美国文学整理

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国文学Part 1. Colonial America1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money；Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传；2、Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利；Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代；3、Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832 ( Father of American Poetry)The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Part 2. American Romanticism4、Washington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；散文:The Sketch Book见闻札记;Rip Van Winkle 瑞普·凡·温克尔;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说-使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉/西班牙见闻札记；5、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851The Spy间谍主题：战争；The Pilot领航者主题：大海；The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（成就最高）;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者;Part 3.New England Transcendentalism6、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882Essays散文集:Nature论自然-超验主义圣经;The American Scholar论美国学者-美国知识分子独立宣言;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河;7、Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862Wadden or Life in the Woods瓦尔登湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers8、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌-美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;诗集:Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事（An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life生命颂/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔）;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚-叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇-反蓄奴组诗9、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales故事新编: The Minister's Black Veil教长的黑面纱;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的好小伙子布朗;Rappaccini’s Daughter 拉帕西尼医生的女儿T he Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像10、Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德11、Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 (free verse)Leaves of Grass草叶集-Democratic Bible:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌12、Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集-“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的Because I Could Not Stop for Death 因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody.Who Are You? 我是无名小卒！你是谁？13、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;MS. Found in a Bottle瓶中手稿The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头The Murders in the Rue Morgue莫格街谋杀案The Black Cat黑猫The Gold-Bug金甲虫The Purloined Letter被窃之信Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦14、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896Lincoln praised her as “the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war”. Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;The success of the work did a great service to the anti-slavery movement.A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of Realism15、William Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻;A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读16、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local Colorism17、Mark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）-美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American Naturalism18、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）-美国自然主义文学史上的里程碑；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇19、Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事20、Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗21、Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集22、Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下23、Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿Part 7. The 1920s24、Imagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）25、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会26、Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集27、William Carlos Williams威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）;The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain美国性格;Autobiography自传;Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后); Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树28、Carl Sandburg卡尔•桑德堡1878-1967Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In Reckless Ecstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢29、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No,Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）30、F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代)The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号→The Ice Palace冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）31、Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast到处逍遥William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers’ Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）32、Sherwood Anderson舍伍德•安德森1876-1941Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么33、Sinclair Lewis辛克莱•刘易斯1885-1951 (美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Our Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默•甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦34、Villa Sibert Cather维拉•凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死36、Thomas Wolfe托马斯•沃尔夫1900-1938Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Ca n’t Go Home Again有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨Part 8. The 1930s37、John Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险; Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）38、John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克1902-1966Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺；The Leader of the People人们的领袖Part 9. Black American Literature39、Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯1817-1895Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克•道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯的生平与时代40、William E•B Dubois威廉•艾伯•杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国; The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）41、James Langston Hughes詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选42、Ralph Ellison拉尔夫•埃利林1914-长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界43、James Baldwin詹姆斯•鲍德温1924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;.If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后Part 10. American Drama44、Eugene Oneil尤金•奥尼尔1888-1953独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long Voyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜•克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉45、J D Salinger杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者46、Tennessee William田纳西•威廉斯1911-1983American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟47、Arthur Miller阿瑟•米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟48、Edward Albee爱德华•阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西•史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;W ho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人Part 11. The Post-War Scene: The Novel . Poetry49、Saul Bellow索尔•贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝50、Norman Mailer诺曼•米勒1923- (垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道51、Joseph Heller约瑟夫•海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本:We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）John Barth约翰•巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉;Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说52、Thomas Pynchon托马斯•品钦1937- (后现代主义)Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City天使城;The Tooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿;Family家庭(Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child被埋葬的孩子;True West真正的西部);Fool for Love情痴;A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎补充：1、William Cullen Bryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878The Poems 1821/1932诗选:To a Waterfowl致水鸟——英语中最完美的短诗;Thanatopsis死亡随想——受墓园派影响;The Whitefooted Deer白蹄鹿;A Forest Hymn森林赋;The Flood of Years似水流年The Yellow Violet黄色堇香花The Fountain泉2、John Greenleaf Whittier约翰·格林里夫·惠蒂埃1807-1892Poems Written During the Progress of the Abolition Question废奴问题;Voice of Freedom自由之声;In War Time and Other Poems内战时期所作;Snow-Bound大雪封门;The Tent on the Beach and Other Poems海滩的帐篷;Ichabod艾卡博德;A Winter Idyl冬日田园诗3、Francis Bret Harte哈特1836-1902The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营的幸运儿——乡土文学作家4、William James威廉·詹姆斯1842-1910Principles of Psychology心理学原理（首提"意识流"理论）；The Will to Believe信仰的意志；Pragmatism:A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking实用主义：某些旧思想方法的新名称；The Meaning of Truth真理的意义5、Ambrose Bierce安布罗斯·毕尔斯1842-1914小品集;The Fiend's Deligh魔鬼的乐趣;Nuggests and Dust Panned out in California在加利福尼亚淘出的金块和金粉;Cobwebs from an Empty Skull来自空脑壳的蜘蛛网短篇小说集:Tales of Soldiers and Civilians军民故事;In the Midst of Life在人生中间;Can Such Things Be?这种事情可能吗？The Devil's Dictionary魔鬼词典（The Applicant申请者）6、Edward Bellamy爱德华·贝拉米1850-1898Looking Backward:2000-1887回顾：从2000看1887年；Equality平等；The Duke of Sockbridge:A Romance of Shay's Rebellion斯托克布里奇的公爵：雪司起义的故事;The Blindman's World and Other Stories育人的世界及其他7、Edwin Charles Markham马卡姆1852-1940The Man With the Hoe荷锄人8、Charles Waddell Chesnutt查尔斯·契斯纳特1858-1932The Conjure Woman巫女;The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories of the Color Line他青年时代的妻子（The Sheriff's Children警长的儿女）（the pioneer of the color line）;The Marrow of Tradition一脉相承9、Hamlin Garland汉姆林·加兰1860-1940Crumbling Idol崩溃的偶像（真实主义veritism）;Man Travelled Roads大路（The Return of a Private三等兵归来）;Rose of Ducher's Cooly荷兰人山谷中的露斯;A Son of the Middle Border中部边地农家子10、O·Henry欧·享利（William Sidney Porter）1862-1910The Man Higher Up黄雀在后;Sixes and Sevens七上八下11、Edith Wharton伊迪斯·华顿1862-1937The House of Mirth欢乐之家;Ethan Frome;Bunner Sister班纳姐妹;The Age of Innocent天真时代;The Customs of the Country乡村习俗;A Backward Glance回首往事12、George Santayana桑塔亚那1863-1952Scepticism and Animal Faith怀疑主义与动物性信仰;The Realms Being存在诸领域（本质/物质/真理/精神领域：4卷）（Relativity of Knowledge）; Three Philosphical Poets三大哲学诗人；Poems（A Minuet:On Reaching the Age of Fifty小步舞曲：五十书怀）;The Last Puritan最后的清教徒13、Edgar Lee Masters埃德加·李·马斯特斯1868-1950A Book of Verse诗集;Maximilian马克西米连（诗集）;Spoon River Anthology斯普恩河诗集（Lucinda Matlock鲁欣达·马物罗克）14、Paul Laurence Dumbar保尔·劳伦斯·邓巴1872-1906We Wear the Mask我们带着面具他是美国第一个有成就的黑人诗人，被称为"黑种人的桂冠诗人"（Poet Laureate of the Negro Race）14、Irving Babbitt欧文·白壁德1865-1933（新人文主义主要代表）Literature and the American College文学与美国学院要求恢复古典文学教学;The New Laokoon新拉奥孔;Rousseau and Romanticism卢梭与浪漫主义;Democracy and Leadership民主与领导;On being Creative论创造性15、Gertrude Stein格特鲁德·斯坦因1874-1946The Autobiography of Alice B Toklas爱丽丝·托克拉斯的自传；Tender Button温柔的钮扣16、Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记（Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨）;The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集17、Henry Louis Mencken孟肯1880-1956Bernard Shaw:His Plays肖伯纳的戏剧;The Philosophy of Nietzche尼采的哲学;The American Language美车语言;Happy Days幸福的日子（自传三部曲）;Newspaper Days新闻记者的岁月;Heathe Days倡导异端邪说的年代18、Hilda Doolittle希尔达·杜丽特尔1886-1961Sea Garden海的花园;Collected Poems（Dread山精;Pear Tree;Orchard）;The Walls Do Not Fall墙没在倒塌（战争诗三部曲）;Tribute to the Angels天使颂;The Flowering of the Rod柳条葳蕤;Tribute to Freud献给弗洛伊德;Hellen in Egypt海伦在伦敦（抒情长诗）19、Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳·安·波特1890-1980Flowering Judas开花的紫荆花（Maria Conception;The Jitting of Granny Weatherall）; Pale Horse,Pale Rider;Leaning Tower and Other Stories——TheCollected Stories of K A PorterShip of Fools愚人船（唯一的一部长篇小说）;The Never Ending Wrong千古奇冤（回忆录）20、Archibald Mac Leish阿基博尔德·麦克利什1892-1982Towers of Ivory象牙塔;The Happy Marriage幸福的婚姻;Streets in the Moon月色中的街;New Found Land新发现的大陆;Conquistador新西班牙的征服者;Poems 1912-1952广播剧:The Fall of the City城市的陷落;Airraid空袭21、Michael Gold迈克尔·戈尔德1894-1967120 Million一亿二千万;Change The World改变世界;The Hollow Man空心人;Jews Without Money没在钱的犹太人（自传体小说）戏剧:Hoboken Blues;Fiesta节日;Battle Hymn歌;Prletarian Literature in the United States美国无产阶级文学选集（与人合编）22、E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No，Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）23、Edmund Wilson埃德蒙·威尔逊1895-1972Travel in Two Democracies在两个民主国家里旅行;To the Finland Station到芬兰站去;A Piece of My Mind:Reflection at Sixty心里话:行年六十的沉思;Axel's Castle阿克塞尔的城堡（象征主义批判的圭阜）;The Ttriple Thinkers三重思想家;The Wound and The Bow创伤与箭;The Shores of Light光明之岸;The Fruits of the MLA现代语言协会的成果24、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers' Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说:Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）25、Malcolm Cowley马尔科姆·考利1898-译作:法国安德烈·纪德Andre Gide的Imaginary Interview虚构的会议诗集:Blue Juniata;The Dry Season;The Exile's Return流亡者的回归（研究"迷惘的一代"的专著）;A Second Flowering第二次繁荣（The Other War另一种战争）26、Hart Crane哈特·克兰1899-1932My Grandfather's Love Letters祖父的情书;Praise for an Urn瓮颂;For the Marriage of Faustus and Hellen为浮士德和海伦的婚姻而作;Voyage航海;The Bridge桥（长诗）;White Buildings白色的建筑;27、Nathanael West韦斯特1903-1940The Dream Life of Balso Snell巴尔索·斯纳尔的梦幻生涯;The Day of Locust蝗灾之日;Miss Lonelyhearts寂寞小说28、James Farrel 法雷尔1904-1979Studs Lonigan斯塔兹·朗尼根（Young Lonigan少年朗尼根;The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan朗尼根的青年时代,Judgement Day末日窝审判）; Danny O'Neil丹尼·奥尼尔（五部曲）;Bernard Carr伯纳德·卡尔（三部曲）短篇小说:Calico Shoes花布鞋;Guillotine Party行刑队文艺评论:A Note on Literary Criticism文艺评论札记;Literature and Morality文学与道德29、Lillian Hellman丽莲·海尔曼1905-1983The Children's Hour孩子们的时光;The Little Foxes小狐狸;Watch on the Rhine守望莱茵河;The Searching Wind彻骨的风;The Autumn Garden秋园;Tos in the Attic阁楼里的玩具;The Days to Come未来的日子;Another Part of the Forest森林的另一处;回忆录:An Unfinished Wonman一个事业尚未终了的女人;Pentimento旧画新貌;Scoundrel Time邪恶的时代30、Clifford Odets克利福德·奥德茨1906-1963Waiting for Lefty等待老左/勒夫特;Awake and Sing!醒来歌唱;Till the Day I Die直到我死的那天;Paradise Lost失乐园;Golden Boy金孩子;Clash by Night夜间冲突;The Big Knife大刀;The Country Girl乡村姑娘;The Flowering Peach开花的桃树31、Richard Wright理查德·赖特1908-1960Uncle Tom's Children汤姆叔叔的孩子们;Native Son土生子;Black Boy黑孩子;The Outsiders局外人;The Long Dream漫长的梦;Eight Men八人行32、Eudora Welty尤多拉·韦尔蒂1906-短篇小说:Death of a Travelling Salesman巡回推销员之死;A Curtain of Green and Other Stories绿窗帘和其他;The Wide Net and Other Stories大网和其他故事;The Golden Apples金苹果;The Bridge of Innifallen英尼斯法伦的新娘;长篇小说:The Robber Bridgeroom强盗新朗;Detta Wedding德尔塔的婚姻;The Ponder Heart庞德的心;The Losing Battles失败的战斗;The Optismist's Daughter乐观者的女儿;33、Valdimir Nabokov弗·纳博科夫1899-1977Lolita洛莉塔;Pale Fire微暗的火;The Admiralty Sprie海军部大厦塔尖;34、Anais Nin安娜伊思·宁1903-1977The Novel of Future未来的小说;Heida海达;House of Incest乱伦之家;Collages拼贴35、Issac Bashevis Singer艾萨克·辛格1904-1991Gimpel the Fool傻瓜吉姆佩尔;The Family Moskat莫斯卡特家族;Satan in Goray撒旦在戈雷;The Magician of Lublin卢布林的魔术师;The Slave奴隶;The Manor庄园;The Estate产业;Enenemies,A Love Story仇敌们，一个爱情故事;Shosha舒莎;短篇小说:The Spinoza of Market Street市场街的斯宾诺莎;A Friend of Kafka卡夫卡的朋友名篇:Neighbours邻居36、Robert Penn Warren罗伯特·沃伦1905-1989Night Rider夜间骑士;At Heaven's Gate在天堂门口;All King's Men国王的全部人马;World Enough and Time足够的世界和时间;The Cave洞穴;Band of Angels天使的队伍;A Place to Come to归宿;诗集:Thirtysix Poems;Selected Poems 1923-1943;Brother to Dragons;Promised:Poems 1954-1956;You,Emperors and Others;Selected Poems New and Old 1923-1966;Elven Poems on the Same Themet;Incarnation Poem 1966-1968显灵：1966-1968诗选;Now and Then:Poems 1976-1978 此时与彼时1976-1978诗选剧作:Proud Flesh骄傲的血肉之躯;Modern Rhetoric当代修辞学;Birth of Love爱之诞生（选自与Cleanth Brooks合编的UnderstandingPoetry/Understanding Fiction）逃亡者集团The Fugitive的宣言书I'll Take My Stand我表明我的立场37、John Cheever约翰·契弗1912-1982短篇小说:The Expelled开除短篇小说集:The Way Some People Live一些人的生活方式;The Enormous Radio and Other Stories巨型收音机和其他;The Housebreaker of Shaddy Hill and Other Stories绿茵山窃贼和其他;Some People,Places and Things That Will Not Appear in My Next Novel一些不会在我下一部小说中出现的人物、地点、事件;The Brigadier and the Golf Widow陆军准将和高尔夫迷寡妇;The World of Apples苹果世界→The Stories of John Cheever契弗短篇小说选长篇小说:The Wapshot Chronicle/Scandal瓦普肖特纪事/丑闻;Bullet Park布利特公园;Falconer鹰猎者38、Irwin Shaw欧文·肖1913-1984Bury the Dead埋葬死者;Sailor off the Bremen不来梅港外的水手长篇小说:The Young Lions幼狮;The Troubled Air混浊的空气;Lucy Crown露茜·克朗;Two Weeks in Another Town;Voices of a Summer Day夏日的喁喁声;Rich Man,Poor Man;Evening in Byzantium;Nightwork认夜工;Beggarman,Thief;Bread upon the Waters39、Bernard Malamud伯纳德·马拉默德1914-1986长篇小说:The Natural天生运动员;The Assistant伙计;The Fixer装配工;A New Life新生活;God's Grace上帝的恩赐短篇小说:The Magic Barrel魔桶40、Landall Jarrel兰达尔·贾维尔1914-1965诗集：Blood for a Stranger献给一个陌生人的血;Little Friend ,Little Friend小朋友，小朋友;Losses损失;Seven-league Crutches七里格长的拐杖;The Lost World失去的世界小说:Pictures of an Institution学院小景;The Woman at the Washington Zoo华盛顿动物园的女人评论:Poetry and the Age诗歌与时代;The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner旋转炮塔炮手之死41、John Berryman约翰·贝里曼1914-1972诗:Homage to Mrs Bradstreet献给布拉兹特里夫人；The Dream Songs梦之歌;Poems1942;The Dispossessed被剥夺者（The Ball Poem小球诗）;77 Dream Songs;Berryman's Sonnets;Short Poems;His Toy;His Dream;His Rest;Love and Fame;Delusion,etc错觉及其他小说:Recovery复原传记:Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩42、Robert Lowell罗伯特·洛厄尔1917-1977诗:Lord Weary's Castle威尔利老爷的城堡;Life Studies人生探索名篇:For Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union Dead献给联邦死难士→自白诗运动43、Betty Frieden贝蒂·弗里丹1921-The Feminine Mystique女性的奥秘;It Changed My Life它改变了我的生活;The Second Stage第二阶段（How to get the Women's Movement Moving Again）44、Alex Haley亚历克斯·哈利1921-1992The Autobiography of Malcolm X马尔科姆·艾克斯自传Roots根;Hanning汉宁镇（自传体小说）45、Jack Kerouac杰克·凯鲁亚克1922-1966（"垮掉的一代"奠基者）The Town and the City镇和城;On the Road在路上;The Subterraneans地下居民;The Dharma Bums达摩的流浪者;Visions of Cody科迪的梦想；Doctor Sax萨克斯医生;Maggie Cassidy麦琪·卡西迪;Mexico City Blues墨西哥城的布鲁斯;Lonesome Traveller孤独的旅行者;Desolation Angels凄凉天使;Satori in Paris巴黎参禅记;Vanity of Duluoz杜卢奥斯的偏见46、Kurt Vonnegut库特·冯尼格特长篇小说:Player Piano自动钢琴;The Sirens of Titan泰坦族的海妖;Cat's Craddle猫的摇篮;Slaughterhouse Five第五号屠场;Mother Night黑夜母亲;God Bless You,Mr Rosewater上帝保佑你，罗斯瓦特先生;Breakfast of Champions顶呱呱的早餐;Slapstick,or Lonesome No More滑稽剧,又名不再孤独;Jailbird囚犯;Deadeye Dick神枪手迪克短篇小说集:Welcome to the Monkey House欢迎到猴房来（Report on the Barnhouse Effect 关于巴恩豪斯效应的报告）47、James Dichey詹姆斯·迪基1923-诗集:Into the Stone钻入石头;Drowning With Others跟别人一起淹死（The Lifeguard救生员）;Helmets头盔;Buckdancer's Choice班克舞者的选择;Poems1957-1967;The Iodiac黄道长诗:Deliverance解脱诗论集:The Suspect in Poetry诗歌中的嫌疑犯;Babel to Byzatium从巴别尔到拜占庭48、Flannery O'Connor弗兰纳里·奥康纳1925-1964长篇小说:Wise Blood慧血;The Violent Bear It Away它为强暴者所夺走。

Colonial Period 殖民时期Background: Puritanism 背景：清教主义1. features of Puritanism 特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1). Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2). Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3). Total depravity 性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代(4). Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.只有选举才能得救2. Influence 影响(1). A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。

(2). It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. 它导致了永恒的神话。

所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。

(3). Symbolism: the America n puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。

reasoning and revolution代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。

附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品, 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》―A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony‖《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》―A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country‖《弗吉尼亚通史》―General History of Virginia‖2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》―The History of Plymouth Plantation‖3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》―The History of New England‖4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England.《开启美国语言的钥匙》‖A Key into the Language of America‖或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or ― A Help to the Language of the Nativ es in That Part of America Called New England ‖5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》‖The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America‖二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

第一部分殖民主义时期the colonial period1.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest Americanwriting.代表人物: cotton mather 科顿.马瑟Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森.爱德华兹Anne brandstreet 安妮.布雷斯特里特殖民时期第一位诗人，《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》第二部分理性和革命时期文学reasoning and revolution1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林代表作：Poor Richard’s Almanac穷人理查德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集Autobiography 自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.潘恩Rights of man 人的权利The age of reason 理性时代American Crisis《美国危机》, signed “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”3、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period（18th century）. 是革命战争后期（18世纪）最杰出的作家。

the “Father of American Poetry”美国诗歌之父poet of American revolution4、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言第三部分浪漫主义文学/Romanticismtranscendentalism超验主义：1、Ralf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

（完整word版）美国文学史复习要点整理【手动】美国文学史整理一、Colonial America 殖民时期1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, andConnecticut.2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace.3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain andhonest.4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》The Rights of Man《人权》The Age of Reason《理性时代》②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》③Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊Declaration of Independence (1776)《独立宣言》二、American Romanticism (early period) 浪漫主义前期1、Characteristics：①A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.反对理性主义的客观性。

Edgar Allan Po e(1809—1849)A Writer, Poet, CriticThe Tell-Tale Heart 《泄密的心》James Fennimore Cooper (1789 - 1851)The Leatherstocking Tales <<皮袜子故事集>>a way of how to get to the basic truth of the universe.The basic truth of the universe.the senses (the mere appearance of things) or logical analysis.Believes The basic truth of the universe is beyond the knowledge one obtains from the senses or logical analysis.To arrive at the truth, He must listen to his inner soul.Features1.emphasis on spirit/oversoul超灵2. Emphasis on individuals2.3. Taking nature as the symbol of the SpiritRalph Waldo Emerson author, poet, and philosopherfounder of TranscendentalismEm bodied a new nation’s desire and struggle to assert its own identityNatureThe American ScholarHenry David ThoreauNaturalist. Prophet of individualism in American literature; against materialism and social conformitythe truest follower of Emerson. He put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.1.Transitional figure from Romanticism and transcendentalism to realism2.The founder of free versesubject matter: self ordinary people city life revolutionary attitudeTheme:⏹always Whitmanesque love-death motif⏹harmony between man and nature, body and soulLeaves of Grass 12 poems published in 1855Song of myself Masterpiece, 1,346 lines, longestEmily Dickinson (1830-1886) womanPrecursor of the Imagist movement特点：Strong influence of Puritanism on her thoughtexploring human’s inner worldsevere economy of expressionoriginal images unusual audio-visual effectRebellious against traditional Forms“I’ll tell you how the sun rose” 《我会告诉你太阳是如何升起的》“New Feet within My Garden Go” 《我花园里的新脚步》Similarity pioneers in American poetryThematically, extolled, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, part of “American Renaissance”.Technically: the literary independence ; breaking free of the convention ; freedom in formdifferences:(1) Whitman : society at large; Dickinson: the inner life of the individual.(2) Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is“regional”( “Because I see New-Englandly” 《因为我用新英格兰眼光看》).(3) In formal terms, Whitman’s endless, all-inclusive catalogs contrast with the concise, direct and simple diction and syntax which characterize Dickson’s poetry. (4) Technically speaking, Whitman’s poetry is “free verse” , Dickenson: other innovation like using punctuationsMark Twain1.Father of American Literature2.Forerunner of 19th Century American Realism3.Humorist4.Local coloristSpecial point of viewSerious social problems discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy Theme: Conflict between civilization and "natural life"Conflict between slavery and freedomMockery of ReligionMississippi River --The majority of the plot takes place on the river or its banks.The Adventure of Tom SawyerRealismWilliam Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James定义In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Naturalism定义In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man.Representatives: Norris, Crane, London, DresierDarwinismSocial Darwinism is a belief that societies and individual human beings compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in “struggle of the fittest.”The distinction between Realism and NaturalismThe distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art. Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will. Third, Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of Realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerlessPound ImagismHugh Selwyn Mauberley, poems；《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》T. S. EliotA poet, playwright and literary criticEliot shared the modern view that the world is chaotic and its life is futile and fragmentary.Most of his poetry concern various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual characters caught in a world of aimless circling about, without end or purpose, and the quest for order and disc ipline became Eliot’s major theme, which led him toward conservatism and to religion for salvation.Robert FrostThe most popular American lyrical poet of the 20th century.North of Boston 波士顿以北concerns about nature, philosophy of life and tense of modern life, is a delightful experience to readErnest HemingwayOne of the most famous American novelist, short story writer and essayistThe Old Man And The Sea, 1952 老人与海Steinbeck Great Depression 1930sSteinbeck’s writing reflected his concerns to th e plight of the depressed California farmers, migrants, laborers, and the unemployedThe Grapes of Wrath, 1939 愤怒的葡萄concerns to the plight of the depressed California farmers, migrants, laborers, and the unemployed, making their lives and sorrows very understandable to his readers. William Faulkner Regionalist/ Southern writerFaulkner is the most powerful and eloquent representative of American Southern writers.Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom！押沙龙，押沙龙！Regionalist/ Southern writer concerned in the certain region. American Southern writers mainly write about the history, customs, people and social change of the American South.。

美国文学重点整理美国文学题型：1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析2.20分名词解释3.20分论述1. 20世纪美国文学发展的经济背景关键词：Urbanization（new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time）Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer) CommercializationGlobalization.Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华Nietzsche 尼采Jean PaulFreud补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,2. What is Lost Generation?①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date.③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation.the term stuck the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fancy us.④Main representatives: F. Scott.Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos3. What is modernism? Main features.A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism（立体主义）, futurism, expressionism, contructivism（构成主义）are generally defined as modernism.Why is Gatsby great? Why did he die?His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal正是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界的充实，人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。

按老师课堂授课顺序整理1. Modernism●a cultural movement emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following world war Ⅱ.●a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against the late 19th century academic and historical tradition and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world. (说了等于没说，中心思想rebellion)Background:1. Economic: booming economy; development of the new technology; new inventions2. Social:●world war;●urbanization (due to the development of economy and new inventions, people moved from country to cities);●influence of many scientific and social theories (Darwinism, Nietzche [God is dead, sending readers into despair, belief crisis], Freud [subconscious urges, desires and inhibitions dominate human behavior]);●intolerance of the social atmosphere (no tolerance towards the minor races; the South was trying to regain the Southern lifestyle and against the North )（总结一下就是，经济发展了，城市化了，但是打仗了，社会上各种种族歧视和性别歧视，没落的南方蠢蠢欲动，人们觉得这个社会无序又碎成了渣渣，很失望）Modernism is the "dehumanization of art", the modernist writers are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Modernism is anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.2. ImagismClarity, precision, economy of language3 principles和significance详见大纲，Pound和Eliot的写作风格详见大纲诗人：(1) Ezra PoundCathay 华夏（庞德所译中国古诗集）Cantos 诗章Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休·赛尔温·毛伯利In a Station of the Metro 在巴黎地铁站(2) T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 普鲁弗洛克的情歌The Waste Land (epic) 荒原（暗指伦敦）the burial of the dead 死者葬仪a game of chess 对弈the fire sermon 火诫death by water 水里的死亡what the thunder said 雷霆的话Hollow man 空心人Four Quarters 四个四重奏Murder in the Cathedral 大教堂凶杀案The Cocktail Party 鸡尾酒会(3) E. E. Cummings, Longfellow and Williams Carlos Williams这一部分有点费解哈，Longfellow上学期没讲过但是在考试范围，这学期讲了，还分析了人生礼赞的一部分。