第33讲关系分句

第33讲 关系分句
关系分句（Relative Clause)是由关系词（Relative Word）引导的分句结构。这种分句结构又称"定语从句"（Attributive Clause），因为这种分句的主要功能是作名词
修饰语（即"定语"）。但是，关系分词除作"定语"外，还可以表示其他意义，因此本书仍按其结构特征名之为"关系分句"。
33.1 限制性关系分句与非限制性关系分句
关系分句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限制性关系分句（Restrictive Relative Clause）和非限制性关系分句（Non-restrictive Relative Clause）。限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便不能明确表示其所指对象。例如：Here is the boy who damaged the wase.
非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，它不是先行项的不可缺少的组成部分，而仅仅是对先行项提供一些补充说明。因此，如果省略了一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响先行项的所指意义。例如：My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.
1)限制性关系分句
限制性关系分句在口语中前后没有停顿，在书写中通常不用逗号。例如：
The man who did the robbery has been caught.
The chair (which )I sat in was a broken one.
Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?
The reason why I was along in the mountains is that I had a difficulty with my guide.
限制性关系分句通常出现在下列搭配中：当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时，其后的关系分句通常为限制性关系分句。例如：
She was a woman who must be treated decently.
He spoke to me in a tone which I don't at all like.
当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时，其后的关系分句也必定是限制性的。例如：
He is the man who told me the news.
This is the car I brought last year.
当名词中心词带有all,any,some,every,no等不定限定词时，其后的关系分句也通常是限制性的。例如：
The first flame from Rainbarrow sprang into the sky,attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distang conflagration(大火）.
Any man who smokes cigarettes is,the doctors say,risking his health.
Some friends that I made in college were more interested in grades than in learning.
He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library.
No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall.
2)非限制性关系分句
如前所示，非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的关系。这种分句在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。非限制性关系分句的引导词通常是who,whom,whose和which等wh-词，但也并不绝对排除that.例如：
The Chairman,who spoke first ,sat on my right.
His speech,which bore

d everyone,went on and on.
The Chairman's daughter,whose name is Ann,gave me a patient smile.
She is devilish like Miss Cutter,that I used to meet at Dumdum.
关系副词where和when也能引导非限制性关系分句。例如：
Many of our Welsh people(威尔士人）are going to settle in North Carolina,where land is cheap.
I'm seeing the manager tomorrow,when he will be back from New York.
非限制性关系分句，就其意义来说，再句中有时相当于一个并列分句。例如：
They had a fine walk too,which had done his liver good.(=They had a a fine walk too,and it had his liver good.)
有时，非限制性关系分句在语义上起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的 、 结果 、 条件 、 让步等意义。例如：
It is in line with the Charter(联合国宪章），which recognizes the value of regional effort to solve problems and settle disputes.(这里的which...相当于for it...或as it...的意思，表示原因。）
Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries,who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective governments.(这里的who will...相当于so that they may...的意思，表示目的。）
He would be a rash man,who should venture to forecast the results of this event.(这里的who...相当于if he...的意思，表示条件。）
Dr lee,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiments,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.(这里的who...相当于though he...的意思，表示让步。）
33.2 关系词的选择
关系词（Relative Word）包括关系代词（Relative Pronoun）、关系副词（Relative Adverb）和关系限定词（Relative Determinter），这里主要是将关系代词的选择问题。
在关系分句中，关系代词的选择受到几种因素的制约。这首先牵涉到先行项的所指意义，是指人还是指物；也牵涉到关系代词在分句中的句法功能，是作分句的主语，还是作宾语或者补语；当然还要看关系代词所引导的分句是限制性关系分句还是非限制性关系分句；同时还要考虑到关系分句是用于什么语域（Register）或语体（Style），是用于正式场合，还是非正式场合，是用于书面语，还是用语口语。因此，关系代词的选择带有一定的复杂性，必须综合考虑上述诸种因素加以选择。
1）在限制性关系分句中关系代词的选择
这里主要介绍在限制性关系分句中作主语、宾语和介词补足成分的关系代词的选择问题。
a)在限制性关系分句中作主语的关系代词的选择，按照一般规则是用who/that指人，用which/that指物。但在实际使用中，大多数是用who指人，较少用that；大多数是用that指物，较少用which；尤其在口语中是如此。例如：
He's the man who lives next door to us.
He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an ho

ur.
b)在限制性关系分句中，关系代词作宾语，正式语体分别用whom，which指人和指物；非正式语体用who，that指人，用that指物，而且通常可以省略。例如：
{(whom)}
Where is the man{=(who)}I saw this morning?
{=(that)}
{(whom)}
Is that the man {=(who) }you gave your tickets to?
{=(that) }
{(which)}
Where is the book {=(that)}I bought this morning?
Is that the address{(which)}you sent the telegram to?
{=(that)}
在上述诸例中，现代英语强烈倾向于用that和zero，除非在非常正式的语体中才用whom/which。
c）关系代词作介词补足成分，在正式语体中介词通常前置，这时不管在限制性或是非限制性关系分句中都用whom指人，which指物。例如：
James Russell is a man for whom I have the greatest respect.
It is a tribute(贡献）in which the British-speaking peoples can share irrespective of party or class.
在非正式语体中，通常介词后置，可用who/that指人，that指物，或者都用zero。例如：
They are the boys(who)/(that) I went to school with.
They case (that) you are referring to is now closed.
在介词后置情况下如果还用whom/which，那就很不自然。
2）在限制性关系分句中关系代词的其他用法问题
在限制性关系分句中，关系代词还有以下用法需加注意：
a）当关系代词在SVC结构中作主语补语或在there be（存在句）结构中作"实义主语"时，通常用that指人或指物，而且通常省略。例如：
Dr Fordham still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.
When Lauren was born,Dorothy decided her daughter would be the singer (that)she always wanted to be.
The 9:15 is the fastest train (that) there was ever been.
b)在限制性关系分句中，有时为了明确所指对象避免歧义，对关系代词的选择必审慎，有时必须用who（m）指人，用which指物，若用that则不甚恰当。试观察：
There's only one student in the school (that)I wanted to see.
上述句子在语法上能成立的，但含义模糊，that是指student呢，还是指school呢，不清楚。这个关系分句的先行项显然是student，为了明确起见，还是用who/whom为好。又例如：
There were some students at the party who(m) I must shun.
There was a certain Mrs Jones in the village who(m) none of us liked.
如果先行项是个既指人又指物的并列名词词组，则可以用that引导关系分句为宜。例如：
He talked brilliantly of the man and the books that interested him.
c)当先行项为all或其他指物的不定代词（如anything，something，nothing）时，关系代词作主语通常用that，作宾语用that/zero。例如：
All that live musr die.(生者必有死）
All (that) I w

ant is peace and quiet.
d)当先行项指人并带有only，all，any等限定词时，其后用作分句主语的关系代词通常用that，在这种搭配中用that比用who普通。例如：
Any boy that wants to succeed must work hard.
Ask Mr Green,or any other person that is likely to know.
e)当先行项带有最高级修饰语时，其后的关系代词通常用that。例如：
Neeton(牛顿）was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
He's the cleverest man that ever taught in our school.
3)在非限制性关系分句中关系代词的选择
如前所述，在非限制性关系分句中，通常用who（m)/whose指人，用which指物。例如：
The driver,who was very young,had only just got his license(执照）。
This book,which only appeared a year ago,has already gone through several editions.
在非限制性关系分句中，which的先行项还可以是上文整个的分句。例如：
He tried to stand on his hands for five minutes,which-as you know-is rather a diffcult thing to do.
which还能指前面句子的一部分：
I have known men far more able than Bowles,but not half so interesting,which is quite a different thing.
在这里，which指的是上文部分内容，即指（men）not half so interesting （as Bowles）。以上文整个分句为先行项的关系代词which还可引导独立分句，这时which和that可以交替使用。例如：
Every bottle of "BUZZ"(饮料名）has been tested in our laboratories.Which/That is why we're so sure of our guarantee.
不过，在这里，that不是关系代词，而是指示代词。
上述这类句子有时也能用which fact，which matter等引导。例如：
He admires Mrs Brown,which fact/matter surprises me. 但这种用法不如用which普通。
4）关系词的省略问题
引导限制性关系从句的关系词在下列场合可以省略。
a）当关系代词在分句中作宾语时：
The table you just saw is made of plastics.
Tom is not the boy I gave the ticket to.
The stranger I spoke to came again.
b)当关系代词that在分句中作补语时：
He's changed.He's not the man he was.
It's a puzzle to me what has made him the man he is.
c)当关系代词在分句中作主语时，只有当主句是由it is， that is， there is引导的场合才能省略：
It isn't everybody can learn a foreign language so easily.
That was his brother just went by.
There was someone asked for you,Bill.
上述省略现象通常只见于非正式语体，但在下列结构中，关系代词的省略并不限于非正式语体：
This is the fastest train there is to Beijing.
He asks for the latest book there is on the subject.
d）三个关系副词when，where，why可以在the time when，the time where，the reason why结构中引导限制性关系分句，这通常用于正式语体；在非真实语体中，通常还可以省略关系副词when和why：
I shall never forget the day (when)we firs

t met.
I remember the morning (when)he first came to school.
The reason (why)he came so early is her own affair.
也可用介词后置的方法代替where：
The room he worked in his now kept in good repair.
Do you happen to know anybody in the university this dictionary was compiled at?
如果where的先行项是place一词，那么关系分句的句末介词也可省略：
That's the place he stayed when he was in London.
上述用法也适用于表示方式的the way结构。在正式语体中，以the way 作先行项的限制性关系分句通常由in which或者that引导。例如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式语体中，通常说：
The way you answered the questions was admirable.
33.3 由"介词+关系代词"引导的分句结构
这样的分句结构也有限定和非限定两种。
1）由"介词+关系代词"引导的限定分句
由"介词+关系代词"引导的限定分句多用于正式语体。能作这种用法的关系代词主要是which，其次是whom，有时是关系限定词whose。例如：
They tried to think of a plan by which they could fulfil their task ahead of time.
He is telling a story of Lei Feng,of whom every of us is proud.
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.
与关系代词搭配的介词可以是复杂介词。例如：
On entering the turbine(涡轮机）,the gases pass through nozzles(喷嘴）,by means of which they are directed through a ring of blades.
I will now introduce the candidates in support of whom I wish to speak.
在上述用法中，介词的选择受到上下文的制约，或与前面名词词组的搭配有关，或与后面动词词组的搭配有关。例如：
Radial flow turbines(辐射流涡轮机）differ in the manner in which the steam flow is arranged.(in the manner)
The material of which the apparatus is made is a good nonconductor(绝缘体）of heat.(is made of)
2)由"介词+关系代词"引导的非限定分句
上面讲的关系分句都是限定分句，此外还有由"介词+which"引导的不定式分句，这也是一种关系分句，可以说是"非限定关系分句"（Non-finite Relative Clause）。例如：
Geoffery always considered that the bed was a good place in which to read his legal briefs(诉讼简报）.
I had nothing on which to focus.
It is a captivating(扣人心弦的）base from which to explore Atizona's Grand Canyon(亚利桑那州大峡谷）。
He seemed to be looking for words at his desk with which to convey his meaning as precisely as I had done.
At last there was something about which to write home.
上述非限定关系分句一般用于正式语体；在非正式语体中，通常用不关系代词但带有句末介词的不定式分句。例如：
At last there was something to write home about.
I had nothing to focus on.
33.4 双重关系分句和嵌入式关系分句

分述如下：
1）双重关系分句
双重关系分句（Double Relative Clause）指同一个先行项之后跟有两个关系分句的语法现象。
我们知道，一个先行项之后多数只跟有一个关系分句；在同一个句子中，即使出现几个关系分句，也往往各有不同的先行项。例如：
The cat killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
但是，也有一个先行项后面出现一个以上（主要是两个）关系分句的现象。这有两种情况：一种是，两个关系分句由并列连词连接，处于同一层次。例如：
You'll easily find us;just look for a house whose windows need washing and whose fence needs repairing!
另一种是，两个关系分句处于不同层次。例如：
She's the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
在上例中，第一个关系分句I know修饰 the only girl，第二个关系分句who can play the guitar进一步修饰the only girl I know 。
关于两个关系分句中关系词的选择和省略，与一个关系分句关系词的选择和省略相仿，但要注意：当两个关系分句处在同一层次时，只能省略第一个关系分句中用作宾语的关系词。例如：
The best play( )Shakespeare wrote,but which I haven't read,is probably King Lear.
2)嵌入式关系分句
嵌入式关系分句（Embedded Relative Clause）指这样一种关系分句，它既是先行项的后置修饰语。同时又是另一分句结构的宾语。例如：
She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan.
This debate was relayed on the Third Programme which I had no idea anyone listened to at all.
在上述第一例中，who-分句既是an adopted child 的后置修饰语，同时又是she says 这一分句的的宾语；同样地，在第二例关系分句中which anyone listened to at all嵌入在I had no idea ...的结构汇中。这种"嵌入关系分句"不同于"双重关系分句"。