美国文学重点整理
美国文学题型:
1.60分三篇小说,三个诗歌,作者,出处,作品分析
2.20分名词解释
3.20分论述
1、20世纪美国文学发展得经济背景
关键词:
Urbanization(new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time)
Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer)
mercialization
Globalization、
Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华
Nietzsche 尼采
Jean Paul
Freud
补充:Fitzgerald:tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,
2、What is Lost Generation?
①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris、
②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date、
③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation、the term stuck the mystique surrounding these
individuals continues to fancy us、
④Main representatives: F、Scott、Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos
3、What is modernism? Main features、
A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI、It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world、
The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism(立体主义), futurism, expressionism, contructivism(构成主义) are generally defined as modernism
、
4、The Great Gatsby
作者: F、Scott Fitzgerald
男女主人公:Jay Gatsby & Daisy Fay Buchanan
Why is Gatsby great? Why did he die?
His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal
正就是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神,社会不重视精神世界得充实,人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。Post-war delusion(迷幻,错觉)
“So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past、”
补充:Fitzgerald:tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,
几个重点背景:roaring twenties, jazz age, the lost generation, American dream
5、Ernest Hemingway
主要作品:
The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》
A Farewell to Arms 《永别了,武器》Frederic Henry & Catherine Barkley
For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》Santiago
“Man is not made for debeat…A man can be destroyed but not defeated、” From The Old Man and the Sea
What is Hemingway Code Hero? His writing style、What is Iceberg-principle?
补充:海明威得writing style:
Heroic code : Hemingway has his own understanding of hero、What the hero does is to face adversity with grace、He emphasizes self-control and other facts of his idea of manhood、What people achieve or fail at external is not as significant to heroism as porting ourselves with inner nobility、As Santiago says, man is not made for defeated、A man can be destroyed but not defeated、
Colloquial style
Emphasis on emotion
Ice burg theory
Short story: man without women
Winter takes nothing
主题主要就是:life and death, experience and the meaning of life, the physical and psychological wound of the soldier、
Hemingway’s writing style: simple, telegraphic, natural, direct, clear, fresh, terse(简洁得,精练得), controversial, monly found, fundamental words, lean and emotional,simple sentences, ice burg principle, symbolism、His style is probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century、He is generally known for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”、He once said, the dignity of movement of an iceburg is due to only 1/8of it above water、According to H, good literature writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorized ments, without conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adj, and modifiers、His fiction usually focuses on people living essential, dangerous live -- soldiers, fisherman, athletes, who meet the pain and difficulties of their existence with stoic(坚忍得,苦修得) courage、His celebrated lit stylhe is direct,terse and often monotonous, yet particularly suited to his elemental subject matter、Masculine, man of action, self-discipline, terse、
The Hemingway hero code
It refers to some protagonists in Hemingw ay’s works、In the general situation of Hemingway’s novels, life i s full of tension and battles、The world is in chaos and man is always fighting a losing battle、Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as Hemingway code、To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show “grace under power” and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a them e clearly established in The old man and the sea、
A Farewell to arms
Is henny a good soldier?
No、he escaped and said goodbye to aimless, meaningless war and ran to Switzerland、It is not our war、He is anti-war thinking love may be disastrous, bring death、So man should be cold、
6、William Faulkner, Southern writer
主要作品:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》,Absalom, Absalom、Go down, moses、Light in august、
故事发生地:fictional Yoknapatawpha County
四大家族:
主题: The burden of history; the South’s conservative culture; the South’s troub led history; family; the land; religion; guilt; identity; death; the search for the redemptive meaning of life、
Writing features:
1、stream of consciousness and interior monologue、
2、multiple point of view
3、Violation of chronology
4、anti-hero: weak, fable(寓言,无稽之谈), vulnerable,
5、mythological pattern and open ending
7、The Color Purple
作者:Alice Walker 南方黑人女性作家alic
主人公:Celie & Nettie
论述: Sophia: “All my life I had to fight、I had to fight my daddy、I had to fight my uncles、I had to fight my brothers、A girl child ain't safe in a family of men, but I ain't never thought I'd have to fight in my own house!”
The Color Purple is an epistolary(书信体得) novel, made up of 91 letters written by Celie and her sister Nettie、Taking place mostly in rural Georgia, the story focuses on black female life during the 1930s in the Southern United States、
8、The Bluest Eye
作者:Toni Morrison 其她作品:Song of Solomon; Beloved、
主人公:Pecola Breedlove: inferiority plex,
(说过要考几种literary form fiction, poetry, drama)
American Drama
What is drama: a drama is a work of literature or position which delineates life and human activities by means of presenting various actions, and dialogues between a group of characters and it is designed for theatrical presentation、
Elements: plot, character, theme, diction(措辞),music and auditory aspect of a play、
1920s: little theater movement began after 1912 Washington square players、They are free from the conventional theater and can be as experimental as they like、
1930s: Eugene O’Neil
Post war: Arthur Miller
60s: theater of absurd: Edward Albee
1.美国最早得剧作家:William Darby
代表作:Ye Bare and Ye Cubb
2.一定会考第一位获得诺贝尔奖得剧作家:Eugene O’Neil被称为“剧作家之
父”
Neil is credited with raising America drama theater from its narrow origins to an art from respected around the world、He is regarded as America’s premier playwright、
Feature: introduce the European theatrical trends of realism, naturalism and
expressionism to the American stage as devices to express his prehensive interest in his life and humanity、His purpose it to get the root if human desires and frustrations, disappointments and perplexities、As result his tragic and nihilistic view of life, his words in general, indicated chaos and hopelessness、
The long days journey
The emperor jones
The hairy ape
写作风格:realism, naturalism, expressionism
代表作:The Emperor Jones,The Long Days Journey Into Night, The Hairy Ape His purpose is to get the root of human desires and frustrations、
3.Arthur Miller应该不会考
代表作:Death of a Salesman、
Main characters: Willy Loman, Biff Loman
4.Tennessee Williams代表作:A Street Car Named Desire应该会考
流派:Theater of the Absurd 荒谬派
Beckett
Features:
the basic assumption: human life lacks coherence and is chaotic、Life operates without rules、
The world is meaningless, so the play appears to be meaningless、
It examines the problems of life and death, of isolation and munication
It satirizes people who are unaware of the ultimate reality: death
In absurd drama, situation is more important than characteristics and events、The dramatists want to show people what their situation is、Therefore, he constructs a play which presents a picture of the universal situation、One result of these is that the characters are so often ic and humorous、
5.Edward Albee
代表作:The Zoo Story, Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?
6.post-moderism
post-modernism is a plicated term, or set of ideas, one that has only emerged as am area of academic study since the mid-90s、post moderation is hard to define because it is
A.An emphasize on impressionism and subjectivity in writing、It emphasize on how
seeing(or reading or perception itself) takes palce、
B. A movement away from the apparent objectivity prob=vided by omniscient
third-person narrators, fixed narrative points of view and clear cut moral positions、
C. A blurring of destitution between genres so that poetry seems more dominating
and prose seems more poetic、
D.An emphasize on fragmented forms, discontinuous narratives, and
random-seeming collages of different materials、
E. A tendency toward reflexivity, or self-conscious about the production of
self-consciousness about the production of the work of art, so that each piece calls attention to its own status as a production, as sth constructed and consumed in particular ways、
F. A rejection of elaborate formal aesthetics in favor of minimalist designs(as in the
poem of williams) and a rejection in large part 、
G.A rejection of the distinction between high and low or popular culture, both in
choice of materialism used to produce art and in methods of displayingm distributing and consuming art、
H.Post-modernism, like modernism, follows most of the ideas, rejecting boundaries
between high and low forms of art, rejecting rigid genre distinctions, emphasizing pastiche, parody, irony and playfulness、But modern art favors reflexivity and self-consciousness, fragmentation and discontinuity, ambiguity, simultaneity
:
世界著名剧作家名字:Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, V oltaire, Diderot, Beaumarchais, Henrik Ibsen, Bernard Shaw, Chekhov
American novels (World War Ⅱ—)
1.Jerome David Salinger
代表作:The Catcher in the Rye
Main character: Holden Caulfield
2.Vladimir Nabokov
代表作:Lolita
Main characters: Humbert, Lolita
3.Jack Kerouac
代表作:On the Road
Main characters: Sal Paradise, Dean Monriarty
The Beat Generation:
Features: rejection of standard narrative values, the spirit quest, exploration of American and Eastern religious, rejection of materialism, explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs, and sexual liberation and exploration、
4.Postmodernism: like modernism
Features of modernism: self-consciousness, spontaneity, fragmentation, discontinuity, ambiguity and simultaneity、
American poetry (anti-tradition school)
1.Black Mountain School
代表诗人:Charles Olson
Feature: projective verse
Black Mountain Review黑山学派得刊物
2.The San Francisco School
3.Beat Poets
代表诗人:Allen Ginsberg (Howl 1956), Jack Kerouac
Beat poetry is oral, repetitive and immensely effective、It is the most
anti-establishment form of literature in America、
4.The New York School
They have the best formal educations of any group、
Post realism 战后现实主义
Features: despair, ethnic groups, existential crisis, oppressed, despair, nihilism, brutality,
1.Norman Mailer
代表作:The Naked and the Dead, The Armies of the Night
2.John Updike
代表作:Five Rabbit books:
Rabbit, Run; Rabbit Redux; Rabbit is Rich; Rabbit at Rest; Rabbit Remembered
Main character: Harry “Rabbit” Angstrom
Black Humor
Features: grotesque or morbid humor; express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox and the cruelty of the modern world、
1.Kurt V onnegut
代表作:Slaughter House Five
2.Joseph Heller
代表作:Catch-22 (means dilemma)
Anti-hero: Joseph Yossarian
Poems
20世纪disappointment disillusionment allusions
T、S、Eliot, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, E、E、Cummings, Robert Frost (the road not taken)
Appreciation of poems: meter and rhyme
1、T、S、Eliot 诗歌之父
考印象派诗歌(不知道对应)
Imagism:20世纪美国文坛流派:Modernism: lost generation、Imagism came into being in Britain and US at around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation、T he imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image、
3 poetic principles of imagism:
Direct treatment of subject matter
Economy of expression
As regards rhythm, to pose in the sequence of musical phrase, not in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome、
Chaotic and structure less
必考: Pound: in a station of the metro
It is a well known imagism poem
人群中那些亡魂得脸
花瓣,在潮湿得黑色枝头
Ezra Pound
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough、
考:TS Elliot the waste land
五个章节分别就是:
The burial of the died
A game of chess
The fire sermon
Death by water
What the thunder said
Robert Frost: the road not taken
Realistic depiction
Rural life
Colloquial speech
Features: simple graceful tradition
Longfellow: a psalm of life
记住art is long and time is fleeting ,
And our hearts, though stout and brave
Still, like muffled drums, are beatifuneral marches to the grave 小说补充洛丽塔第二十二条军规
Ezra Pound (埃兹拉?庞德) In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd;人群中这些面孔幽灵般闪现Petals on a wet,black bough.湿漉漉的黑色枝条上的众多花瓣 1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"? These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain. 2.What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd. Robert Frost (1)Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire,有人说世界将终结于火, Some say in ice.有人说是冰。 From what I’ve tasted of desire，从我尝过的欲望之果 I hold with those who favor fire.我赞同倾向于火之说。 But if it had to perish twice,但若它非得两度沉沦 I think I know enough of hate.我想我对仇恨了解也够多 To know that for destruction ice可以说要是去毁灭,
Part I Identification Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1.( T ) Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie. 2.( F )In 1954, T. S. Eliot was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the a rt of modern narration.” 3.( T )Hemingway believed that a man could find meaning in life by facing his death with dignity and courage. 4.( T )Literary naturalism may be regarded as the new development of literary realism, and was sometimes called “pessimistic realism.” The naturalistic writers were philosophical pessimists. 5.( F )Hemingway, Pound, Cummings, Dos Passos, and Fitzgerald, belong to the school of “Beat Generation”. 6.( F )William Faulkner's woks mainly concerned the decay in economy and moral in the American North. 7.( F ) Fitzgerald's fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the romantic period. 8.( T )The narrator in T he Great Gatsby is a minor character named Nick Carraway, who is also a participant in the event. 9.( T ) Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises pained the image of the whole generation, the lost generation. 10.( F )In Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called imagism, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character. Part II Multiple choice: Directions: Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. ___________ showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. A. Ezra Pound B. Robert Frost C. T. S. Eliot D. E. E. Cummings 2. Ezra Pound's long poem____________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected. A. The Waste Land B. The Cantos C. Don Juan D. Queen Mab 3. In Paris, Ernest Hemingway, along with _____________, accomplished a revolution in literary style and language. A. Gertrude Stein B. Ezra Pound C. James Joyce D. all of the above 4. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and
一、名词解释 奥林波斯神统：古希腊神话中以宙斯为首的神的家族，因住在奥林波斯山上而得名。主要的神有阿波罗、阿瑞斯、阿佛洛狄忒等，体现了神人同形同性的特点。 多余人：是受资产阶级思想影响的贵族知识分子，他们不满上流社会的生活，想有所作为，寻求新的生活道路，但贵族出身与上流社会的生活环境，使得他们无力从事任何工作，只能无所事事、碌碌无为，最终成为对社会毫无用处的多余人，普希金笔下的奥涅金是俄国文学中的第一个多余人形象。 拜伦式英雄：是指拜伦在“东方叙事诗”等作品中塑造的一系列孤立傲世的、富有叛逆精神的主人公形象。他们是海盗、异教徒、造反者、无家可归者等，都具有出众的才华，坚强的意志，反叛的热情，敢于蔑视传统秩序和专制暴政，但他们的反抗总是和孤傲、忧郁结合在一起，乃至傲世独立、离群索居，并以悲剧告终。最典型的形象是《海盗》中的康拉德。小人物形象：特指19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学作品中出现的一种小人物形象，他们在社会中处于底层，生活困苦，地位卑微，但又逆来顺受，安分守已，性格懦弱，胆小怕事，成为那些“大人物”统治的牺牲者，是被剥削、被欺凌的典型形象。作家对他们寄予同情与怜悯，并通过这类形象批判沙皇专制制度。 流浪汉小说：十六世纪中叶产生于西班牙的小说形式。以主人公的流浪为线索，广泛反映社会生活，具有反封建反教会的倾向，主人公多是城市贫民，多采用自传体，代表作《小癞子》。对近代欧洲长篇小说、尤其是结构方式上影响深远。 教会文学：教会文学是中世纪占统治地位的文学，是为封建统治服务的文学。教会僧侣们从《圣经》中取材进行创作，主要内容是宣扬宗教教义。体裁有圣经故事、圣徒传、祈祷文、赞美诗、宗教戏剧等。他们赞美上帝的权威和歌颂圣徒的德行，宣扬禁欲主义和来世主义思想，多采用梦幻故事的形式和象征、寓意的手法，影响及整个中世纪的欧洲文学。 骑士文学：骑士文学是中世纪欧洲特有的一种文学现象，它是骑士制度的产物，是世俗封建主文学的主要成就。骑士文学的主要内容是写骑士的冒险故事和他们与贵夫人之间的爱情故事，主要体裁有抒情诗和叙事诗。前者的中心主题是骑士之爱，以“破晓歌”为代表。后者主要写骑士的行侠冒险生活。代表作有《特里斯丹与依瑟》和《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》等。巴洛克文学：巴洛克原指不规则的、怪异的珍珠。巴洛克文学从巴洛克艺术而来，与巴洛克艺术风格一致，内容上带有宗教神秘色彩，艺术上借鉴中古文学象征、寓意、梦幻手法，语言雕琢，表现出华丽纤巧的风格，巴洛克文学属于贵族文学，在意大利和西班牙较为盛行。市民文学(城市文学)：市民文学是随着城市的发展而出现的，反映了城市内部复杂的矛盾斗争，也表现了市民中不同阶层的思想愿望。它与民间文学有密切的联系，直接取材于现实生活，以揭露封建主和僧侣的恶行败德为主要内容，也有的作品赞扬人民的智慧。其主要手法是讽刺，主要体裁是韵文故事、讽刺叙事诗和抒情诗。代表作是《列那狐传奇》。 启蒙文学：指18世纪产生于欧洲启蒙运动中，表现启蒙主义思想的文学。它既是启蒙运动的重要组成部分，又是启蒙运动的重要工具和思想武器。它继承和发展了人文主义文学反封建、反教会的传统，竭力宣传资产阶级的政治思想，为资产阶级夺取政权作最后的舆论动员。启蒙文学家强调文学的教育作用，在作品中着重反映人民大众的日常生活，描写普通人。启蒙文学最典型的形式是哲理小说和启蒙戏剧。在艺术上，它忽视生动感人的艺术形象的塑造，作品中的人物往往缺乏血肉，缺乏真实感。代表作家有伏尔泰、狄德罗、卢梭等。 古典主义：17世纪的法国古典主义是近代欧美文学的第二次思潮。把古希腊罗马的艺术看作是艺术创作的理想模式，在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊罗马文学为典范，因而得名。法国古典主义是专制王权的产物并为专制王权服务。 启蒙运动与启蒙主义：十八世纪欧洲资产阶级反封建、反教会的思想革命运动，是文艺复兴的继续和发展；它比文艺复兴具有更强的政治革命性质，是直接为资产阶级夺取政权和巩固
伤痕文学（70年代末期） 名词解释： 新时期重要文艺现象。1977年底，刘心武发表短篇小说《班主任》，深刻揭示了极左路线给青少年一代造成的严重内伤，提出“救救被‘四人帮’坑害了的孩子”这一社会问题。此后不久，卢新华又发表短篇小说《伤痕》，揭示极左路线对人的命运迫害和心灵摧残。继之，我国文坛上便相继出现了描写十年动乱给党和国家造成的灾难、着重表现极左路线给人民生活命运特别是思想心灵造成创伤的文学，被称之为“伤痕文学。” 开山之作：刘心武的《班主任》，人物形象有谢惠敏和宋宝琦 代表作：卢新华的《伤痕》、周克芹的《许茂和他的女儿们》（第一届茅盾文学获奖作品） 反思文学 名词解释： “反思文学”是继“伤痕文学”之后在新时期出现的第二个文学思潮；代表性作家作品有，茹志娟的《剪辑错了的故事》、张一弓的《犯人李铜钟的故事》、高晓声的《李顺大造屋》、谌容的《人到中年》、张弦的《被爱情遗忘的角落》、张洁的《爱，是不能忘记的》、张贤亮的《灵与肉》等。作品着重对“文革”、十七年甚至更早的历史事实进行思考，从而在
意识形态、国民性等方面挖掘现实问题的根源，展开对“人”的价值的思索。 茹志鹃的《剪辑错了的故事》是反思文学的起步标志，茹志鹃的小说创作风格也由清新俊逸转变为严峻 代表作有：张贤亮的《灵与肉》、《绿化树》、《男人的一半是女人》，鲁彦周的《天云山传奇》，王蒙的《布礼》、《蝴蝶》，路遥的《人生》，高晓声的《李顺大造屋》，张一弓的《犯人李铜钟的故事》，古华的《芙蓉镇》，谌容的《人到中年》（讲述了中年知识分子的待遇问题，代表人物是陆文婷，还描写了一个具有鲜明特色的“马列主义老太太”——秦波的形象）改革文学 名词解释： 十一届三中全会后，许多作家开始把目光由历史拉到现实，关注现实中的改革发展，形成了风行一时的“改革文学”；蒋子龙的《乔厂长上任记》被公认为“改革文学”的开篇之作；着重表现对农村和城市改革出现的新气象的肯定，对改革过程中存在的障碍和热点难点问题的思考，体现了作家对社会、时代的广泛思索。其他如高晓声的“陈奂生系列”、何士光的《乡场上》、贾平凹的《鸡窝洼的人家》、柯云路的《新星》等。 开山之作：蒋子龙的《乔厂长上任记》（主人公乔光朴，乔光朴和作者其他作品中的车篷宽、高盛五、牛宏、宫开宇等
一 I heard the merry grasshopper then sing, The black-clad cricket bear a second part, They kept one tune, and played on the same string, Seeming to glory in their little art. Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise? And in their kind resound their maker’s praise, Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays? “Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm, Close state I by a goodly River’s side, Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm; A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d. I once that lov’d the shady woods so well, Now thought the rivers did the trees excel, And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell. “While musing thus with contemplation fed, And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain, The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head, And chanted forth a most melodious strain, Which rapt me so with wonder and delight, I judg’d my hearing better than my sight. 题目：the 9th of Contemplations 作者：Anne Bradstreet 赏析： 1. Rhyme royal: sevenline iambic petametre 七行五步抑扬格 2. Rhyme: ababccc 3. Theme: religion 4. 象征：black-clad=death; abject=admitting defeat; maker= god 5. A genuine expression of poetic feeling in the presence of nature. The poem offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritan pioneering in a new world. The poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, and she searched for her own soul accordingly. 6. She saw sth metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception which was singularly Puritan 二 It was about this time I conceived the bold and arduous project of arriving at moral perfection. I wished to live without committing any fault at any time; I would conquer all that either natural inclination, custom, or company might lead me into. As I knew, or thought I knew, what was right and wrong, I did not see why I might not always do the one and avoid the other. But I soon found I had undertaken a task of more difficulty than I had imagined. While my care was employed in guarding against one fault, I was often surprised by another; habit took the advantage of inattention; inclination was sometimes too strong for reason. I concluded, at length, that the mere speculative conviction that it was our interest to be completely virtuous was not sufficient to prevent our slipping and that the contrary habits must be broken, and good ones acquired and established, before we can have any dependence on a steady, uniform rectitude of conduct. For this purpose I therefore contrived the following method. In the various enumerations of the moral virtues I had met with in my reading, I found the catalog more or less numerous, as different writers included more or fewer ideas under the same name. Temperance, for example, was by some confined to eating and drinking, while by others it was extended to mean the moderating every other pleasure, appetite, inclination, or
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
“三一律” “三一律”是17世纪古典主义戏剧的艺术法则，是当时法国宫廷中的文人学者根据路易十四的政治意图而制定出来的最后总结性的反映在古典主义理论家布瓦洛的《诗艺》中。“三一律”要求戏剧创作在时间地点和情节三者之间保持一致性：一出戏所叙述的故事发生在一昼夜之内，地点在一个场景，情节服从于一个主题。莫里哀的《伪君子》就是一个典范。狂飙突进运动 狂飙突进运动发生于18世纪70年代至80年代中期。它是德国启蒙运动的进一步发展，是一次全德性质的文学运动。 “狂飙突进”一词来源于当时德国作家克林格尔的一部同名剧本，因为恰当地反映了这一运动的性质及气势而被采用命名。 运动中心：斯特拉斯堡 标志：1770年歌德与赫尔德在斯特里斯堡的会面。 成员：赫尔德、青年时期的歌德、席勒、克林格尔、伦茨、瓦格纳等 狂飙突进运动的基本精神:1.崇尚自然；2.崇尚天才；3.崇尚感情；4.崇尚民间文学、民族风格。 作品：歌德《铁手骑士葛兹*冯*伯利欣根》（1773）；《少年维特之烦恼》（1774）；《普罗米修斯》（1774）。席勒《强盗》（1781）；《阴谋与爱情》（1782）---被恩格斯评价为“德国第一部有政治倾向的戏剧”。 英国浪漫主义——“湖畔派”诗人 湖畔派(Lake Poets) 湖畔派诗人是英国早期浪漫主义运动中的一个流派。指居住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的三位诗人华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞结成的诗歌流派。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，寄情于湖畔山水，歌颂大自然，缅怀中世纪，以表示他们对现实社会的不满与憎恶，所以有“湖畔派"之称。 ●他们三人的诗歌创作高峰是在1 9 世纪初期, 并且获得过桂冠诗人的称号, 他们的一 些诗作对徐志摩的影响很大。 ●英国早期的桂冠诗人是专门为皇室的重大活动献诗的宫廷诗人。19世纪以后，王室不 再要求桂冠诗人为朝廷献诗,桂冠诗人的选拔也更多地考虑其文学成就。 总体特点 ●温婉清丽 ●喜欢描写神秘离奇的情景与异国风光 ●缅怀中世纪和宗法式的乡村生活 ●对法国大革命抱着矛盾的态度 ●对资本主义的工业文明和城市文明表示厌恶 ●讴歌宗法制的农村生活和大自然 拜伦式英雄：是拜伦笔下的一类人物形象，最早萌芽于《恰尔德·哈洛尔德》，在《东方叙事诗》中重点塑造了这类形象。他们是悲剧性的孤傲的反抗社会的叛逆者。他们高傲倔强，忧郁孤独，神秘痛苦，与社会格格不入，而单枪匹马与之进行不屈斗争，均以失败告终，这些叛逆英雄烙烫着拜伦自身的思想气质的深刻印记，故称之为“拜伦式英雄”。 “多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养，受启蒙思想的影响，厌倦上流社会的生活，渴望有所作为，他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力和勇气，因此在社会上无所适从，结局是悲剧性的。 多余人形象专指19世纪俄国一部分贵族知识分子。对贵族阶级来说，他们是多余的，是这个阶级的浪荡子。对人民来说，他们也是多余的，不会反人民，但也不会投身到人民的革命运动中。
大学现代文学史分析题 1、中国现代文学史的发展经历了哪几个重要阶段？各个阶段的主要内容和特点是什么？各个阶段之间有什么内在的联系？ 一般把1919前后到1949年之间的大约30年的文学发展称为中国现代文学史。 1）1917-1927年，五四文学运动时期。文学革命开端时间，开创性的作品：胡适《文学改良刍议》、陈独秀《文学革命论》、鲁迅《狂人日记》、郭沫若《女神》、胡适的白话新诗，戏剧、小品散文的出现，最早的文学社团：文学研究会（为人生、现实主义）、创造社（为艺术、浪漫主义），特点：奠基性，开创性。 2）1928-1937年，开始的标志是革命文学运动的开始。创造社、太阳社于1928年正式发起革命文学运动，革命文学标志现代文学从艺术形式到思想内容的深刻变化。重要内容：（1）左翼革命文学的发展，集中出现了一批革命文学的作家作品，左联五烈士、东北作家群、蒋光慈、叶紫、鲁迅后期、茅盾前期的创作，都看作左翼时间的创作。（2）左翼之外，风格独立、卓有特色的艺术大家有：巴金、老舍、沈从文、曹禺等。特点：从思想到艺术都进入成熟阶段，整个文学创作呈现繁荣、复杂、多元的格局。 3）1938-1949年，开端标志：抗战爆发进一步深化的阶段。特点：（1）抗战爆发，形成全国规模的抗战文艺运动，使现代文学又出现一次深刻的变化，抗日救亡成为压倒一切的主题，现代文学密切配合社会发展。（2）由于政治变化，出现国统区、解放区。解放区与国统区已经是不同的社会制度，解放区已经是不同于国统区的“新天地”，局面更复杂，流派更多。关键字：抗战文艺运动、国统区、解放区。（内在联系我没有写，再听录音） 4、以郁达夫、萧红、沈从文、孙犁等人为例，论述分析现代作家在追求小说的散文化和诗化方面有哪些共同的特色和个性的差异？ 几个人的小说的共同点：不注重情节的连贯，不注重故事的完整，情节淡化。不同点：‘郁’以情绪的流动结构作品，感情的放纵，听任感情的宣泄，抒情方式不讲究节制，不注意分寸，是非常外在的，不含蓄的。如《沉论》；从郁到孙，抒情表现在小说这种文体上，有一重要特点，即小说的散文化，故事性不强，不以情节取胜，而重在抒情。‘萧’主要是着力描写散点的透视的，是零星的感受，有奔放的一面，也有内在的一面，处于前二者之间，如《小城三月》；‘沈’精心构造了一个田园牧歌、诗一样的王国，在结构上大幅度跳跃，善于采用虽断若续的表现方法；到孙梨的笔下，小说的散体化与诗化已经进步了许多，达到了一种融合，一种更高的意境，进一步开拓了小说文体的空间，使其更宽阔，更自由，融叙述、抒情、议论为一体，结构灵活，讲究节制的美，讲究分寸，如《荷花淀》。 5、简单叙述丁玲和张爱玲的小说各自在哪些方面达到了对时代社会的深刻揭示？ 二人都以思想深度见长。但深度的视角不同。‘丁’对社会问题分析（包含阶级）表现思想的深度大胆。‘张’对人性的分析显示出其深度，来源于对生活痛惜的体验。她们都擅长于对人物内心深处的描写，擅于把人性放在心里深处来表现。丁玲表现的是农村中的阶段关系，写的是农民与土地的关系，农民夺取土地和长久拥有土地之间的问题，农民自我阶级间的斗争，丁玲就是在后一个问题上看得最深刻最准确，显示了独立而深刻的思考，达到了一个很
作家作品 Naturalism 1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》 2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家. Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义” 在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs. 1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances. 2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law. Dreiser's Writing Features: ?As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side. ?As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time. ?His narrative method is natural and free from artifice. Modern Poetry 3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 20世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗?He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country. A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之 后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;
1、填空题 1、浪漫主义最早产生于18世纪末的德国。 2、耶拿派是德国浪漫主义文学初期的代表。主要人物有佛里德里希·施莱格尔、奥古斯特·威廉·施莱格尔（施莱格尔兄弟）、诺瓦利斯、蒂克等。他们以耶拿为中心，以《雅典娜神殿》为阵地。 3、德国中期浪漫主义文学的代表是海德堡派，主要人物有阿尔尼姆、布伦塔诺、格林兄弟等。 4、德国后期浪漫主义文学的代表作家有霍夫曼、沙米索、海涅。 5、海涅在《德国——一个冬天的神话》中把德意志联邦中36个封建小邦国比作“三十六个粪坑”，并说“没有你们我们也要解放自己”“伪善的一代……正在成长”。 6、英国早期浪漫主义文学代表是湖畔派，由华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞三人组成。华兹华斯和柯勒律和写的《抒情歌谣集》是“湖畔派”的代表作，华兹华斯的《<抒情歌谣>序言》被称为“英国浪漫主义文学划时代的宣言”。华兹华斯享有“桂冠诗人”之誉。 7、雅布·格林和威廉·格林（格林兄弟）搜集整理的《儿童与家庭童话集》是德国浪漫主义文学的主要成就之一。 8、努瓦利斯是德国浪漫主义思想和文学的奠基人，代表作品《夜的颂歌》。 9、英国后期浪漫主义的代表人物是拜伦、雪莱、济慈和司各特（“恶魔派”）。拜伦是英国浪漫主义运动的领袖，他的创作代表英国浪漫主义成就。雪莱的《西风颂》中名句是“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”被称为诗坛的一颗灿烂的明珠。司各特被称为“欧洲历史小说之父” ，《艾凡赫》是司各特历史小说的代表作，《圣罗南之泉》是司各特唯一关于自己生活时代的小说。 10、文学史上第一个“世纪病”的形象是夏多布里昂小说《勒内》同名主人公。缪塞的《一个世纪儿的忏悔》中的奥克塔夫是“世纪病”的典型人物。
外国文学史 古代文学 一、古代文学源头及反映的历史特征 1.希腊思想重视现世本位、人本位、肉的倾向、自然生活、自律、自立、理智等。 2.希伯来思想重视未来本位、神本位、灵的倾向、理想生活、他律、服从、空想等。 二、古罗马文学的代表作家 维吉尔（公元前70- 19）古罗马最伟大的诗人：史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。 三、古希腊神话的特点及众多的神 1、希腊神话的显著特点是人、神同形同性 2、给后世西方文学提供了取之不竭的创作元素 3、想象瑰丽优美，谱系完整，形象生动，故事动人 4、神名 四、《荷马史诗》的结构及塑造的人物形象 《伊利亚特》结构
24卷，15693行，十年战争，只选最后一年中最后的51天，在这51天中又有详有略。它描写了4天的战争和21天的埋葬仪式，再加了没有事件发生的26天空虚时间。而十年中的其他情况通过倒叙的手法给予回顾和解释。 《奥德赛》结构： 1、奥德修斯十年返乡之旅，只选取最后四十天。通过倒叙回顾十年，高度浓缩。 2、“一条绳子的结构”，一个情节串起一系列事件，后来演变为“流浪汉小说结构”——火车头结构。 3、史诗采用倒叙、顺叙和打破时间顺序前后穿插的方法，在叙述结构上表现出高度的艺术技巧。 主要人物形象： １、阿喀琉斯 希腊军队的勇猛武士，半人半神的美男子。古代英勇战士的理想形象，俊美高大，骁勇善战，能言善辩，慷慨大方，武功盖世，重友情，看重个人荣誉。 但也残忍、易怒、任性、执拗，为了个人利益而不顾全体希腊人的利益 2、赫克托耳 富于集体主义精神，作战勇猛，指挥英明，把保卫国家和为部落牺牲视为己任，尽社会义务，对家人感情强烈，视荣誉比生命更可贵，具有崇高的悲剧色彩。 3、奥德修斯 以机智和刚毅为特色。见多识广，足智多谋，不屈不挠，精力旺盛，忠于自己部落，睿智老练机敏灵活。 性格缺陷：狡诈、私心重，个性狭隘念念不忘个人财富的私有权，对求婚者赶尽杀绝。 五、古希腊戏剧三大悲剧家 （一）埃斯库罗斯 埃斯库罗斯是世界悲剧艺术的开拓者，古希腊悲剧创始人，被誉为“悲剧之父”
第一章1917-1949年的文学运动和文学思潮 1 双簧戏：1、1918年钱玄同和刘半农的双簧戏，正式拉开了这场“文学革命”、“封建复古主义”思潮斗争的序幕。2、钱玄同把社会上的各种反对意见归纳起来，化名“王敬轩”写给《新青年》编者一封信，再由刘半农写答信王敬轩的信予以批驳，两信同时发表名为《文学革命之反响》，借以扩大文学革命的影响。 2 文学研究会：被称为“为人生”的现实主义文学流派1921年成立于北京，是文学革命后出现的第一个新文学社团。代表作家：周作人、茅盾、叶圣陶、许地山、朱自青、冰心等。重要刊物：《小说月报》、《文学旬刊》理论主张：积极提倡“为人生”的文学主张和现实主义文学思想。主要贡献：它承接了“五四”文学革命的现实主义传统，使之发展成为在中国现代文学史占主流地位的文学思潮。 3 创造社：1921年在日本东京成立，发起人有郭沫若、郁达夫、成仿吾等。主要刊物：《创造季刊》《创造周刊》《创造日》。理论主张：尊自我，重主观，强调艺术是自我表现、内心自然流露；强调文学的本质是感情；强调灵感在创作中的作用。主要表现为浪漫主义特征。 4 新月社：1923年成立，主要成员有胡适、徐志摩、闻一多等，都是欧美留学生。重要刊物：《晨报副刊》《诗镌》《新月》（后期）闻一多发表《诗的格律》的理论文章，提出诗歌的“三美”主张，即音乐美、绘画美、建筑美。以闻一多、徐志摩为首的新格律诗的创作，称为“新月诗派”。 5 语丝社：成立于1924年，以创办《语丝》周刊而得名。主要成员有鲁迅、周作人、钱玄同、林语堂等。文艺思想接近于文学研究会。《语丝》多发表杂文、小品、随笔，形成生动、泼辣、幽默的语丝文体，对中国现代散文发展作出了重要的贡献。鲁迅说《语丝》的基本特色是“任意而谈，无所顾忌”。 6 简述文学革命的成就和意义：文学革命批评了“文以载道”、“代圣贤立言”的旧文学观念，宣传了现实主义文学思想。新文学浸透了民主主义、人道主义、个性主义等近代思想。新文学引进了话剧等新的文学体裁，进行了新诗的创建和小说形式的个性，以白话代替文言。文学革命使中国文学从束缚状态走向自由开放，开始向现代化迈进。 7 现实主义文学思潮的特征：鲁迅的小说集《呐喊》、《彷徨》奠定了新文学的现实主义基础。现代最早、成员最广的新文学社团文学研究会，其文学思想基本倾向是现实主义。理论上对文坛发生了重要影响；创作方面，创作了许多现实主义小说，有反映社会问题的“问题小说”和反映现实人生的“乡土文学”。除文学研究会外，当时影响较大的语丝社，基本倾向也是现实主义。欧美现实主义作家及其代表作品，在这时期得到大量翻译。 8 浪漫主义文学思潮的特征：异军突起的创作社，拥有一批创作力旺盛的作家，主干人物有郭沫若、郁达夫等。在创作方面有郭沫若的浪漫主义诗歌集《女神》、郁达夫的《沉沦》。当时最重要的新诗流派之一的新月诗派，就诗歌的主要倾向而言，是浪漫主义的。徐志摩《志摩的诗》、《翡冷翠的一夜》。欧美重要的浪漫主义作家及其代表作品，这时期也被大量翻译。 9 现代主义文学思潮的特征：中国作家的大多数，选择和接受的主要是现实主义和浪漫主义，但又常吸收现代主义的某些因素于其创作中。象征诗人首推李金发，象征诗的特点：朦胧、含蓄、暗示。无产阶级文学：倡导无产阶级革命文
——美国文学 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传 2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体 作家 “Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青 少年文学读物。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》 A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 “Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。 The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿 4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强. 作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》“The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。 ④his most important works are “Representative Men”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》。 5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗 “In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作 6、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑 “Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》人物： Hester Prynne白兰Roger Chillingworth沃斯 Arthur Dimmesdale蒂Pearl珍珠 7、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔