Lesson1
1 We can batten down and ride it out.--metaphor
2 Everybody out the back door to the cars!--elliptical sentence
3 Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.-simile
4 Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point--transferred epithet
5 Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees,and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads-metaphor ,simile
Lesson2
1 The little crowd of mourners –all men and boys,no women—threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels,wailing a short chant over and over again.—elliptical sentence
2 A carpenter sitscross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.—historical present ,transferred epithet
3 Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.—synecdoche
4 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,adnthen more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.—onomatopoetic words symbolism
5 Not hostile,not contemptuous,not sullen,not even inquisitive.—elliptical sentence
6 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column,a mile or two miles of armed men,flowing peacefully up the road,while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction,glittering like scraps of paper.—simile
Lesson3
The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.—metaphor They are like the musketeers of Dumas who,although they lived side by side with each other,did not delve into,each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.—simile
It was on such an occasion te other evening,as the conversation moved desultorily here and there,from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,without and focus and with no need for one that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place,and all at once ther was a focus.—metaphor
The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.—simile
Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliteration
When E.M.Forster writes of ―the sinister corridor of our age,‖we sit up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.—metaphor
Lesson4
Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,born in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage,and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always
been committed,and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.—alliteration
Let every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,suppor any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.—parataxis consonance
United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a power ful challenge at odds and split asunder.—antithsis
…in the past,those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.—metaphor
Let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.—regression
All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—historical allusion,climax
And so,my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.—contrast, winding
Lesson5
Charles Lamb,as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays,u nfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children.—metaphor
Read,then,the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic,far from being a dry,pedantic discipline,is a living,breathing thing,full of beauty,passion,and trauma.—metaphor,hyperbole
Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.—antithesis
What’s Polly to me,or me to Polly?—parody
This loomed as a project of no small dimensions,and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.==understatement
Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind,a few embers still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor,extended metaphor Lesson6
As in architecture,so in automaking.—elliptical sentence
Lesson7
Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrast
Here was wealth beyond computation,almost beyond imagination—and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.—hyperbole,antithetical contrast
The country itself is not uncomely,despite the grime of the endless mills.—litotes,understatement
Obviously,if ther were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region,they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides—a chalet with a highpitched roof,to throw off the heavy winter snows,but still essentially a low and clinging building,wider than it was tall.—sarcasm
And one and all they are streaked in grime,with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.—metaphor
When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.—ridicule ,irony,metaphor
I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.—irony
Safe in a Pullman,Ihave whirled through the gloomy,God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Lansas,and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia.—antonomasia
It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.—hyperbole ,irony
They like it as it is:beside it,the Parthenon would no doubt offend them.—irony
It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.—metaphor
Lesson8
One speaks of‖human relations‖and one means the most inhuman relations,those between alienated automatons;one speaks of happiness and means the perfect routinization which has driven out the last doubt and all spontaneity.—parallism
Lesson9
In the streets between houses with red roofs and painted walls,between old mossgrown gardens and under avenues of trees,past great parks and public buildings,processions.—periodic sentence
The air of morning was so clear that the snow stil crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire across the miles of sunlit air,under the dark blue of the sky.—metaphor In the silence of the broad green meadows one could hear the music winding through the city streets,farther and nearer and ever approaching,a cheerful faint sweetness of the air that from time to time trembled and gathered together and broke out into the great joyous clanging of the bells.—periodic sentence
Some of them understand why,and some do not,but they all understand that their happiness,the beauty of their city,the tenderness of their friendships,the health of their children,the wisdom of their scholars,the skill of their makers,even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies,depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery.—parallel construction
Indeed,after so long it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it ,and darkness for its eyes,and its own excrement to sit in.—parallel construction
Lesson10
The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young:memories of the deliciously illic it thrill of the first vis it to a speakeasy,of the brave denunciationg of Puritan morality,and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road;questions about the naughty,jazzy parties,the flask-toting‖sheik‖,and the moral and stylistic vagaries o f the ―flapper‖and the ―drug-store cowboy‖.—transferred epithet
Second,in the United States it was reluctantly realized by some—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphor
War or no war,as the generations passed,it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor
The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the V ictorian social structure,and by precipitationg our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which,after theshooting was over,were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenthcentury society.—metaphor The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States,and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens,and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt,our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymy
Their energies had been whipped up and their naivete destroyed by the war and now,in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country,they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had‖made the world safe for democracy‖.—metaphor After the war,it was only natural that hopeful young writers,their minds and pens inflamed against war,Babbittry,and‖Puritanical‖gentility,should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength,to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers,and to give all to art,love,and sensation.—metonymy synecdoche
Y ounger brothers and sisters of the war generation,who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood andChateau-Thierry,and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss,now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor
These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things,but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emi grate to Europe where‖they do things better.‖—personification,metonymy ,synecdoche
Lesson11
This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English,and at the same time,below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling,not yet exhausted though it may not be filling up.—metaphor
But there are not may of these men,either on the board or the shop floor,and they are certainly not typical English.—metaphor
Some cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.—metaphor
A further necessay demand,to feed the monster with higher and higher figures and
larger and larger profits,is for enormous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen.—metaphor
It is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English.It is between Admass,which has already conquered most of the Western world,and Englishness,ailing and impoverished,in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs,Deutschmarks and the rest,for public relations and advertising campaigns.—personification
Against this,at least superficially,Englishness seems a poor shadowy show—a faint
pencil sketch beside a poster in full color –belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world,merely offering states of mind in place of that rich variety of things.But then while things are important,states of mind are even more important.—metaphor
It must have some moral capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.—metaphor
Bewildered,they grope and mess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.—metaphor
Recognized political parties are repertory companies staging ghostly campaigns,and all that is real between them is the arrangement by which one set of chaps take their turn at ministerial jobs while the other et pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin.—metaphor
Englishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality,the latest figures of profit and loss,a constant appeal to self-interest.—metaphor
And this is true,whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.—metonymy
Lesson12
When it did,I like many a writer befor me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him,suffered a species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland.—metaphor
Tere,in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.—metaphor
Once I was able to accept my role—as distinguished,I must say,from my‖place‖—in the extraordinary drama which is America,I was released from the illusion that I hated America.—metaphor
It is not meant,of course,to imply that it happens to them all,for Europe can be very crippling too;and,anyway,a writer,when he has made his first breakthrough,has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous,unending and unpredictable battle.—metaphor
Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists,they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real—and as persisten—as rain,snow,taxes or businessmen.—simile
In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New,it is the writer,not the statesman,who is our strongest arm.—metaphor
Lesson13
I am asked whether I know that there exists a worldwide movement for the ablition of
capital punishment which has every where enlisted able men of every profession,including the law.I am told that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific,for rapists and murderers are really sick people who should be cured,not killed.I am invited to use my imagination and acknowledge the unbearable horror of every form of execution.—parataxis Under such a law,a natural selection would operate to remove permanently from the scene persons who,let us say,neglect argument in favor of banging on the desk with their shoe.—metonymy
Lesson14
A market for knowingness exists in New Y ork that doesn’t e xist for knowledge.—paregmenon
The condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these people off from humanity.—transferred epithet
So much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves,tranquil and luxurious,that shut out the world.—synecdoche,metaphor
英语修辞手法的解释和例句 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
A General Survey of English Rhetorics Simile and metaphor New China is like a red sun rising in the east. Subject/tenor-----reference/vehicle-----indicator of resemblance/simile marker Simile marker:like/as/as if/as though/as….as/similar to etc. Mother was short and plump and pretty.Her eyes were blue,and her brown hair was like a bird’s smooth wings…. Avoid to use outdated similes.---fresh as a rose/brave as a lion/cunning as a fox/proud as peacock. Metaphor-------condensed simile The news is a dagger to his heart. Joe fought like a lion------Joe was a lion in the battle. The gossip was like a net that strangled her. The parks of our city are like human lungs.The parks are the lungs of our city. She was strangled in the net of gossip. Money is the lens in a camera.(J.T.Adams) Notes: Add fuel to the flames A bolt from the blue Castles in the air Constant dropping wears the stone You will cross the bridge when you get to it. Carry coals to Newcastle Excises: 1)The data processing is going on as slow as a snail. 2)Every man has a fool in his sleeve. 3)The brains don’t lie in the beard. 4)Two heads are better than one. 5)An ounce of practice is worth a pound of theory. Analogy 类比是就两种本质上不同的事物之间的几个共同的特征或相似点进行平行比较，从中找出两者的相似之处，得出针对性极强的结论。它比比喻的着眼点更广阔，描述更充分。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first,narrowly contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and in the end,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,and painlessly lose their individual being. _____Bertrand Russell
高考英语作文常用修辞手法 高考英语作文常用修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味，一篇好的作文，语言应该生动形象。而恰当 地运用修辞手法，可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真，大大增强艺术表 现力，扩大语言表达的范围；而且还可以激发读者的想象，给人留下 深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1 比喻(etaphr) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(siile)： 用lie, as, asas, as if(thugh) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： lve’s lie a red, red rse 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The an an’t be trusted He is as slipper as an eel 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He uped as if he had been stung他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 hildhd is lie a siftl passing drea 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻(etaphr)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart f stne 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The rld is a stage 世界是一个大舞台。 2 换喻(etn)
用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the hite Huse 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bttle来代替ine 或者alhl，用the bar 来代替the legal prfessin，用rn代替ing等。例如： His purse uld nt all hi that luxur 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种 奢华。 The ther did her best t tae are f the radle 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He sueeded t the rn in 1848 他在1848年继承了王位。 3 提喻(snedhe) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用 一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread b riting 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The fars ere shrt f hands during the harvest seasn 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat anada at riet 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿 大队。 He is the Netn f this entur 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4 拟人(persnifiatin) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： heart as singing 我的心在歌唱。 This tie fate as siling t hi 这一次命运朝他微笑了。
1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily－like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐. 6.Personification 拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 7.Hyperbole 夸张 夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons. 2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars. 3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out. 8.Parallelism 排比, 平行 这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体. 例如: 1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one
英语写作常用修辞手法 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.
《英语修辞》作业参考答案 I. 1． 明喻引喻拟人平行 通感矛盾修饰法提喻突降 委婉语头韵隐喻对照 移就隽语转喻层递 低调陈述重复夸张元韵 2． Metaphor Antithesis Transferred Epithet Paradox Metonymy Climax Understatement Repetition Hyperbole Assonance Simile Allusion Personification Parallelism Synaesthesia Oxymoron Synecdoche Anticlimax Euphemism Alliteration II. 1. C (Alliteration) 2. A (Metaphor) 3. B (Pun) 4. B (Metonymy) 5. D (Understatement) 6.C (Euphemism) 7. A (Allusion) 8. A (Parallelism) 9. D (Oxymoron) 10. B. (Anticlimax) 11. C (Simile) 12.D (Personification) 13. A (Synaesthesia) 14. D (Synecdoche) 15. B (Hyperbole) 16.B (Antithesis); 1 7. A (Repetition) 18. C (Irony) 19. D (Parody) 20. C. (Zeugma) III. 1.B (Anticlimax) 2. D (Personification) 3. C (Simile) 4. D (Repetition) 5. C (Euphemism) 6. C (Rhetorical Question) 7. A (Anastrophe) 8. C (Simile) 9. A (Metaphor) 10. C (Alliterarion) 11.D (Oxymoron) 12. C (Simile) 13.B (Transferred Epithet) 14. A (Synaesthesia) 15. B (Pun) 16. C (Simile) 17. B (Pun) 18 D (Parallelism) 19. A (Metaphor) 20. D (Understatement) IV. 1.Simile 2. Transferred Epithet 3. Euphemism 4. Synecdoche 5. Hyperbole 6. Parallelism 7. Climax 8. Assonance 9. Parody 10. Palindrome 11. Metaphor 12. Synaesthesia 13. Understatement 14. Allusion 15. Paradox 16. Repetition 17. Pun 18. Zeugma 19. Malapropism 20. Rhetorical Question 21.Simile
语法管语言“通顺不通顺”；逻辑管语言“合理不合理”；修辞管语言“优不优美”。语言美完全由修辞来决定，由此可见，修辞学在语言学习过程具有不可低估的重要意义。 从翻译教学的目的来看，学生大致掌握下列二十种修辞格就可以了，它们是：明喻（simile）;隐喻（metaphor）;移就（transferred epithet）;拟人（personification）;借代（metonymy）;低调陈述（understatement）;委婉（euphemism）;夸张（hyperbole）;典故（allusion）;对照（antithesis）;平行(parallelism);隽语（paradox）；矛盾修饰（oxymoron）;突降（antiticlimax）;重复（repetion）;头韵（alliteration）;双关（pun）;反语（irony）;仿拟（parody）;轭式搭配（zeugma） 从应用范围来看，英语修辞格的运用可谓无处不在，从各种体裁的文学作品、到数量繁多的习语、谚语、警语、格言、商品广告和交际口语，到处都可发现修辞格的踪影。只有科技英语和法律英语由于要求客观公允、精炼准确，修辞格的运用相对来说要少些。 从翻译手法上来看，英语翻译的方法可以归纳为三种手法：直译法、意译法和直译加注法。但是不管采取什么样的翻译方法，都应该尽量保留原修辞格的语言文化特色，努力传递出各种修辞格的结构美、意蕴美和音韵美。 反语修辞格 所谓反语修辞格，就是把正面意思反过来说或把反面意思说成正面意思的修辞方法，即词语的真实含义往往与其字面意思相反。这种修辞方法便于挖苦、讽刺、俏皮、幽默。如：What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country!-They let the paopers go to sleep! 他们竟允许穷人睡觉！——多么“高尚”的例证！多么“仁慈”的法律！多么“可爱”的国家！（这句话正话反说，19世纪时期英国政府对待穷人的态度昭然若揭，下层人的苦难生活用一种极具讽刺意味的方式表达出来。） 明喻 明喻就是直接将甲事物比作乙事物的修辞格，是最常用，也是最简单的修辞手法。在我国俗称“打比方”。明喻修辞格应用范围十分广泛，几乎可以运用于任何一种文体（包括科技英语）。比如：Using this instrument is like trying to pick up one grain of rice with chopsticks: possible, but difficult for the uninitiated. 明喻不但可用来写景状物、刻画人物还可用来叙事说理；精当的明喻可以极大地增强语言的联想性、形象性、鲜明性、具体性和通俗性。例如：Habit may be likened to a cable: we weave a thread of it every day, and it becomes so strong that we can not break it. 把habit 喻为cable，使读者轻易就领悟到“积习难改”的道理。再如这句服装广告词：Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud. 把这种衣服的质量描写得十分真切，读之让人顿生遐思。 明喻修辞格大多数情况下都可采用直译法进行翻译，但要注意保留其生动性和形象性。 夸张 具体而言夸张修辞格就是为了强调而故意夸大事实，以强调事物的重要性或感情色彩。比如：When I hear the word culture, I reach for my rovoler.(我一听到这个词，就像伸手掏手枪。)夸张是一种十分常用的修辞格，各种文体都可找到应用的例证，现代广告词更是经常使用。例如：We have hidden a garden full of vegetables where you’d never expect—in a pie. 这则广告更是把小小馅饼营养夸大到了无以复加的地步。在看看德国航空公司的一则广告：Making a big world smaller. 通过夸张，把这航空公司业务遍及全球各地的信息及其自信地传递出来。 夸张修辞格有时可照字面意思直译；但有时却不能直译，需要抛却夸饰成分，适当意译或引申，才能得到符合汉语习惯的上好译文。
英语中常见的修辞手法
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile －简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor －简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻
暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration －英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1．夸张,夸大 2．夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张；夸大 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：
高级英语第2册修辞练习第1课 Point the rhetorical devices used in the following sentences can batten down and ride it out. (Metaphor ) and rain now whipped the house. ( Metaphor ) away from the windows. (Elliptical sentence ) the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. ( Simile ) 8:30, power failed. (Metaphor ) out the back door to the cars. (Elliptical sentence ) children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ( Simile ) 8…the electrical systems had been killed by water.( metaphor ) on the stairs. ( elliptical sentence ) wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. ( simile ) 11. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet though the air. ( personification ) 12…it seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it miles away. ( personification ) poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds
英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)
高级英语第1册修辞练习第3版 Point the rhetorical devices used in the following sentences Lesson 1 1.We can batten down and ride it out. (Metaphor ) 2.Wind and rain now whipped the house. ( Metaphor ) 3.Stay away from the windows. (Elliptical sentence ) 4.--- the rain seemingly driven right through the walls. ( Simile) 5.At 8:30, power failed. (Metaphor ) 6.Everybody out the back door to the cars. (Elliptical sentence ) 7.The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. ( Simile ) 8…the electrical systems had been killed by water.( metaphor ) 9.Everybody on the stairs. ( elliptical sentence) 10.The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. ( simile ) 11. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet though the air. ( personification ) 12…it seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3.5 miles away. ( personification ) 13.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.( simile ) 14.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point. ( Transferred epithet ) 15. Up the stairs --- into our bedroom. ( Elliptical sentence ) 16.The world seemed to be breaking apart. ( Simile ) 17. Water inched its way up the steps as first floor outside walls collapsed. (Metaphor ) 18.Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees.. (Metaphor ) 19…and blown-down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the road.( simile ) 20…household and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (metaphor ) 21.Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way northward across Mississippi, dropped more than 28 inches of rain into West.( metaphor ) Lesson2 1 Hiroshima—the”Liveliest”City in Japan.—irovy 2 That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster’s uniform shouted,as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station.—alliteration 3 And secondly.because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything in Nippon railways official might say.—metaphor 4 Was I not at the scene of crime?—rhetorical question 5 The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.—synecdoche,metonymy
英语修辞手法 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物或现象作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词 he had just walked out of a fairy tale. Metaphor隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻, 不是通过比喻词进行，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写即将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。1. German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2. The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容 1. The kettle boils. 水开了。 2. The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称 Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III.以作者代替作品 a complete Shakespeare莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念 I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. Synecdoche 提喻 又称举隅法，主要特点是用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。 men. 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为（巨大的牺牲） 2. “tongue”代替抽象的 — 岁的黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了 4. There are about 100 (部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人。 5. He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿。 6. The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. Personification拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物，把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以 in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她