. It's only six．你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生（没做）
例：I didn?t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.
*八大注意点
1.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may
— Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________.
A. may
B. must
C. might
D. can
2. May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don?t.或No, you mustn?t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn?t. You haven?t finished your home work yet.”
3. need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn?t
4. 在回答must引起的问题时，肯定must; 如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn?t，而要用needn?t
或don?t have to
5. I wish to go home with you, may I?
6. Do help yourself to have fruit, won?t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）
7.Shall 用于第三人称，表示许可，允许
8. let?s do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you?
9. should 也表示惊讶的语气，
例如：I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说那样的话,…) *四大特殊结构
1.may/ might as well + 动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better
You may as well do it at once.
2.may well + 动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能”
He may well be proud of his son.
他大可为儿子高兴。
3. cannot … too / enough 表示“无论怎么……也不算过分”、“越……越好”
You cannot be too careful.
4. had better 最好
You had better not wake me up when you come in.
*两大类区别：
一、表示能力: can, be able to
be able to 能用于各种时态。
can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力
*was / were able to : “设法做成某事”
相当于managed to do sth succeeded in doing sth.
二、used to 和would 的区别
used to过去常常（但现在已无此习惯，would无此含义）
He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。
would只能用来谈动作；used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be, live, like, stay等状态动词连用）：
He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。
We used to live in a small town.（不能用would）
Be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事
专四语法考点串讲之三非谓语动词
◆非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1-2分）。
◆命题特点
1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态；
2. 非谓语动词的否定式；
3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；
4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用；
5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法；
6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；
7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。
【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。
动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词
I．不定式的时态及语态
一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或
进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生
用途：表将来表某一次具体的动作表目的
I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice
more.
2. 动名词
一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生
完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前
用途：抽象、习惯性（ his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）
3.分词的时态和语态
现在分词一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done
用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人……的
过去分词：被动、完成、感到……的
The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）
the room facing south（主动）
The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人……的)/(感到)
Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成)
注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_ *如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。
●考点一
不定式做结果状语的固定搭配
too +adj/adv to do，so +adj/adv as to do ，
such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do
only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。
●考点二?使……怎么样?之类的动词
amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下?人?用过去分词，?物?用ing形式。
*考点三除。.之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to. *考点四 why not do sth (为何不做某事)
●固定搭配
cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too …to…
“越……越好；无论……也/都不过分”。
Y ou cannot be too careful to cross the street.
你过街时越小心越好。
can’t (help/choose) but 不得不,只能,不禁
I cannot help but tell her the truth. 我只能告诉她真相。
*解题思路：看似纷繁复杂的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的,
非谓语动词解题四步曲：
一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句没有连接词只有一个主语
二、分析主动被动
分析语态就是在确定主语之后，分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
三、分析动作先后要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。
独立主格
独立主格: 句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语
形式：名词/代词＋分词
在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有
自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:
独立主格的分类：
(1) -ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。相当于
各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况,或表原因
There being nothing more for discussion,the meeting was over half an hour earlier.
(2).介词（ with）+名词+形容词，副词+现在分词或过去分词，表示陪村行动做或补充说明
例如：He lay on his back, with his arm behind his head
（3）独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)
The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)
So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather permitting, we?ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
The job done, we went home.
The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.
专四语法考点串讲之三—不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）*常跟不定式做宾语的词
三个w、h、c ，
二a领着四d 、p,
一r 、m，二l、b,
外加三个o, u, e。
3 w: want(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)
3h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)
3c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)
2a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起),
4d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定)
4p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备)
1r: refuse(拒绝)
1m: manage (设法)
2l: learn(学会), long(渴望)
2b: beg(乞求), bear(忍受)
1o: offer(提出)
1u: undertake(答应；同意)
1e：expect(希望)
*接不带to的不定式的特殊动词
一感：feel
二听：listen to; hear
三让：make, have, let
四看：watch, see, look at, observe
被动句里to还原。
*接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词
双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( can?t bear/ stand/ endure)也好。
*可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词
四“记”力争不后悔
①四“记”
(记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on,
②力争：try
③不后悔: stop regret
①remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事
②forget to do sth 忘了要做某事
forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事；
③mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着，就是
④go on to do 继续做另一件事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
⑤try to do sth 试图做某事，
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
⑥stop to do sth 停下来做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事。
⑦regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示“遗憾”，
regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。
*常接动名词做宾语的词
MP\2r\ café\ disk （military policeman）
宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘
M指mind(介意), miss(逃过), mention(提及)
P指prevent, postpone, practice
2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)
c指consider(考虑）
a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激),
f指 fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)
e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保)
d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨)
i指imagine(想象)
s指suggest(建议)
k指keep(保持)
*介词后的ing
have difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难
be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事
succeed in doing sth…成功做某事
give up doing sth 放弃做某事
prevent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止…做…
spend/waste time /money in doing 在做…方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how /what about doing sth 做…怎么样了？
Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在…方面有些困难
There is no sense in doing (做…是没有理由的
Thank / admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人
*to是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to 的宾语?apply oneself to 致力于
?be accustomed to 习惯于
?confess to 供认
?come to 谈到
?devote oneself to 献身于
?get down to 着手做
?give way to 对…让步
?lead to 导致
?look forward to 期待
next to 几乎
12. object to 反对
13. pay attention to 注意
14. stick to 坚持
15. stand up to 勇敢面对
16. turn to 求助于
17. be used to 习惯于
*用于“be+过去分词+to”结构中的过去分词常见的有：accustomed/used（习惯）
addicted（沉溺于）
astonished（惊讶）
devoted（致力于）
determined（决定）
engaged（订婚）
exposed（遭受）
known（已知）
married（结婚）
opposed（反对）
prepared（准备）
related（相关）
*用于“be+过去分词+with”结构中的过去分词常见的有：
armed（配备）
connected（相关）
covered（覆盖）
crowded（挤满）
faced（面对）
fed up（厌烦）
filled（充满）
pleased（高兴）
satisfied（满意）
tired（劳累）
*用于“be+过去分词+in”结构中的过去分词常见的有：absorbed（全神贯注）
engaged（从事）
involved（参与）
lost（陷入）
seated（坐在）
situated/located（位于
*用于“be+过去分词+of”结构中的过去分词常见的有：convinced（相信）
informed（了解）
tired（厌烦）
*几组易错的现在分词、过去分词
lie vi. lay lain lying 躺
lie v. lied lied lying 撒谎
lay vi. laid laid laying 放；下蛋
found vt. founded founded 成立
find vt. found found 发现
Wind wound wound 盘旋蜿蜒
Wound wounded wounded 受伤
rise vi rose risen 上升
raise vt. raised raised 上升
fall vi. fell fallen 落下
fell vt. Felled felled 砍
feel vt. felt felt 摸；感觉
hang vi hung hung 悬挂
hang vt. hanged hanged 绞死
light vt. lit （一般作谓语）
light lighted （作定语）燃着的
burn vt. /vi burnt 烧焦的，
burning 正在燃烧的
专四语法考点串讲之四复合句
一、定语从句
五大概念：
概念一、什么是定语从句？
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。
在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。
概念二、关系词有哪些？
1、关系代词：which（指sth 作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth 作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth 作主语或宾语）;注意: 做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。
2、关系副词：when（指时间on which），where（指地点at which），why（指原因for which）概念三、关系词通常有下列三个作用？
1.引导定语从句；
2.代替先行词；
3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。
Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
概念四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法？
主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
Focus in：
方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。
方法二：句子完整法：关系代词引导的定语从句不完整；关系副词引导的定语从句是完整的。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语?．．．的?通常译成主句的并列句。在非限制性定语从句中，通常用who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物。
Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）
五大考点：
考点一. 先行词为人时引导词who和that
a. 用who不用that的情况：
(1)当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those时。(2)当先行词为人称代词时。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.
b. 用that不用who的情况：
1)当主句已经出现who时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
Who is the man that spoke to you just now?
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
考点二. 先行词为物时引导词that和which
a.只用that不用which 的情况：
(1)先行词为much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all等不定代词
（2）先行词既有人又有物。
（3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。
（4）先行词被the very, the only, the last, just, all, any, every, no等修饰
（5）关系代词在从句中作表语．
(6) 在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中
(7) 主句是there be句型：
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
China is no longer the country that it used to be.
All that can be done has been done.
He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.
This is the very book that I am looking for.
Who is the man that is talking to Jim?
There is a man that lives in that village.
b.只能用which不用that的情况: 1.介词后面 2.逗号后面
1. 定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用which
2. 引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分.
(1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.
(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
考点三：★★★★★介词+关系代词 (which/ whom)
**** 关系代词前介词的确定方法：
1. 定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。
Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look
Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands?
Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.
2.非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+ of + 关系代词”的结构，
e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.
3. Whose从句可转换为“ of +关系代词?型，whose的先行词指物时, 可用of which代替, 但词序不同，即whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.
e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.
They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.
Of which the door open to the south.
考点四:关系副词的运用
⑴先行词为“时间的名词”用when：time（day, night, morning, week, month, year等）＋when…Eg. I don?t remember the day when he left.(on which)
⑵先行词为“表示地点的名词”★★★★★where：place（case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, country, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street等）＋where…
Eg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which)
⑶先行词为“表示原因的名词”why：reason＋why…（表示原因的名词只有一个）
That's the reason why I helped him.（why =for which）
考点五：★★★★★ as与which引导的定语从句
两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情况多用as。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.
2. 当与such , as或the same连用时，一般用as。
e.g. That?s the same tool as I used last week.
I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。
3. 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。
Eg.Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
三大区别：
1.the same... as 和the same ...that的用法辨异.
That?s the same tool as I used last week.（同类事物）
That?s the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。（指原物）
2. 定语从句与强调句型的区别判断是否是强调结构的方法是采用删除法
分析：强调句句型：It is/was +被强调的成份+that/who +其它部分．去掉It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立。
①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport．
②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．
3、定语从句与习惯句型的区别
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．
（It is／was the first／second ．time ＋that从句）
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
三大注意：
1. the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。
2. 定语从句中主谓一致问题：从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。He is one of the teachers who know English well.
He is the only one of the teachers who knows English well.(特殊)
3.疑问句的解题思路：先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
1. Is this factory ____ we visited last week?
2. Is this the factory ____ we visited last Week?
A、where
B、that
C、to which
D、the one
★★小试牛刀
That is the factory where produces 100,000TV sets a year.
That is the factory that his father once worked.
I?ll never forget t he days when we spent on that lonely island.
I?ll never forget the day when/on which I joined the Party.
二、状语从句
一：时间状语从句
１，连词：when, while, as, till/until, before, after, since, once, as soon as ，every time, the moment, the minute，no sooner ..than hardly…when等
２．五大考点：
考点⑴ when VS while VS as
★当….的时候★当…的时候★当….的时候
when while as ★一边….一边….
★趁着…时候★随着…
考点⑵ till / until ?直到….为止?
Eg. Mother waited for Tom till/ until it was far into the night. ( 持续性动词)
Eg. Tom didn’t get bac k till / until everything was all right.(短暂性动词)
考点⑶ when 的两个句型
Sb is about to do sth when / Sb is doing sth when
考点⑷ since“自从”
句型：it is/ has been +一段时间＋since +从句
Eg. it is three days since I left Beijing.
It has been 10 years since I smoked.
考点⑸ No sooner than/ hardly ..when/ scarcely..when 一 .就..用于句首要求倒装Eg. No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
★几种特殊句型结构的区别：
（1）It is/was + 时刻 + when从句“某事发生时是什么时候。”
（2）It is/has been + 时间段 + since从句“自从……以来有多长时间了。”
（3）It will/would be + 时间段 + before 从句“还要过多长时间……才……”
（4）It will/would not be + 时间段 + before 从句“过不了多长时间……就会……”（5）It was + 时间段 + before从句“过了多长时间才……”
（6）It was not + 时间段 + before从句“没过多长时间就……”
二、条件状语从句
1,连接词：if , unless( 如果..不，除非), so/as long as（只要）, on condition that（条件是），as (so) far as ( 据..所知), provided that（要是，如果），in case(假使，如果)，等
２．两大考点：
考点⑴Once --- 一但……就……
Eg. Once you see him, you will never forget him.
考点⑵ In case --- 假使, 如果
The plane cannot take off in case it rains.
三，原因状语从句
1，连接词：
Because, since, as(放句首) ,for, now that(既然，由于）, when(既然), considering that（顾及到---）, seeing that（由于）。（都表示原因，语气依次减弱）
2，考试聚焦
考点一、Because VS since VS for
Because: 表示“因为”，表示直接的或明确的原因;
Since: 表示“既然”，表示已知或显然的原因;
for : 不是从属连词，而是并列连词。它不是用来说明原因，而是用来表示一种附带或补充
解释、说明，不放在句首。
Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.
Since everyone makes mistakes in life, you needn’t scold him for it.
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
考点二、 when 既然
Eg. How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen?
四，让步状语：
1.连接词:though/although（虽然）, as /though(虽然), even if/though(即使)whatever（无论什么）, wherever（无论哪里）, while (尽管)等引导。
2，考试聚焦：
考点一：though/although 不与but 连用, 但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的
考点二：while 尽管 eg. While I have sympathy for you, I can?t help you.
考点三：Whether ---不管，常与or not 连用
Eg. Whether he is good or not, the company decided to send him abroad.
考点四：no matter +疑问词相当于疑问词+ever: 不管…都…
五、地点状语从句: where/ wherever（wherever --- 无论哪里）
考点聚焦：地点状语从句和where定语从句的区别：
Tips: 判断是定语从句还是地点状语从句，要看从句前是否有先行词，有先行词的是定语从句，否则是状语从句。
Eg. Where there is a will, there is a way. This is the factory where my father works.
六、结果状语从句
1. 连接词：so that（=in order to 因而）, so…that.（太..以至于），such…that（太…以至于）
2.考试聚焦：考点句型
(1) so + 形容词/副词+ that从句；
(2) such a/an + 形容词+可数名词单数+that从句;
(3) so + 形容词+ a/an + 可数名词单数+that从句；
（4）such + 形容词+ 可数名词复数/不可数名词+that从句
七、目的状语从句
1. 连接词：so that（以便）, in order that（为了）, for fear that（为了防止）, lest（以防）
Eg. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.
八、比较状语从句 (倍数+the depth/height/width/weight of )
1. 连接词：A. ….as…as… B. ….adj. + -er than… C. the more…the more…
Eg. This work is not as easy as you think
The more you work, the more you earn. He runs faster than i.
The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.
The room is twice the size of that one. The well is three times the depth of that one.
★While 的总结用法：1.当…的时候；2. 而，却；3. 趁着；4. 只要；5.虽然，尽管。
专四语法考点串讲之五倒装句
★倒装考点口诀
倒装两大类，全倒部分倒；
主倒从不倒;
全倒分两种：副词、地点介短在句首;
部分倒装分六种:
否定副词在句首，only加状在句首，
so ... that结构so提前，承前否定/肯定neither nor/so, 状语从句as/ though，省去if虚拟句
一、全部倒装
1. 在以here、there、now、then、off、away等副词开头的句子里。
(1) The birds flew away.→Away flew the birds.
(2) The rain came down. →Down came the rain.
2. 表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。
（1）山脚下有一个美丽的湖。At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. （2）教室外面站着一个男孩。Outside the classroom stood a boy.
二、部分倒装
1. Only+状语位于句首时
(1)He only found it important to get along with others then.
→Only then did he find it important to get along with others.
We can only make great progress in this way.
→Only in this way can we make great progress.
2. 否定副词及短语位于句首时。
常考的这类词或词语有：not, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, in no time等。
I have never seen such a beautiful place.
→Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
3. 在省略if的虚拟条件从句中。
（1）如果我是你，我会努力学习。
Were I you, I would work hard.
（2）如果明天下雨的话，我们就延迟会议。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
（3）假如他听从了我的建议，他早就成功了。
Had he followed my advice, he would have succeeded.
4、so\ neither\ nor 位于句首的情况。
1.So + 助动词 +主语…也一样。So + 主语 + 助动词…确实如此。
2.Neither 和 Nor 用于否定句，表示“也不，也没有”。
Neither\ Nor +助动词+主语
5、as/though引导的让步状语从句
名词\形容词\副词\动词+as\though+主语+其他
6、在“so + adj./adv. + that…”句式中，将“so + adj./adv. ”放在句首时的倒装。
So hard does he work that he has made great progress in English.
★特殊倒装句型：
not only … but also…句式的倒装
Not only is he interested in football but also he plays it well.
(前倒后不倒)
考点倒装四注意：
1、as/ though从句的表语是名词，倒装后其名词前不加任何冠词 ;
As he is a child---child as he is
2、if 虚拟句 Were it not...或者Had it not been..., 但不可以说Weren?t it... 或者hadn?t it been...（not 不提前）
3、承前肯定so, 只能指定一件事情，两件事情用 so it is(the same) with sb
4、So + 助动词 +主语：也一样
So + 主语 + 助动词：的确如此
专四语法考点串讲之六小语法点
一、反义疑问句的考点聚焦：
1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I. I am a student, are n?t I
2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3)陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式It is impossible, isn't it?
5)must在表示"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?
6)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ?
7) 复合句的反疑疑问句
A .带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
B上述部分主句谓语是I /we think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I don't think he is bright, is he?
二、主谓一致的考点聚焦
1）?就远原则??主语＋介词短语等?作主语
在“A +(with, together with, along with, as well as, but, except, besides, like, including, rather than, more than, no less than)+B”结构中，谓语动词的单复数与之B一致。
2）就近原则neither…nor…, (either)…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则：谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。
3）“a / the number of＋复数名词”作主语
表示“…的数量”的“the number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数；表示“一些/ 许多…”的“a number of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
4). more than one + __/ Many a + ___ / Every A and every B / No A and no B/ one and a half + 谓语动词用单数。
注意：more 复数名词+than one 用复数，More members than one are against your plan. 5）.并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式。
注意：整体看待:bread and butter bread and cheese a knife and fork a cart and horse needle and thread law and order fish and chips meat and potatoes
例如: Truth and honesty is the best policy．
注意：adj. + and + adj. + 不可数名词／复数名词＋谓语（复数）
Eg. Chinese (beer) and French beer are served here.
6）.表达时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值,算式的短语通常接动词的单数形式。
eg. Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．
7）.如果主语由?the＋形容词(或过去分词)?结构担任时, 谓语通常用复数,
8).由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；但所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词通常用复数. Eg. What we need are good textbooks.
9).people, police, cattle, militia, 是复数名词, 接动词复数形式。Peoples指民族。sheep , deer, fish , means, aircraft works单复数同形; clothes +复数动词
10) All 指人，用复数动词；all指物，用单数动词。
11). 集合名词指整体时，用单数代词；指由不同的人组成的集合时，用复数代词。audience couple family public class crowd government
staff (全体职员）committee group team crew(船／飞机全体工作人员）company
12). 书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
三、强调句的考点聚焦
1. 强调句结构： It is/was+被强调部分+that引导的从句
2. 强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who。
Was it she who said it like that? 是她那样说的吗？
3.强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问+is/was +it+ that/who。“究竟是谁…，到底在哪里……What was it that started the big fire in the building? 到底是什么原因引起那栋大楼的大火？注意1：当强调not…until结构时，须将not until连用，后面接肯定式。
It is/was not until+时间+that…，?正是直到……才……?。
It was not until at that time that I realized what trouble he was in.
直到那个时候我才意识到他有什么麻烦。
注意二：强调句和定语从句区分
It was in the house that he was born.（强）It was the house where he was born.（定）
区分方法：将句子中的“It was… that( when/ where)…”结构去掉：
如若还能成完整的句子，则为强调句；如若不能成完整的句子，则为定语从句。
四、连词与介词
考点聚焦一、并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore等。重点：常用的几组并列连词
1、and组表示联合关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：both…and, not only…but also, as well as, neither…nor等。如：
Let’s go and play basketball.我们去打篮球吧。
2.but组表示转折和对照关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：however, still, yet ,while, nevertheless。如：
He hasn’t arrived. He may, however, come later.他还未到，不过，他可能过会儿来。
3、or组表示选择关系。属于这一组的并列连词还有：or else, otherwise, neither…nor, either…or等。如：
We’ll go early, otherwise we may not get a seat.得早一点去，不然就没有座位了。
4、so组表示因果关系的连接词还有：so(that),for, therefore, thus, then等。如：He has broken his leg and therefore he can’t walk.他摔伤了腿，因此不能走路。考点聚焦二、at, as, to, by, on, in, of, with, like, along, for, over, up, through, across, except, but, besides, beside, near等。
重点：常用的介词
1、常见介词by的用法。介词by含义较丰富，主要有：靠，凭借，在……旁边等含义。可有by oneself单独，靠自己；by and by不久以后，不一会儿，连续不断地，立刻；by and large总的说来。
★★2、常见介词with引导的复合结构。with的复合结构，也叫with引导的独立主格结构。由with（也可省略）+名词/代词+现在或过去分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语或副词构成。它相当于一个状语从句，表示行为方式/伴随状况/时间/原因或条件。(更口语话)
with his hand still raised; with a book in his hand( book in hand);
With him sitting next to her，she felt safe.(he sitting next to her, she felt safe.)
Eg. He sat at the table, his nose red, collar off, head down, and pen in position。（独立主格）
3、常见表示时间的on的用法。与时间搭配的介词须注意：在具体某星期几及具体某天的上午、下午和晚上等都用介词on。
4、常见介词as的用法。as作为介词，可表示“充当，作为，如同”。
5、常见over的用法。介词over有“在……之上，过之，多于”意思。
五、形容词、副词考点聚焦
考点聚焦一、何时形容词后臵：
（1）修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，例：
There is something difficult in this book.
（2）形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语的时候。例：
This is a student worth of praise.
（3）用and或or连接两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰的作用。例： They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.
（4）形容词同表示数量的词组连用时亦放在后面。例：The pipe is twelve feet long. 考点聚焦二、ly结尾的形容词：名词+ly结尾构成的词常作形容词。
friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。
考点聚焦三、同根副词辨析：
1）close接近地 closely 仔细地，密切地（2）free免费地 freely 自由地，无拘束地3）hard 努力地 hardly几乎（4）late 晚，迟 lately 近来
5）most 极，非常 mostly 主要地（6）wide 广阔地 widely 广泛地
7）high 高 highly 高度地，非常地 8）loud 大声的 loudly大声地（含有喧闹意思）9）deep 深，迟 deeply 抽象意义上的“深”（10）near 邻近 nearly 几乎
考点聚焦四、比较等级的常见句型：
（1）as+原级+ as（as+原级+a/an+单数可数名词+ as），其否定形式为not as/so+原级+ as （2）比较级+than+比较对象（less+原级+比较对象）
（3）比较级+and+比较对象或more and more +原级
（4）the+比较级…，the+比较级…
（5）the+比较级+of the two
（6）the+最高级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词
（7）be one of/among+ the+最高级+复数名词
（8）the last+原级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词
考点聚焦五、比较等级的修饰语：
（1）修饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very, too等。
（2）修饰比较级：much, even, far, rather, still, any, no(而不用very, quite, fairly，Greatly)，a bit, a little, a head, two metres, a great deal. a lot , by far等。
专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型
1.主谓一致 就近原则 1.由并列结构或连词（either…or， neither…nor，not…but， not only…but also， or 等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。 例句：There is a book and some pens on the desk.桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。 3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。例句：It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary 的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。 意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，no less than，besides，except， but， including等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 例句：I, along with my sister, am going to Shanghai next month. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。 2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（people，means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。 例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。 3. 多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：What I want to say is just “ Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！” 4. 当主语与all， none， any，some等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。 例句：All I know about this company is what he told me yesterday.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。 5. “…+ (of) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 例句：Most of the water here is clean.大部分的水是干净的。 80% cotton has been sent to America.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red.有一半儿的苹果是红的。 6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。 例句： A number of ancient buildings are destroyed in the war.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。 7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union ,clergy, mankind,militia,police,people,poultry等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。
1、Smell的用法smell作系动词后面跟形容词作表语例子：The milk in the a bit sour.瓶里的牛奶闻起来有点酸 2、What引导感叹句句型：what[a/an]+形容词+名词/名词性短语+主语+谓语 3、you like....?Would like意为想要可以直接跟宾语Would you like....?意为：你想要.....吗？回答为yes.../no... 例子：Would you like some noodles? 4、Try的用法作名词意为：努力，尝试。常用短语have a try：试试看try还可以做动词意为：尝试，努力。常用结构：try doing sth(尽力去做某事）/try to do sth（尝试去做某事） 5、Hear from sb的用法意为：收到某人的来信相当于get/receive a letter form sb. 注意：hear from的宾语是人，而get与receive的宾语是事物 6、Can’t wait to do sth.的用法Can’t wait to do sth意为：迫不及待做某事列子：Summer holiday is coming.Children can’t wait to go back home. 暑假快到了，孩子们都迫不及待地回家了。 7、With 具有；带有(1)with作介词，意为：具有；带有列子：I dream of a big house with a nice garden 我梦想拥有一个带花园的大房子(2)with+宾语+宾语补足语表示方式或伴随情况。宾语补足语由形容词、分词或介词短语来充当。列子：He left the room with the door open 他没关门就离开了房间。 8、Spend的用法(1) spend time ／money on sth.在……上花费时间(金钱). 例子：I spent two hours on this maths problem.这道数学题花了我两个小时.(2) spend time ／money (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事. 例子：They spent two years (in) building this bridge.造这座桥花了他们两年时间.(3)spend money for sth.花钱买…….(某物) 例子：His money was spent for books.他的钱用来买书了. 9、Be proud of..... 意为为...而感到骄傲无论什么情况都不用主格，因为是做介词of 的宾语，只能用宾格。如果主语和of后的词指代的是同一个人，就可以用反身代词，如：I'm proud of myself. You are proud of yourself. He is proud of himself. 如果主语和of 后的词指代的不是同一个人，不可用反身代词。如：I'm proud of you. You are proud of him. 感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel look smell sound taste。作为系动词这些词本身含有词义，但不能单独作为谓语，后面必须跟形容词构成表系结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等 10、What do/does sb.look like的用法What do/does sb.look like? 某人长什么样? 常用来形容外貌拓展：what is/are sb. Like?的用法what is/are sb. Like?意为某人怎么样？常用来形容性格 11、Close的用法close意为靠近；接近（1）close可作为副词列子：We sat close together.我们紧挨着坐在一起（2）close作形容词表示空间、时间上的接近相当于never。句型；be close to 意为：离....很近（3）close可作为动词意为：关闭反义词：open 12、While的用法while意为：当....的时候(1)while作连词引导时间状语从句，强调句中的动作与主句中的动作同时发生，但持续时间较长或主句的动作在从句的动作过程中发生。(2)while还可以用来表示对比，连接两个并列句子，对比某两件事物。 13、When的用法when引导的时间状语从句when意为：当(在)......的时候既可以连接一个时间点，又可以连接一个时间段。When引导的从句中的谓语多用终止性(瞬间)动词，主从句的动作可以同时发生也可以有先后顺序发生。列子：When I got back, I found my mother cooking for me. 当我回家时，我发现妈妈正在为我做饭。
八下英语语法集锦练习题 1. If you _____ to the party, you’ll have a great time. A. will go B. went C. go D. going 2. I ____ her the answer if she ____me. A. can tell, will ask B. will tell, will ask C. would tell, ask D. will tell, asks 3. – What are you going to do tomorrow? --We’ll go to the library tomorrow if it ___. A. isn’t rain B. rain C. won’t rain D. doesn’t rain 4.—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow? --Sorry, I don’t know. When he ____ back, I’ll tell you. A. comes B. will come C. come D. may come 5. I’ll give the book to him if he ___ here next Sunday. A. will come B. comes C. is coming D. came 6.May I stop my car here? No, you_＿＿＿. A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. don't have to 7. Must we clean the house now? No, you _______. A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't 8. Linda ate nothing this morning, ___? A. didn’t she B. was she C. did she D. wasn’t she 9. There’s hardly___ milk in the bottle, _____there? A. no, isn’t B. some, is C. little, isn’t D. any, is 10. He has never ridden a horse before, ___? A. does he B. has he C. hasn’t he D. doesn’t he 11. He can’t be her father, _____ he? A. is B. isn’t C. can D. can’t 12. They have no time to visit the museum, _____? A. do they B. haven’t they C. don’t they D. will they II. 将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词： 1. “I never eat meat.”he said. He said that ______ never ______ meat. 2. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there 3. “You must come here before five.”he said. He said that I ______ to go ______ before five. 4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.” 5.The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west. III. 时态练习题。 1. I _____ to the cinema. I ______ there every Sunday. A. go…go B. am going… go C. go…am going D. am going…am going 2. Look, they______ a good time, ____ they ? A. have…do B. have…don't C. are having…are D. are having… aren't 3. ______ a sports meet last Sunday ? Yes, they ______. A. Did they have... did B. Did they have... had C. Had they... had D. Had they (i) 4. This time yesterday Jack _____ his, bike. He _____ TV. A. repaired… didn't watch B. was repairing… watched C. repaired… watch ed D. was repairing… wasn't watching 5. I _______ fifteen years next year. A. am B. have been C. will be D. was 6. _____you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we _____ it two hours ago. A. Did…copy…did B. Have… copied…have C. Have… copied… did D. Did …copy…had 7. _____ you ______ the film before ? Where ____ you _____ it ? A. Have… seen… did… see B. Did…see…die…watch C. Have…seen… have… seen D. Did…see…have…seen
英语语法试题 2 51. Give me your telephone number ________ I need your help. A) whether C) so that B) unless D) in case 52. They lost their way in the forest, and _____ made matters worse was that night began to fall. A) that C) what B) it D) which 53. _________ to speak when the audience interrupted him. A) Hardly had he begun C) Not until he began B) No sooner had he begun D) Scarcely did he begin 54. I will give this dictionary to _________ wants to have it. A) whomever C) whoever B) someone D) anyone 55. The engineers are going through with their highway project, ________ the expenses have risen. A) even though C) now that B) just because D) as though 56. Water will continue to be _________ it is today ------- next in importance to oxygen. A) how C) as B) which D) what 57. Prof. Lee’s book will show you _________ can be used in other contexts. A) that you have observed C) how that you have observed B) that how you have observed D) how what you have observed 58. You can arriv e in Beijing earlier for the meeting _________ you don’t mind taking the night train. A) provided C) though B) unless D) until 59. Most electronic devices of this kind, _______ manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed. A) that are C) which is B) as are D) it is 60. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ________ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn. A) what C) which B) that D) such 61. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _________ obtaining water is not the least. A) of which C) on which B) for what D) in which 62. _________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. A) What C) It B) That D) As 63. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocs from which the other elements are produced. A) so that C) in that B) but that D) provided that 64. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it. A) ever since C) even though B) much as D) if only
八年级英语语法归纳整理(下册) Topic1 一. 重点词汇 ( 一 ) 词形转换: 1.discuss(名词) discussion 2.queen(对应词) king https://www.doczj.com/doc/9b11163234.html,fortable(名词) comfort 4.safely (形容词) safe (名词) safety ( 二 ) 词的辨析 1. find out / look for / find 2. cost / pay for / spend on 3. other /else 4. raise /rise 5.each /every 6.exciting / excited (三)重点词组: 1.go on a visit to 去……旅行 2. make the decision 做决定 3.bring back 带回 4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行 5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定 6 see the sunrise 看日出 7. make a reservation 预订 8. come up with 想出(主意) 9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望 10. pay for 支付;赔偿 11. raise money 筹钱 12. book a ticket 订票 13. make a room for sb 为……订房间 14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快 15. in the daytime 在白天 16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 17.find out 查出
语法七大语法考试重点 一独立主格 （一）：独立主格结构的构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 （二）独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. This done, we went home. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 二过去完成时 1）概念：表示过去的过去其构成是had +过去分词构成。 2）用法 a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn t. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
完整版专四英语语法 考点
语法考点之一：虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反：从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done； 2、省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反：从句sb did (should+do或were+to do)，主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如：从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟，即从句sb had done，主句sb would(should, could, might)+do； 考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。 考点3：It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。 考点4：it is (high/about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5：much as"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6：if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句， 与过去事实相反：had + done； 与现在事实相反：动词过去式； 与将来事实相反：could/would + do 考点7：would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8：lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二：情态动词 *情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不） 考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测） （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.
Unit 1 What 'the matter? 一、询问某人的健康问运及遭到麻烦的表达方法 (1) 询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦时，常用以下几种结构来表达： What's the matter (with sb. )?(某人)怎么了？ What's wrong (with sb. )?(某人)怎么了？ What's the trouble (with sb. )?(某人)出什么事了？ Whathappened (to sb. )?(某人)发生了什么事？ Are you OK?尔没事吧？ Is there anything wrong with sb. ?某人有什么事吗？ (2) 要表达身体疼痛或不舒服，可用以下结构： ①某人+have/has+病症. The twins have colds .双胞胎感冒了。 某人+have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache. She had a stomachache last night .她昨晚肚子痛。 ③某人+have/has+a+sore+ 发病部位. Hehasasore throat .他喉咙痛。 ④某人+hurt(s)+身体部位或反身代词. Hehurt his leg.他的腿受伤了。 ⑤某部位+hurt(s). Myhead hurts badly .我头痛得厉害。 ⑥某人+have/has+a pain+in on e's+身体部位，I have a pa in in my chest .我胸口痛。 ⑦(There is)something wrong with one's+身体部位. There is something wrong with my right eye ..我的右眼有毛病。 ⑧其他表达方式 She has a heart trouble .她有心脏病。 Hegot hit on the head他头部受到了撞击。 She cut her finger .她割破手指了。 二情态动词should的用法 1. Should为情态动词，意为“应该；应当”，否定式为shouldn '，其后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求或义务等。You should drink hot water with honey .你应该喝加有蜂蜜的开水。Heshould put his head back 他应该把头后仰。 Weshould try our best to help him.我们应当尽力去帮助他。Youshouldn ‘t watch TV.你不应该看电视。 2. Should用于主语为第一人称的疑问句，表示征询意见。 Should I put somemedicine on it?我应当给它敷上药吗？Should wetell her about it?我们应该告诉她这件事吗？ 【拓展】在英语中，表示建议的说法有很多，而且都是中考考查的重点。主要结构有： ①Would you like (to do) sth .?你想要/愿意(做)某事吗？ Would you like to play basketball with me?尔想要和我一起打篮球吗？ ②Shall I/we do sth ?我/我们做”好吗？ Shall we go to the zoo tomorrow?明天我们去动物园，好吗？ ③Whynot do sth ?为什么不”呢？ Why not join us?为什么不加入到我们当中来呢？ ④How/Whatabout doing sth ?做某事怎么样？Howabout going swimming?去游泳怎么样？
八年级英语语法专项练习(人教版英语八年级)( ) 1. _____ does a car cost in China? It costs about 250,000 yuan. A. How many B. How much C. How often D. How old ( ) 2. Pass me the glasses, Tony, I can_____ watch TV. A. hardly B. really C. rather D. clearly ( ) 3. Tom is ______ careful, hardly makes mistakes. A. usually B. never C. always D. sometimes ( ) 4. This is the key _____ the door, don“t lost it! A. to B. of C. with D. about ( ) 5. _____ they are brot hers, they don“t look like each other. A. Because B. though C. When D. As A. by a bus B. on foot C. by foot D. on bus ( ) 7. It“s ______ weather _____ a walk. A. /…in B. a…for C. a…of D. /…for ( ) 8. He can“t see ______ sun, as he is blind. A. a B. an C. the D. / A. some times B. sometimes C. some time D. sometime ( ) 10. Look, there are some apples ______ the trees. A. on B. in C. of D. at ( ) 11. The little child knows _____ English, but he can say _____ some words.A. many…some B. much…a few C. a little…few D. little…a few
英语专业四级语法汇总 语法回顾篇： 专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。 专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气 一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点） 考点1. 与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用did (be用were)， 主句谓语动词would (should, could, might)+do； 考点2. 与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用had done， 主句谓语动词用would(should, could, might)+ have done； 例如： 43. I _________the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying KEY: C 49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there. A. weren’t B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t KEY: C 考点3.与将来事实相反， 从句谓语动词用：did (should + do或were + to do)， 主句谓语动词用：would (should, could, might)+do。
八年级外研版--语法知识部分 时态部分 现在进行时：现在进行时的基本用法： 1.表示说话时正在进行的动作常和now 连用，有时用一个look、listen ,来表now 这一时 间概念。Look! A train is coming .看，火车来了 Listen! He is playing the piano.听，他在弹琴。 2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作但不一定是说话时正在进行。常和at present ,this week ,these days…等时间状语连用。 What lesson are you studying this week?你们本周学哪一课了？（说话时并不在学） 3.现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作.即是说可以用来代 替将来时，但此时，一般要与表示将来时的时间状语连用，而且仅限于少量动词。如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return . sleep Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津吗? How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会？ 一般将来时:.be going to+ 动词原形~ 对于将要发生的事，或打算、计划、决定要做的事情时，皆以be going to + 动词原形的句型来表示因此此句型有be动词，所以是否用am, is, are ,决定于主语 1.肯定句：主语+be (is, am, are) going to +动词原形I am going to play football next Sunday. 下周日我打算踢足球◇He is going to travel around the world. 他计划周游世界。 ◇They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他们打算在校门口见面。◇It is going to rain. 要下雨了。 2.否定句：主语+be (am, are, is) not going to +动词原形We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我们不上课。◇I’m not going to be a teacher. 我不打算当老师。 ◇He isn’t going to see his brother tomorrow. 他明天不准备去看他哥哥。 3.疑问句：Be (Am, Is, Are) +主语+ going to + 动词原形 ◇Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你长大了，打算当一名医生吗？ Yes, I am. 是的，我打算当。No, I’m not. 不，我不打算当。 will 同be going to 的用法相同以今天为起点的所有将来时间，如： this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening , the day after tomorrow / next week , next Wednesday / next month, next September / next year. ★“be going to + 动词原形”表示计划、打算、将来发生的动作，常和this afternoon （今天下午），this evening = tonight （今晚），tomorrow （明天），tomorrow morning (afternoon , evening ) （明早，午，晚），the day after tomorrow（后天），next Sunday （下个星期天），next week (下周)，next month (下个月)，next year (明年)等的时间状语连用，前不加任何介词。另外，动作性动词go ,come 和leave 等的现在进行时表示一般将来时动作。 四、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1．比较级：句子表示两者之间的比较时用比较级，其标志词是than, much, a little , even和still等。 e.g. ①Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的头发比我的长多了。②I’m a little older than you. 我比你大一点儿。2．最高级：句子表示三者或多者的比较时用最高级，其标志词是表示范围的in…或of …介词短语。在句子中，形容词最高级前必须加the。 e.g. ①The boy is the tallest in our class. 这个男孩是我们班最高的。 ②Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?
一、写出下列形容词与副词的比较级与最高级形式： long _________ ______wide _______ _______ thin _________ _______ heavy ________ ______ slow _______ _______few___________ _______ short ________ ______ badly ______ _______far __________ _______ quickly ______ ______happy ______ _______careful ______ _______ 二、用所给词的正确形式填空： 1. She will be much ______ (happy) in her new class. 2. The short one is _______ (useful) of the five. 3. His sister is two years _______ (young) than him. 4. This ruler is twice as ______ (long) as that. 5. The _____ (cheap) bags are usually the best ones. 6. Gold(黄金) is much ______ (expensive)than iron(铁). 7. The boy is not so ______ (interesting) as his brother. 8. Jack sings _____ (well), he sings ______(well) than Tom, but Mary sings______(well) in her class. 9. Of the three girls, I find Lucy is _______ (clever). 10. John’s parents have four daughters, and she is _____ (young) child. 三、选择填空： 1.It is _____ today than yesterday. A. hot B. more hot C. hotter D. much hot 2. This line is ____ than that one. A. not longer B. more longer C. much more longer D. many more longer 3. Of the five toys, the child chose_____. A. the expensive one B. one most expensive C. a least expensive D. the most expensive one 4. Which do you like _____, coffee, tea or milk? A. the best B. better C. the better D. best 5. They bet to see who could run _____ in the sports meeting. A. the fastest B. the faster C. fastest D. faster 6. This book is ____ of all.