英语修辞
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英语修辞法18种1. 明喻 (Simile)明喻是指为了鲜明地刻画某一事,将具有某种共同特征的两种事物加以对比。
它由本体、喻体和比喻词组成。
常用的比喻词有as、like、as if、as though、as... as、similar to、to bear a resemblance to等等。
明喻能使深奥的哲理变得浅显易懂。
1.A man without religion is like a horse without a bridle. 人无信仰,犹如马无缰绳。
e a book as a bee does flowers.读书如蜜蜂采蜜。
3.Beauty without virtue is like a rose without scent.美而无德犹如花无香味。
2. 暗喻 (Metaphor)暗喻亦称为“隐喻”,它同明喻一样,也是在两个不同类对象之间进行比喻,区别在于:明喻把本体和喻体说成是相似的,而暗喻则把两者说成是一致的;明喻中有比喻词,而暗喻中不用比喻词。
1.A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 好书如相伴终生的挚友。
2.A dwarf on a giant’s shoulders sees the farther of the two.侏儒站在巨人的肩上,会看得更远。
3.A teacher for a day is a father for a lifetime.一日为师,终身为父。
3.类比 (Analogy)类比是一种阐述事理的修辞格,即用人们熟悉的事例说明较深的道理,或通过具体形象阐明抽象的概念。
它主要是把两种本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较。
1.Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. 明智的赞扬对于孩子的作用,就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样。
18种重要修辞手法一、语义修辞1明喻(simile)俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。
例如:1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。
2暗喻(metaphor)也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。
例如:1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。
)2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。
)3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper.由以上各例可知,暗喻没有引导词,这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。
换句话说,有为明喻,没有为暗喻。
如:He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然,前句是暗喻,后句是明喻。
暗喻时,比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄,猛一看它们毫无关系,实际却有着某种内在联系。
谈到暗喻,有必要说说它的两种变体(variety):博喻(sustained metaphor)和延喻(extended metaphor),它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。
(1)博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。
比如:There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电,她像蛇一样蜿蜒,如魔鬼般嘶叫,像翠玉般碧绿,轰隆隆震耳欲聋。
18种重要修辞手法一、语义修辞1明喻(simile)俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。
例如:a figure of speech in which denotes a simmilarility betwe en things of different kinds.1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。
2暗喻(metaphor)也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。
例如:a figure of speech in which refers to sth that denotes literally in order to suggest a similarity.1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。
)2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。
)3.Hope is a good breakfast, but it’s a bad supper.由以上各例可知,暗喻没有引导词,这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。
换句话说,有为明喻,没有为暗喻。
如:He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然,前句是暗喻,后句是明喻。
英语修辞手法总结
1. 嘿,simile(明喻)呀,就像“她的笑容像阳光一样灿烂”,这不是一下子就让你感受到她笑容的温暖了嘛!
2. 哇哦,metaphor(隐喻),比如“时间是小偷”,多形象地表达了时间悄悄偷走东西的感觉呀!
3. 嘿呀,personification(拟人),像“风在怒号”,把风当成会发怒的人,是不是很有趣呢?
4. hyperbole(夸张)可太有意思啦,“我能吃下一头牛”,这得是多大的食量呀,哈哈!
5. understatement(低调陈述),“这不算太坏”,其实可能已经挺糟糕了,但这么说就感觉还好啦。
6. irony(反讽),“你可真聪明啊”,但其实是说反话,在讽刺呢,这种感觉很奇妙吧!
7. euphemism(委婉语),“他去见上帝了”,多委婉地说一个人去世了呀。
8. metonymy(转喻),“白宫决定了”,其实是说美国政府呢,很巧妙吧!
9. synecdoche(提喻),“帆来了”其实说的是船来了,这种指代很特别呢!
10. alliteration(头韵),“Sally sells seashells by the seashore”,读起来朗朗上口,很有意思吧!
我觉得英语修辞手法真的是让语言变得丰富多彩,充满魅力呀!它们能让我们更生动、更形象地表达自己的想法和感受呢!。
英语中所有19种修辞手法的全部解释和例句1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作比照.这种共性存有于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻提喻用局部代替全体,或用全体代替局部,或特殊代替一般.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(局部代整体)他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代局部)这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。
英语中的修辞手法1.明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法,是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的关系,两者都在对比中出现,其基本格式是“A像B”,常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。
例如:●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face.●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上,像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。
)●Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.(正如爬山,我们费力爬上三英尺,又掉下去两英尺。
)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻,把德国士兵比作蝗虫,因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。
)2.暗喻(Metaphor)暗喻也是一种比喻,但不用比喻词,因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。
它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上,从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理,增强语言的表现力。
例如:●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆,父母该怎么办呢?)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。
●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。
英语常见修辞格分类总结**《英语常见修辞格分类总结工作总结(一)》**在英语学习和使用中,修辞格的运用就像是给语言穿上了华丽的衣服,让表达变得更加生动有趣。
**一、明喻(Simile)让表达更加形象**我觉得明喻这个修辞格就像一个放大镜,能把事物的特点放大,让人们看得更清楚。
就像莎士比亚在他的作品中经常使用明喻,“Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?(我能否将你比作夏日?)”他把心爱的人比作夏天,夏天有着美好的阳光、温暖的气息,这样一比喻,我们就能深刻感受到他对爱人那种热烈的喜爱之情。
我自己在写英语作文或者描述事物的时候,也试着用明喻。
比如说描述一个很害羞的女孩,我会写“S he is like a timid little rabbit.(她就像一只胆小的小兔子)”。
这一下就能让读者在脑海中勾勒出这个女孩害羞的模样。
每次我用明喻的时候,就感觉像是在给读者画一幅画,把我看到的、感受到的,用一种很直观的方式传递给他们。
**二、隐喻(Metaphor)蕴含更深的含义**隐喻啊,它有点像一个神秘的宝藏盒。
表面上看只是普通的一句话,但里面却藏着很深的意义。
拿马丁·路德·金来说,他的演讲中就有很多隐喻。
他说“I have a dream that one da y this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to beself - evident, that all men are created equal.'(我有一个梦想,有一天这个国家会站起来,实现其信条的真正含义:我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的,即人人生而平等。
)”这里把美国这个国家的发展隐喻为一个人的“站起来”,暗示着国家走向平等和正义。
45种英语修辞(1)alliteration(押头韵):一组单词的第一个辅音相同.When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better(2)metaphor(隐喻):利用某些单词进行含蓄的比喻,此时这些单词已经不再是字面上的意思了,Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场,价格下跌)。
(3)anadiplosis(联珠):将一个或一组单词重复多遍,Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business.(4)anaphora(首语重复):将一个句子的开头单词或短语,在随后的句子中重复多遍.We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.(5)anastrophe(词序倒装): 改变正常词序,比如例句中最后一部分,正常词序是yet a breeze never blew up 。
The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew.(6)antistrophe(逆反复):在每个句子的结尾,重复相同的单词或短语,比如例句中的without warning。
英语中有二十几种种修辞手法,它们分别是:Simile明喻、Metaphor隐喻/暗喻、Metonymy借喻/借代、Synecdoche提喻、Synaesthesia 通感、Personification拟人、Hyperbole夸张、Parallelism排比/平行、Euphemism 委婉、Allegory 讽喻,比方、Irony反语、Pun双关、Parody仿拟、Rhetorical question修辞疑问/反问、Antithesis对照/对比/对偶、Paradox隽语、Oxymoron矛盾修饰法、alliteration头韵法、transferred epithet移就、Allusion引用典故、Climax渐进法/层进法、Anticlimax渐降法。
1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。
这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。
例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。
例如:1>.He has a heart of stone.他铁石心肠。
2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,借代借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
I.以容器代替内容,例如:1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。
20种英语修辞手法整理英语修辞手法是英语写作中常用的一种技巧,通过巧妙地运用修辞手法,可以增加文章的表现力和吸引力,使读者更加有兴趣阅读。
本文将整理介绍20种常见的英语修辞手法。
一、比喻(Metaphor)比喻是一种常见的修辞手法,用于通过将两个不相干的事物进行比较,以增强表达的效果。
例如:“他是一只勇敢的狮子。
”二、暗喻(Implicit Metaphor)暗喻是一种通过隐晦的方式进行比喻的修辞手法,不直接明示被比较的事物。
例如:“他是个夜猫子。
”三、拟人(Personification)拟人是将非人事物赋予人的特质或行为的修辞手法。
例如:“大地张开了它温暖的怀抱。
”四、夸张(Hyperbole)夸张是一种通过夸大事物的说法来产生强烈效果的修辞手法。
例如:“我等了一万年。
”五、对比(Contrast)对比是一种通过将两个不同或相反的事物进行相互对比,以突出差异或强调某一方面的修辞手法。
例如:“他的言行恰恰相反。
”六、排比(Parallelism)排比是一种通过对句子或短语进行平行结构的修辞手法,以强调重点或增加语句的节奏感。
例如:“奋斗,拼搏,追求,努力。
”七、倒装(Inversion)倒装是一种颠倒语序的修辞手法,常常用于疑问句或为了强调某一部分。
例如:“Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.”八、反问(Rhetorical Question)反问是一种用疑问句的形式表达肯定或否定的修辞手法,常用于强调某一观点或引起读者思考。
例如:“难道你不想成功吗?”九、比较(Comparison)比较是通过将两个事物进行对比,以凸显共同点或差异的修辞手法。
例如:“学习就像是爬山,充满了艰辛和挑战。
”十、设问(Hypophora)设问是一种在文章中提出问题,并在下文中进行回答的修辞手法,常用于引起读者的关注和思考。
例如:“你知道成功的秘诀是什么吗?答案很简单——努力。
Lesson11 We can batten down and ride it out.--metaphor2 Everybody out the back door to the cars!--elliptical sentence3 Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.-simile4 Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point--transferred epithet5 Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees,and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads-metaphor ,simileLesson21 The little crowd of mourners –all men and boys,no women—threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels,wailing a short chant over and over again.—elliptical sentence2 A carpenter sitscross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.—historical present ,transferred epithet3 Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.—synecdoche4 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long,dusty column,infantry,screw-gun batteries,adnthen more infantry,four or five thousand men in all,winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.—onomatopoetic words symbolism5 Not hostile,not contemptuous,not sullen,not even inquisitive.—elliptical sentence6 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column,a mile or two miles of armed men,flowing peacefully up the road,while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction,glittering like scraps of paper.—simileLesson3The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.—metaphor They are like the musketeers of Dumas who,although they lived side by side with each other,did not delve into,each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.—simileIt was on such an occasion te other evening,as the conversation moved desultorily here and there,from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter,without and focus and with no need for one that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place,and all at once ther was a focus.—metaphorThe Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.—simileEven with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliterationWhen E.M.Forster writes of ―the sinister corridor of our age,‖we sit up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.—metaphorLesson4Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,born in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage,and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has alwaysbeen committed,and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.—alliterationLet every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,suppor any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.—parataxis consonanceUnited,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a power ful challenge at odds and split asunder.—antithsis…in the past,those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.—metaphorLet us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.—regressionAll this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—historical allusion,climaxAnd so,my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country.—contrast, windingLesson5Charles Lamb,as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays,u nfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children.—metaphorRead,then,the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic,far from being a dry,pedantic discipline,is a living,breathing thing,full of beauty,passion,and trauma.—metaphor,hyperboleBack and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.—antithesisWhat’s Polly to me,or me to Polly?—parodyThis loomed as a project of no small dimensions,and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.==understatementMaybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind,a few embers still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor,extended metaphor Lesson6As in architecture,so in automaking.—elliptical sentenceLesson7Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrastHere was wealth beyond computation,almost beyond imagination—and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.—hyperbole,antithetical contrastThe country itself is not uncomely,despite the grime of the endless mills.—litotes,understatementObviously,if ther were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region,they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides—a chalet with a highpitched roof,to throw off the heavy winter snows,but still essentially a low and clinging building,wider than it was tall.—sarcasmAnd one and all they are streaked in grime,with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.—metaphorWhen it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.—ridicule ,irony,metaphorI award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.—ironySafe in a Pullman,Ihave whirled through the gloomy,God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Lansas,and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia.—antonomasiaIt is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.—hyperbole ,ironyThey like it as it is:beside it,the Parthenon would no doubt offend them.—ironyIt is that of a Presbyterian grinning.—metaphorLesson8One speaks of‖human relations‖and one means the most inhuman relations,those between alienated automatons;one speaks of happiness and means the perfect routinization which has driven out the last doubt and all spontaneity.—parallismLesson9In the streets between houses with red roofs and painted walls,between old mossgrown gardens and under avenues of trees,past great parks and public buildings,processions.—periodic sentenceThe air of morning was so clear that the snow stil crowning the Eighteen Peaks burned with white-gold fire across the miles of sunlit air,under the dark blue of the sky.—metaphor In the silence of the broad green meadows one could hear the music winding through the city streets,farther and nearer and ever approaching,a cheerful faint sweetness of the air that from time to time trembled and gathered together and broke out into the great joyous clanging of the bells.—periodic sentenceSome of them understand why,and some do not,but they all understand that their happiness,the beauty of their city,the tenderness of their friendships,the health of their children,the wisdom of their scholars,the skill of their makers,even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies,depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery.—parallel constructionIndeed,after so long it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it ,and darkness for its eyes,and its own excrement to sit in.—parallel constructionLesson10The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young:memories of the deliciously illic it thrill of the first vis it to a speakeasy,of the brave denunciationg of Puritan morality,and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan on a country road;questions about the naughty,jazzy parties,the flask-toting‖sheik‖,and the moral and stylistic vagaries o f the ―flapper‖and the ―drug-store cowboy‖.—transferred epithetSecond,in the United States it was reluctantly realized by some—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphorWar or no war,as the generations passed,it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphorThe war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the V ictorian social structure,and by precipitationg our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which,after theshooting was over,were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenthcentury society.—metaphor The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States,and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens,and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt,our young men began to enlist under foreign flags.—metonymyTheir energies had been whipped up and their naivete destroyed by the war and now,in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country,they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had‖made the world safe for democracy‖.—metaphor After the war,it was only natural that hopeful young writers,their minds and pens inflamed against war,Babbittry,and‖Puritanical‖gentility,should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength,to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers,and to give all to art,love,and sensation.—metonymy synecdocheY ounger brothers and sisters of the war generation,who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood andChateau-Thierry,and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss,now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphorThese defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things,but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emi grate to Europe where‖they do things better.‖—personification,metonymy ,synecdocheLesson11This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English,and at the same time,below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling,not yet exhausted though it may not be filling up.—metaphorBut there are not may of these men,either on the board or the shop floor,and they are certainly not typical English.—metaphorSome cancer in their character has eaten away their Englishness.—metaphorA further necessay demand,to feed the monster with higher and higher figures andlarger and larger profits,is for enormous advertising campaigns and brigades of razor-keen salesmen.—metaphorIt is a battle that is being fought in the minds of the English.It is between Admass,which has already conquered most of the Western world,and Englishness,ailing and impoverished,in no position to receive vast subsidies of dollars,francs,Deutschmarks and the rest,for public relations and advertising campaigns.—personificationAgainst this,at least superficially,Englishness seems a poor shadowy show—a faintpencil sketch beside a poster in full color –belonging as it really does to the invisible inner world,merely offering states of mind in place of that rich variety of things.But then while things are important,states of mind are even more important.—metaphorIt must have some moral capital to draw upon,and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.—metaphorBewildered,they grope and mess around because they have fallen between two stools,the old harsh discipline having vanished and the essential new self-discipline either not understood or thought to be out of reach.—metaphorRecognized political parties are repertory companies staging ghostly campaigns,and all that is real between them is the arrangement by which one set of chaps take their turn at ministerial jobs while the other et pretend to be astounded and shocked and bring in talk of ruin.—metaphorEnglishness cannot be fed with the east wind of a narrow rationality,the latest figures of profit and loss,a constant appeal to self-interest.—metaphorAnd this is true,whether they are wearing bowler hats or ungovernable mops of hair.—metonymyLesson12When it did,I like many a writer befor me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him,suffered a species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland.—metaphorTere,in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.—metaphorOnce I was able to accept my role—as distinguished,I must say,from my‖place‖—in the extraordinary drama which is America,I was released from the illusion that I hated America.—metaphorIt is not meant,of course,to imply that it happens to them all,for Europe can be very crippling too;and,anyway,a writer,when he has made his first breakthrough,has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous,unending and unpredictable battle.—metaphorWhatever the Europeans may actually think of artists,they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real—and as persisten—as rain,snow,taxes or businessmen.—simileIn this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New,it is the writer,not the statesman,who is our strongest arm.—metaphorLesson13I am asked whether I know that there exists a worldwide movement for the ablition ofcapital punishment which has every where enlisted able men of every profession,including the law.I am told that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific,for rapists and murderers are really sick people who should be cured,not killed.I am invited to use my imagination and acknowledge the unbearable horror of every form of execution.—parataxis Under such a law,a natural selection would operate to remove permanently from the scene persons who,let us say,neglect argument in favor of banging on the desk with their shoe.—metonymyLesson14A market for knowingness exists in New Y ork that doesn’t e xist for knowledge.—paregmenonThe condescending view from the fiftieth floor of the city’s crowds below cuts these people off from humanity.—transferred epithetSo much of well-to-do America now lives antiseptically in enclaves,tranquil and luxurious,that shut out the world.—synecdoche,metaphor。