Judging the social visage development from the history of English literature
(从文学史看到英国社会的变迁)
Abstract
A certain period of culture is the reaction of a period of economic and political.literaturebelongs to the category of culture. Further more literature is also a significant part of culture. Chinese historian usually analysethe style or other characteristic of ancient literary works in the exact period so that they could get some information about economy, politics, humanrism, even important incidents, which provide great value in research .From my opinion, the method I mentioned is universal . Linking to the English literature course I’ve taken, I think I can get more meaningful informationmore than literature. The method of drawing inferences about other cases from one instancecan be widely used in every aspect. Combining with some knowledge that we get from other courses, We will have a more effective learning which promotesour impression more profound. So if we exploit the English literature with a wide view, We may fetch more things. That will benefit us. I will reveal one aspect through the whole passage: the social visage. I will reveal the social visage in every English literature period. Some period will be emphasis , others will be briefly introduced, even be negelect. The details depends on the importance of each period. Errors and mistakes in the passage are unavoidable, and I sincerely invite the teacher to offer me the comments, advice and criticism. Key word:history,literature,developmnet
1.The definition of English literature
There are many different definition of English literature. Firstly, I list a definition from Wikipedia: English literature is the literature which is distinctly written in the English language, as opposed to differing languages. English literature includes literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England nor primarily English-speaking nations. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world in countries originally colonized by the British.From the definition we know that English literature is written with English no matter who the writer comes from. The definition is so wide that we may not grasp anything other than literature from Britain. The writer from other countries can not get a well known about Britain, even less than a common English. So our target can not realize. So I give a limitation to the definition: English literature is the literature which is written by English writer. The word of English literature once be metioned in the passage, the definition will be adapted.
2. History of English literature
2.1 Old English literature: 450–1100
Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England after the withdrawal of the Romans and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066; that is, c. 1100–50. These works include genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles, and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.
2.2 Middle English literature: 1100–1500
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the written form of the Anglo-Saxon language became less common, and under the influence of the new aristocracy, Law French became the standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their language and literature mingled with that of the natives and the Norman dialects of the ruling classes became Anglo-Norman. At the same time Anglo-Saxon underwent a gradual transition into Middle English. Political power was no longer in English hands, so that the West Saxon literary language had no more influence than any other dialect and Middle English literature was written in the many dialects that correspond to the region, history, culture, and background of individual writers.
2.3 English Renaissance: 1500–1660
Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished. The Reformation inspired the production of vernacular liturgy which led to the Book of Common Prayer, a lasting influence on literary English language. The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. Like most of northern Europe, England saw little of these
developments until more than a century later. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow in penetrating England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance.
2.4 Neo-Classical Period: 1660–1798
It include 3 parts: Restoration Age(1660–1700),Augustan literature
(1700–1750),Age of sensibility(1750–1798).Restoration literature includes both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester's Sodom, the high spirited sexual comedy of The Country Wife and the moral wisdom of Pilgrim's Progress. The term Augustan literature derives from authors of the 1720s and 1730s themselves, who responded to a term that George I of England preferred for himself. While George I meant the title to reflect his might, they instead saw in it a reflection of Ancient Rome's transition from rough and ready literature to highly political and highly polished literature. TheAge of sensibility, which is also sometimes described as the "Age of Johnson".[93] Samuel Johnson (1709–1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".[94] He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature".
2.5 19th-century literature(1798-1901)
2.5.1 Romanticism (1798–1837)
Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Various dates are given for the Romantic period in British literature, but here the publishing of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 is taken as the beginning, and the crowning of Queen Victoria in 1837 as its end.
2.5.2 Victorian literature (1837–1901)
It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers. Monthly serializing of fiction encouraged this surge in popularity, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution. 2.6 20th-century genre literature(1901-now).
In the later decades of the 20th century, the genre of science fiction begun to be taken more seriously because of the work of writers such as Arthur C. Clarke's, Isaac Asimov, Ursula le Guin, Michael Moorcock and Kim Stanley Robinson. Another prominent writer in this genre, Douglas Adams, is particularly associated with the comic science fiction work, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Universe, which began life as a radio series in 1978. Mainstream novelists such Doris Lessing and Margaret Atwood also wrote works in this genre, while Scottish novelist Ian M. Banks has also achieved a reputation as both a writer of traditional and science fiction novels.
3.The social visage
For this part, I will list 2writer. According to the period they lived. I will introduce something about the social visage.
3.1 William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist.[1] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, the authorship of some of which is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
It is not known exactly when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. By then, he was sufficiently well known in London to be attacked in print by the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit:there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of these words, but most agree that Greene is accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying to match university-educated writers such as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe and Greene himself (the "university wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", identifies Shakespeare as Greene's target. Here Johannes Factotum—"Jack of all trades"— means a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, rather than the more common "universal genius".
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention of Shakesp eare’s career in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. From 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed by only the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new king, James I, and changed its name to the King's Men.
In 1599, a partnership of company members built their own theatre on the south bank of the River Thames, which they called the Globe. In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that the company made him a wealthy man. In 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, he invested in a share of the parish tithes in
Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions from 1594. By 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson’s Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was nearing its end. The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although we cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain that he also played Adam in As You LikeIt and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of the information. Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford during his career. In 1596, the year before he bought New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. He moved across the river to Southwark by 1599, the year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy,
a maker of ladies' wigs and other headgear.
3.2 Jack London
John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney, January 12, 1876 –November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life".[citation needed] He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf.
London shared common Californian concerns about Asian immigration and "the yellow peril", which he used as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called "The Unparalleled Invasion". Presented as a historical essay narrating events between 1976 and 1987, the story describes a China with an ever-increasing population taking over and colonizing its neighbors, with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.
Many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican ("The Mexican"), Asian ("The Chinago"), and Hawaiian ("Koolau the
Leper") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities, which has lead to big popularity of London (considered a Japanophile) among the Japanese, who consider themselve rather positively portrayed by him.
In London's 1902 novel Daughter of the Snows, the character FronaWelse has a speech about Teutonic virtues in contrast to the characteristics of other "races". The scholar Andrew Furer, in a long essay exploring the complexity of London's views, says there is no doubt that FronaWelse is acting as a mouthpiece for London in this passage.
London's 1904 essay, "The Yellow Peril", criticizes Asians. He admits, "it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies."
In "Koolau the Leper", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of "superman" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as "indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau who revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley in 1893.Jeffries (left) vs. Johnson, 1910An amateur boxer and avid boxing fan, London reported on the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight, in which the black boxer Jack Johnson vanquished Jim Jeffries, the "Great White Hope". In 1908, according to Furer, London praised Johnson highly, contrasting the black boxer's coolness and intellectual style, with the apelike appearance and fighting style of his white opponent, Tommy Burns: "what . . . [won] on Saturday was bigness, coolness, quickness, cleverness, and vast physical superiority... Because a white man wishes a white man to win, this should not prevent him from giving absolute credit to the best man, even when that best man was black. All hail to Johnson." Johnson was "superb. He was impregnable . . . as inaccessible as Mont Blanc."
4.Summery
Literature is the reflection of the flexible creating social phenomenon, while society is created under the influence of the creativity of literature. The society provides materials to literature, while literature contributes codes to the society. Literature, which is filled with flowing minds, sparkling spirits and the historical footprints of its living creature, has become a world wealth of all human beings. And this wealth is shared by all its hard working people of the world. Of course, this wealth is gifted by our great language which also finds its fountain in our common great life. Literature forms its own strength through the splendid moments of life which is acted by our great human beings one generation after another. On the other hand, life is sparkled by the glorious ring of literature. Only through this process, can life be forged with brightness and a certain convention which described in literature. They are mutual influential.
References
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[2] 陆谷孙,等.莎士比亚十讲[M].上海:复旦大学出版社，2005
[3] 王天.杰克伦敦作品分析[J].北京:外国文学,2006,(2):30- 33.
[4] Thee Oxford Companion to English Literature (1996), p. 323.
[5] Angus Cameron (1983). "Anglo-Saxon literature" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, v.1, pp. 274–288
[6] "Anglo-Saxon literature" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, v.1, pp. 274–288.
[7] Francis P Magoun, Jr., "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry". Speculum 28 (446–67), and in Fry, Jr., Donald K. (1998). The Beowulf Poet: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice-Hall. pp. 83–113
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey?Chaucer, one?of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
An Analysis of the Design of the First Assembly in Pride and Prejudice [Abstract] In Pride and Prejudice, the first assembly is the stage of the debut of hero, Darcy and the heroine, Elizabeth. Therefore, the design of this assembly, including which part of the assembly should be narrated directly in the description of the assembly, how to do with other things happened during the party, how to shape the characteristics and personality of the two main characters as well as other important role on the assembly, is essentially significant to the character portrait for the whole novel. Mainly employing description of language and technique of comparative description, the plot about this assembly is well-designed as three parts, before, during and after the assembly, which is efficient to the character figuring of the novel. [Keywords] character figuring, design, description of language, comparative description The novel introduces the first assembly in Chapter 3, using only half of a chapter to directly describe things happened on the party while two other whole chapter to show people’s discussion on it. By the delicate design, vivid language description and useful comparative description, the description of this party is highly efficient to the chapter portrait of this novel. Before the party, Mrs. Bennet’s worry about Mr. Bingley’s going into the town is showed, which totally reveals the purpose of Mrs. Bennet’s participating in the dinner, again echoing the description of Mrs. Bennet’s saying "If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for." (Austen, 2001: 2) at former plot. In the case, the assembly is platform to looking for sweetheart, love and even possible marriage (Yang, 91). At the end of this paragraph, Mr. Bingley’s invitating his sisters and Darcy leads to the appearance of these important characters. For the description of things happened during the party, instead of using scene description to the setting of the ball or psychological description to the participators, language description organized by comparative technique is mainly employed to mould different personality of different participant. First of all, It can be directly seen that the description of Mr. Hurst’s and Mr. Darcy’s first appearance is put in the same paragraph and connected by the conjunction “but”,
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成. 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一> 篇首： 封面(Title> 序言(Preface> 谢词(Acknowledge> 提要(Summary> 目录(Tables and Appendixes> (二> 本文： 引言(Introduction> 主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes> (三>参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography> 附录资料(Appendix>. 进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究地方向 二.研究地范围 三.资料搜集地范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告. 就算是小报告,也至少应含 (一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二>Summary：即主要地结论 (三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断. (五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论
Interpretation of “Bartleby” 2012 English Class, 1204402019, Crush Abstract Herman Melville?s tale “Bartleby”is one of those highly acclaimed symbolic short stories in the 19th century. Bartleby is an exploited worker in the capitalistic prison—Wall Street. To some critics, he is “a Thoreau-like practitioner of passive resistance”or “an autobiographical projection of Melville as alienated author.”1In this article, I am going to concentrate on the dark, ruthless commercial society and its defective capitalist values the narrator wants to reveal in “Bartleby”; specifically, I will illustrate how the narrator?s failure to understand the existence of Bartleby and to help him indicates the limitations of rationalism. Further more, I will also try to explain what does Bartleby really need, and how can people really save him from terrible forlornness. Key words Bartleby society limitation rationalism capitalist values Melville?s “Bartleby”is narrated by the first-person narrator, as he describes himself, is “a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best…one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men?s bonds and mortgages and title-deeds.” He is quite satisfied with his profitable life. He is proud of himself in his successful business and proudly attached that he was once employed and praised by John Jacob Astor: “All who know me consider me an eminently safe man. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next method.”The narrator is a typical business man of Wall Street—the epitome of the increasing urbanized, capital-driven society. The author does not set Wall Street as the backdrop randomly, but uses it 1(journal articles) Y on-jae Jung, “The Poe-esque Elements in Melville?s…Bartleby the Scrivener?”, Foreign Literature Studies 4 (2009), p. 63.
XX英语文学论文开题报告范文题目 an analysis of the character portia in the merchant of venice 一、本课题的研究目的及意义 (一)研究目的 莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术大师，被马克思称之为“最伟大的戏剧天才”。透过似真似幻的舞台和匠心独具的故事，莎翁塑造了一系列不朽的人物典型。尤其是塑造了众多而鲜明的人物形象。在莎士比亚的剧作中出场的女性人物有一百多人，在众多的女性人物中上至贵族，下至平民百姓，几乎是各不相同。而《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚更是被公认为莎士比亚笔下别具风采的女性形象。众多评论家认为莎士比亚戏剧中刻画的女性形象大都非常贴近生活，具有巨大的认识价值。。在这一讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚美丽、善良、机智、自信、富有才华和胆识，正体现了莎士比亚从男性的视觉自发塑造的理想中的新女性。作为新女性的鲍西亚，具有一定的判逆性格，不甘于被命运摆弄做逆来顺受的“家庭天使”，在一定程度上体现了莎士比亚对人文主义精神的追求。然而，从女性主义的视角来分析，在男性为中心的社会里，鲍西亚绝非真正具有女性的自我意识，而是甘于向父权社会妥协的不完美的新女性。本课题通过对《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象的分析，让读者
了解鲍西亚思想上、性格上的先进性与局限性，对现代女性起到一定的启示作用。 (二)研究意义 莎士比亚通过对生活细致入微的观察，对人性深刻的剖析，创作出《威尼斯商人》这部极具讽刺性的喜剧。在莎士比亚的笔下，女性的感情与理智平分秋色，女性是以与男性平等的形象出现的。这在鲍西亚这一角色身上表现最为突出。鲍西亚美丽温柔、忠贞不渝、善良可爱、机智勇敢、足智多谋。她掌握着自己的命运，不仅在自主选择丈夫方面，而且在与夏洛克的斗争中起到了关键性的作用。在当今的现实生活中，鲍西亚光彩照人的女性形象也可以带给人们启迪和借鉴。鲍西亚在金钱和爱情的杠杆上，选择了爱情。在她的内心深处爱情价更高，是金钱、物质所无法取代的。她对于爱情忠贞不渝和执着，值得现代生活中个别只追求物质享受的女人去学习。在现实生活中，个别人不应该由于自己的优越条件而歧视别人，更要学会不用有色眼光去看待别人。在法庭上，讲义气、才智非凡的鲍西亚女扮男装以法律博士的身份出场，使剧情有了戏剧性的转折，使夏洛克一步步在不知不觉中陷入她的计策。她成功的妙计足以显示出其学问深厚，机智敏锐，有胆有识的特点，这种女性形象也是我们所认同和赞赏的。《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚人物形象具有生动鲜明，栩栩如生，有血有肉等特点。本文通过对《威尼斯商人》
Growth Theme in Great Expectations Great Expectations, which belongs to bidungroman is wrote by Charles Dickens. Pip was the hero of this novel who was adopted by Magwitch who was helped by little Pip. Pip fell in love with a girl Estella adopted by a rich woman Miss Havisham. When Pip grew up, he received plenty of money that earned by Magwitch during his exiled years'.But Pip mistook that the sponsor was Miss Havisham. Pip was managed go to London to be a gentleman. In his new life, Estella married a playboy. One day, Magwitch came back and told all of the truth. Pip decided to escape but it was failed. Magwitch died and his property was confiscated then Pip became a poor again. Pip gains maturity from love:When Pip was a child, he was taken to Miss Havisham's castle to play for her. During this period, he loved Estella, but later Miss Havisham didn't agree Pip to come again and send Estella French. However, Pip didn't forget Estella. When they met again, Estella wasn't the original girl anymore. She chased after fame, money and status. Estella refused Pip's love resolutely and wanted to marry another gentleman. At the beginning, Pip couldn't accept it, but he put down the love and put it in his heart in the end. In a certain extent, Pip got growth from his love. Pip rescues Miss Havisham :Pip knew it was Miss Havisham that separated him with Estellla, and taught her take revenge to man. Pip couldn't stand what Miss Havisham had done to him. However Miss Havisham was sick seriously, and she hope Pip can forgive her. Unlucky, Miss Havisham got burned by accident. Pip grasped the curtain as soon as possible and threw himself at Miss Havisham completely disregarding his own safety. But Miss Havisham was died. Pip forgave Miss Havisham. At that time, he did realize the importance of forgiveness. Pip helps Magwitch to escape :When Pip came back to his place, he found a old man in the room. ”yes, Pip, dear boy, I have made a gentleman on you. I swore that time, sure as ever I earned a guinea, that guinea should go to you. I swore afterwards, sure as ever I speculated and got rich. You should get rich…look'ee here, Pip, I'm your second father. you are my son─ more to me nor any son…”(英国文学选
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
英国文学史课程论文 Lake Poets in the history of English literature 英国文学史上的湖畔诗人 院（系）名称外国语学院 专业名称英语 学生姓名程路佳 学生学号1201200127 课程教师刘鹏飞 2015年12月23日
Lake Poets in the history of English literature Auther:Cheng Lujia Tutor:Liu Pengfei Abstract The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, RobertSouthey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the “lake district” in northwestern England. This group was part of the romantic movement of the late 1700?s and early 1800?s. They were inspired by the French revolution and theEnglish Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter no poetry language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as “worshipper of nature”. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southey pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known as “Pant isocracy”. Key words: The Romantic Period, Nature, Super nature, Imagination, Innovation, Simple language, Inner world, Spirit, Common life, Democratic, Pant isocracy
英语英国文学论文开题报告 篇一：英语专业英美文学开题报告 (修改版) 安徽科技学院本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书 篇二：XX年外语系论文开题报告开题报告,英美文学韩山师范学院 毕业论文（设计）开题报告 学生姓名：彭雪金学号： XX141622 院（系）：专业英语（师范） __ 题目：（中文）爱默生超验主义对19世纪美国人生观的影响-- 以《论自助》为例 th指导教师：吴湘毅讲师 XX年 2月 10 日 开题报告填写要求 1．开题报告是开展课题研究的依据和撰写论文的基础，也是毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业论文（设计）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见及系审查合格后方可进行毕业论文（设计）的撰写； 2．开题报告必须按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处主页“相关下载”页面上下载）打印，不得打印在其它纸上后剪贴。完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；
3．有关年月日等日期的填写，一律用阿拉伯数字书写，如“XX年4月26日”或“XX-04-26”； 4．毕业论文参考文献的格式标准应参照《韩山师范学院本科生毕业论文撰写标准》（针对韩教字[XX]71号文件作部分修正）。 篇三：英语论文开题报告 本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告 题目"Pride and Prejudice" Darcy's character analysis 学院名称外国语学院 专业班级英语XX 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 填表时间： XX年 3 月 4 日 填表说明 1.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答(原文来自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/971078130.html, 小草范文网:英语英国文学论文开题报告)辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2.此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见、相关系主任审查后生效。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens, 1812.2.7.～1870.6.9.）是19世纪英国文坛上的璀璨明星，也是世界文学史上一位伟大作家。在读者眼里，他是一位批判现实主义小说家，以揭露、批判英国资本主义社会而闻名于世。在他的作品中，我们既可看到苦难的穷人、失业工人、可怜的学徒，甚至童工、孤儿寡母、小资产阶级的破产者，又能面对正直的医生、公道的律师、慈善的银行家和有德行的资本家。可见，狄更斯一方面谴责自己所处时代英国社会的黑暗与弊端，如议会政治和司法制度；另一方面，他又满怀同情叙写一个个不同的社会角色，显示了对人性探索的深刻性和浓厚的幽默情调。他的创作具有鲜明的道德意图，笔尖流淌的是强烈的民主精神、人道主义精神和“圣诞精神”，总能散发出一股生活的希望和人性的温暖。 作为文学家，狄更斯的成就举世瞩目。他创造了丰厚的精神财富，其创作不仅是时代和社会的图景，将19世纪英国维多利亚时代的风貌刻画得淋漓尽致，而且体现出一种独特的现世情怀和广博的人文关怀，其中蕴涵着社会观、宗教观、教育观、政治观、人生观和伦理观等，让后人从中获得启迪。虽然狄更斯的社会价值观与所处时代英国社会富足和贫穷共存的悖论紧密相联，但他始终秉持人道主义情怀和社会正义感，深刻揭露和批判英国社会的阴暗面及弊端。难怪革命导师马克思在谈论英国著名作家时也充分肯定狄更斯的伟大成就，并将其归入杰出小说家行列，认为像狄更斯这样的作家“在自己卓越的、描写生动的作品中向世界揭示的政治和社会真理，比一切职业政客、政治家和道德家加在一起所揭示的还要多2”。狄更斯观察事物的敏锐程度是罕见的，其犀利的文笔也是值得后人效仿的。美国的赫尔曼·麦尔维尔、赛珍珠，中国的老舍、张天翼都曾受他影响。 在狄更斯的手里，文学发挥了独特的社会功能。他通过人物世俗性的描写来反映历史变革时期的社会风貌和人物的内心感受，从早期人物理想化的乐观形象到后期人物愤懑、哀伤和绝望态度，无不堪称天才之笔。诚如哈罗德·布鲁姆所言，在英国作家中，“也许只有狄更斯，在世界性的影响上可以与莎士比亚匹敌，他的作品与莎士比亚的作品、《圣经》和《古兰经》一样，都代表了我们所能感受到的真正的多元文化主义4”他的创作实践和艺术思想应该属于全人类，至今依然是值得开掘的艺术瑰宝，具有当下启示： 首先，狄更斯是一位立足于现实生活的现实主义作家。他能以敏锐的目光观察生活，鲜活地刻画各种社会典型，反映时代气息，使笔下人物将个人前途与价值取向同社会联系起来，从而体现出鲜明的社会价值，秉承了艺术家的责任和操守。 其次，狄更斯是一位崇尚艺术革新、追求创作个性和禀赋的独特艺术家。他从一开始就努力摈弃模仿习作时形成的人物脸谱化，尽可能让笔下人物以自身的言行举止来展示形象，让读者自己判断是非，体现了从单一到成熟的实验革新精神。 再则，狄更斯亲眼目睹社会繁荣发展和平稳安定背后所掩饰的各种肮脏龌龊等不尽如人意之处，深刻领略到社会变迁过程中人性的迷失、心灵扭曲和普通人生活的辛酸。他站在人道主义的高度，从政治、经济、文化和道德等方面洞察社会及其弊端，并勇敢地批判各种丑恶社会现象，为民请愿，申张正义。 。狄更斯的作品不断被改编为戏剧、电影、电视，既扩大了狄更斯在读者心目中的影响，也大大拓展了狄更斯研究的领域。狄更斯专注所处时代的视觉娱乐，着迷于再现城市生活复杂性问题，这已成为21世纪狄更斯批评的焦点之一。 如今，家庭、性别、伦理、城市空间和政治意识形态等概念都是西方学者用以阐释狄更斯文学艺术思想的切入点。对狄更斯与小说形式，以及狄更斯与戏剧、电影改编和流传等话题的