00015英语二课文精讲讲义(Unit2)
Unit 2 Mistakes to success(通向成功时犯的错误)
我更喜欢：Failure is the mother of success. (失败乃成功之母)
No one is perfect. (人无完人)
Persistence is the key to success. (持之以恒是成功的关键)
God rewards those who work hard. (天道酬勤)
本单元的A，B两篇都是记叙文，说明了Mistakes to success。
Text A: Spilt Milk (被打翻的牛奶)
共8个自然段，领读课文和单词。
一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习
1.respond: v 反应，响应，同根词：response: n
固定表达：respond to sth; make a response to sth.
如：1). His comments sparked (激起，引起) an angry response from dissatisfied customers.
2). They make a quick response to my inquiry(询问).
3). You should deliberate over the question before you respond to it.
回答问题之前你应该慎重考虑。
2.interview: n/v 采访，面试；同根词：interviewer: 面试者；会见者；采访者; interviewee:
被接见者；被访问者.
由此拓展：词缀er, ee分别表示的动作的主动与被动的关系，常见的成对的名词还有：employer(雇主), employee(雇员); examiner (考官), examinee (考生); trainer(教练), trainee (受训的人)
3.occur: v 发生，同义词：happen, 注意：它们没有被动语态！过去式和过去分词：occurred. 同根词：occurrence: n
如：1). If any of these symptoms occurs while you are taking the medicine, you should go to the hospital.
2). The occurrence of storms delayed our trip.
4.remove: v 移开，拿走，同义词：take away, 名词：removal
5.grip: n/v 紧握，紧抓
如：1). Keep a tight grip on the rope.
2). She gripped the rope.
6.veritable: adj 名符其实的，十足的
如：1）It is a veritable heaven on earth.
2）It was a veritable feast.
7.yell: v叫喊，叫喊着说 n.叫喊，大声叫；（拉拉队员的）呼喊声
Yell out: 喊出；yell at sb: 对某人喊叫
如：1). Are you coming or not?' they yelled out after him.
2). How can you yell at an old man like that?
8.mess: n 肮脏，杂乱
如：The room was in a mess .
9.rarely: adv （= seldom）很少，不常，同根词：rare: adj
如：1). The museum is full of rare and precious treasures.
2). She is rarely seen in public nowadays.
10.eventually: adv（= finally, at last）最终，终于
eventually和finally在具体运用时有些区别：
表示某事几经延迟或波折后最终发生，可以用eventually。
例如，Eventually they got to the hospital（他们最终来到了医院）；eventually还可以表示一系列事件之后发生的事，常为这些事件的结果：Eventually, they were forced to return to England （结果他们被迫返回英格兰）。表示经过长时间的等待或期盼后某事终于发生时，用finally。
例如，Finally I went to bed（我终于上床休息了）。finally还可以表示一系列事件中最后发生的事：The sky turned red, then purple, and finally black（天空变成了红色，既而紫色，最后成了黑色）。
11.restore: v归还；交还；使恢复；修复，名词：restoration
如：1). A good rest will restore you to health.
2). The measures are intended to restore public confidence in the economy.
12.effectively: adv 有效地；同根词：effect: n 影响，效果；effective:adj 有效的；反义词：ineffective
如：1). This system could deliver services to local communities more effectively.
2). The brake is ineffective. (刹车失灵)
3). Television is an effective means of communication.
13.discover:v 发现，查明；名词：discovery
如：1). Checks are made to discover whether applicants (申请人) have a criminal record （犯罪记录）.
2). He knows that he had made a real discovery.
他知道他已经发现了一件真正的珍品。（make a real discovery 发现了一件真正的珍品）
14.grasp: v 抓紧、抓牢；n 理解，掌握
如：1). He grasped both my hands.
2). They have a good grasp of foreign languages.
(他们外语掌握得很好。)
15.renowned: adj有名的，同义词：famous, well-known;
notorious: 臭名昭著的。原型：renown: v 使人有声誉
固定搭配：be renowned/famous/well-known for sth (因。。。而著名)
如：1). This restaurant is renowned for its cuisine.
这家餐馆以其精美的饭菜而闻名。
2). He is one of the world's renowned writers.
16.opportunity: n机会，时机，良机；
如：1). Opportunity knocks only once. (机不可失，失不再来)
2). This will be a marvelous opportunity for her.
17.scientific: adj科学的，同根词：science: n 科学；scientist: n 科学家
如：1). Do you agree with the use of animals in scientific experiments?
2). The study of science has enriched all our lives.
18.valuable: adj宝贵的，很重要的，同根词：value: n 价值，价值观；v 珍惜；反义词：valueless 无价值的。
如：1). That bracelet(手镯) is a cheap, valueless piece of jewelry（首饰）.
2). This is one of the most valuable lessons I learned.
二．课文重点短语，句子分析、讲解：
1. Well, we all know there is no use crying over the spilt milk. (P1L1)
译文：众所周知，对于溢出的牛奶哭是没用的。（覆水难收）
00015英语二课文精讲讲义（Unit4） Unit 4 The Joy of Work (工作的快乐) Text A Work is Blessing(工作是福) 共7个自然段，领读课文和单词。 一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习 1.blessing: n好事；动词：bless: v 祝福，保佑 如：1). The rain will be a blessing for the farmers. 2). May God bless you with a long life! https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,plain: v 抱怨，埋怨；名词：complaint 如：1). I’m going to complain to the manager about this. 2). The most common complaint is about poor service. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,mitted: adj 尽心尽力的，坚定的；动词：commit犯罪，做错事；承诺，使…承担义务如：1). I have never committed any crime. 2). I would like to commit myself to teaching all my life. 3). She is a committed policewoman. 4.remind: v提醒; reminder: n 提醒物 如：Will you please remind me of his name? 5.victim: n 受害者，牺牲品 如：He said the female victim was his girlfriend。 6.terrorism: n 恐怖主义；terrorist: 恐怖分子 7.depression: n 萧条，不景气，萎靡不振，沮丧。 如：1). She suffered from severe depression after losing her job. 2). He never forgot the hardships he witnessed during the Great Depression （经
Unit 1 The Power of Language Text A Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading? 2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically? Critical Reading Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying ,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 Question assertion s made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if
自考英语二课后习题答案 【篇一：自考英语2课后练习答案(已经整理过)】 第一部分 text a 【课文译文】 怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组 织机构的目标 或目的。之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或 某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。 因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都 与决策有关， 事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。虽然决策者不能预 测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能 少地发生。但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。 选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。决策本 身就是一个选 择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如，学生为了实现自 己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这 些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。 选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没 有决策。如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的 研究。例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他 们简化问题的方法。这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的 选项。 在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其 范围小到微乎 其微，大到近乎无限。 决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项 最有利于实现
2018年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码 00015) 满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1．本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。2．第一部分为选择题。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。3．第二部分为非选择题。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 选择题区 第一部分：阅读判断(第1～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了l0个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该旬提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该旬的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 Life on the Farm Life on a farm is always changing. New technologies and a rising interest in healthier and organic eating have had a huge impact on how farms do business. At the same time, a growing population has put more demands on farmers. They need to find ways to increase their production levels. The small family farms that used to produce most of the products have been largely replaced by factory farms. Small family farms that are still operating are struggling to keep up. Technology has made most aspects of farm life easier than it has ever been before. Bigger and more efficient equipment makes work such as plowing up fields and sowing the seeds easier. Such tasks used to take two or three times as long. These advances have allowed farmers to work faster and more efficiently than ever before. In addition to newer technology, factory farms produce more products for less money than traditional farming would require. Modern farm life, despite the introduction of new technologies, has not changed much from what has always been. Farmers still wake up early, and spend their days doing hard work. There are animals to feed, cows to be milked, and fields to be plowed. Farm still requires a lot of hard work and sacrifice. The main change in modern farm life is still in the way farms are run. It is common for even small farms to have several hired workers and even an animal manager. Family-run farms are becoming rarer. Factory farms, with other larger farm corporations, are becoming the norm. Although there are still many traditional family farms, they are quickly dying as modern practices change farm life forever. 1.Factory farms now produce most of the products A.True B. False C. Not given 2.Farmers prefer to grow healthy and organic food. A.True B. False C. Not given
00015英语二课文精讲讲义（6） Unit 6 The Value of Money(金钱的价值) 一提到“金钱”，我的脑海中马上会浮现出很多有关金钱的英语谚语，如： Money is not everying, but without money, everying is nothing. 钱不是万能的，但是没有钱是万万不能的。 Money makes the mare to go.有钱能使鬼推磨 诸如此类的等等，可见金钱对于人们的重要，该如何花钱才最明智呢？ Text A Teaching Children to Spend Pocket Money Wisely(教给孩子如何明智地使用零花钱) 短文共6个段落，领读课文和单词！ 一：本课重点词汇讲解，学习 1.allocate: v分配；名词：allocation 如：I can never think quickly to allocate my time properly. 2. formation: n 组成，形成；动词：form；若当做名词是形式的意思。 如：1). This article has analyzed the formation of crime psychology theoretically. 2).Children should form good habits from the very beginning. 3.opt: v选择，名词：option 如：1).Opt for a walk in an air - conditioned mall on hot, humid days 2).You will have to pay them; you have no option. 4.constraint: n 限制，限定；动词constrain 如：The boy felt constraint in her presence. 5.budget: n预算；v谨慎花钱； 如：It is essential to balance one's budget. 6.indulge: v沉迷于...overindulge: v 过多地享用；形容词：indulgent；放纵的，纵容的；名词：indulgence 如：1). He had been a strict father but was indulgent to his grandchildren. 2). I never indulge children with plenty of pocket money. 7.short-sighted: adj 目光短浅的，近视的；far-sighted有远见的，慎重的，远视的 如：1).Only a short - sighted man will lose sight of the importance of education. 2). the most far-sighted of politicians (最有远见的政治家) 8.mentality:n心态，心理；同根词mental: adj精神的
Unit l The Power of Language 参考译文 对话范例 请朗读下面的对话，注意说话者提出建议的方式。 史蒂夫：嗨，珍妮，想不想这周末一起做点什么？ 珍妮：当然了。做什么呢？ 史蒂夫：不知道。你有什么想法吗？ 珍妮：看电影怎么样？ 史蒂夫：好主意。看什么电影呢？ 珍妮：那就看《机动部队4》吧。 史蒂夫：我不想看那部电影，我不喜欢看充满暴力的影片。《疯狂的布朗医生》怎么样？听说很有趣。 珍妮：好的。就看这部吧！几点开始？ 史蒂夫：8点在瑞克斯影院。看电影之前我们吃点东西怎么样？ 珍妮：当然了，好主意。去新开的意大利餐馆梅开缇吧。 史蒂夫：太好了1 6点钟在那不见不散。 珍妮：好的。6点钟梅开缇见。再见。 史蒂夫：再见。 指导实践 要求：给你的朋友提一些建议，告诉他们什么地方适合度假。利用你自己的信息，也可以运用下面的提示。你想去……吗？ 我们去……好吗？ 我们去……吧。 我们为什么不去……呀？
去……怎么样？ 好主意。 谢谢你，给了我那么多好的建议。 TextA 读前问题： 1．通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为什么是积极阅读？ 2．你希望作者就批判性阅读提出什么样的建议呢？ 批判性阅读 批判性阅读适用于非小说类文学写作，作者要么提出观点，要么陈述事实。批判性阅读就是积极阅读，不仅仅要解决作者所说的话，还要对其提出质疑，进行评价，进而形成自己的独特的观点。要想成为批判性读者，就要做到以下几点： 考虑写作的语境。你所阅读的文章，其作者的文化背景也许与你截然不同，抑或文章是以前写的，与你所处的时代也完全不同。无论哪种情况，你都必须意识到你的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度是不同的，要充分考虑这些差异。 质疑作者提出的观点。不要按照字面意思来理解文章的内容，在此之前，一定要搞清楚作者是否提供了足够的证据，证明他的观点是正确的。查找事实、例证和统计数据，还要看看作者是否结合了各学术权威的著作。 对比该文章与相关话题的其他文章。看一下文章是否与别人写的相关话题的文章一致，如果有不一致之处，就要仔细评价作者所提供的证据。 分析作者的假设。假设就是作者为了提出观点而认为正确的东西。在很多情况下，作者的假设都不是直接表述出来的，这就是说你必须认真阅读才能找到假设。一旦找到了假设，就必须确定是否合理。 评价作者利用的资料。在评价时，一定要确认资料来源是可靠的。例如，要想写物理学上取得的里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦就是可靠的资料来源。此外，还要保证资料的相关性，有关诗歌的话题与爱因斯坦就不相关了。最后，如果作者写的是当今的话题，那就必须用当今的资料。例如，如果作者讨论的是目前物理方面的知识，那么就不适合
全国4月自考00015英语二试题及答案解析完整版
4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）试题 （课程代码：00015） 第一部分：阅读判断题（每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信 息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Running: Sport or Way of Life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy, It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles? It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple internet search can help some in your find area. Then programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't al ways about how fast you are or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. If you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you 1. You may find it interesting in go for A run. A. True B. False C. Not Given 2. The sport of running is easy.
《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案(珍藏版) Text A Unit 1 Exercises for the Text I. 1.d 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.d II. 1.task 2.intelligent 3.research 4.clue 5.conclusion 6.repeat https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,municate 8.purpose 9.probably 10.outline III. 1.Instead of 2.therefore 3.more...than 4.even 5.First of all 6.because 7.on the other hand 8.finally 9.looking for 10.Conversely IV. 1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language. https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful. 4.Learning a language is different from learning maths. 5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us. Vocabulary Exercises I. 1.a.success b.successful c.successfully 2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent 3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered 4.a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purpose II. 1.inexact 2.technique 3.outlined https://www.doczj.com/doc/9611293928.html,municate 5.regularly 6.clues 7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar 10.statement III. 1.disagree 2.independent 3.incomplete 4.inexact 5.uncover IV. 1.They find it hard to master a foreign language. 2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways. 3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher. 4.We are willingto help our friends. 5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully. Text B Exercises for the Text I. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F II. 1.With the help of their fingers 2."I am thirsty." 3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water 4.Put his hands on his stomach
2018年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二) 试卷 (课程代码00015) 本试卷共8页。满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。 考生答题注意事项： 1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。 2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。必须对应试卷上的题号使用2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。 3.第三一七部分在“非选择题更真题资料请咨询Q或微信28225803答题区”作答。必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。 4．合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。 第一部分：阅读判断(第l～l0题，每题l分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果 该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该旬提供的是错误信息，选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
第二部分：阅渎选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分) 阅渎下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
第三部分：概括段落大意和补全句子(第16～25题，每题l分，共10分) 阅读下面短文，请完成短文后的2项测试任务：(1)从第l6～20题后所给的6个选项中为第1～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)从第21～25题后所给的6个选项中选择5个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
第四部分：填句补文(第26～30题，每题2分，共10分) 下面的短文有5处空自，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌，请将正确选项的字母写在答题卡上。
II. Text Learning Life Without Limits ①Imagine being born without arms. No arms to wrap around someone, no hands to experience touch, or to hold another hand with. Or what about being born without legs? Having no ability to dance, walk, run, or even stand on two feet. Now put both of those scenarios（设想）together: no arms and no legs. What would you do? How would that effect your everyday life? ②Born in 1982 in Melbourne, Australia, without any medical explanation or warning, Nicholas Vujicic came into the world with neither arms nor legs. (1)Having had an uneventful pregnancy and no family history to expect this condition, imagine the shock his parents felt when they saw their first born, brand new baby boy, only to find he was what the world would consider imperfect and abnormal. How would their son live a normal happy life?
Unit 10 Ode to Public Transport Text A Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you find it important to use public transportation? What are some of the reasons? 2.What suggestions do you give to others on using public transportation? The Importance of Public Transportation A US Congressman once proclaimed that, “There can be no doubt that the transportation sector is the most critical sector of our economy.” I know exactly what he means. In this day and age, access to transportation is considered a necessity. Public transportation is defined as a service that is available for use by the general public. It is a cheaper and environmentally friendly alternative. It is not a transportation service that you can arrange privately to suit your own personal convenience (although you may, to a certain extent, such as paying for a cabin or suite on a train or ship) since you have to consider other passengers who are riding and making similar arrangements with you. I have experienced first-hand how important public transportation is. I live in Saipan , a US territory and the closest things we have to public transportation are tourist and school buses. You have to have your own car or bike, rent a car, or pay upfront for a taxi to go from point A to
00015英语二试题及答案 发布日期：2016-01-04 10:09 来源：未知阅读：6927 【字体：大中小】 本套单元测试共 10 题，共 100 分。答题得分：100 分 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [1] I should like to rent a house,modern,comfortable and ___ in a qiuet environment. 得分：10分 答： D A before all B first of all C after all D above all 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [2] His few personal belongings make it possible for him to move from place to place ___. 得分：10分 答： C A in ease B at ease C with ease D with easiness 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [3] Could you lend me some money? I'm very ______of cash at the moment. 得分：10分 答： B A need B short C scarce D empty 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [4] It ______ exactly thirty years since I graduated from college. 得分：10分 答： B A was B has been C will be D had been 【题型：单选】【分数：10分】 [5] He was completely ______ by her tale of hardship.
II. Text Learning Self-Esteem and Body Image 1 I'm fat. I'm too skinny. I'd be happy if I were taller, shorter, had curly hair, straight hair, a smaller nose, , bigger muscles, longer legs. 2 Do any of these statements sound familiar?（承上句）Are you used to putting yourself down? If so, you're not alone. As a teen, you're going through a ton of changes（大量的变化）in your body. And as your body changes, so does your image of yourself. Lots of people have trouble adjusting, and this can affect their self-esteem. 3 Why Are Self-Esteem and Body Image Important? Self-esteem is all about how much people value themselves, the pride they feel in themselves, and how worthwhile they feel. Self-esteem is important because feeling good about yourself can affect how you act. A person who has high self-esteem will make friends easily, is more in control of his or
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1