13级
An Analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The
Scarlet Letter
1.A Brief Information about Hawthorne.
Hawthorne explored an interesting human psychology through his exploration of the dark side of human consciousness.
—Richard Harter Fogle Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He is one of the outstanding romantic novelists in the 19th century in the United States. His creation by American colonial New England as the background, reflect the reality of the society at that time.
To describe the dark side of society and human nature is the outstanding characteristic of work of Hawthorne, this because of the influence of Calvinism about man's “original sin” and the theory of “inner depravity”.
Hawthorne is the pioneer of psychological novel. He is good at analysis of “heart”. He focuses on the problem of moral and evil. He advocates through the goodness and confession to wash sin, purify the mind, and win salvation . However, Hawthorne does not write all the darkness. He is exposing social evils and the person's bad nature, at the same time, he shows a great sympathy for many kind hero.
Hawthorne's greatness is that he can use a pen which is mild on the surface ,but it is real sharp pen to expose the dark, satirize the evil, and reveal the truth.
The scarlet letter is Hawthorne's masterpiece. It focuses on the Hawthorne's thought and artistic features.
2.The Brief Introduction of The Scarlet Letter
The story begins in seventeenth-century in Boston. A young woman, Hester Prynne, stands fully revealed before the crowded with her infant daughter, Pearl, in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her breast. Hester is being punished because of adultery. Her husband who is an aging scholar sent her to America in the beginning because he has something to deal with and delayed for several years. Hester had an affair when she was waiting for her husband. And she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity. As a result, she should wear a scarlet letter “A” on her breast and takes the public shaming as her punishment for her sin of adultery and her secrecy. The elderly onlooker is Hester’s husband who disguised himself as a doctor. In order to find out who her love is, he decides to settle down in Boston and intents on revenge and he changes his name to Roger Chillingworth. Gradually, he suspects that there is a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret. Finally, he convinces him that his suspicions are correct. He discovers that the culprit is Arthur Dimmesdale. He decides to punish them spiritually. Hester finds his
plot,then she puts forward to elope with the pastor. Arthur Dimmesdale reveals his guilt, and then he becomes mentally and physically exhausted and falls on the stage and died. Without a vengeance for survival purposes Roger Chillingworth also died a year later. Afterwards, Pearl is living a happy life. Hester goes back to Boston, and continues to do goodness. After she died, her tombstone is engraved with the scarlet letter “A”.
3.The Changes of the Symbolic M eaning of the Scarlet Letter “A”
The scarlet letter originally is a symbol of shame,but it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The meaning of letter changes as time passes. At first the scarlet letter “A” indicates that Hester is an adulterer. Hester commits adultery with the young pastor Dimmesdale, then she has given birth to a child. In order to protect the pastor, Hester bears the sin alone, and she is publicly exposed for three hours. And she is being punished to wear the scarlet letter “A”.
But later the scarlet letter “A” comes to stand for “Able”. Hester lives alone in a place away from people. She gives the only love to her child Pearl, and she is sewing to feed her families. Then the scarlet letter “A” represents Hester's ability, survival ability and superb craftsmanship.
The scarlet letter “A” on behalf of the “Angel”. Hester doesn't hold a grudge even though she suffers supercilious look, and she still is keen to help others.
From another point of view, the scarlet letter “A” has other implications. Every character in the book is wearing a letter “A”, they are “justice” who live in the New England region. They propose to use the letter “A” to punish Hester. They are the ma kers. The crowd of onlookers is a bystander. Hester’s husband is an “immoral”, and he is a researcher of the letter “A”. A gift of nature Pearl is a result of crime, but she also is a savior.
Therefore, in my opinion,the letter “A” represents the entire Am erica.
4.Analyze Sentences
“Mother,” said little Pearl, “the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom... It will not flee from me, for I wear nothing on my bosom yet!”
“Nor ever will, my child, I hope,” said Hester. “And why not, mother?” asked Pearl, stopping short...“Will it not come of its own accord, when I am a woman grown?”
This quote, taken from Chapter 16, “A Forest Walk,” is illustrative of the role Pearl plays in the text. This text make people ponder the scarlet letter as a symbol of great significance. It also reveals one of the most important theme of the story—the relationship between sin and humanness. Pearl is aware of her mother that lack of sunshine in her mother’s life. Pearl’s questions make her mother uneasy. She think all adult women will wear a scarlet letter. Her question suggests that the scarlet letter stands for sin which is an inevitable part to an adult.
But there was a more real life for Hester Prynne here, in New England, than in that unknown region where Pearl had found a home. Here had been her sin; here, her
sorrow; and here was yet to be her penitence. She had returned, therefore, and resumed, —of her own free will, for not the sternest magistrate of that iron period would have imposed it, —resumed the symbol of which we have related so dark a tale. Never afterwards did it quit her bosom. But ... The scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world’s scorn and bitterness, and become a type of something to be sorrowed over, and looked upon with awe, and yet with reverence, too.
This passage, which appears in the novel’s final chapter, concludes the book’s examination of the theme of individual identity in the face of social judgments. After leaving home for many years, Hester has just returned to her former home. She still wears the scarlet letter because her past stands for an important part of her identity. The scarlet letter should not be erased because some people think it is shameful. What Hester experiences is repentant of herself rather than obedient to reality. She controls the scarlet letter and her own identity. She is to be a role model for others.
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范 也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格，但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
J——期刊文章 N——报纸文章 M——专著 更多请看下面： 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： 〔DB/OL〕——联机网上数据(database online) 〔DB/MT〕——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) 〔M/CD〕——光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) 〔CP／DK〕——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) 〔J／OL〕——网上期刊(serial online) 〔EB/OL〕——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 参考文献著录格式 1 期刊作者.题名［J］.刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码 2 专著作者.书名［M］.版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码 3 论文集作者.题名［C］.//编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码 4 学位论文作者.题名［D］.保存地点：保存单位，年份 5 专利文献题名［P］.国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期 6 标准标准编号，标准名称［S］ 7 报纸作者.题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期(版次)
8 报告作者.题名［R］.保存地点：年份 9 电子文献作者.题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1.根据GB3469 规定 ①期刊［J］ ②专著［M］ ③论文集［C］ ④学位论文［D］ ⑤专利［P］ ⑥标准［S］ ⑦报纸［N］ ⑧技术报告［R］ 2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如： ①磁带［MT］②磁盘［DK］③光盘［CD］④联机网络［OL］ 3.电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：［文献类型标识/载体类型标识 例如：①联机网上数据库［DB/OL］②磁带数据库［DB/MT］③光盘图书［M/CD］④磁盘软件［CP/DK］⑤网上期刊［J/OL］⑥网上电子公告［EB/OL］
这个垃圾期刊的格式很操蛋，参考文献格式我根本看不懂，找了好久终于找到了介绍。在最后部分。 EI收录的期刊Advanced Materials Research 论文的格式要求中文版详解,方便中国人使用,若想此刊投稿,值得收藏。 “Fig. 1, Fig. 2, ”表示，Fig.和后面的数字间加1空格，数字后面与文字之间加2个空格。注意图的质量。如要节省版面，可以一行中并排放置多个图片。 5. 公式的格式及其引用 5.1 所有公式及文中的复杂符号，均用公式编辑器输入，不要用文本框或图形输入。 5.2 公式单独成段，左缩进5mm，段前12磅，段后0磅；公式编号用“(数字)”表示，排在右端，两端对齐；正文中引用公式时，用“Eq.1, Eq.2 ”表示。例： c2 = a2 + b2. (1) 6. 参考文献格式及引用格式 6.1 参考文献按引用的先后，在正文的有关处用[1]，[2,3] 标明（请勿用上标标注），这些数字与文末的参考文献相对应。 6.2 参考文献的编号与内容用制表符Tab隔开，字体及大小与正文相同，行间距为单倍距，格式为悬挂缩进0.8cm。 6.3 参考文献中作者，名在前用简写，姓在后用全称，有多个作者时，作者与作者之间用逗号分开，最后一个作者与前面的作者之间用and相连（如玉娇龙，王处一，李静就写为：J.L. Yu, C.Y. Wang and J. Li）。 6.4参考文献中如果不是英文文献，请在参考文献后用英文注明语种，如：(In Chinese)。 6.5 几种常见参考文献的格式编排规范： (a) 期刊类：（作者: 刊名, 卷(年) No.期号, p.起始页码.），刊名的所有实词首字母大写。例： [1]
The Symbolic Meaning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne always wears on her chest a scarlet letter “A”, which is the central symbol of the novel. It shows different identities of Hester. And the symbolic meaning changes from “Adultery” to “Angel”. I will analyze it from the following three aspects. 1. Adultery During that time, the strict Puritans rule Boston and they punish the people who break their rules. Hester really commits a crime of adultery. When she stands on the platform, the letter “A”is the sign of punishment of her adultery, and the color scarlet is a symbol of sin. The scarlet looks like blood and fire, which can be regarded as desire. There is passionate love between Hester and the priest, but it brings them misfortune. Hester has to wear the scarlet “A” as a punishment and she will never forget her crime. With the shame, she is regarded as a naughty woman. Red should be regarded as the symbol of love and life, but under the control of Puritan strictness, it’s a symbol of shame and punishment. When Hester first appears, she doesn’t look like a criminal but a loving mother. She is grace and elegant, holding her baby to the chest. She stands proudly to bear her punishment. That is impressive to me. Her spirit is full of disobedience and strength. In addition, from the words I can see the elegantly sewn letter “A” is an art. 2. Alone and Alienation Hester lives a lonely life without friend. Only her daughter Pearl accompanies her. What’s worse, because her crime is still within town, people insult her and treat her badly. Even children are afraid to get close to her. She suffers great from the mental torment. If I were she, I couldn’t stand such kind of pressure. I would leave for a new place where no one knows me and begin a new life. However, she chooses to face the reality rather than escape from it. She is patient to those insulting words and even tries to forgive those people. 3. Able, Admirable and Angle
英语论文参考文献精选3篇 英语论文参考文献精选1篇 英文及其它语种的文献在前，中文文献在后，参照以下标准执行。 期刊论文 Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573. 朱永生，2006，名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]，《外语教学与研究》(2)：83-90。 论文集论文 Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254. 文秋芳，2003a，英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。载文秋芳、王立非(编)，《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。西安：陕西师范大学出版社。255-259。 网上文献 Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006). 王岳川，2004，当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]， (2005年11月18日读取)。 专著 Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt. 吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京：中国青年出版社。 译著 Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 赵元任，1968/1980，《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]，丁邦新译。英语论文参考文献精选3篇英语论文参考文献精选3篇。香港：香港中文大学出版社。 编著/论文集
参考文献建议 1、资料查询建议大家可以利用图书馆数据库： 中文资料查阅中文数据库：中国知识资源总库、读秀学术搜索、万方医药信息系统等相对权威的学术资源； 英文资料查阅英文数据库：Science Direct, EBSCO, PUBMED, MOSBY’S Nursing Consult(护理人员专用库)，Springer LINk等，（读秀也有英文资料） 2、若是网络资源，可以参考一些官方的网站，如卫生部，卫生厅等政府网站， 其中会有一些政府政策文件、统计数据等。 参考文献格式要求（注意：红色字体显示是较常用的） 一、参考文献的类型及其标识 参考文献类型专 著 论 文 集 报 纸 文 章 期 刊 文 章 学 位 论 文 报 告 标 准 专 利 析出 文献 其 它 数据 库 计算机 程序 电子 公告 文献类 型标识 M C N J D R S P A Z DB CP EB 二、各类参考文献条目的编排格式和示例 a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［文献类型标识］.出版地:出版者，出版年.起止页码(任选). ［1］刘国钧，陈绍业，王凤翥.图书馆目录［M].北京:高等教育出版社，1957.15-18. ［2］辛希孟.信息技术和信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集［C］.北京:中国社会科学出版社，1994. ［3］张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集［D］.北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所，1983. ［4］冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道和压力容器的LBB分析［R］.北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997.
b.期刊文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［J］.刊名，年，卷(期):起止页码. ［5］何龄修.读顾城《南明史》［J］.中国史研究，1998，(3):167-173. ［6］金显贺，王昌长，王忠东，等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术［J］.清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1993，33(4):62-67. c.论文集中的析出文献 ［序号］析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名［A］.原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名［C］.出版地:出版者，出版年.析出文献起止页码. ［7］钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用［A］.赵玮.运筹学的理论和应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集［C］.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社，1996. 468-471 d.报纸文章 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期(版次) ［8］谢希德.创造学习的新思路［N］.人民日报，1998-12-25(10) e.国际、国家标准 ［序号］标准编号，标准名称［S］. ［9］GB/T 16159-1996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则［S］. f.专利 ［序号］专利所有者.专利题名［P］.专利国别:专利号，出版日期 ［10］姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案［P］.中国专利:881056073，1989-07-26 g.电子文献 ［序号］主要责任者.电子文献题名［电子文献和载体类型标识］.电子文献的出处或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选) ［11］王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展［EB/OL］.https://www.doczj.com/doc/963759645.html,/pub/wml.txt/980810-2.html'1998-08-16/1998-10-04 ［12］万锦坤.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版［DB/CD］.北京:中国大百科全书出版社，1996 h.各种未定义类型的文献 ［序号］主要责任者.文献题名［Z］.出版地:出版者，出版年.
A Reading Report of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne (July 4, 1804—May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer. He was a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation’s colonial history. His four major novels were written between 1850 and 1860, and they were The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun. The story took place in Boston about 200 years ago. It narrated love affairs between three persons. They were Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. Roger was an old misshapen man and a doctor. Hester was his wife, but she did not love him at all. Two years ago, Hester was sent alone across the ocean by Roger. However, Roger did not show up thereafter. While waiting, Hester fell in love with another man, Dimmesdale, who was a young minister and had a high position among ministers and was highly respected among his people in town. Hester and Dimmesdale loved each other, but their love was forbidden in that time. It was sinful because they committed adultery. And the secret was finally discovered because of Hester’s pregnancy. Due to this, Hester was punished by society with a letter A on her chest, which was considered as an evil and a shame. However, Hester refused to tell the name of the father even when she was asked to stand on the scaffold. And she chose to bear all the shame and punishment by herself. At the same time, Roger Chillingworth appeared and tried to take revenge on the adulterer. As time goes on, Hester’s daughter, Pearl was seven years old. And Roger became a real devil. He pretended to live with Dimmesdale to treat his disease. Actually, he just wanted to revenge him. Finally, Dimmesdale was weaker and weaker. In the end, Dimmesdale told the truth to the folks on the scaffold that he was Pearl’s father, and then he died. Roger also died after one year because the revenge took his all energy and strength. Hester then lived alone in her cottage far away from the city by herself. Pearl became a rich woman and lived in a happy life. When Hester died, she was buried next to Dimmesdale. The two shared a single tombstone, with a deep colored letter A shining
用Times New Roman。每一条目顶格, 如某一条目超过一行，从第二行起“悬挂缩进”2字符。参考文献中所有标点与符号均在英文状态下输入，标点符号后空一格。 参考文献条目排列顺序：英文文献、中文文献、网络文献。分别按作者姓氏字母顺序排列。文献前不用序号。 1）英文参考文献 （1）专著与编著 排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。 例如： Brinkley, Alan. The Unfinished Nation. New York: Knopf, 1993. 专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者用斜体。 例如： Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront?: Jane Eyre. New York: Norton, 1971. A．两个至三个作者 第一作者的姓在前，名在后，中间用逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间无逗号；每个作者之间用逗号隔开，最后一个作者的姓名前用“and”，后用句号。 例如： Rowe, Richard, and Larry Jeffus. The Essential Welder: Gas Metal Arc Welding Classroom Manual. Albany: Delmar, 2000. B. 三个以上作者 第一作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。 例如： Randall, John et al. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997. C. 同一作者同一年出版的不同文献，参照下例： Widdowson, Henry G. EIL: Squaring the Circles. A Reply. London: Lomgman, 1998a. Widdowson, Henry G. Communication and Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b. （2）论文集 参照下例： Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & Marko, Henry ed. Teaching and Learning by Doing Corpus Analysis. New York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323. （3）百科全书等参考文献 参照下例： Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”.Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 2001. （4）学术期刊论文 参照下例： Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. Young Children. 2003, (6): 12-18. （5）网络文献 参照下例： ----“Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL” .
英语优秀论文参考文献格式要求
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英语专业本科毕业论文 参考文献格式要求 I．文内引用 （一）直接引用 1．引用中的省略 原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（…），中文用6个（……）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（……）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例： 例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2．大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states: