Term Paper
British Literature Thesis： A Brief Analysis of Bacon’s Of Study College：The College of the Foreign Languages Major：English
Name：Bao Junxiao Class Number:0611 Lecturer：Jiang Yujiao
Time：2015-01
Scores:
Contents
Abstract (3)
1. Introduction (4)
2. Background (4)
3. Current situation of study in the UK (5)
4. Structure of Of Studies (6)
4.1 The functions of study (6)
4.2 The methods of study (7)
4.2.1 Experience (7)
4.2.2 Application/obersavation (7)
4.2.3 Attitudes towards different books (8)
4.2.4 Studies without reading (8)
4.2.5 Selaction of books (8)
4.3 The benefits of reading (9)
5. Conclusion (10)
Work Cited (11)
Brief Analysis of Bacon’s Of Study
Bao Junxiao
Abstract: Of studies is a prose written by Francis Bacon 400 years ago to explore studies bacon wrote 400 years. It is also a well-known masterpiece which is famous for its directness, terseness and forcefulness. Its focus rests on the importance of studying knowledge in terms of its practical application towards the individual. This paper aims to make an analysis of this masterpiece from structure and topic.
Key words: study, knowledge
1. Introduction
One can not extend the length of his life, no matter how rich he is, no matter how strong he is. However, the width and thickness of life can be unlimitedly expanded and extended. The best way to realize it is to study. So how to gain eternal life in learning has been a hot topic which we must face.
"Knowledge is power" comes from Francis Bacon. It is universally acknowledged that Francis Bacon(1561-1626) is a celebrated politician, philosopher and master of language in Great Britain. He devoted his latter half life to creative writing. Marx called him "the true ancestor of British materialism and modern experimental science". He put forward some advanced ideas in many areas such as logic, aesthetics, pedagogy and so on.
Bacon’s Essays is an epoch-making masterpiece in the world which affected a gReat number of people. It is equipped with all kinds of literary features of that time, such as tropes of rhetoric, sagacious thoughts, meaningful fun, particularly famous for its brevity, compactness and powerfulness.
Of studies is one important part of Bacon’s Essays. It is an ever-lasting monument in English literature history, beginning with the functions of study and analysing its u nusual significance for human’s life. In addition, it tells the truth that defferent methods of reading lead to different consequence and at the same time different attitudes people hold towards reading have a great influence on the effect of learning.
2. Background
Bacon is one of the founders of modern materialism philosophy who established British philosophy of experience. He started the modern experimental philosophy and is regarded as the true ancestor of modern experimental science. His theory “knowledge is power”not only influenced the society at that time but also has realistic and important meaning in the social development after four hundred years.
The enlightenment occurred in the middle of the 17th century and the 18th century in Europe and the United States. It was an ideological and cultural movement which mainly fought against the feudal and the church. Because of the unique political tradition, rational religious reform, the Puritan movement, advanced science and early
bourgeois revolution, the UK become the birthplace of the Enlightenment in Europe.
Deeply influenced by the scientific revolution, the British Enlightenment was equipped with not only the reason and faith in progress existing in the enlightenment thoughts of the whole Europe and the United States, but also characteristics of its own ideas. The enlightenment changed people’s way of thinking and attached great importance to the scientific researches on observation and experiment methods. It formed the unique way of thinking: empirical rationalism. Francis Bacon was the embracer of this kind of principle. Knowledge was the core of enlightenment and revolution. It produced new ideas, advanced science, furthered social progress and speeded up all-round development. Bacon wrote of studies to announce the most significant way to gain knowledge----Study.
3. Current situation of study in the UK
British people are known as "first reader in Europe". According to UNESCO statistics about publications, Britain's newly published books in 2005 were more than 200 thousand, while America's 170 thousand and China's over 130 thousand. This also confirms that the British people love reading and have good reading habits from another side.
So how good habits are formed? Some people think that it relates to their aristocratic features and the humanistic feelings, but more importantly, it results from people’s identification with the view of Bacon: studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Reading culture is fostered from childhood. Generally, British children begin to read from preschool. Parents will take their children to bookstores and encourage them to pick books they like. Even when a family goes out by train or by plane, parents and children can be seen holding books. British primary and secondary schools also advocate their students to cultivate good habit of reading at a young age. On “world reading day" every year, there will be a variety of promotional activities at schools. These activities are not only to improve the skills of reading, but also to provide children with a place of communication.
Finally it is worth mentioning that the maintenance and policy of society support the strong reading atmosphere. There are strict rules to protect the copyright of publications in Britain. And several libraries are setting up for people to learn. Of the
respect for and protection for study, libraries become the idealistic source of many revolutionists, thinkers, poets and writers like Marx, Lenin and George Bernard Shaw. “To provide the best environment for readers equally" is the intention pursued by the many British libraries.
4. Structure of Of Studies
4.1 The functions of study
“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. The delight lies in privations and retiring. The beauty lies in discourse; and the ability lies in the judgment and disposition of business”
Studies have three functions: delight people; beautify people; and strengthen people’s ability. Nowadays, with the development of technology, many kinds of intelligentized and modernized things appear, and we have less and less time to read books. In most of their free time, people play or chat with telephone. What’s more, the young are facing heavy pressure, so it is a way to surf the internet, chat, play games. In the short term, it is good method to release pressure; in the long term, it does harm to one’s growth.
Actually, reading for two hours every night can greatly influence one’s growth. Reading is a preserving process which changed from quantity to quality. When your accumulation of knowledge reaches a certain degree, they will be internalized to your own things, and then you realize the functions of study.
we will not be unfamiliar with the idiom “厚积薄发". It comes from the old saying "君子厚积而薄发", meaning that one will be promising after a long time of accumulation. There is no doubt that the process of study is the process of accumulation. Some knowledge may be seldom used or even never be used, but as soon as they are used, we are handy with facility, like a duck into water. Otherwise, we can only be stretched, struggle with panic, and plaint alone "It is when you are using what you have learned from books that you wish you had re ad more books than you have".
4.2 The methods of study
4.2.1 Experience
“To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, which need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.”
But study shouldn’t be judged only by experience; also, knowledge can not be divorced from reality and exists alone. Experience and knowledge should supplement and complement each other. In Bacon's view, these two aspects are indispensable knowledge accumulation to life.
4.2.2 Application/ Obersavation
“Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”
Attitudes towards studies decide how much to gain. It has become a common phenomenon that studies are not for progress but supposed to nitpick the authors to show their talents. That’s undoubtedly a kind of philistines. With such a kind of attitude towards study, how can you benefit from it? So Bacon warned us: “Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.”
Here Bacon mentioned the application of knowledge. People should study for applying knowledge, rather than study for study, or it would be a waste of time. A nerd regards study as a task while a wise man studies to improve his ability. For examples, "stereotyped writing" in ancient, fixed template of English compositions and graduation thesis nowadays are all phenomena which show the failed Internalization of new knowledge. The situation that English compositions need templates is owing to the unsuccessful grasp of English-oriented thinking. In such a situation, students can neither make up an article with learned words and grammar, nor express their thoughts, beliefs and emotions in English. A wise man shall be good at drawing inferences about other cases from one instance and solving the same problems in different ways. That is the highest level of study. But how to realize the application of knowledge? Through observation.
4.2.3 Attitudes towards different books
“Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discour se; but to weigh and consider.”
Francis Bacon thinks that when people are reading, do not disagree hostilely and do not accept wholly without questioning. People should not focus on the words and sentences only, but consider wise thoughts back and forth as well.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Then Bacon raises three methods of reading. First, read some books in the way that people test the taste of food—read bits here and there. Second, read some books with little attention or without thorough understanding. Third, read some books carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or the important points of them.
4.2.4 Studies without reading
The methods of studies, of course, cover the selection and appreciation of books these two aspects. However, to some extent, there is another method--- “studies without reading”. That means, due to various reasons, the readers do not directly read the content of the book, but understand the basic idea and content by reading articles or notes of others. That’s method the modern usually take. There are a variety of reasons for “studies without reading”. First,the original works cannot be obtained. Readers read others’ notes or comments to cater to the wishes. Second, readers have too limited time to finish the whole books. So they have to seek a shortcut to understand the main idea.
4.2.5 Selection of books
However, for numerous students in pursuit of knowledge, it is necessary to make overall plans and take all factors into consideration,or you will get into the mire of the conformity. About this, Bacon said: “Some books also may be read by deputy,
and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.”
There was such a scenario in the film "Lenin in 1918 ' of Former Soviet Union: in order to avoid the chase of agents, Lenin hid in his friend's house. In the evening, his friend Vassili brought some books to him. Lenin divided those book into two categories and then told Vassili what kind of books can be a pillow and what kind of books should be support. Books that can be pillows are worth reading carefully and thinking deeply while books that should be support are mediocre ones with pompous style and superficial thoughts. It is coincident with Bacon’s opinions on studies: “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. ”
Nowadays, there are a lot of sham passed away as the genuine on book market. Some are not worth tasting. So it is very necessary to choose the suitable books to read.
4.3 The benefits of reading
“Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had needed have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.”
Gorky said: "books are the ladder of human’s progress". Books can improve cultural quality, extend ideological level and develop potential wisdom. Reading can enrich your mental activities; can improve the state of spirit; can help to debate with scholars.
Lu Xun once said, books of reading must be mixed. Therefore he advocated "looking though the books" to supervise and urge scholars to expand their horizons, deepen their knowledge structure. Following the predecessors’ saying "读万卷书行万里路", we should pay more attention to considerable thoughts. Just like Bacon said: “History make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.”
People's cognition is a coordination process of thinking, memory, perception, emotion, analysis ability. If a person is given priority to image memory, then image thinking dominates his mind; if one is given priority to symbols memory, then his
mind is dominated by logical thinking. Learning maths can help us to enhance our logical ability; reading a large number of legal cases can help us to improve our reasoning ability; reading books on ethics can help us to enhance our moral accomplishment; reading books on psychology can help us to develop and coordinate psychological functions. So, we say knowledge can rebuild the characters.
“Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymene sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. ”
People would not only suffer on the body, but on spirit as well. For mental defects, we should also suit the remedy to the case to improve the ability of self-cognition.
5. Conclusion
Of studies is just a short article of Bacon’s Essays, in which every sentence was given profound significance and his wisdom. There is no extraggeration that Francis Bacon came up with a totally new idea that has enlightened the whole human beings. Hegel once commented on him: "although his works are full of the most beautiful and clever speeches, it takes little rational efforts to understand the wisdom. So his words are often taken as the mottos."
Reading can be one of the nicet ies in human’s life. Whether it can be managed depends on the grasp of study. Modern society should be a learning-oriented society; modern enterprises should be learning-oriented enterprises; modern people should be learning-oriented people. Study as the most effective way to realize them, should be widely spread and advocated. It is indispensable for us to learn from the sages such as Bacon, master ways of study, develop good learning habits, enrich ourselves with new knowledge, reform and perfect our own subjective world, and finally achieve all-round development.
Work Cited
徐文洋，“An Analysis of the Means of Cohesion in Of Studies by Francis Bacon”，《海外英语》2014年第9期，第253-254页。
[Xu Wenyang. “An Analysis of the Means of Cohesion in Of Studies by Francis Bacon.” Overseas English 9 (2014): 253-254.]
李思洋，“An Analysis of Francis Bacon’s Of Studies”，《山西青年》2013年第8期，第86-87页。
[Li Siyang. “An Analysis of Francis Bacon’s Of Studies.”Shanxi Teenagers 8 (2013): 86-87.]
2013年第8期，第16-17页。[Shen Ling. “British Reading Culture.”View Point 8(2013): 16-17.]
姜广平，“读书之心”，《中国教师报》2011年第9期，第114页。
[Jiang Guangping. “The Heart of Reading.”China’s Teacher Journal 9 (2011): 114.] 范晓辉，“培根《论读书》的审美凝结”，《双语学习》2007年第10期，第183-183页。
[Fan Xiaohui. “Aesthetic Condensation of Of Studies by Bacon.”Student Times10 (2007): 183-184.]
曹霞，“浅析培根《论学习》中的语篇衔接手段及其功能”，《价值工程》2010年第32期，第307-308页。
[Cao Xia. “An Analysis of Means of Cohesion and Their Fuctions in Of Studies by Francis Bacon.”Value Enguneering 32 (2010):307-308.]
张荐华，“读书的学问”，《云南日报》2004年第3期，第7-8页。
[Zhang Jianhua. “Learning of Reading.” Yunnan Daily 3 (2004): 7-8.]
陈炳璋，“论培根的知识价值观”，《甘肃高师学报》2000年第4期，第3-6页。
[Lu Bingzhang. “Discussion on Bacon’s Value.”Gaoshi Journal 4(2000): 3-6.]
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An Analysis of the Design of the First Assembly in Pride and Prejudice [Abstract] In Pride and Prejudice, the first assembly is the stage of the debut of hero, Darcy and the heroine, Elizabeth. Therefore, the design of this assembly, including which part of the assembly should be narrated directly in the description of the assembly, how to do with other things happened during the party, how to shape the characteristics and personality of the two main characters as well as other important role on the assembly, is essentially significant to the character portrait for the whole novel. Mainly employing description of language and technique of comparative description, the plot about this assembly is well-designed as three parts, before, during and after the assembly, which is efficient to the character figuring of the novel. [Keywords] character figuring, design, description of language, comparative description The novel introduces the first assembly in Chapter 3, using only half of a chapter to directly describe things happened on the party while two other whole chapter to show people’s discussion on it. By the delicate design, vivid language description and useful comparative description, the description of this party is highly efficient to the chapter portrait of this novel. Before the party, Mrs. Bennet’s worry about Mr. Bingley’s going into the town is showed, which totally reveals the purpose of Mrs. Bennet’s participating in the dinner, again echoing the description of Mrs. Bennet’s saying "If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for." (Austen, 2001: 2) at former plot. In the case, the assembly is platform to looking for sweetheart, love and even possible marriage (Yang, 91). At the end of this paragraph, Mr. Bingley’s invitating his sisters and Darcy leads to the appearance of these important characters. For the description of things happened during the party, instead of using scene description to the setting of the ball or psychological description to the participators, language description organized by comparative technique is mainly employed to mould different personality of different participant. First of all, It can be directly seen that the description of Mr. Hurst’s and Mr. Darcy’s first appearance is put in the same paragraph and connected by the conjunction “but”,
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成. 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一> 篇首： 封面(Title> 序言(Preface> 谢词(Acknowledge> 提要(Summary> 目录(Tables and Appendixes> (二> 本文： 引言(Introduction> 主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes> (三>参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography> 附录资料(Appendix>. 进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究地方向 二.研究地范围 三.资料搜集地范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告. 就算是小报告,也至少应含 (一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二>Summary：即主要地结论 (三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断. (五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论
Interpretation of “Bartleby” 2012 English Class, 1204402019, Crush Abstract Herman Melville?s tale “Bartleby”is one of those highly acclaimed symbolic short stories in the 19th century. Bartleby is an exploited worker in the capitalistic prison—Wall Street. To some critics, he is “a Thoreau-like practitioner of passive resistance”or “an autobiographical projection of Melville as alienated author.”1In this article, I am going to concentrate on the dark, ruthless commercial society and its defective capitalist values the narrator wants to reveal in “Bartleby”; specifically, I will illustrate how the narrator?s failure to understand the existence of Bartleby and to help him indicates the limitations of rationalism. Further more, I will also try to explain what does Bartleby really need, and how can people really save him from terrible forlornness. Key words Bartleby society limitation rationalism capitalist values Melville?s “Bartleby”is narrated by the first-person narrator, as he describes himself, is “a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best…one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men?s bonds and mortgages and title-deeds.” He is quite satisfied with his profitable life. He is proud of himself in his successful business and proudly attached that he was once employed and praised by John Jacob Astor: “All who know me consider me an eminently safe man. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next method.”The narrator is a typical business man of Wall Street—the epitome of the increasing urbanized, capital-driven society. The author does not set Wall Street as the backdrop randomly, but uses it 1(journal articles) Y on-jae Jung, “The Poe-esque Elements in Melville?s…Bartleby the Scrivener?”, Foreign Literature Studies 4 (2009), p. 63.
历史学论文题目历史学毕业论文题目大全历史学开题报告参考 文献 一、选题技巧 论文选题标准众多，但核心的有这么几点：（1）可借鉴性，以便于换汤不换药，博采众长，搞好自己的论文。知网上有现成的论文可借鉴，单数量不可以太多，否则会被怀疑抄袭；也不能太少，不然浪费时间去选题和整理宏观思路还被老师否定，如你的题目太大不易写深入而pass掉。（2）紧跟热词，最近几年的社会热点问题会让论文显得很有新意，但最好也是有依葫芦画瓢的参考对象。（3）贴合案例，理论型文章对数学模型和软件仿真能力要求极高，故必须贴合案例，以便于换汤不换药，快速写好论文。（4）结构完整，选题最好能结合学科理论知识和模型，注重问题导向和数学语言的应用，不然论文口水话连篇；但切记炫技，整高大上的题目，应用复杂的数学模型，不顾是否能收集到个案实证资料和工作量的多寡。（5）字数相仿，不要本科、硕士论文选博士论文做参考，因为博士细节过多论证更充分，没宏观驾驭能力的人控制不好章节字数，会多写一两万字。 二、热词分布 历史学论文的关键词众多，可供检索的有如历史学、史学理论、史学思想、北美洲、美利坚合众国、辽宋金元时代、史学研究、思想体系、社会科学、两宋时代、马克思主义、史学界、历史唯物主义、出版社、马克思主义哲学、历史唯物论、文化机构、历史哲学、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王、马克思、海登·怀特、高中历史教学、权利主体、历史教学、分科教学、年鉴学派、历史叙事、高中历史等。
二、历史学题目大全 互动式教学在高中历史学困生转化中的应用研究 心理史学在高中历史人物教学中的运用研究 罗宾·乔治·柯林武德考古思想研究 劳伦斯·斯通的英国社会史研究 社会学理论与方法在中学历史教学中的应用初探 乡镇高中历史“学案导学”模式应用研究 赫伊津哈史学思想研究 历史学科核心素养与美国历史课程能力目标比较研究民国“历史研究法”研究 中国电视剧的历史学批评 埃里克·方纳史学研究 海因里希·格莱茨史学思想研究 霍华德·津恩的史学思想研究 约恩·吕森历史叙事理论研究 从民族话语建构到阶级话语建构 唐宋动物灵异观念研究 20世纪20年代北大史学社会科学化改革新探 流变的风景：民国福州籍历史学家形象研究 一种探索的历史 赫伯特·巴特菲尔德史学思想研究 历史学师范生实习备课研究
Growth Theme in Great Expectations Great Expectations, which belongs to bidungroman is wrote by Charles Dickens. Pip was the hero of this novel who was adopted by Magwitch who was helped by little Pip. Pip fell in love with a girl Estella adopted by a rich woman Miss Havisham. When Pip grew up, he received plenty of money that earned by Magwitch during his exiled years'.But Pip mistook that the sponsor was Miss Havisham. Pip was managed go to London to be a gentleman. In his new life, Estella married a playboy. One day, Magwitch came back and told all of the truth. Pip decided to escape but it was failed. Magwitch died and his property was confiscated then Pip became a poor again. Pip gains maturity from love:When Pip was a child, he was taken to Miss Havisham's castle to play for her. During this period, he loved Estella, but later Miss Havisham didn't agree Pip to come again and send Estella French. However, Pip didn't forget Estella. When they met again, Estella wasn't the original girl anymore. She chased after fame, money and status. Estella refused Pip's love resolutely and wanted to marry another gentleman. At the beginning, Pip couldn't accept it, but he put down the love and put it in his heart in the end. In a certain extent, Pip got growth from his love. Pip rescues Miss Havisham :Pip knew it was Miss Havisham that separated him with Estellla, and taught her take revenge to man. Pip couldn't stand what Miss Havisham had done to him. However Miss Havisham was sick seriously, and she hope Pip can forgive her. Unlucky, Miss Havisham got burned by accident. Pip grasped the curtain as soon as possible and threw himself at Miss Havisham completely disregarding his own safety. But Miss Havisham was died. Pip forgave Miss Havisham. At that time, he did realize the importance of forgiveness. Pip helps Magwitch to escape :When Pip came back to his place, he found a old man in the room. ”yes, Pip, dear boy, I have made a gentleman on you. I swore that time, sure as ever I earned a guinea, that guinea should go to you. I swore afterwards, sure as ever I speculated and got rich. You should get rich…look'ee here, Pip, I'm your second father. you are my son─ more to me nor any son…”(英国文学选
英国文学期末考试复习要点 1.英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts 2.英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征服Norman Conquest之后。 3.古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian）；BEOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗national epic of England），人物角色(Beowulf,Grendel, Grendel's mother, Fire Dragon,Wiglef)，修辞手法（头韵法alliteration，暗喻metaphor，低调陈述understatement） 4.诺曼征服人物William the Conqueror，骑士Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）, 《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事matters of Britain。骑士的优良传统美德（忠诚loyalty） 5.威廉朗莱德William Langland作品《耕者皮尔斯》Piers the Plowman（十四世纪以梦境dream vision呈现的作品）
6.乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Father of English Poetry），主要作品The Canteberry Tales，文学贡献（英雄双行体Heroic Couplet，净化purified LONDON 音dialect），葬于西敏寺大教堂Westminster Abbey，为此建立诗人角Poet's Corner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32 朝圣者pilgrims），选作P45(时间April，地点Tabard Inn，人物，巴斯妇人的故事Wife of Bath)，抑扬五步格iambic pentameter （轻音unstressed syllable+重音stressed syllable） 7.实行政教分离者（亨利八世Henry VIII）Religious Reformation:The King broke off with the Pope. 8.托马斯摩尔Thomas More的《乌托邦》Utopia，宣扬财产property与困境poverty 分离和建立理想国度ideal state。 9.托马斯怀亚特Thomas Wyatt把十四行诗sonnet引入英国，分离为莎士比亚体Shakespearian Sonnet和斯宾塞体Spencerian Sonnet，十四行诗源于意大利
英国文学史课程论文 Lake Poets in the history of English literature 英国文学史上的湖畔诗人 院（系）名称外国语学院 专业名称英语 学生姓名程路佳 学生学号1201200127 课程教师刘鹏飞 2015年12月23日
Lake Poets in the history of English literature Auther:Cheng Lujia Tutor:Liu Pengfei Abstract The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, RobertSouthey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the “lake district” in northwestern England. This group was part of the romantic movement of the late 1700?s and early 1800?s. They were inspired by the French revolution and theEnglish Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter no poetry language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as “worshipper of nature”. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southey pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known as “Pant isocracy”. Key words: The Romantic Period, Nature, Super nature, Imagination, Innovation, Simple language, Inner world, Spirit, Common life, Democratic, Pant isocracy
英语英国文学论文开题报告 篇一：英语专业英美文学开题报告 (修改版) 安徽科技学院本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书 篇二：XX年外语系论文开题报告开题报告,英美文学韩山师范学院 毕业论文（设计）开题报告 学生姓名：彭雪金学号： XX141622 院（系）：专业英语（师范） __ 题目：（中文）爱默生超验主义对19世纪美国人生观的影响-- 以《论自助》为例 th指导教师：吴湘毅讲师 XX年 2月 10 日 开题报告填写要求 1．开题报告是开展课题研究的依据和撰写论文的基础，也是毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业论文（设计）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见及系审查合格后方可进行毕业论文（设计）的撰写； 2．开题报告必须按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处主页“相关下载”页面上下载）打印，不得打印在其它纸上后剪贴。完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；
3．有关年月日等日期的填写，一律用阿拉伯数字书写，如“XX年4月26日”或“XX-04-26”； 4．毕业论文参考文献的格式标准应参照《韩山师范学院本科生毕业论文撰写标准》（针对韩教字[XX]71号文件作部分修正）。 篇三：英语论文开题报告 本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告 题目"Pride and Prejudice" Darcy's character analysis 学院名称外国语学院 专业班级英语XX 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 填表时间： XX年 3 月 4 日 填表说明 1.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答(原文来自：https://www.doczj.com/doc/5515554378.html, 小草范文网:英语英国文学论文开题报告)辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2.此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见、相关系主任审查后生效。
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）