Peak Periods of Translation in China三次大的翻译高峰

第一章测试1.China is located in East Asia, to the east of the Pacific Ocean. ( )A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.What concepts are reflected in the ancient Chinese architectures? ( )A:the unity of heaven and manB:Ruling by lawC:hierarchyD:the thought of non-action答案:AC2.What is the core of Confucian thought? ( )A:benevolenceB:non-attackC:proper ritesD:moral ruling答案:AC3.The Forbidden City ( ) .A:sits on the central axis of BeijingB:is home to no more than 20 emperorsC:is surrounded by a moatD:is a wooden ancient building complex答案:ACD4.The location of Daxing International Airportin is between Beijing and Tianjin.( )A:错B:对答案:A5.What’s the message conveyed by the sentence “He who has not been to theGreat Wall is not a true man”? ( )A:It is very difficult to build the Great Wall.B:It is brave enough to face challenges and reach final goals.C:It is important for everyone to keep on exercising.D:It is a place that deserves visiting.答案:B第三章测试1.The Rong Family once was entitled ( )A:The King of the SeaB:The Cotton Yarn TycoonC:The Flower KingD:Leader of the Overseas Chinese答案:BC2.The peak periods of Chinese private gardens are ( )A:Ming DynastyB:Song DynastyC:Tang DynastyD:Qing Dynasty答案:AD3.Which gardens are located in Suzhou ( ) .A:The Humble Administra tor’s GardenB:Ho Family GardenC:The Surging Wave PavilionD:Yu Garden答案:AC4.Which is the leading city in the Yangtze River Economic Belt? ( )A:ShanghaiB:NingboC:HangzhouD:Suzhou答案:A5.“Six Hard Core Industries” focus on traditional heavy industry. （）A:对B:错答案:B第四章测试1.Who is the first writer to create the new wuxia novel?( )A:Liang YushengB:Jin YongC:Ang LeeD:Gu Long答案:A2.Cantonese is widely spoken in Guangxi.（）A:对B:错答案:A3.Where is it that overseas Chinese are evacuated by land, sea and air for thefirst time? ( )A:AustraliaB:NepalC:LybiaD:Thailand答案:C4.Which novel is written by Jin Yong ?（）A:Legend of the White Haired MaidenB:Seven Swordsmen of Mount HeavenC:The Deer and the CauldronD:The Legendary Twins答案:C5.Dian Dou De has won the t itle of “intangible cultural heritage conservationinstitution” for （）A:The making technique of “ egg tarts”B:The making technique of “ steamed dumplings”C:The making technique of “ king shrimp dumplings”D:The making technique of “ honey barbecue pork buns”答案:C第五章测试1.Which cities had been the ancient capital cities in history? ( )A:LuoyangB:AnyangC:SuzhouD:Zhengzhou答案:ABD2.Which plains lie in the Yellow River Basin? ( )A:Linfen BasinB:Sanhe PlainC:Guanzhong PlainD:Taiyuan Basin答案:ACD3.Which statements are true of the Yellow River Basin? ( ) .A:It is the cradle of the Chinese nation.B:It was the economic center in ancient China.C:It is a place with warm and humid climate.D:It is the second longest river in China.答案:AB4.The Central Plains in Chinese “中原”is a phrase related to the center of theworld in ancient times.（）A:错B:对答案:B5.The earth suspended river is the formation of a natural process. ( )A:错B:对答案:A第六章测试1.On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out in Hubei, which finallyled to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. （）A:错B:对答案:B2.The calligraphic signboard of “Yuelu Academy” is bestowed by EmperorKangxi. （）A:错B:对答案:A3.The Shuyuan, or academies, originated in（）dynastyA:SongB:HanC:MingD:Tang答案:D4.During the Southern Song Dynasty, what were four major academies? ( )A:Bailudong Academy in JiangxiB:Yingtian Academy in HenanC:Yuelu Academy in HunanD:Shigu Academy in Hunan答案:ABCD5.Among many suppliers of the Four Treasures of the Study, Anhui is mostfamous for producing the best art supplies. Besides Xuan paper, Xuan pen,the other two Treasures of Study include ( )A:She inkstoneB:Xiang inkC:Jiangxi inkstoneD:Hui ink答案:AD第七章测试1.Ingredients of Kung Pao Chicken include ( )A:peppersB:peanutsC:porkD:chicken答案:ABD2.Classic Sichuan dishes include ( )A:Fried Pork with ChiliB:Kung Pao ChickenC:Boiled Chinese CabbageD:Mapo Tofu答案:BCD3.Sichuan cuisine are facing a set of challenges. They are ( ) .A:lack of authentic ingredientsB:keen competitionC:various customer demandsD:lack of official support答案:ABC4.According to the sixth national census in 2010, ethnic minorities altogetheracco unted for ( ) of China’s total.A:10.45%B:8.49%C:14.43%D:12.47%答案:B5.The Chinese government has regarded helping ethnic groups out of povertyas a fundamental task.（）A:错B:对答案:B第八章测试1.What are the landmark projects of the grand western development program?( )A:The Battle against PovertyB:West-East Gas Pipeline ProjectC:Qinghai-Tibet RailwayD:West-East Electricity Transmission Project答案:BCD2.The challenges we had to face when constructing the Qinghai-Tibet Railwayinclude: ( )A:lack of oxygenB:fragile ecosystemC:the permafrostD:complicated geographic conditions答案:ABCD3.What is the Silk Road Spirit? ( ) .A:mutual learning and mutual benefitB:understanding and honestyC:peace and cooperationD:openness and inclusiveness答案:ACD4.The strategy of “Two Overall Situations” was put forward by Jiang Zemin. ( )A:错B:对答案:A5.Which are the disadvantages in developing Northwest China? ( )A:sparse populationB:Monotonous economic structureC:Fragile ecosystemD:not open enough to the outside world答案:ABCD第九章测试1.Northeast China has rich reserves of ( )A:rare elementsB:nonferrous metalsC:graphiteD:coal答案:ABCD2.Recent years, Northeast China has shifted their priorities to ( ) industries tomake resources utilization more efficient and promote regional socialprogress for sustainable development.A:labor-savingB:resource-savingC:Low-carbonD:clean答案:BCD3. 3 The humorous, ironic and funny sketches in Northeast dialect have won thehearts of Chinese audience and given birth to a number of buzzwords,including ( ) .A:Popoding婆婆丁B:Huyou忽悠C:Zheng整D:Laoke唠嗑答案:BCD4.“Black waters and white mountains” is a name for northwester part of China.（）A:对B:错答案:B5.Which army had a 14-year-long fight against the Japanese invasion? ( )A:People’s Liberation ArmyB:The Nor theast People’s Anti-Japanese Volunteer ArmyC:The Northeast People’s Anti-Japanese United ArmyD:The Northeast Army答案:C第十章测试1.China has become the world’s second largest economy. ( )A:错B:对答案:B。

语言与文化的关系概述“语言与文化的关系问题，即语言与语言之外其他文化现象的关系问题，诸如语言与文学、哲学、宗教、历史、地理、法律、风俗以至于物质行为、社会制度、思维方式、民族性格等文化现象的相互关系问题。

”（张公瑾：1996，《文化语言学发凡》，云南大学出版社，P36）总的来说，语言和文化的关系可以用双向互动来概括，具体地说，语言和文化的关系可以从下列几方面去理解。

（一）语言是一种特殊的文化现象。

语言是文化的一部分，并对文化起着重要作用。

之所以这样说，是因为语言具有文化的特点。

首先，语言本身是人类在其进化的过程中创造出来的一种精神财富，并且是人们后天习得和学得的。

其次，文化是全民族的共同财富，语言也是如此。

古徳诺夫在《文化人类学与语言学》（Cultural——Anthropology and Linguistics）一书中也明确指出：“一个社会的语言是该社会的文化的一个方面，语言和文化都是部分和整体的关系。

”（二）语言是文化的最重要载体。

可以说，语言是一面镜子，反映了一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。

我们平时说词汇对于社会生活最为敏感，这也意味着许多文化凝聚于词汇。

黄侃先生说一个字就等于一句话，意思是任何概念所包含的，实际是一个定义、一个判断。

而定义、判断则是文化意识的结晶。

但是，这还不是语言对文化产生影响的最好例证，因为大量新词新语是暂时的，它可以构成对文化的一时冲击，多数不能对文化的整体，特别是人的观念产生影响，不见得能成为文化的组成部分。

只有深深融入中华民族生活的底层，经过历史的选择和淘汰、进入了民族基本词汇的语言事实，才是语言对文化产生深刻影响的标志。

历史上，宗教文化的传播就离不开宗教术语的译介，新词术语与宗教文化如影随形。

早在我国翻译史上的第一个高峰时期，即东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译过程中，翻译家们在采用归化译法的同时，就大量引入了许多反映印度佛教文化的词语，如“浮屠”（古时候对和尚的称呼）、菩萨{指修行达到一定程度，地位仅次于佛的人}等。

新时代大学基础英语练习册答案Part One Multiple Choice本题共30小题，计45分，每选对一题1.5分1. He was too__________ in his book to hear the bell. （） [单选题] *A. devotedB. absorbingC. keenD. absorbed(正确答案)2. Government officials are trying to seek a__________to the problem of unemployment.（） [单选题] *A. absolutionB. solution(正确答案)C. resolutionD. dissolution3. Our conversation came to __________ end when Harrison burst into the room.（）[单选题] *A. a suddenB. a surprisingC. a surprisedD. an abrupt(正确答案)4. He was looking forward to putting his ideas into__________.（） [单选题] *A. action(正确答案)B. behaviorC. activityD. doing5. You may have known someone else for ten years and yet he will never be more than a casual __________.（） [单选题] *A. friendB. ColleagueC. acquaintance(正确答案)D. associate6. He still played an__________role in running the business even after his retirement.（） [单选题] *A. passiveB. important(正确答案)C. actingD. passionate7. After three months of practice, the children progressed in the __________ of basic language skills. （） [单选题] *A. acquisition(正确答案)B. accomplishmentC. achievementD. absorption8. You gain __________ to the data by typing in a user name and password.（） [单选题] *A. admissionB. wayC. access(正确答案)D. right9. The cost of the eight-day trip includes flight, meals and __________.（） [单选题] *A. roomsB. accommodation(正确答案)C. housesD. lodgings10. A number of social welfare reforms have come __________as a result of the report.（） [单选题] *A. about(正确答案)B. outC. throughD. up11. Measures to stimulate the domestic economy will be high on the President’s__________.（） [单选题] *A. listB. agenda(正确答案)C. procedureD. timetable12. She was leaning __________ a tree with her eyes closed.（） [单选题] *A. against(正确答案)B. onC. offD. onto13. They managed to agree __________ a date for the meeting.（） [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. inC. forD. with14. The Vice President openly admitted__________ being wrong. （） [单选题] *A. to(正确答案)B. forC. inD. as15. The idea of having enough money to retire at the age of 40 is very__________.（）[单选题] *A. agreeableB. temptingC. Appealing(正确答案)D. charming16. It never __________ to him for a moment that she meant that.（） [单选题] *A. happenedB. cameC. occurred(正确答案)D. thought17. I looked upset but _________ I was quite exited. ( A_ ) [单选题] *A. actually(正确答案)B. reallyC. genuinelyD. truthfully18. How did you manage to stay __________ during boring lectures? （） [单选题] *A. wake upB. wakeC. awake(正确答案)D. awaken19. A beautiful sunrise is a(n) __________ sight. （） [单选题] *A. awfulB. surprisingC. awesome(正确答案)D. astonishing20. The professor was so __________ that hardly anyone came to the lecture. （） [单选题] *A. boredB. boring(正确答案)C. bearableD. borne21. The two villages were __________ together by a common history.（） [单选题] *A. being boundB. bindingC. bound(正确答案)D. bounded22. He took a deep__________ and controlled herself.（） [单选题] *A. breatheB. breath(正确答案)C. gaspD. sigh23. His __________ ambition is to be the world champion. （） [单选题] *A. burning(正确答案)B. burntC. firingD. glowing24. Jane was a thoughtful, kind, and __________ girl.（） [单选题] *A. well-behavingB. nicely-behavingC. well-behaved(正确答案)D. nicely-behaved25. She is of the__________ that he loves her. （） [单选题] *A. believingB. thoughtC. ideaD. belief(正确答案)26. He looked at me with a __________ expression. （） [单选题] *A. blanketB. blank(正确答案)C. dullD. uninteresting27. The soldier was __________ like crazy from the stomach. （） [单选题] *A. bleeding(正确答案)B. bloodingC. bledD. flooding28. The 12-year-old girl was _________ with the responsibility for taking care of the family. （） [单选题] *A. burdened(正确答案)B. BurdeningC. carriedD. carrying29. Suddenly a man burst in __________ the opposite door. （） [单选题] *A. throughoutB. fromC. through(正确答案)D. by30. When we arrived there the football match __________ already started. （） [单选题] *A. hasB. had(正确答案)C. haveD. had beenPart Two Reading Comprehension本题共20小题，计40分，每选对一题2分Passage 1Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight(两星期). When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses (差错) in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的).One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw herdog her earrings(耳环) and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. "The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer," explains the professor. "People program themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman's custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the program," About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “program assembly（集合，装配）failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged（存入数据）433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing — an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak（顶峰）periods in the day when we are at our zaniest (荒谬可笑的). These are two hours some time between eight am and noon, between four and six pm with a smaller peak between eight and ten pm. "Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover(逆转) in brain 'programs' occurs, as for instance between going to and from work." Women on average reported slightly more lapses —12.5 compared with 10.9 for men — probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse — even dangerous.31. In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects __________ .（） [单选题] *A. to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB. to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC. to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD. to keep a record of what they did unintentionally(正确答案)32. Professor Smith discovered that_____________ .（） [单选题] *A. certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents(正确答案)B. many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC. men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD. absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness33. "Program assembly failures" (Line 6, Para. 2) refers to the phenomenon that people_______ .（） [单选题] *A. often fail to program their routines(常规性工作) before handB. tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC. unconsciously change the sequence（顺序）of doing things(正确答案)D. are likely to mess things up if they are too tired34. We learn from the third paragraph that ______________ .（） [单选题] *A. absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day(正确答案)B. women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC. women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD. men's absent-mindedness often results in funny situations35. It can be concluded from the passage that _____________ .（） [单选题] *A. people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB. hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC. people should be careful when programming their actionsD. lapses cannot always be attributed to(由于) lack of concentration(正确答案)Passage2The word "hotel" is derived from the Latin word "hospitale”. It means a rented place for sleeping. Webster defines a hotel as "a building or institution providing lodging（寄宿）, meals, and service for the public."The hotel industry rebounded during and immediately after World War II, as the volumeof travel increased. The postwar hospitality industry, however, has been markedly different from that of the prewar period with the automobile and the jet plane radically （根本地）affecting the industry, changing travel patterns and leading to the development of different types of hotels. Motels, resort hotels, and convention hotels have been developed to cater to the varied needs of today's traveling public.Motels really came of age during the 1950s. Two main factors contributed to the boom （繁荣） in motel construction. One was the development of the interstate highway system, beginning in 1956, which encouraged more and more travelers to take to the roads on long distance journeys. The other was the entry of motel chains into the market. Motels increased in size and, for the first time, added a number of services. Restaurants, swimming pools, and in-room televisions became standard features. Motels began to attract growing numbers of vacationers in addition to commercial travelers.A resort hotel is one that people visit for relaxation, recreation, and entertainment. With the rise in mass tourism, they have been established in great numbers at destinations throughout the world. The idea of the resort hotel was born in the 18th and 19th century in Europe. And the resort hotel developed with the expansion of the railroads in the second half of the nineteenth century. All catered exclusively to the rich and to the upper middle class. Families stayed for two or three months and returned to the same hotel year after year.A convention hotel is one that caters to large group gatherings. The rise of convention hotels has been one of the developments in the hotel industry, and conventioneers now account for almost 20 percent of all hotel guests. Many downtown hotels saw occupancy levels drop during the 1950s and early 1960s as motels captured a larger segment of the market. In response, some hotels began to add facilities for conventions and other group gatherings as a means of survival. At first, conventions were scheduled for off-peak periods, but as the volume of convention business increased, they began to be scheduled year-round.36. According to Para. 2, _____________ after World War Il.（） [单选题] *A. the public demanded for automobiles and jet planesB. the development of transportation changed travel patterns(正确答案)C. more and more people liked to stay in hotelsD. the hotel industry developed slowly37. During the 1950s, motels _______________ .（） [单选题] *A. encouraged people to travel with familiesB. mainly met the needs of commercial travelersC. appeared in the market to compete with other hotelsD. provided services in addition to furnishing lodging(正确答案)38. According to the passage, wealthy people who want to escape from the cities during hot summer months will most probably stay in _____________ .（） [单选题] *A. motelsB. resort hotels(正确答案)C. convention hotelsD. down hotels39. As one of the developments in the hotel industry, conventional hotels ___________ .（） [单选题] *A. have made a lot of profitsB. attract more businessmen than tourists(正确答案)C. make up a major part of the marketD. are not run all-year-round40. What is the author's purpose in writing this article?（） [单选题] *A. To give a brief history of hotel industry.(正确答案)B. To draw a line between different kinds of hotels.C. To show the functions of hotels.D. To stress the importance of hotels.Passage 3It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don't at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth's story:I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles. Several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit(功绩), but "nice" isn't a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you'll probably have to ask for it.Performance is your best bargaining (交涉) chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate (证明) that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will Some ne else pay for your services?Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.41. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ___________ .（）[单选题] *A. demonstrate his capabilityB. give his boss a good impressionC. ask for as much money as he canD. ask for the salary he hopes to get(正确答案)42. What can be inferred from Beth's story? [单选题] *A. Prejudice(偏见) against women still exists in some organizations.(B. If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.(正确答案)C. People should not be content with what they have got.D. People should be careful when negotiating for a job.43. We can learn from the passage that ___________ . （） . [单选题] *A. unfairness exists in salary increases(正确答案)B. most people are overworked and underpaidC. one should avoid overstating one's performanceD. most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises44. To get a pay raise, a person should ___________ .（） [单选题] *A. advertise himself on the job marketB. persuade his boss to sign a long-term contractC. try to get inside information about the organizationD. do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions(正确答案)45. To be successful in negotiations, one must _______________ . （） [单选题] *A. meet his boss at the appropriate timeB. arrive at the negotiation table punctuallyC. be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction(正确答案)D. be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikesPassage 4A highly gifted dyslexic (阅读困难) boy, who became the youngest child this century to win a place at Cambridge University, asked a High Court judge yesterday to overturn (推翻) his local authority's decision to refuse him financial support.Alexander Faludy, who is 15 and plans to go to Peterhouse in October, claimed that he had the right to get the support from Portsmouth city council because of his special education needs.At 14, Alexander was believed to be the youngest student accepted by Cambridge since William Pitt the Younger in 1773. He has an IQ that is "off the normal scale" but can write only two words a minute.He was offered a place by Peterhouse after the university agreed to waive (免除) the normal entry requirements because of Alexander's "unusual circumstances".To overcome his difficulties, he will use special equipment to read books and write his essays during his studies for a degree in the history of art and theology (神学).Mr. Engleman, Alexander's counsel, told Mr. Justice Tucker that Alexander was a special case because of the wide gap between his high intellectual (智力的) age and his performance caused by his dyslexia.Alexander learns from taped books and then dictates his essays into a tape recorder, which are then transcribed (转录) by his father.The city council said it refused to give Alexander financial support because, under the special educational needs legislation in the Education Act of 1996, it had no power to fund a university course.The High Court judge Mr. Tucker said that he would give his judgment today.46. People knew Alexander was intelligent because of _____________ .（） [单选题] *A. his reading abilityB. his writingC. his ageD. his IQ(正确答案)47. We know from the passage that Alexander ___________ .（） [单选题] *A. was actually slow and stupidB. could not read and write at allC. was good at listening and speaking(正确答案)D. was poor and needed financial help48. Judging from the passage, usually the city council can only ____________ .（） [单选题] *A. give educational help to adultsB. give financial support to high school students(正确答案)C. give financial support to university studentsD. give educational help to special people who are powerful49. Alexander's situation was unusual because ______________ .（） [单选题] *A. he needed people to take care of him all the timeB. he was young and energeticC. he needed financial support from his familyD. he was highly intelligent but dyslexic(正确答案)50. This passage was probably________________ .（） [单选题] *A. a news report(正确答案)B. an advertisementC. a part of a bookD. a piece of research workPart Three Cloze (15 Points)本题共10小题，计15分，每选对一题1.5分Sending and reading email has quickly become one of the most popular daily activities around the world,_______for business or pleasure. Now, more and more teachers and students are using this form of_______to improve their language skills, particularly English.The reason _______email has become a great tool is that it is fast, convenient,and_______. One particular activity that takes advantage of these points is a keypal exchange. In the past, teachers often organized pen friends project _______ their students would exchange letters with another group of students in another country._______, the turn-around time for sending and receiving traditional letters (and then follow-up replies) can take up to a month for the whole process, and by that time, students might _______ interest in the project or the class might end before a series of meaningful exchanges can take place._______, students have to pay international postage to send the letters, something the students might be unwilling to do.With email, however, messages can be sent at a _______ of a button at school, home, or an Internet cafe, and if you are using a free email account, the cost is free (not taking into account any Internet Service Provider fees you have to pay)._______ waiting days or weeks for a response, students can receive a reply within days, hours, or even minutes. [填空题] *空1答案：either空2答案：communication空3答案：why空4答案：affordable 空5答案：where空6答案：However 空7答案：lose空8答案：Besides空9答案：click空10答案：Instead of。

中国学生代表欢迎交换生英文作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Welcome to China, Exchange Students!My name is Lily, and I'm a sophomore student at Beijing University. On behalf of all Chinese students, I'm thrilled to welcome you to our beautiful country for your study abroad experience. We're excited to have you here and share our rich culture, history, and way of life with you.I still remember how nervous yet excited I was when I first came to Beijing for college. Everything was new and unfamiliar, from the massive city to the language and customs. I'm sure many of you are feeling the same way right now. But trust me; you're in for an incredible adventure!China is a vast and diverse country with an incredible range of landscapes, cuisines, and traditions. From the bustling megacities like Shanghai and Beijing to the stunning natural wonders like the Great Wall and the Terracotta Warriors, there's so much to explore and discover.One of the things you'll quickly notice is the warmth and hospitality of the Chinese people. We take great pride in our culture and are always eager to share it with others. Don't be surprised if you're invited to someone's home for a traditional meal or if a friendly stranger tries to practice their English with you on the street.Speaking of food, get ready for an absolute feast for your taste buds! Chinese cuisine is renowned for its incredible variety and flavors, from the fiery Sichuan dishes to the delicate dim sum of Guangdong. Each region has its own unique culinary traditions, and you'll have the opportunity to sample them all during your stay.One of the highlights of your stay will undoubtedly be the opportunity to learn or improve your Mandarin skills. Chinese is a challenging but incredibly rewarding language to learn, and being able to communicate with locals will open up a whole new world of cultural understanding and connection.But your experience in China won't just be about sightseeing and language learning. You'll also have the chance to engage with local students like myself and gain a deeper understanding of what it's like to be a young person in modern China.We're a generation that's growing up in a rapidly changing and globalized world, navigating the tensions between tradition and modernity, Eastern and Western values. We're passionate about issues like environmental protection, social justice, and technological innovation, and we're eager to share our perspectives with you.And remember, you're not alone. Your fellow exchange students are going through the same experiences, and we Chinese students are here to support you every step of the way. Don't hesitate to reach out to us if you need help navigating the city, practicing your Mandarin, or simply want to grab a cup of tea and chat.So, welcome once again to China, exchange students! We can't wait to learn from you and share our incredible country with you. Get ready for an unforgettable adventure filled with new sights, sounds, flavors, and friendships that will stay with you forever.篇2Welcome to China, Exchange Students!Hey there, exchange students! I'm so excited to welcome you all to our beautiful country. As a local student, I can't wait toshare my culture and experiences with you during your time here. Get ready for an incredible journey that will broaden your horizons and create unforgettable memories!First and foremost, let me congratulate you on taking this bold step to study abroad. Leaving your comfort zone and immersing yourself in a new environment is no easy feat, but it's an opportunity that will shape you in ways you can't even imagine right now. You're about to embark on a transformative adventure that will challenge your perspectives, push your boundaries, and expose you to a world of diversity like never before.China is a land of contrasts, where ancient traditions seamlessly intertwine with modern marvels. From the bustling streets of Shanghai to the serene landscapes of Guilin, you'll witness a kaleidoscope of sights, sounds, and flavors that will leave you in awe. Prepare to be captivated by the rich tapestry of our history, the vibrant colors of our festivals, and the warmth of our people.One of the first things you'll notice is the language barrier. Mandarin Chinese may sound like a daunting challenge, but trust me, it's an incredibly rewarding one. Don't be discouraged if you find yourself lost in translation at first. Embrace the struggle, andyou'll soon discover the beauty and intricacies of our language. Plus, we locals are always eager to help and practice our English with you!Speaking of locals, you're about to meet some of the kindest and most hospitable people on the planet. Chinese culture values respect, warmth, and a strong sense of community. Don't be surprised if strangers strike up conversations with you or offer to help you navigate unfamiliar surroundings. We're a curious bunch, and we love learning about different cultures just as much as we enjoy sharing our own.Prepare your taste buds for a culinary adventure like no other. Chinese cuisine is a symphony of flavors, with each region boasting its own unique specialties. From the mouth-numbing Sichuan hotpot to the delicate flavors of Cantonese dim sum, you'll discover a world of gastronomic delights that will tantalize your senses. Don't be afraid to step out of your comfort zone and try new dishes – you might just discover your new favorite food!One of the most valuable lessons you'll learn during your stay is the art of adaptation. China is a rapidly evolving nation, where the ancient and modern coexist in a beautiful dance. You'll witness firsthand how our country is embracing technology andinnovation while preserving its cultural roots. Embrace this duality, and you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of our society.As you navigate this new chapter, remember to keep an open mind and a curious spirit. Embrace the challenges, celebrate the differences, and let the experiences shape you into a more well-rounded and globally aware individual. Don't be afraid to step out of your comfort zone – that's where true growth happens.Finally, cherish the connections you'll make during your time here. The friendships you forge with local students and fellow exchange students will transcend borders and cultures, creating a tapestry of shared experiences that will stay with you for a lifetime. These are the bonds that will fuel your passion for exploration and cultural exchange long after you've left our shores.So, dear exchange students, get ready to embark on a journey like no other. Chinaawaits you with open arms, ready to share its treasures and secrets with those brave enough to embrace the adventure. Approach this experience with an open heart and a curious mind,and you'll return home not just with memories, but with a deeper understanding of yourself and the world around you.Welcome to China – may your time here be filled with wonder, growth, and unforgettable moments that will forever shape who you are.篇3Welcome Exchange Students!On behalf of all the students here at [University Name], I'd like to extend a very warm welcome to each and every one of you joining us this semester as an international exchange student. We are absolutely thrilled to have you here with us on campus.For those who don't know me, my name is [Your Name] and I'm a [Year] year student majoring in [Major]. I'll be serving as a student ambassador to help introduce you to life here and ensure you have an incredible experience during your time in China.I still vividly remember the mixture of excitement and nervousness I felt when I first arrived on campus as a freshman. Everything was so new and different. The campus seemedmassive, the language was foreign, and the culture took some getting used to. I'm sure many of you are experiencing those same feelings as you begin this next chapter.The good news is that all of us have been in your shoes at some point. We've all gone through periods of transition and growth. And I can assure you that this university will very quickly start to feel like home.Our amazing international student services staff is here to help you with any questions or issues related to visas, housing, language, academics, and more. The student ambassadors like myself are also available to provide guidance, answer questions, and help you get acclimated.We also encourage you to get involved with the international student associations on campus. This is a phenomenal way to meet new people, practice languages, learn about different cultures, and find that built-in support system.With that said, some of the best education happens outside of the classroom through the relationships you build and experiences you have. Dive in and immerse yourself as much as possible. Our hope is that you return home with a rich understanding and appreciation for Chinese culture, history, and perspectives.Try new foods like delicious Sichuan hot pot or tasty jianbing crepes from street vendors. Wander through ancient temples, palaces, and gardens that highlight China's architectural marvels. Get a front-row seat to Chinese opera or acrobatic performances. And of course, don't be afraid to practice your Mandarin with the friendly locals.China has an incredibly deep, diverse heritage that spreads across 5,000 years. It is one of the world's oldest civilizations and largest countries representing one-fifth of the global population. There is so much to explore and discover here.At the same time, China is rapidly developing and modernizing. It is on the cutting edge of innovation across many industries. From artificial intelligence and renewable energy to high-speed rail and mobile payments, you'll get a first-hand look at how this nation is shaping the future.I'd be remiss if I didn't mention that our university is consistently ranked among the top institutions of higher education in China and even the world. You'll be learning from brilliant professors and engaging with impressive peers. Embrace this opportunity to expand your knowledge and push your academic boundaries.Most importantly, keep an open mind throughout this whole experience. You'll be exposed to new ideas and ways of thinking that could reshape your perspective. Lean into that feeling of being uncomfortable at times. That's where the real personal growth happens.This chapter is what you make of it. If you fully commit yourself, get out of your comfort zone, and remain curious, you'll walk away with memories to last a lifetime. Your time here will be invaluable.So to our exchange students, once again, welcome to [City]! We cannot wait to learn from you just as you will learn from us. Let's embark on this incredible journey of exploration and discovery together. This is sure to be a transformative experience for us all.Thank you, and have a wonderful semester!篇4Welcome to China, Fellow Students!It is my great pleasure to welcome all of you international exchange students to our beautiful country. As a local student here, I'm thrilled to have you join us and experience firsthand therich culture, incredible history, and modern wonders that China has to offer.For many of you, this may be your first time visiting China, and I can only imagine the excitement and perhaps a bit of trepidation you might be feeling. Rest assured, you are in for an unforgettable journey, one that will broaden your horizons, challenge your perspectives, and leave you with memories that will last a lifetime.China is a land of contrasts, where ancient traditions seamlessly blend with contemporary innovations. As you step foot onto our soil, you'll be greeted by a tapestry of sights, sounds, and scents that will awaken your senses. From the bustling metropolises that never seem to sleep to the serene villages that have stood the test of time, China is a country that defies simple categorization.Let me begin by introducing you to our rich cultural heritage, which spans thousands of years. You'll have the opportunity to marvel at the Great Wall, an architectural wonder that snakes across vast landscapes, a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance. The Forbidden City in Beijing, with its intricate architecture and imperial grandeur, will transport you back to the days of dynasties long gone. And the Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an,an astonishing archaeological discovery, will leave you in awe of the artistry and craftsmanship of our ancestors.But China is not merely a museum frozen in time. Our country is a vibrant, ever-evolving tapestry of modernity and innovation. You'll witness firsthand the technological marvels that have propelled China into the 21st century, fromcutting-edge high-speed rail networks to towering skyscrapers that touch the clouds. Shanghai, in particular, with its futuristic skyline and pulsating energy, will leave you breathless.And let's not forget the culinary delights that await you. Chinese cuisine is a kaleidoscope of flavors, each region boasting its own unique specialties. From the fiery Sichuan hotpot to the delicate dim sum of Cantonese cuisine, your taste buds are in for a delightful adventure. Be bold, step out of your comfort zone, and savor the authentic flavors that have been perfected over generations.As you immerse yourself in our culture, you'll quickly discover that China is a land of diversity, where ethnic minorities contribute to the richness of our tapestry. From the Uyghurs in Xinjiang to the Tibetans in the Himalayas, each group has its own distinct traditions, customs, and ways of life. Embrace thisdiversity with open arms, for it is a privilege to experience such a wealth of cultural perspectives.But your journey in China will not be complete without engaging with the people. We Chinese are known for our warmth, hospitality, and genuine curiosity about the world beyond our borders. Don't be surprised if locals approach you with friendly smiles, eager to learn about your culture and share their own experiences. Engage in conversation, ask questions, and build bridges of understanding that transcend borders.As a student myself, I understand the unique opportunity you have to immerse yourself in a new academic environment. Our universities and institutions of higher learning are not only centers of knowledge but also hubs of cultural exchange. Attend lectures, participate in discussions, and engage with your fellow classmates from around the world. The perspectives you gain and the friendships you forge will shape your worldview for years to come.As you navigate this incredible adventure, remember to approach every experience with an open mind and a willingness to learn. Embrace the unfamiliar, step out of your comfort zone, and allow yourself to be transformed by the wonders that China has to offer.To my fellow Chinese students, let us extend a warm embrace to our international guests. Share with them the beauty of our culture, the richness of our traditions, and the warmth of our hospitality. For it is through these exchanges that we can build bridges of understanding, forge lasting friendships, and foster a more connected, compassionate world.Welcome, dear friends, to the Middle Kingdom. May your journey be filled with enlightenment, joy, and a newfound appreciation for the incredible diversity that our world has to offer. Embrace this opportunity with open arms, for it is a privilege to walk in the footsteps of ancient civilizations while witnessing the birth of a modern, dynamic nation.China awaits you, with all its wonders and mysteries, ready to captivate your hearts and minds. Let the adventure begin!篇5Welcome to China, Exchange Students!Hey there, foreign friends! Let me be the first to extend a warm welcome to all of you joining us here in China for this incredible exchange program. My name is Xiao Ming, and I'm thrilled to have the opportunity to share a little bit about our vibrant country and culture with you.First things first, brace yourselves for an adventure like no other! China is a vast, mesmerizing land that will dazzle you with its rich history, mouth-watering cuisine, and jaw-dropping landscapes. From the bustling metropolitan cities to the serene rural villages, you'll find a captivating blend of ancient traditions and modern marvels.Speaking of cities, you're in for a treat! Whether you're studying in Beijing, Shanghai, or any other urban hub, get ready to immerse yourself in a whirlwind of energy and excitement. The streets are alive with a constant buzz, filled with vendors hawking delicious street food, neon lights illuminating towering skyscrapers, and a sea of people going about their daily lives. Trust me; you'll never experience a dull moment!But let's not forget about the natural wonders that await you. China boasts some of the most breathtaking scenery on the planet. Imagine hiking along the Great Wall, a magnificent feat of engineering that snakes across rugged mountains for thousands of miles. Or picture yourself marveling at the ethereal beauty of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, where towering sandstone pillars seem to pierce the heavens. And let's not overlook the majestic Yangtze River, the life-blood of our nation, cutting through the heartland with its mighty currents.Now, let's talk about the food – oh, the glorious food! Chinese cuisine is a kaleidoscope of flavors that will tantalize your taste buds in ways you never imagined. From the fiery Sichuan hotpot to the delicate dim sum delights, from the savory Peking duck to the comforting hand-pulled noodles, you'll quickly discover that every region has its own unique culinary treasures waiting to be savored.But beyond the sights, sounds, and flavors, what truly makes China special is its warm and welcoming people. We may come from diverse backgrounds, but we share a deep-rooted sense of hospitality and a genuine desire to connect with others. Don't be surprised if strangers strike up conversations with you, eager to learn about your home country and share stories of their own.As an exchange student, you'll have the opportunity to forge lifelong friendships with locals and fellow international students alike. Embrace the chance to step outside your comfort zone, try new things, and immerse yourself in this incredible melting pot of cultures. Who knows? You might even pick up a few words of Chinese along the way!So, my dear friends, get ready to embark on an unforgettable journey. Soak in every moment, every sight, every sound, and every flavor. Approach each day with an open mindand a thirst for adventure, and you'll quickly discover why China captivates the hearts and souls of so many.Welcome to our beautiful country. Let the adventure begin!篇6Welcome Fellow Students from Around the WorldAs a student at Beijing University, I'm honored to welcome all of you international exchange students to our campus and our country. China is an ancient civilization with a rich history and culture spanning over 5,000 years. At the same time, it is a rapidly developing nation undergoing incredible economic and social changes. I hope your time here will be an unforgettable experience of cross-cultural exchange and personal growth.For many of you, this may be your first time in China or even in Asia. I'm sure you've heard all kinds of stories and have certain expectations, but I encourage you to come with an open mind. China is a vast country with incredible diversity across its different regions, ethnicities, and socioeconomic classes. What you see in the major cities like Beijing and Shanghai is just one face of the complex, multi-faceted reality that is modern China.As international students, you'll likely start by being struck by some of the obvious cultural differences compared to your home countries. The language barrier with Mandarin Chinese can be intimidating at first. The sheer density of the population, especially in the major urban centers, is also quite overwhelming for many newcomers. You'll notice very different norms around things like personal space, queuing, and certain social behaviors.However, I implore you to look beyond just the surface-level distinctions. If you take the time to start peeling back the layers, you'll discover that we have much more in common as humans than you might expect. Yes, the specific cultural traditions and values may be different, but the underlying desires for happiness, belonging, and fulfillment are universal across all cultures.One thing you'll immediately notice is just how incredibly passionate we Chinese students are about education. For many of our families, sending a child to get a university degree from a prestigious institution like Beida is a generations-long dream finally being realized. We pour every ounce of our effort into our studies because we know the incredible sacrifices our parents made to give us this opportunity.At the same time, campus life at Beida is about so much more than just classes and exams. We have an incredible rangeof student clubs, organizations, arts, sports and other extracurricular activities. Don't be shy - dive right in and immerse yourself in the full experience! Join a martial arts group, take Chinese calligraphy lessons, participate in the annual holiday celebrations - these are the kinds of experiences that you'll never forget.While you're here, be sure to take full advantage of traveling around and exploring different parts of this beautiful country. From the sprawling metropolises of Shanghai and Guangzhou, to the holy mountains of the Buddhist temples, to the awe-inspiring vistas of the Yunnan rice terraces, to the mouth-watering regional cuisines, to the warmth and hospitality of the Chinese people, there is just so much to experience.As you navigate your way through China's sensory overload of incredible sights, sounds, and smells, you're bound to experience some confusing cultural clashes and perhaps even bouts of homesickness or culture shock. That's all perfectly normal - embrace it as part of the learning process! We local Chinese students are here to help guide you, so don't hesitate to ask us questions about anything you're uncertain about.One piece of advice - be patient with the language barrier and don't get flustered. While some Chinese people do speaksome English, especially in major cities, you'll quickly find that gestures and a friendly attitude can go a long way. Use whatever Mandarin you pick up, even if just a few basic phrases, and the locals will be delighted by your effort. Most importantly, keep an open mind, be respectful, and have a good sense of humor about the inevitable cultural mishaps and miscommunications.I still vividly remember my first few weeks in Beijing after growing up in a smaller city. I was completely overwhelmed by the sheer size, faceless anonymity, and franticrelentless pace. There were constant challenges to navigate, from locating ingredients for hometown dishes to finding an English TV。

交通行业术语（中英文对照）Stop-line——停车线A congested link——阻塞路段Weighting factor——权重因子Controller——控制器Emissions Model——排气仿真the traffic pattern——交通方式Controller——信号机Amber——黄灯Start-up delay——启动延误Lost time——损失时间Off-peak——非高峰期The morning peak——早高峰Pedestrian crossing——人行横道Coordinated control systems——协调控制系统On-line——实时Two-way——双向交通Absolute Offset——绝对相位差Overlapping Phase——搭接相位Critical Phase——关键相位Change Interval——绿灯间隔时间Flow Ratio——流量比Arterial Intersection Control 干线信号协调控制Fixed-time Control——固定式信号控制Real-time Adaptive Traffic Control——实时自适应信号控制Green Ratio——绿信比Through movement——直行车流Congestion——阻塞，拥挤The percentage congestion——阻塞率The degree of saturation——饱和度The effective green time——有效绿灯时间The maximum queue value——最大排队长度Flow Profiles——车流图示Double cycling——双周期Single cycling——单周期Peak——高峰期The evening peak periods——晚高峰Siemens——西门子Pelican——人行横道Fixed time plans——固定配时方案One-way traffic——单向交通Green Ratio——绿信比Relative Offset——相对相位差Non-overlapping Phase——非搭接相位Critical Movement——关键车流Saturation Flow Rate——饱和流率Isolated Intersection Control——单点信号控制（点控）Area-wide Control——区域信号协调控制Vehicle Actuated (V A)——感应式信号控制The Minimum Green Time——最小绿灯时间Unit Extension Time——单位绿灯延长时间The Maximum Green Time——最大绿灯时间Opposing traffic——对向交通（车流）Actuation——Control——感应控制方式Pre-timed Control——定周期控制方式Remote Control——有缆线控方式Self－Inductfanse——环形线圈检测器Signal—— spacing——信号间距Though-traffic lane——直行车道Inbound——正向Outbound——反向第一章交通工程—— Traffic Engineering运输工程—— Transportation Engineering铁路交通—— Rail Transportation航空交通—— Air Transportation水上交通—— Water Transportation管道交通—— Pipeline Transportation交通系统—— Traffic System交通特性—— Traffic Characteristics人的特性—— Human Characteristics车辆特性—— Vehicular Characteristics交通流特性—— Traffic Flow Characteristics道路特性—— Roadway Characteristics交通调查—— Traffic Survey交通流理论—— Traffic Flow Theory交通管理—— Traffic Management交通环境保护——Traffic Environment Protection 交通设计—— Traffic Design交通统计学—— Traffic Statistics交通心理学—— Traffic Psychology汽车力学—— Automobile Mechanics交通经济学—— Traffic Economics汽车工程—— Automobile Engineering人类工程—— Human Engineering环境工程—— Environment Engineering自动控制—— Automatic Control应用数学—— Applied Mathematics电子计算机—— Electric Computer第二章公共汽车—— Bus无轨电车—— Trolley Bus有轨电车—— Tram Car大客车—— Coach小轿车—— Sedan载货卡车—— Truck拖挂车—— Trailer平板车—— Flat-bed Truck动力特性—— Driving Force Characteristics牵引力—— Tractive Force空气阻力—— Air Resistance滚动阻力—— Rolling Resistance坡度阻力—— Grade Resistance加速阻力—— Acceleration Resistance附着力—— Adhesive Force汽车的制动力—— Braking of Motor Vehicle 自行车流特性—— Bicycle flow Characteristics 驾驶员特性—— Driver Characteristics刺激—— Stimulation感觉—— Sense判断—— Judgment行动—— Action视觉—— Visual Sense听觉—— Hearing Sense嗅觉—— Sense of Smell味觉—— Sense of Touch视觉特性—— Visual Characteristics视力—— Vision视野—— Field of Vision色彩感觉—— Color Sense眩目时的视力—— Glare Vision视力恢复—— Return Time of Vision动视力—— Visual in Motion亮度—— Luminance照度—— Luminance反应特性—— Reactive Characteristics刺激信息—— Stimulant Information驾驶员疲劳与兴奋—— Driving Fating and Excitability 交通量—— Traffic V olume交通密度—— Traffic Density地点车速—— Spot Speed瞬时车速—— Instantaneous Speed时间平均车速—— Time mean Speed空间平均车速—— Space mean speed车头时距—— Time headway车头间距—— Space headway0交通流模型—— Traffic flow model自由行驶车速—— Free flow speed阻塞密度—— Jam density速度－密度曲线—— Speed-density curve流量－密度曲线—— Flow-density curve最佳密度—— Optimum concentration流量——速度曲线—— Flow-speed curve最佳速度—— Optimum speed连续流—— Uninterrupted traffic间断流—— Interrupted traffic第三章交通调查分析—— Traffic survey and analysis 交通流调查—— Traffic volume survey车速调查—— Speed survey通行能力调查—— Capacity survey车辆耗油调查—— Energy Consumption Survey居民出行调查—— Trip Survey车辆出行调查—— Vehicle Trip Survey停车场调查—— Parking Area Survey交通事故调查—— Traffic Accident Survey交通噪声调查—— Traffic Noise Survey车辆废气调查—— Vehicle Emission Survey平均日交通量—— Average Daily Traffic(ADT)周平均日交通量—— Week Average Daily Traffic月平均日交通量—— Month Average Daily Traffic年平均日交通量—— Annual Average Daily Traffic高峰小时交通量—— Peak hour V olume年最大小时交通量——Highest Annual Hourly V olume年第30位最高小时交通量——Thirtieth Highest Annual Hourly V olume 高峰小时比率—— Peak Ratio时间变化—— Time Variation空间变化—— Spatial Variation样本选择—— Selection Sample样本大小—— Size of Sample自由度—— Freedom车速分布—— Speed Distribution组中值—— Mid-Class Mark累计频率—— Cumulative Frequency频率分布直方图——Frequency Distribution Histogram85%位车速—— 85% Percentile Speed限制车速—— Regulation Speed服务水平—— Level of Service牌照对号法—— License Number Matching Method跟车测速—— Car Following Method浮动车测速法——Moving Observer Speed Method通行能力调查—— Capacity Studies饱和流量—— Saturation Flow第四章泊松分布—— Poisson Distribution交通特性的统计分布——Statistical Distribution of Traffic Characteristics驾驶员处理信息的特性Driver Information Processing Characteristics 跟车理论—— Car Following Theory交通流模拟—— Simulation of Traffic Flow间隔分布—— Interval Distribution二项分布—— Binomial Distribution拟合—— Fitting移位负指数分布—— Shifted Exponential Distribution排队论—— Queuing Theory运筹学—— Operations Research加速骚扰—— Acceleration Noise停车波—— Stopping Wave起动波—— Starting Wave第五章城市交通规划—— Urban Traffic Planning土地利用—— Land-Use可达性—— Accessibility起讫点调查—— Origin –Destination Survey出行端点—— Trip End期望线—— Desire Line主流倾向线—— Major Directional Desire Line 调查区境界线—— Cordon Line分隔查核线—— Screen Line样本量—— Sample Size出行发生—— Trip Generation出行产生—— Trip Production出行吸引—— Trip Attraction发生率法—— Generation Rate Method回归发生模型—— Regression Generation Model 类型发生模型—— Category Generation Model 出行分布—— Trip Distribution现在型式法—— Present Pattern Method重力模型法—— Gravity Model Method行程时间模型—— Travel Time Model相互影响模型—— Interactive Model分布系数模型—— Distribution Factor Model交通方式划分—— Model Split , Mode Choice转移曲线—— Diversion Curve交通量分配—— Traffic Assignment最短路径分配（全有全无）Shortest Path Assignment(All-or-Nothing) 多路线概率分配Probabilistic Multi-Route Assignment线权—— Link Weight点权—— Point Weight费用——效益分析—— Cost –benefit Analysis现值法—— Present Value Method第六章交通安全—— Traffic Safety交通事故—— Traffic Accident交通死亡事故率—— Traffic Fatal-Accident Rate交通法规—— Traffic Law多发事故地点—— High accident Location交通条例—— Traffic Regulation交通监视—— Traffic Surveillance事故报告—— Accident Report冲撞形式—— Collision Manner财产损失—— Property Damage事故档案—— Accident File事故报表—— Accident Inventory固定目标—— Fixed Object事故率—— Accident Ratelxy事故数法——Accident Number Method质量控制法——Quality Control Method人行横道——Pedestrian Crosswalk行人过街道信号——Pedestrian Crossing Beacon人行天桥——Passenger Foot-Bridge人行地道——Passenger Subway栅栏——Gate立体交叉——Underpass(Overpass)标线——Marking无信号控制交叉口——Uncontrolled Intersection让路标志——Yield Sign停车标志——Stop Sign渠化交通——Channelization traffic 单向交通——One-Way 禁止转弯——No Turn Regulation 禁止进入——No-Entry 禁止超车——Prohibitory Overtaking 禁止停车——Prohibitory Parking 禁止通行——Road Closed 安全带——Life Belt第七章交通控制与管理——Traffic Control and Management 交通信号——Traffic Signal 单点定时信号——Isolated Pre-timed Signal 信号相位——Signal Phase 周期长度——Cycle Length 绿信比——Split 优先控制——Priority Control 延误——Delay 流量比——Flow Ratio 有效绿灯时间——Effective Green Time 损失时间——Loss Time 绿灯间隔时间——Intergreen Interval 信号配时——Signal Timing (or Signal Setting) 交通感应信号——Traffic Actuated Signal 城市交通控制系统——Urban Traffic Control System 联动控制——Coordinated Control 区域控制——Area Control 时差—— Offset同时联动控制——Simultaneous Coordinated Control交变联动控制—— Alternate Coordinated Control绿波带——Green Wave连续通行联动控制—— Progressive Coordinated Control中心控制器—— Master Controller局部控制器—— Local——Controller实时—— Real Time联机—— On-line脱机—— Off-line爬山法——Hill-Climbing“小型高效”区域控制系统——Compact Urban Traffic Control System 道路控制系统—— Corridor Control System交通仿真—— Traffic Simulation时间扫描法—— Time Scanning事件扫描法—— Event Scanning。

语法填空名校模拟真题强化练15（2023秋·河北唐山·高三开滦第一中学校考一模）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的单词或括号内（2023秋·湖北·高三校联考阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Recently, the National Roller Skating Championships was held in Lishui, Zhejiang. Qin Yuqing, a member of the national freestyle roller skating team, gained an 21 (impress) triumph, which marked her debut in the adult division of competitive events.Dressed in a stunning clothes inspired by the celestial (天上的) singers and dancers, 22 (refer) to as Flying Apsaras (飞天仙子), depicted in the murals of Dunhuang’s Mogao Grottoes located in Gansu province in Northwest China, Qin fascinated the audience with her dazzling skating performance.Born in the year 2004, this young enthusiast of roller skating and traditional Chinese culture has already secured numerous 23 (victory) in competitions. Qin began her roller skating journey when she was just 6 years old. She felt 24 indescribable bond to roller skating, and recognizing her passion, her parents swiftly enrolled her in the sport. From that moment on, she applied herself 25 daily practice with considerable energy.26 (step) onto the competition stage initially brought about nervousness and mis-takes for Qin, resulting in setbacks. She recalled a moment when she fell in the middle of a competition, experiencing a pang of 27 (embarrass), but quickly adjusting her mindset. “Failure is okay. 28 matters isn’t whether you stumble, but whether you stand up again.”Since 2015, Qin 29 (commit) herself to the preservation and promotion of Chinese culture. To ensure that the elegance of Chinese culture was perfectly displayed in roller skating competitions, Qin has invested a lot of time and energy. She said, “I desire to be more than just a roller skater; I aim to be an ambassador of Chinese culture, upholding and advancing 30 (China) magnificent heritage through the integration of roller skating and traditional aesthetics (美学).”（2024秋·云南·高三云南师大附中校考阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

《背影》三种英译本比较研究最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 Psychological Analysis of Mabel and Fergusson in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter2 我对直译和意译的看法3 A Brief Analysis of Political Euphemism4 跨文化交际中的社交语用失误及其对英语教学的启示5 从女性主义角度浅析《诺桑觉寺》6 Analysis on Heathcliff's Personality in Wuthering Heights7 简单的深邃—论佛洛斯特诗歌的隐秘性8 从归化和异化的角度看《功夫熊猫》的字幕翻译9 浅析《雾都孤儿》中象征手法的运用10文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

原创Q 805 990 74 911 The Impact of Gender Differences on Language Learning Strategies12 农村学生英语学习情感障碍分析13 从心理学角度谈中国学生英语学习中典型语法错误的产生原因及其应对策略14 论宋词词牌名的翻译15 矛盾的女性意识：从《傲慢与偏见》看简?奥斯汀的婚恋观16 Cultivation of Students’ Autonomy in Listening in Junior High School17 试析德莱塞对《嘉莉妹妹》女主人公的非道德描写18 试析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉悲剧之源19 女性意识在《红字》中的表现20 相似的母爱，不同的表达——对比研究《黑孩子》和《宠儿》中的母亲形象21 中美两国女性在家庭和社会中地位的比较22 从女性主义视角分析《飘》中斯佳丽人物形象23 探究瓦尔登湖的积极现实意义——倡导和谐生存发展模式24 通过小说《紫色》分析沃克的妇女主义思想25 嘉莉悲剧的原因探析26 珀西?雪莱抒情诗意象研究27 浅析凯特肖邦短篇小说中的女性意识28 A Comparison of the English Color Terms29 论交际法在初中英语教学中的运用30 论《马丁伊登》中一个成功者的幻灭31 对“细密画”的背叛亦或拯救？——从《我的名字叫红》看文明冲突下的阵痛32 浅谈故事在小学英语教学中的运用33 《隐形人》（混战）中的象征手法分析34 红字中的象征意义35 美剧《欲望都市》中女性语言的语用分析36 冲破人生的枷锁——试析毛姆《人生的枷锁》中的七个枷锁37 从加菲猫看美国新个人主义价值观38 论《汤姆琼斯》中流浪汉模式的继承与创新39 Discourse Analysis on the Translation of Person of the Year, an Editorial in the Time Magazine40 论英语影视作品的字幕翻译技巧41 从广告分析看中西方价值观的差异42 Analysis on Moon Image in Lawrence’s Novels－－－－－－Industrialism and Chauvinism43 《虹》的生态女性主义解读44 A Comparison of the English Color Terms45 废墟上成长起来的南方新女性46 Passion & Religion — A Comparison between The Scarlet Letter and The Thorn Birds47 中国文化元素在功夫熊猫中的体现及其翻译48 海明威《太阳照样升起》的存在主义表达49 从十字军东征看中世纪宗教冲突50 “A Rose for Emily”中“Rose”寓意的新解51 由《红楼梦》中人名的英译看中西文化差异52 爱伦?坡的《乌鸦》中的浪漫主义分析53 维多利亚时期英国女性文学作品的三个男性形象分析54 苔丝悲剧形成原因研究55 高级英语课堂中教师角色研究56 论《飘》中斯嘉丽的进步女性主义思想57 中美服饰的文化差异分析58 梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》和道家思想在自然观上的比较59 穷人的大团结，通往希望之乡的必经之路：《愤怒的葡萄》研究60 An Interpretation of Robinson Crusoe’s Character61 悲剧英雄—赫尔曼?梅尔维尔笔下的比利?巴德形象分析62 《飘》的成长主题解读63 英语流行歌曲中隐喻的功能分析——以后街男孩的歌曲为例64 用批评性语篇分析解读人际功能与话语权力的结合65 中美隐私观的跨文化视角分析66 孤独的逃离者——《麦田的守望者》主角霍尔顿的反英雄形象分析67 On the Cultural Signification and Translation of Animal Idioms68 从广告层面比较研究中美文化差异69 从女性主义翻译理论比较《名利场》两种中译本的翻译70 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的成长三部曲71 性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究72 透过霍尔顿看《麦田里的守望者》中的代际关系73 《老人与海》和《热爱生命》的生态比较74 A Comparative Analysis of Jane Eyre’s ChineseRenditions in Different Periods75 法律英语中情态动词的语用功能及翻译技巧76 谈电影片名汉译的不忠77 A Research on the Symbolic Meanings of“Ghost”in Anil’s Ghost78 西丽自我身份的寻求——《紫色》的女性主义解读79 浅析《红字》中女性主义的具体体现80 An Analysis on the Tree Image on Sethe’s Back in Beloved81 化妆品广告的语用预设分析82 中英数字习语的翻译83 译者主体性视角下《桃花源记》的翻译策略研究84 C-E Translation of Public Signs—From the Perspective of Functionalism85 应酬语的中英文比较86 解读《呼啸山庄》中三种悲剧性的爱情87 An Analysis of the Initiation Theme in The Child in Time88 挥之不去的父权阴影——解读福克纳的短篇小说《献给艾米莉的一朵玫瑰花》89 Tradition and Beyond—Reading The Diviners as a Bildungsroman90 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Address Terms91 浅析中英恭维语92 The Destruction and Degeneration of Heroines in William Faulkner’s Works93 重新诠释玛格丽特的人生悲剧根源94 论内莉丁恩在《呼啸山庄》中的作用95 《红字》中的象征主义96 On the Factors Leading to Different Destinies of RhettButler and Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind97 论英汉成语翻译98 中美地下电影之比较研究99 肯德基在中国的成功之道100 论英语称谓语中的性别歧视101 从心理学角度看霍尔顿的内心世界102 从功能对等理论谈汉语成语的英译103 英汉俚语特色对比研究104 中式菜名的英译105 《绝望的主妇》中的中美家庭价值观的比较研究106 中西方酒店文化比较与探讨107 Jane Austen’s Opinion towards Marria ge in Pride and Prejudice108 从《汤姆叔叔的小屋》看基督教对美国黑奴的精神救赎109 论《简爱》中话语的人际意义110 中国时政新词翻译探析111 性格和命运－－《小妇人》中四姐妹分析112 中美婚礼文化的差异113 <<罗伯特家的苔丝>>中动植物的作用114 A Study of Children Images in Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer 115 礼貌策略的英汉对比研究—以《傲慢与偏见》及其译本为例116 奥斯卡?王尔德童话的唯美主义研究117 论《等待戈多》中的荒诞与象征118 A Comparison of the English Color Terms119 回译在翻译教学中的作用120121 On the Unique Narrating Methods and Writing Skills in Brideshead Revisited122 The Cultivation of English Teachers on the Basis of Multiple Intelligences Theory123 论中西婚姻观的差异124 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中奶妈与《西厢记》中红娘的人物形象对比125 论英语委婉语的构成与翻译126 从自然主义视角分析《嘉莉妹妹》127 边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究128 英语习语的认知分析129 文化图式理论视角下汉英动植物联想意义比较130 论杰里米·边沁的功利主义131 书面语言输入与输出对英语词汇习得的影响132 对美国总统就职演说的修辞分析133 当今英式英语和美式英语的对比134 Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies135 性别差异在外语教学中的具体体现136 谈《傲慢与偏见》中伊丽莎白的女性主体意识137 The Comparison of Symbolic Meaning of Animals in Chinese Culture and Western Culture in the Aspect of Literary works138 从《消失的地平线》看儒家中庸之道的积极含义139 英汉“走类”动词短语概念隐喻的对比研究140141 目的论视角下英语外贸函电汉译的研究142 简爱的独立性格剖析143 文化视角下的直译和意译144 现代英语情歌中的隐语研究145 On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation 146 中西方礼仪差异147 《爱玛》的婚姻观分析148 化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究149 法律英语的语言特点及其翻译150 Status Quo of C-E Translation of Public Signs in Shanghai and Strategies for Improvement 151 英汉社交称谓语的对比研究152 论科技英语翻译中科学性与艺术性的和谐统一153 On the Application of Polysystem Theory In the Two Versions of Hamlet154 词汇的语义关系及其在初中英语词汇教学中的运用155 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Taboos in the Context of Intercultural Communication156 论“老友记”中的幽默翻译157 从女权主义角度对比分析《纯真年代》两位女主人公的爱情悲剧158 美国黑人英语在电影中的应用研究159 汉英翻译中文化传递的可接受度160 论《海浪》中体现的死亡意识和生命意识161 中美商务谈判的风格差异162 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的圣经原型人物解析163 《呼啸山庄》爱情悲剧根源分析164 论英语口语教学中存在的问题及对策165 分析《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的二元性166 茶对英国文化的影响167 Coincide nces and Images in The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles168 初中英语词汇教学169 A Comparison of the English Color Terms170 欧?亨利短篇小说的特点171 A Comparative Study on American and Chinese V alues Based on Friends172 从委婉语的研究中看中西文化差异173 A Research of Translation of English Songs into Chineseby Poetic Norms174 从《红字》看霍桑的政治观175 托尼?莫里森小说的家庭关系176 小学英语课堂教学活动的有效性研究177 A Feminist Reading of A. S. Byatt’s Possession178 目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象179 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象180 《咏水仙》两个翻译版本的文体分析181 A Comparison between Task-based Approach and Communicative Approach182 An Analysis of the Religious Elements in Robinson Crusoe183 A Comparative Analysis of English V ocabulary Teaching between China and America at the Primary and Secondary School Level184 福克纳《我弥留之际》中达尔形象解析185 合作学习在初中英语写作教学中应用的可行性研究186 论《霍华德庄园》中的象征主义187 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观188 英汉颜色词语象征意义的对比189 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观和中国后婚姻观的比较研究190 英语中的汉语借词折射出的中国对外关系史191 On the Conceptual Blending of Business English Word Chunks and Their Translation192 中英文颜色词的文化内涵及翻译193 《麦田里的守望者》的原型分析194 从成长小说角度解读《马丁?伊登》195 跨文化交际视角下沉默行为的解析196 Difference between Chinese Buddhism and American Christianity197 中西公益广告隐喻对比研究198 浅析托尼.莫瑞森《最蓝的眼睛》中皮克拉悲剧命运的根源199 大学英语课堂话语分析200 会话含义理论在英文广告中的应用。

汉英翻译，是把汉语原文的意思吃透了之后重新用英语进行表达的过程。

它不是简单地对号入座，而是一种十分复杂的创造性劳动。

在进行翻译时，翻译者必须用心地对汉语原文的特点进行理解和分析，这就要求翻译者对汉语语言及其相关的知识和文化具有深厚的功底。

翻译者还要考虑到译出语即英语的语法规则、写作风格、表达习惯等。

要想把中文的意思用英语准确地表达出来，用比较通顺的英语来表达地道的汉语，翻译者还必须对英语的语法、语义、句法、惯用法以及文化背景等方面具有深刻的了解。

衡量翻译的质量主要看两条基本要求：忠实性与可读性。

忠实性就是准确性，要求翻译出来的内容意思既不能增加，也不能减少；既不能加强，也不能减弱。

对准确性的要求要看情况，要考虑到原文的题材内容、表达的准确性、体裁类别、功能作用、文学品位、社会和历史背景等诸多因素。

可读性就是通顺性和地道性，要求译文符合英语的语法、句法和表达习惯等，使译文让外国读者喜闻乐见。

如果翻译的英语不地道，读起来就不是滋味儿，我们常常发现，字对字的翻译有时会让人感到啼笑皆非。

要做一名合格的翻译，首先应打好汉语和英语的基本功，还要学习和研究中外不同的文化，同时还要再学习一定的专业知识。

既然汉英翻译是如此艰巨复杂的任务，那么我们应该从哪些方面着手对自己进行培养和训练，来提高我们的汉英翻译能力和水平呢？汉英翻译能力的培养涉及以下诸多方面，我们必须加强多方面的翻译意识的锻炼：要培养对英语的语感和悟性；要培养对英语的判断能力和鉴赏能力；要培养对英语的洞察能力和剖析能力；要培养对英语细微特征的反应能力；要培养对社会文化和跨文化交流的敏感性；要培养对英语和汉语之间差别的意识 (sense of differences between Chinese a nd English)；要培养对英语和汉语之间的辩证关系的认识 (awareness of the dialectic relationship between Chinese a nd English)；要培养对英语洋为中用的意识 (use things fo reign to serve Chinese purposes)；要培养对英语学以致用的意识 (apply what you learn to your expressions)；要培养对翻译的多层次、多角度的立体思维方式 (a multi-tier approach )。

中文摘要翻译理论家吉迪恩·图瑞的翻译准则认为：翻译涉及两种语言和两种文化传统，涉及两种体系的准则，译者在两种不同语言、文化的要求之间做出的选择构成了翻译过程的首要准则。

依照这一选择，译者可以使自己遵循原语的相关准则，或服从译语的相关准则。

总之，坚持原语准则，决定译文充分表现原文内容；而遵循译语中的准则，决定译文在译语语境中将被顺利接受。

《伊坦·弗洛美》是美国女作家伊迪丝·华顿的作品，著名语言学家、翻译家吕叔湘于四十年代将其译成中文。

由于吕先生选择了遵循译语中的准则，如在翻译过程中，依照汉语的语言规范，运用各种翻译技巧，使译文没有丝毫欧化、生硬之感，使得这部译作长期以来成为一部深受读者喜爱的、脍炙人口的译作典范。

此外，吕叔湘的英文和汉语的修养都很高，他的翻译准确、语言流畅，把原文的风格和神韵都译了出来，堪称忠实、流畅而又生动。

本文即以图瑞的翻译准则为依据，从英汉语言对比的角度对吕叔湘所译《伊坦·弗洛美》进行评价。

通过对这部译作的评价，给人印象最深的还是译者强大的中文底蕴和对中文的驾驭能力。

因此，文章最终得出结论：由于译作是供译语读者阅读的，那么尽量在语言上应遵循译语规范。

因而，在翻译过程中，除了彻底理解原文之外，还要求译者对目的语文字有敏锐的辨析能力，表达时能掌握得恰到好处。

在外译汉中，就要求译者具有扎实的汉语功底和较强的母语意识。

这一结论对翻译研究及翻译教学都具有一定的指导意义：我国的翻译研究在吸收、引进国外翻译理论的同时应切实加强对汉语的研究。

因为汉外翻译理论的建构离不开对汉语本身的深入研究，离不开深入的汉外对比研究。

此外，由于译者是否具备良好的母语素养至关重要，翻译教学中应重视对学生汉语能力的培养。

关键词：翻译准则；英汉语比较；忠实；通顺；生动AbstractTranslation norms were put forward by Gideon Toury, a prominent translation theorist in the world. It holds: Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions, i.e. at least two sets of norm-systems on each level. The basic choice made by a translator between requirements of the two different languages and cultures was regarded as constituting an initial norm. Thus, a translator may subject him/herself either to the norms relevant to the source context or to the norms active in the target context. In a word, whereas adherence to source norms determines the adequacy of a translation, subscription to norms originating in the target context determines its acceptability. Ethan Frome was written by Edith wharton, an American woman novelist and translated by Lv Shuxiang, a famous Chinese linguist and translator. It is because Lv Shuxiang chose to abide by target norm-systems in translation that his version has long enjoyed great popularity. Furthermore, Mr. Lv is expert both in English and Chinese, which makes his version fluent, vivid and faithful both to the original meaning and to the original style as well. Based on Toury’s translation norms, this study makes a comment on Ethan Frome translated by Lv Shuxiang from a perspective of English-Chinese comparison. As is shown in the comment, what impresses the readers most is that Lv Shuxiang is so proficient in the Chinese language that he is able to cope with it skillfully. In the end, it is concluded that a translator should not only understand the original works thoroughly but also express just right for the purpose or occasion in target language. As far as translation from foreign languages to Chinese is concerned, it is required that a translator must have a solid mastery of Chinese language and the keen sense of his mother tongue. The conclusion in the paper is significant both to translation studies and translation teaching. It is necessary to enhance the study in Chinese language itself and deepen the English-Chinese comparative studies while introducing foreign translation theories to guide translation from foreign languages to Chinese. And what’s more, whether a student is well acquainted with his mother tongue or not is vital to becoming a qualified translator. Therefore, much importance should be attached to fostering the students’ ability to handle Chinese language with ease in translation teaching.Key words: translation norms; English-Chinese comparison; faithfulness; fluency; vividnessTable of ContentsAbstract (3)Table of Contents (4)Chapter 1. Introduction (5)1.1 Major Translation Norms both Home and Abroad (5)1.2 Purpose of This Study (7)Chapter 2. Gideon Toury’s “Translation Norms” (9)2.1 The Advancement of “Translation Norms” (9)2.2 The Content of Toury’s Translation Norms and its Significance (11)Chapter 3. Brief Comparison between English and Chinese (14)3.1 General Characteristics of the Two Languages (14)3.2 Diversity between English and Chinese Syntax (15)Chapter 4. A comment on Ethan Frome Translated by Lv Shuxiang (18)4.1 Edith Wharton and Ethan Frome (18)4.1.1 About Edith Wharton and Her Works (18)4.1.2 A Brief Introduction of Ethan Frome (19)4.2 A Comment on Concrete Examples from Different Levels (20)4.2.1 Language Level (20)4.2.1.1 Making Adaptations according to the Convention of the Chinese language … (20)4.2.1.2 Techniques Used in Translating Sentences (28)4.2.1.3 Weighing Words and Polishing Sentences (34)4.2.2 Style Level (38)4.2.2.1 The Necessity of Translating the Literary Style (38)4.2.2.2 The Translatability of Literary Style (40)4.2.2.3 Illustration by Examples from Lv’s Version (41)4.2.3 Culture Level (43)4.2.3.1 Cultural Differences in Translation (43)4.2.3.2 Lv Shuxiang’s Attitude towards Cultural Differences in His Version (44)Chapter 5. Conclusion and Significance (47)5.1 Conclusion (47)5.2 Significance (47)Bibliography (50)Acknowledgements (52)Chapter 1. Introduction1.1 Major Translation Norms both Home and AbroadAs is known to all, China has a long history of translation for 3,000 years and a system developed with the revision of the translation norms. The popularly received norms are set up by those noted translators who made much contribution to the translation in China. The development may be described as the norms prevalent in different historical periods.In the ancient periods, translation was done mainly when Buddhism was introduced to China. It is said that the first article on translation norms was written by Zhi Qian (支谦) in the Three Kingdoms(Chen Fukang, 1992:14). He translated 175 volumes of Buddhist scriptures and his article on translation norms was his preface to one of them, in which he suggested “following the original meaning without any embroidery” (因循本旨，不加文饰). Later in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared on the scene another translator, the Monk Dao An (释道安). He suggested “preaching according to the original without any deduction or addition” (案本而传，不令有损言游字). In the Tang Dynasty, the great translator Tang Xuanzang went to India to get the Buddhist scriptures and became maybe the first bilingual master. He spent 19 years translating 75 volumes of Buddhist scriptures with the norms he set up for himself, which boil down to three Chinese characters “五不翻” (Five Don’t), that is, Don’t translate 1) What is mysterious; 2) What is poly-semantic; 3) What is too alien to be accepted; 4) What is hereditary; 5) What is philanthropic. In the five cases mentioned above he turned to transliteration (Chen Fukang, 1992: 42). So even today in the Buddhist circles many expressions are just transliterations, for instance, “阿弥陀佛” for “Amitabha”.Among the ancient translators, there was one important figure who went against the general trend. That is Kumurajiva, an Indian by birth, who was once invited by the Monk Dao An to revise the translations by the Chinese Buddhists. Kumurajiva suggested “elegance based on the original” (依华出实). And here we can see the dispute over translation norms began from the very beginning of translation practice. In the Westernization Movement and the New Literature Movement there were two influential norms accepted by most of the translators. One is set up by Yan Fu onthe basis of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” (信、达、雅) and the other is put forward by Lu Xun on the basis of “rather being faithful in thought than smooth in language” (宁信而不顺). Some scholars think that those two norms differ from each other but others think they share the same essentials, for both of them aim at seeking faithfulness (Zhou Yi and Luo Ping, 1999: 39-47).The New China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former sets forth a brand new norm which he practiced in all his translations. The norm is summed up in his preface to the Chinese version of Balsac’s masterpiece. He suggests “expression resemblance” (神似). Mr. Qian Zhongshu puts forward his norm in his article entitled “On Lin Shu’s Translation”, in which he suggests “transfiguration” (化境).In the present time so many new norms are set up that the translators are quite at loss which to follow, such as Liu Zhongde’s “faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness” (信达切), Xu Yuanchong’s “theory of competition between source and target Languages”(优势竞赛论) and “the doctrine of harmony”(和谐说) published in Chinese Translators’ Journal (Zheng Hailin, 1999:2).Likewise, in western countries, scholars also put forwards some translation criteria that lay much emphasis on faithfulness and fluency. One is proposed by Alexander Fraser Tytler （亚历山大·泰特勒）, Professor of History at Edinburgh University. He laid down three fundamentals by which a translation should be made or judged in the last decade of the 18th century (Shen Suru, 1998:121). They were(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the originalwork.(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of theoriginal.(3) A translation should have all the ease of original composition.The other famous translator who establishes influential criteria of translation is Dr Eugene A. Nida (尤金·奈达) who took part in translation the “Bible” and devoted himself to studies of linguistics, semantics, anthropology, etc. Nida lays down the following fundamentals (Nida, 1993: 159):(1) True to the original 忠实原文(2) Vivid 传神(3) Smooth and natural 语言顺畅自然Joseph Gallagher（约瑟夫·加勒福）, a famous translation editor once said: “A translation could be technically accurate and yet be intelligible and readable from the point of view of the general public…(Si Guo, 2002: 71).1.2 Purpose of This StudyAs is shown in the first section, obviously, translation norms vary with times and from person to person. Listed here are the norms of “equal-value translation”, “equivalent translation”, “equivalent function translation”, “creative translation”, “linguistic translation”, etc. The hard facts show that there is actually no popularly accepted norm or standard for translation at all, because all the norms are based on individual experiences or on general talks（Yang Zijian and Liu Xueyun, 1994: 468）. There is still much spade work to be done before a scientific and effective norm is established to guide translation and it is believed that the comparative study of English and Chinese is one piece of that spade work for this task (Xiao Liming, 2002: 7). Based on “translation norms” advanced by Gideon Toury which places stress on target-orienentedness, this paper is designed to evaluate Ethan Frome translated by Lv Shuxiang from perspective of English-Chinese comparison.Scholars both domestic and abroad had put forward criteria to evaluate a translated version and also the correspondent norms for translators to follow. From the norms listed above, it is evident that faithfulness and fluency are the prime criteria and vividness is also much emphasized. Faithfulness and fluency as acknowledged translation criteria have been in a dominant position both in China and in foreign countries for a long time. Translators have been striving for a faithful and fluent translated version; readers and critics have been evaluating translated versions according to these criteria. That is to say, a translation should be faithful both to the original meaning and style and the readers may not find difficulty in reading the version.This paper naturally employs those criteria to evaluate Lv Shuxiang’s version. The evaluation has been carried out in three aspects: language level, style level and culture level. By evaluating Lv’s version, the study attempts to arrive at the findings that Lv Shuxiang’s version is a paragon of faithfulness, fluency and vividness, which results from the following two major factors. In the first place, while he was translating, hechose to observe the norms in target system, especially the convention of the Chinese language; in the second place, being a prominent Chinese linguist, Mr. Lv is highly skilled in both English and Chinese. It is Lv Shuxiang’s competence for coping with Chinese language that impresses the readers most.Chapter 2. Gideon Toury’s “Translation Norms”2.1 The Advancement of “Translation Norms”Just as Itamar Even-Zohar maintains, translation practice is influenced by various kinds of systems in target language culture. What should be translated or how translation is practiced are determined by the norms in target language culture (Gentzler, 1993: 105). Gideon Toury employs the term “translation norms”, which is put forward by Evan-Zohar to explain some confusing phenomena in translation. Toury divides “translation norms” into three categories: preliminary norms, initial norms and operational norms. Preliminary norms work even before the translation practice is carried out, referring to those policies issued by the government in target language during a certain period, which influence the translator’s strategy, when they are selecting the original works. The basic choice made by a translator between requirements of the two different languages and cultures was regarded as constituting an initial norm. While operational norms play a decisive role when the translators are doing their translation practice.Gideon Toury’s work may be divided into two periods: the first, from 1972-1976 and reported in 1977 in Translation Norms and Literary Translation into Hebrew, involved a comprehensive sociological study of the cultural conditions affecting the translation of foreign language novels into Hebrew during the period 1930-45 (later expanded to include children’s literature); the second, from 1975 to 1980 and summarized in a series of papers collected in 1980 as In Search of a Theory of Translation, involved an attempt to develop a more comprehensive theory of translation based on findings from his field study. The first project was begun with Itamar Even-Zohar and used the Polysystem theory framework; the second study, although still based on Polysystem theory, posits theoretical hypotheses which distinguish Toury’s model from that of his predecessor.Toury’s initial field study was set up within the scope of a larger project called “The History of Literary Translation into Hebrew” being undertaken at the University of Tel Aviv at the time (Toury, 1980: 123). His study catalogued the prose fiction translations from English, Russian, German, French, and Yiddish into Hebrew during a fifteen-year span and generated quantitative data on, for example, the number ofwriters translated, number of books by each writer translated, and the number of translators and publishers involved in the process. One of the goals of the field study was to discover the actual decisions made during the translation process, through which he hoped to discover a system of rules governing translation in this particular polysystem. He found the texts entering the Hebrew system as translations tended to be only partially linguistically and functionally equivalent to the source text; nevertheless, they were accepted in the target culture as translations and occupied all positions from the center to the periphery. Despite this general lack of conformity with hypothetical models of translation equivalence, examples of “mistranslations,” translations considered “inadequate” in the target culture were generally rare. On the other hand, examples of complete linguistic equivalence to the source text were even rarer, and the instances of near-adequacy to the source text, when they did occur, were usually “accidental” (Toury, 1980: 137). The reason for this general lack of concern for “faithfulness” to the source text, Toury concluded, was not that the translators were indifferent to the textual relations within the source text, but that their main goal was to achieve acceptable translations in the target culture.Requirements for translation traditionally have been conceived as being determined by the source text, and as a result, have necessarily been idealized. Studies was indeed marked by extreme source-orientedness. Target constraints, while never totally ignored, often counted as subsidiary. Toury’s theory opposes theories that are based upon a single unified and abstract identity or a proper interpretation of “equal” performance. His model is based on difference and assumes structural differences between languages: “every linguistic system and/or textual tradition differs from any other in terms of structure, repertory, norms of usage, etc.”When Toury turns his attention to developing a theory of translation he finds fault with existing source-oriented theoretical models of translation. Following Even-Zohar’s “use” of translation to discover rules about the literary system in general, Toury attempts to better detect and describe all those laws—linguistic, literary, and sociological—which govern translation. His field study results caused him to be skeptical of abstract theories involving ideal author—original text/translated text—reader models. Positing hypothetical poles of total acceptability in the target culture at the one extreme and total adequacy to the source text at the other, Toury locates translation as always in the middle: no translation is ever entirely “acceptable” to the target culture because it will always introduce new information and formsdefamiliarizing to that system, nor is any translation entirely “adequate” to the original version, because the cultural norms cause shifts from the source text structures. Translators do not work in ideal and abstract situations nor desire to be innocent, but have vested literary and cultural interests of their own, and want their work to be accepted within another culture. Thus they manipulate the source text to inform as well as conform with the existing cultural constraints. Polysystem theorists presume that the “target” system governs the aesthetic presuppositions of the translator and thus influence ensuing translation decisions. As opposed to the Source Text (ST) determined theory, Toury posits a Target Text (TT) theory for translation. The eventual goal of Toury’s theory is to establish a hierarchy of interrelated factors (constraints) which determine (govern) the translation product. In short, Toury demands that translation theory include cultural-historical “facts,” a set of laws which he calls “ translation norms.”(Zhao Ning, 2001: 216)2.2 The Content of Toury’s “Translation Norms” and Its SignificanceNorms have long been regarded as the translation of general values or ideas shared by a community—as to what is right and wrong, adequate and inadequate—into performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular situations, specifying what is prescribed and forbidden as well as what is tolerated and permitted in a certain behavioural dimension. Within the community, norms also serve as criteria according to which actual instances of behaviour are evaluated (Toury, 2001: 54-55). Translation is truly norm-governed.Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions, i.e., at least two sets of norm-systems on each level. A translator may subject him/herself either to the original text, with the norms it has realized, or to the norms active in the target culture. If the first stance is adopted, the translation will tend to subscribe to the norms of the source text, and through them also to the norms of the source language and culture. This tendency, which has often been characterized as the pursuit of adequate translation, may well entail certain incompatibilities with target norms and practices, especially those lying beyond the mere linguistic ones. If, on the other hand, the second stance is adopted, norm systems of the target culture are triggered and set into motion. Thus, whereas adherence to source norms determines a translation’s adequacy as compared to the source text, subscription to norms originating in the target culture determines its acceptability.Anyone wishing to focus on the role of target factors in the establishment of a translation will find him/herself opting for a target-oriented approach.Toury distinguishes between three kinds of translation norms: preliminary, initial, and operational norms. “Preliminary norms” involve factors such as those which govern the choice of the work and the overall translation strategy within a polysystem. The “initial norms” categorize the individual translator’s choice to subject oneself either to the original text with its textual relations and norms, or the target culture’s linguistic and literary norms, or some combination thereof. The initial norms are placed at the top of the hierarchy of operational norms for, if consistent, they subsequently influence all other translation decisions. “Operational norms” are the actual decisions made during the translation process, some of which were discussed in Toury’s field study of translated prose fiction in Hebrew: “matricial” norms determining location, additions, and deletions, and “textual” norms revealing linguistic and stylistic preferences.Several aspects of Toury’s theory have contributed to development within the following fields: (1) the abandonment of one-to-one notions of correspondence as well as the possibility of literary/linguistic equivalence (unless by accident); (2) the involvement of literary tendencies within the target cultural system in the production of any translated text; (3) the destabilization of the notion of an original message with a fixed identity; (4) the integration of both the original text and the translated text in the semiotic web of intersecting cultural systems (Miao Ju, 2001: 29).The German theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher in an 1813 lecture on the different methods of translation argued there are only two. Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him” (Venuti, 1995: 20). Lawrence Venuti considered this formulation a decisive one, and further explained it. He concluded that Schleiermacher allowed the translator to choose between a domesticating method, an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home, and a foreignizing method, an ethnodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad (Venuti, 1995:21).As it has been mentioned in Chapter 1, fluency had been a dominating norm in evaluating a translation both in China and Anglo-American culture. In fluenttranslation, translators make effort to bring the author back home, that is, to comply with norms in target context. Fluency is rather target-oriented. It lays much weight on target language, target language reader and target language culture. Fluency and readability of the language in translated version are much emphasized so that the TL readers may not find difficulty in reading the version. The norms of target language are observed in fluent translation. A fluent version is the translated version in which the language is smooth, easy to understand and conforming to the norms of TL (Zhang Peiji, 1980: 4). Therefore, in order to produce a good translation or a fluent one, the key point is to have a solid command of comparison between English and Chinese.Chapter 3. Brief Comparison between English and Chinese3.1 General Characteristics of the Two LanguagesThe Chinese language has its origin different from that of the Western languages. The Chinese language consists of ideographic characters instead of orthographic spelling. It is, therefore, essentially different from English in word-formation, morphology and syntax on the one hand; and on the other hand remarkably different in text structure and rhetoric.English was a synthetic language—that is to say, it showed the connection of words in a sentence by their inflexional forms. Today English is rather analytical—that is to say, it shows the connection of words in a sentence by particles or by word-order. Of course, the English of today is still not so analytical as Chinese. It is readily seen from its origin and nature of development that English has little in common with Chinese, not in word-formation or morphology, nor in syntax. The translation from English into Chinese or vice versa is, therefore quite different from the translation of two kindred languages, such as from English into French or from Chinese into Japanese. It needs more active and creative power in the former. Because of its origin and development, English is different from Chinese in many respects. In order to do translation work well, we have to know the characteristic features of the English language.Since Chinese and English are two unrelated languages they differ much in lexicology and morphology. Without a comparative study a learner of either language would fail to choose the “proper words in proper place” so as to effectuate his communication and a translator from English into Chinese or verse visa would fail to understand the original and so go astray because of the “false friend”.Based on the characters Chinese words are formed according to amalgamation, that is, combination of two or three mono-syllabic words or characters. And the meanings of each word depends on the amalgamation rules and develop with the changes of the Chinese culture. However, the English language is a kind of spelling language. It is not the written sign but the sound or spelling that gives more ideas of the meaning of the word.The difference shown in words of the two languages lies in the following aspects:English words are characterized by great vacillation (游移性) and flexibility (灵活性) (Hu Shuzhong, 1993); the meaning of a word may range widely and it depends much on the contextual relationship as what is said “Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.” The British philosopher Wittgenstein pointed out: “The meaning of a word is its use in the language”. Unlike those of English words, Chinese words are comparatively rigorous, accurate and fixed in meaning which do not range so widely as English words do. They depend less on the context and are comparatively independent of the context. We, sometimes, find it difficult to make appropriate adaptations (变通) in the translation from English into Chinese due to the above-mentioned characteristics of Chinese words, and no wonder Yan Fu said “A new term established, ten days or a month spent” (Guo Yanli, 1998: 252).3.2 Diversity between the English and Chinese SyntaxIt is now universally accepted that the sentence is the key linguistic unit to realize communication and any language has its finite rules to build infinite sentences. The rules of grammar which are used for ordering and connecting words in a sentence are called syntax. By syntax we mean both the rules to form the sentence bases and the rules to enlarge and transform sentences. Here we only make a comparative study of English and Chinese in the building of basic and commonly used sentence patterns. Obviously the two languages have not much in common in this field. The English sentence centers around the verb and so the basic sentence patterns are formed according to the structure of the verb phrase(Vph). In contrast, the Chinese sentence does not necessarily depend on the verb and the basic sentence patterns are formed on the basis of amalgamation of words (Wang Li, 1981). According to Liu Xie (刘勰)，a Chinese sentence is built on the basis of amalgamation of characters. And that is what he says: “The amalgamation of characters makes a sentence; the accumulation of sentences makes a text.”(“积字成句；积句成章”). Syntax is that part of grammar which deals with the rules according to which words are connected in the sentence, and also the various kinds of sentences, their structure and meaning. In syntax the Chinese language also differs greatly from English. All the syntactical rules and principles in English grammar are not fit for use in Chinese sentence construction. This difference leads to the dissimilarities in the rules to enlarge and transform the bases into varied sentences. Therefore it is not advisable to describe the syntax of one。

Problem C: BiorhythmsSome people believe that there are three cycles in a person's life that starts the day he or she is born. These three cycles are the physical, emotional, and intellectual cycles, and they have periods of lengths 23, 28, and 33 days, respectively. There is one peak in each period of a cycle. At the peak of a cycle, a person performs at his or her best in the corresponding field (physical, emotional or mental). For example, if it is the mental curve, thought processes will be sharper and concentration will be easier.有些人认为，在一个人的从他/她出生开始生命中有三个周期。

这三个周期是身体，情绪和智力周期，他们的长度分别为23，28和33天。

在每一个周期中都有一个高峰。

在一个周期的高峰，一个人在相应的领域（身体，情绪或精神）的表现最好。

举例来说，如果它是心理曲线，思维过程将更为剧烈，更容易专心。

Since the three cycles have different periods, the peaks of the three cycles generally occur at different times. We would like to determine when a triple peak occurs (the peaks of all three cycles occur in the same day) for any person. For each cycle, you will be given the number of days from the beginning of the current year at which one of its peaks (not necessarily the first) occurs. You will also be given a date expressed as the number of days from the beginning of the current year. You task is to determine the number of days from the given date to the next triple peak. The given date is not counted. For example, if the given date is 10 and the next triple peak occurs on day 12, the answer is 2, not 3. If a triple peak occurs on the given date, you should give the number of days to the next occurrence of a triple peak.由于不同时期有三个周期，三个周期的高峰一般出现在不同的时间。