一、经济原则
1．许多人强烈反对太空探索，因为他们认为对于发展中国家而言，这是个奢侈和浪费的做法。(space research, extravagant, wasteful)
2．许多人还苦苦挣扎在贫困线上，缺乏食物和栖身之所。为什么不用有限的资金帮助他们脱贫呢？（struggle, the poverty line, shelter, alleviate）
3．政府的首要职责是帮助人民消除贫困、疾病和文盲。（poverty, disease, illiteracy）4．旅游业的发展给我们创造了许多就业机会，带来了大量的外汇。（job opportunities, foreign currency）
5．整天玩电脑游戏浪费父母的血汗钱。（lavish, hard-earned money）
6. 艺术资助对于许多发展中国家而言是个奢侈的做法。(art funding, luxurious)
7，改善人民的福利是政府的责任。(welfare，obligation)
8，兴建体育场馆和剧院等会浪费政府有限的财政。(stadium，theater，tight budget)
9，政府资助艺术家和音乐家的做法其实是滥用纳税人的钱。(dissipation，taxpayer) 10．接受正规教育对于贫困地区的小孩而言是一种奢侈的梦想。(poverty-stricken area ) 11，网上冲浪是一种浪费钱的爱好。(net surfing，costly)
12，保护濒危动物需要花费大量的公共资金, 对于发展中国家而言，是个沉重的经济负担(endangered species, economic burden)
13，举办奥运会能增加国家收入，创造更多的就业机会。(govemment revenue，employment) 14，私家车对于许多贫困的家庭来说是个奢侈品。(destitute，luxury)
15，帮助贫困地区儿童接受正规教育是值得称道的做法。(a laudable endeavor)
16．送小孩出国留学对于不少家庭来说是个沉重的经济负担。(heavy financial strain) 17．发展太空探索会浪费有限的公共资金。( 1avish，limited public funds)
18．大学生兼职可以减轻父母的经济负担。(financial burden)
20．赌博合法化可以给政府带来大量的外汇收入，同时创造相当数量的就业机会。(legalization of gambling, foreign currency)
经济原则
1. Some people are strongly against space research because they think it is an extravagant and wasteful project for developing countries.
2. Many people are struggling at the poverty line, lacking food and shelter. Why not use the limited public funds to help them alleviate poverty?
3. The primary responsibility of a government is to help its people eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy.
4. The development of tourism creates many job opportunities and great amounts of foreign currency.
5. Playing computer games all day lavishes parents' hard-earned money.
6. Art funding is a luxurious practice to many developing countries.
7. Improving people's welfare is the government's obligation.
8. The construction of stadiums and theaters squanders the government's tight budget.
9. It is a dissipation of taxpayers' money for the government to subsidize artists and musicians.
10. It is a luxurious dream for children in the poverty-stricken area to receive formal education.
11. Net-surfing is a costly hobby.
12. Preservation of endangered species is a great economic burden on the developing nations.
13. Hosting the Olympic Games can increase the government revenue and create more employment.
14. A private car is a luxury to many destitute families.
15. It is a laudable endeavor to help children in the impoverished area to have access to formal education.
16. Sending children to study abroad is a heavy financial burden on many families.
17. The development of space exploration lavishes the limited public funds.
18. College students' taking part-time jobs helps ease the financial burden of their parents.
19. It is a great economic burden for a government with a tight budget to subsidize artists and drama companies, which lavishes taxpayers' money.
20. Legalization of gambling can bring the government a great amount of foreign currency and at the same time create a considerable number of employment opportunities.
时间原则
1. Playing PC games is a time-consuming hobby that occupies students' precious time.
2. Net chatting dissipates our precious time that should be spent on study.
3. Computer games are so alluring that many children abandon themselves to playing them.
4. Doing a part-time job takes up students' valuable time and therefore affects their study.
5. Pet-raising lavishes a great amount of time.
6. Some children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, so that they revel in online games and chatting all day.
7. In order to earn some money by taking up a part-time job, some students even skip classes and hence their academic performance is seriously affected.
8. Some of the students are immature and curious, so they can hardly resist the temptation and indulge in net surfing.
9. TV helps people to kill time and drive off their loneliness.
10．Children are not encouraged to keep pets because pet-raising is a time-consuming hobby and children are likely to be diverted from their study.
11. Soap opera is a timefiller.
12．Students should be taught to refrain themselves from chatting online because their sole task is study.
13. Those who wallow in the Internet tend to lead an indolent life.
14. Some TV programs are so tempting and distracting that many children can hardly focus on their study.
15. We should do away with some bad habits and take part in some rewarding activities.
健康原则
1. Eating too much fast food is physically damaging, for fast food contains too much fat, sugar and calorie.
2. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
3. In order to stay healthier, we should reduce the intake of fat, sugar and calorie.
4. Smoking is particularly dangerous for teens because their bodies are still developing and
changing and the 4,000 chemicals (including 200 known poisons) in cigarette smoke can adversely affect this process.
5. Smoking endangers one's health because tobacco contains many cancer-causing agents such as nicotine and tar.
6. Meat is a good source of protein, iron, vitamins and minerals.
7. There are significant health benefits to ' going veggie'; a vegetarian diet contains high quantities of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and is low in fat.
8. The best way to lose weight is to reduce the number of calories being eaten and to increase the level of physical activity.
9. The causes of obesity are complex and include genetic, biological, behavioral and cultural factors.
10. High cholesterol or a high intake of fat can be extremely harmful, leading to heart disease, obesity, and other conditions
11. The rubbish problem poses potential risks to people's health because trash contains all kinds of germs and viruses and transmits a number of epidemic diseases.
12. Private cars should be restricted because cars emit toxic gases that contain many known carcinogens.
13. Due to the deteriorating environment, many city dwellers suffer from some respiratory problems such as a sore throat, bronchitis, asthma and even develop lung cancer.
14. Physical exercise helps people to ease their mental strain.
15. Moderate diet and rest, good cheer, and regular physical exercises are the best doctors.
16. Prevention is better than cure.
17. We should do away with bad living habits such as excessive drinking and smoking and overeating.
18. Stress is affecting one's health, behavior, thoughts and feelings.
19. Some health problems that may be caused by stress are as follows: diarrhea, nausea, indigestion, constipation, hypertension, heart disease and asthma.
20. Overindulgence in computer games contributes to myopia and obesity.
情感原则
1. TV and the Internet distance a person from his/her friends, because people nowadays lack adequate face-to-face communication with their peers.
2．Those who indulge in the Internet often feel isolated and being cut off from the outside world; gradually they tend to become more introverted and withdrawn.
3. The development of international tourism may contribute to greater tension between nations.
4. Full-time housewives often feel isolated, depressed and frustrated.
5. Corporal punishment is emotionally detrimental, which alienates parents from their children.
6. For lack of adequate knowledge of the local customs and traditions, some disputes may arise when tourists communicate with the locals.
7. It is reported that some overseas students cannot adapt to the local life and commit suicide due to depression.
8. Tourism creates resentment and antagonism because of the dramatic differences in wealth.
9. If old people are sent to live in a nursing house, they tend to feel useless, deserted by their
family and hopeless.
10. Many young people are obsessed with emotional exchanges with their imaginary friends in the virtual world.
11. Those who receive education through tele-education lack many essential interpersonal skills and tend to be self-centered and introverted.
12. Indulgence in the Internet gives rise to resentment and hostility.
13. The Olympic Games promote international goodwill, enhance mutual understanding between nations and maintain world peace.
14. Through traveling, people with different racial and political backgrounds get to know each other better, thus removing misunderstanding and prejudice.
15. Telecommuting creates a sense of estrangement among individuals and telecommuters may become indifferent to others and lack a strong team spirit.
16. People are so addicted to net surfing that they often neglect the emotional needs of their family members; as a result, resentment and hatred arise.
17. Due to the superiority complex, tourists more often than not look down on the local people, which may sometimes give rise to hostility.
18. Sending a child to a nursery at an early age is emotionally harmful, because the child who lacks proper parental care and love tends to feel isolated and depressed.
19. For lack of emotional exchanges, misunderstanding arises and sometimes leads to the breakup of a family.
20. People should be encouraged to share their joys and sorrows at the diner table no matter how busy they are. In fact, diner time is a perfect period for communication.
智力与教育原则
1. Education may have succeeded in equipping youths with skills and the relevant knowledge for the working world but not necessarily in all aspects concerned.
2. Television can exert strong influence on the area of learning and cognitive development.
3. Television is harmful to children because it creates passivity and presents a false picture of reality.
4. A child who often indulges in TV doesn't know the difference between reality and fantasy.
5. Numerous studies demonstrate a strong link between an increase in television watching and a decline in reading achievement.
6. Giving pocket money to children helps develop a correct sense of responsibility.
7. With too much pocket money, children are likely to foster a money-oriented mentality.
8. Competition builds character; it strengthens our self-esteem.
9. Children can develop a strong sense of responsibility during the competitive sports.
10. Learning at home encourages children to live an indolent life with lax discipline.
11. Through a gap year, you will develop a broader mind, a wider understanding of the world around you, better social skills, improved self-confidence and you will be more adaptable.
12. The merits of overseas study include greater global awareness, language learning, cross-cultural communication, enhanced independence, improved self-confidence and adaptability.
13. While taking a part-time job, one will better identify his/her career interest and goals, which will help him/her make a wiser choice of the future career.
14. Since students are in their formative years, social contacts may expose them to social ills at an age when they can hardly differentiate virtue from evil.
15. Military service helps one cultivate a strong sense of independence, self-confidence and accomplishment.
16. Studying in a boarding school, children learn to cooperate and compromise and master interpersonal skills needed for future success.
17. Visits to museums and galleries widen one's horizon, enrich one's knowledge and arouse one's interest.
18. Some children are so naive and sequacious that they tend to emulate their idols who are sometimes negative role models.
19. Since some children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, they cannot resist the temptation of drugs and fall victims to drug-dealers.
20. The amount of time children watch TV, regardless of content, should be moderated because it decreases time spent on more beneficial activities such as reading, playing with friends, and developing hobbies.
心理原则
1. Children who are addicted to the Internet tend to be introverted, unsociable and even indifferent.
2. Corporal punishment makes a child diffident, withdrawn and pessimistic.
3. For lack of contact with the outside world, some people become introverted, isolated and eccentric.
4. Studying abroad, some students cannot adapt to the local life, feel very lonely and homesick and even want to commit suicide.
5. Nowadays children tend to become self-centered and arrogant.
6. Tele-education results in a series of psychological problems such as withdrawal, anxiety and depression.
7. Under great pressure, people suffer from insomnia, anxiety, and depression.
8. Living in a nursing house, old people feel lonely, helpless and deserted by their children.
9. If students are encouraged to criticize and evaluate their teachers, they will become very arrogant and disrespectful.
10. Full-time housewives sometimes feel isolated and moody for lack of communication with the outside world.
11. Good, practical and sound principles can guide one in making decisions and in striking a balance between work and leisure.
权力原则
1. Why I do not support having the death penalty is that it violates the right of subsistence.
2. The death penalty is a cruel and barbaric practice that must be eliminated from today's society.
3. Abortion is a cruel and unusual practice that must be done away with.
4. The installation of cameras in public places is a brazen infringemen t of one's privacy and limits freedom.
5. Encouraging females to go back home to be full-time housewives is a very ridiculous idea which deprives women of their basic right to work, and is a sort of sexual discrimination.
6. Animal testing is a cruel and uncivilized practice that robs animals of their right of subsistence.
7. Mandatory retirement is a brazen infringement on one's right to work.
8. Censorship deprives us of the right to know the truth.
9. Corporal punishment violates children's human rights and affects their physical and mental health.
10. The legalization of euthanasia respects one's right to choose when and how to die with dignity.
环保原则
1. Habitat destruction makes many species of animals become homeless and become endangered.
2. The disappearance of some species breaks the ecological balance because the food web is destroyed.
3. Many private cars emit toxic gases which contain many chemical substances that are carcinogens.
4. Deforestation leads to soil erosion and desertification.
5. One third of all waste produced is made up of packaging materials.
6. What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to the environment.
7. Much tillable land has been used as landfills to bury the increasing rubbish, a huge amount of which is not biodegradable. That is to say, rubbish of many kinds will remain the same in the soil for a long period of time.
8. Litter collection and disposal waste a huge amount of taxpayers' hard-earned money.
9. The industrial waste is dumped into rivers without being filtered, thus contaminating the rivers and bringing great harm to the residents nearby.
文化与传统原则
1. The ubiquity of English and the booming international tourism exert some adverse effects on the aboriginal culture and minority languages to some extent.
2. Globalization poses potential risks to the preservation of aboriginal culture and language, because we know cross-cultural communication is becoming increasingly frequent and cultural assimilation and penetration is inevitable.
3. The Internet produces profound influence on people's lifestyle and value systems.
4. It is of great significance for a government to make efforts to conserve endangered culture and language.
5. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.
6. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.
7. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
8. Tourism helps to preserve the city's historical and cultural heritage.
9. Too many tourists flooding the tourist attractions also poses potential risks to the preservation of cultural relics.
10. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one's own culture and make the world less colorful than before.
11. Cultural globalization will result in one homogenous global culture where everyone looks the same, speaks the same and thinks the same.
12. Often the community is pressured to give up its language and even its ethnic and cultural identity.
13. The disappearance of diverse languages is the disappearance of diverse cultures.
14. The death of languages spells the end of the culture which gave rise to them. They are a living heritage we should cherish.
15. The globalization of culture will ultimately lead to a homogenous world culture dominated by western and American influences.
道德与犯罪原则
1. I believe that the government should impose censorship on the Internet, because there is much violence and pornography on the Internet which exerts adverse effects on teenagers' physical and mental health.
2. Drugs are so alluring that few people can resist their temptation and many are obsessed with drugs.
3. Teenagers are so immature and curious that they can hardly distinguish right from wrong; they are likely to be misled by the violent and pornographic content in the computer games and eventually err from the right path.
4. Lacking proper moral guidance and effective communication, many teenagers head for crime.
5. Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behavior.
6. Children may have access to obscene materials via the Internet and even go astray under the negative influence of the mass media.
7. Children lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, and they are likely to indulge themselves in net surfing.
8. Teenagers are very sequacious and they often emulate the behavior of their idols who are sometimes negative role models.
9. Some TV programs are morally polluting and therefore should be prohibited.
10. The censorship of pornography has a positive effect on our society and is a good thing because pornography leads to crime, pornography has no positive impacts on society, and censoring pornography is not against the constitution.
11. Obsessions with things like violent games and TV shows lead to violent acts.
12. There is excessive violence and pornograph y in mass media that is misleading, exaggerative and false. Teenagers are so immature, ignorant and sequacious that they can hardly distinguish right from wrong and easily go astray.
13. The purpose of indecency regulation is to keep adult material from falling into the hands of children.
14. Government should regulate information on the Internet. Obscene and harmful material on the Internet, such as child pornography should be obliterated.
15. Programs that promote violence and murder teach people the techniques of killing, raping, kidnapping, and stealing.
16. Violence on television can create aggressive behavior.
17. Television has led to the moral decline.
怎样提高初中英语的写作技巧和方法 西畴县逸夫中学-----杨宗粉 【摘要】：培养学生写作能力须：打好词汇量基础；熟练记住单词；熟练使用简单句；加强听力训练，；书写规范，促进写作；注重听、说、读能力的同步发展；重视课外练习。注重学生平时的单词拼写与组句能力，提醒学生积累常用表达方式，要求阅读背诵精彩段落，同时教师要利用教材话题资源，结合多种训练与评价方式，提升学生思维能力，强化写作专项指导，使学生养成英语书面表达的习惯，最终达到英语作为语言交际的目的。 【关键词】：写作技巧；词汇量；写作方法；单词拼写组句能力；阅读背诵；常用表达方式 听说读写是构成英语语言交际能力的重要组成部分，其中要求较高的是“写”的能力。《英语课程标准》对各个年级学生“写”的技能提出了明确目标对于我们农村地区的学生来说，英语写作非常困难。尤其在每一次的英语考试中，英语写作题型总是必不可少的，而且占到 15-20分左右，可见写作在英语考题中占的比例还是较大的。但一提起写作学生们就犯愁，甚至一字不写，有的干脆放弃。写一篇像样的英语作文多80%的学生来说是“难于上青天”。针对这种现象来分析学生存在的问题和解决的办法： 一、学生写作过程中出现的现状 1.词汇量太少 词汇是英语写作必不可少的基本要素，要写好一篇作文以表达自己的思想，必须以足够的词汇量为基础，但实际上大多数学生掌握的词汇
量都达不到规定的要求，因而在写作时也就不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想。出现的问题往往有拼写错误，影响理解；词语误用，表达不准确；某一词语反复使用，语言表达缺乏变式，文章显得单调乏味；文章中出现大量“造词”，让人看了啼笑皆非等。 语法规则和句型句式是英语写作涉及的另一基本要素。学生英语写作中出现的“大错”又多半是由语法错误引起的，学生在写作中语法不规范、句子结构混乱、含义不清等情况屡见不鲜，Chinese English 现象更是不乏其中，所以词汇量和语法问题是中学生英语写作时首先要解决的问题。 2.词汇错误较多 学生在写作的时候，中式英语Chinglish ：如There are many people would like to go on a vacation. I by bike to school every day. 2、词汇错误：错别字、近义词混淆、词性误用3、词组、句型使用不正确，缺乏重点句型的使用：如I spent one hour to read the book yesterday. 4、时态、语态、人称把握不正确（审题不正确）。思维模式总是先汉语，后转化为英语，可能他想到了句子该怎样写，句型也知道的，但却有个别单词不会。如：“对我来说学英语是困难的”这个句子可能他想到了，句子结构“it is＋adj for sb to do sth”也知道，但里面的形容词difficult不会写，导致句子表达含糊，以至于整篇文章错词百出，面目全非。 3.写出的长句达不到表达效果 一般的英语应试作文，总会给出汉语提示，学生写作也是从提示
写作的“七项基本原则”： 一、长短句原则 工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！ 强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二、主题句原则 国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！ 特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三、一二三原则 领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况） 建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！ 四、短语优先原则
专升本考试英语写作的基本原则【七篇】 导读：本文专升本考试英语写作的基本原则【七篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：长短句原则】工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature，I eat; as a man，I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记! 强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。【第二篇：主题句原则】国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事! 特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的! To begin with，you must work hard at your lessons and be
fully prepared before the exam(主题句)。Without sufficient preparation，you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 【第三篇：一二三原则】领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1)first，second，third，last(不推荐，原因：俗) 2)firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally(不推荐，原因：俗) 3)the first，the second，the third，the last(不推荐，原因：俗) 4)in the first place，in the second place，in the third place，lastly(不推荐，原因：俗) 5)to begin with，then，furthermore，finally(强烈推荐) 6)to start with，next，in addition，finally(强烈推荐) 7)first and foremost，besides，last but not least(强烈推荐) 8)most important of all，moreover，finally 9)on the one hand，on the other hand(适用于两点的情况) 10)for one thing，for another thing(适用于两点的情况) 建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!
写作原则 内容简单化 结构模式化（主题句-分论点-总结） 语言要包装 错误要回避 万能理由(Omnipotence)： 1、方便：convenient/convenience 2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency 3、节省和浪费： save time/money/space; economical, thrift waste time/money/space; costly, lavish 4：人的心理健康： independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative 5、人的身体健康： health, disease, strong, strength, energetic 6、娱乐： colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax, tired, boring, lonely 7、环境： environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty 8、安全和危险： safe, danger, risk 9：经验： experience, social experience, enter the society 10、人际： humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely 基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)： 越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 许多问题：a host of/a number of problems 引起人们注意：claim/ call/attract general/public/world attention to sth. 意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger 适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems 接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society 获得成功：achieve/accomplish success 提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study) 影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work 产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on 较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one's life 剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity 取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way 采取措施：take effective steps/measures to
英语书面表达七项“基本原则” 一.长短句原则: 长短结合，妙笔生辉。 二.主题句原则（topic sentences+ supporting sentences） 三.一二三原则 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition /what’s more, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况） 四．短语优先原则 五．多实少虚原则 例如: 走出房间 general: walk out of the room 小偷：slip out of the room 小姐：sail out of the room 小孩：dance out of the room 老人：stagger out of the room 六．句式多变原则 1. 加法（串联）； 2. 转折（拐弯抹角）； 3. 因果； 4. 失衡句（头重脚轻或头轻脚重）； 5. 附加（多此一举：同位语、同位语从句、插入语、定语从句等）； 6. 排比（排山倒海句）。 七．挑战极限原则（如适时使用独立主格结构等）
高考英语励志与写作经典句子 1、学习时的痛苦是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。 Time the study pain is temporary, has not learned the pain is life-long. 2、没有一种不通过蔑视、忍受和奋斗就可以征服的命运。 No one can conquer fate without contempt, suffering and struggle. 3、让我们将事前的考虑，换为事前的思考和计划吧。 Let us consider the ex-ante, and change it into thinking and planning in advance. 4、三年我誓要把高考踩在脚低下！ Three years i vow to step on the foot of the low entrance! 5、不逼自己一把，怎么知道你有多优秀。 Don’t force yourself, how to know how good you are. 6、空想会想出很多绝妙的主意，但却办不成任何事情。 A dream will come up with a lot of wonderful ideas, but it will not do anything. 7、与诚信携手同行，跟欺诈挥手道别。 Hand in hand with integrity, waving goodbye to fraud. 8、保持平常心，营造好环境，扬起常笑脸，轻松迎高考。
To maintain a normal heart, to create a good environment, raising often smiling face, easy to welcome the college entrance examination. 9、有志者自有千计万计，无志者只感千难万难。 There is own thousands of millions, there are only extremely difficult. 10、冲刺拼搏，在前进中寻找乐趣。 To work hard, to find pleasure in moving forward. 11、再长的路，一步步也能走完，再短的路，不迈开双脚也无法到达。 A long way, a step by step can be completed, and then a short road, do not stride feet can not reach. 12、沉着应战，哪怕考题深似海。 Calmly, even questions like the deep sea. 13、不要自卑，你不比别人笨。不要自满，别人不比你笨。 Do not feel inferior, you are not stupid than others. don't be complacent, others are not stupid. 14、你想是怎样的人，你就是怎样的人;你想成为怎样的人，你就会离这个目标不会太远。 What kind of person you want to be, what kind of person you are, what you want to be, you will not be far away from the goal. 15、遇到会做的题：仔细；遇到不会做的题：冷静。
提高英语写作的方法与技巧 1．背景 写文章难，用英语写文章则更难。理由很简单，中国人若想用英 语写文章，首先必须具备一定的语言水平，即必须掌握英语中最基本 的词汇和语法，必须具备写出通顺连贯的英语句子的水平，同时还要 懂得一点英美文化背景知识和一定的修辞法。所有这些要素都是用英 语写作的基本前提。用英语写文章难的另一原因是，英语写作与汉语 写作虽有很多相同之处，但因为社会文化背景的差异，两者之间又有 些不同之处，像思维模式、遣词造句、文体风格等都存有着明显的差异，我们只有了解了这些差异，并在实践中灵活利用这些差异，写出 的文章才能合乎英语习惯、流畅得体，达到书面交际的目的，所以我 们常说，写作不但要表达出想要表达的意念，而且还要得体，要符合 英语表达习惯。当然，要想写出像样的文章，除扎实的语言功底外， 还需要具备其他一些水平，其中包括审题水平、选材水平、谋篇水平、思维水平、分析水平、想象水平以及比较渊博的文化知识。 2．存有的问题 当前学生用英语写作文存有以下几个突出问题：一是语言表达水 平差，这是语言基本功不扎实造成的；二是语言不规范。三是分析问题、理解问题的水平不强。关于第一个问题，主要表现在遣词造句、 语法的规范化方面；学生们不善于选词，想到哪个就用哪个，学了很多，记了很多，会用的却很少。所以，应用时往往苦于无法用英语完 全表达思想，随之就产生了汉语式的句子。关于第二个问题，主要表 现在句型意识弱，对于一些习惯表达法知之甚少。学生只会写： “ Computer is very important to our life.” 却很少通过阅读学 会这样的句子：“ Computer is playing an increasingly important role in our daily life ” 又如：“ The transportation can p romote the tourism industry greatly” , 这个句子好不好，还有没有其他表达法，通过学习写作知识，我们知
商务英语信函写作地简洁原则 随着全球经济一体化进程地不断发展,世界范围内地经济合作与交流也在不断增多.人们不可能跟自己地贸易伙伴一一亲自会面协商.而且我们常常需要将自己地贸易伙伴做出地各种承诺变成有籍可查地文字记录.这时商务信函就成了取代亲自拜会地一种便宜有效地沟通媒介.我们给贸易伙伴地每一封信都代表着自己 所在公司地形象,显示着公司地水平和实力.“一封好地商务信函有助于促进和发展同客户地关系,在促进达 成新地业务方面起着积极地作用.”（摘自《丹尼尔·肯尼迪方法：推销信创造地奇迹》）所以在写作时我们应该严格遵守并且灵活运用“7C”原则： Completeness（完整）Concreteness（具体） Correctness（正确）Conciseness（简洁） Clearness（明晰）Courtesy（礼貌） Conscientiousness（诚意） 这七个原则是商务信函写作地最基本地指导原则,对于写好一封商务信函起着很重要地作用. 我们知道,在商务活动中,时间和效率对于每一个商务人士来说都是非常重要地.在和自己地贸易伙伴合作和交流地每一个环节上,我们都要尽可能地减少给对方造成时间浪费,以便对方能够在同我们地商务交往中提高效率.写作商务信函最直接地目地就是进行有效地沟通和交流,简洁地表达与有效率地掌握分寸是最重要地.因此,商务信函地写作重点应始终放在“效率”二字上,短小精悍、切中要点.简洁就是用最简单地话语准确地表达自己地意思.而无需以牺牲完整、具体、礼貌为代价.一般不需要礼节性地寒暄,最好是开门见山、直入主题；语言精练,言简意赅.信函中地冗言必须省去,尽可能地将交易地详细事项整理后,简洁地向对方陈述,要尽可能地避免毫无重点而罗嗦冗长地写上好几张地情形.让对方很清楚地了解你想说什么,非常轻易地领会你地意图,从而快捷迅速地做出反应. 在商务写作过程中,笔者认为简洁是最重要地一个环节,同时也是最难做到地.所以下面我将对简洁原则从全文组织结构、段落、句子和词汇这四个方面作一些研究和探讨. 一、压缩篇幅,删繁就简. （一）3W式结构. 一封商务信函地全文结构可以用3W 来表示,即：Why do you write the letter? (第一部分) ；What’s the detailed reason? (第二部分) ；What do you expect your reader to do? (第三部分).我们在上文中已经提到过,商务信函写作地最主要目地就是沟通和交流.收信人或许每天都要看很多地信函,一封冗长、拖沓、空洞、开头就不得要领地信函第一眼看到会让人感到厌烦,从而对写信人地印象大打折扣. 1、第一部分（Why do you write the letter?）：在信函地一开头就要目地明确、简明扼要告诉读信者为什么要写这封信,如： 例（１）：I am replying to your letter of April 15 asking us to clear our March payment. 这样地开头直接告诉对方写信是为了回复对方4月15日让己方对三月份地订货付款地来信.这样可以使得读信人立刻知道写信地意图,在读信地时候可以有充分地心理准备,或者把注意力集中在问题地重点上.不会因为一些无关紧要地寒暄而分散注意力. 在这方面,我们最应该注意地就是避免中国式地寒暄和问候,不要为了追求客气而落入俗套. 例（２）：It was a long time since I saw you in Qing Dao 3 months ago. 这样地信函开头不仅罗嗦、冗长,而且会给收信人一种错觉：这是一封朋友之间相互问候地私人信件.因而将它搁置一边,待自己较为空闲时再看,很可能会因为延迟阅读而给双方带来无可弥补地损失. 2、第二部分（What’s the detailed reason?）：即商务信函地征文,叙述事实或者理由来支持信里地第一句.会显出你郑重其事、思想缜密.把所要列举地事实或者理由合并成最重要地一点或者两点,在不影响清楚准确地基础上越简洁越好.如：
音卓教育培训高考英语作文万能模板 一、英语书信的常见写作模板 开头部分： How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America. 结尾部分： With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier. 二、口头通知常见写作模板 呼语及开场白部分： Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make. 正文部分： All the teachers and students are required to attend it. Please take your notebooks and make notes. Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups. Please come on time and don’t be late. 结束语部分： Please come and join in it. Everybody is welcome to attend it. I hope you’ll have a nice time here. That’s all. Thank you. 三、议论文模板 1.正反观点式议论文模板 导入： 第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题） Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）
英语写作三原则 原则一：逻辑语义关系标示语的使用 句子间或段落间的命题之间的语义联系可以通过逻辑关系标示词直接连接起来，以显性的语言成分形式出现于篇章表层；这就是所谓的语篇逻辑语义的“显明性” (explic itness)。但在有的情况下，或是因为信息本身的逻辑关系非常清楚，或是因为情景语境已经提供了必要的启示，即使没有连接性词语，句子与句子或段落与段落之间的逻辑关系也可以通过隐性的衔接手段连接起来；语篇逻辑语义的这种特征被称为语篇逻辑语义的“隐含性”(implicitness)。连接是指用连词、副词或词组（短语）等逻辑关系标示语把两个命题联系起来的手段,可用来表示两个小句之间的逻辑语义关系。绝大多数的语言研究者认为英汉语篇逻辑语义的确存在显性或隐性的差异。如朱永生（2001：102）认为，与其他所有衔接手段相比，连接是英汉两种语言之间差别最大的一种衔接手段；再如，连淑能（1992）认为，由于汉语注重意合，在汉语的语篇中，隐性的连接成分是相当常见的，是读者或听话者很容易接受和理解的一种语言现象。而英语注重形合，英语中语篇连接成分在绝大多数的情况下是显性的。因此，这种“显明性”和“隐含性”在一定程度上反映了英汉两种思维方式的差异和这种差异所造成的英汉两种语言在语言表达上的差异。在英语写作学习过程中，中国学生由于受汉语隐性连接传统方式的影响，在两个命题之间常常不使用逻辑语义关系标示语，有时甚至因为理解问题而误用逻辑语义关系标示语，因而造成逻辑关系表达不清的问题。 在英语写作具体行文过程中，连接或表示语篇中不同命题之间逻辑语义关系的成分就是我们所谓的逻辑关系标示语。它们往往是一些常见的小词。比如说，“and”一般被用来表示并列或递进关系；“but, however, yet, nevertheless”等一般被用来表示转折关系；但是值得注意的是，越是常见的词，就往往越为学生所忽视；加上受汉语逻辑语义“隐含性”特征的影响，中国学生在学习英语写作时极易出现逻辑关系标示语的误用甚至于不用。因此，在英语写作过程中，我们应当着重培养自己对这些标示语的敏感性。 原则二：照应标示语的使用 照应（anaphora）又称前指。从广义上来说，它指的是语言表达中一个词或短语在语篇中被用来（回）指同一语篇中另一个词或短语的语言现象。前者一般被称为前指词（anaphor），后者一般被称为先行词（antecedent）。两者之间是一种语义上的共指（co-reference）关系。这种共指关系可以出现在同一句、同一段落或同一篇章中，是篇章连贯的主要手段之一，因而近几十年来一直是语言学、心理学、人工智能、语言教学等学科的研究对象。根据先行词与前指词之间的关系及其词法和句法特点，照应关系可以分为三大类：句际照应、动词性照应和名词性照应，分别如下例所示（划线部分分别为先行词和前指词）： （1）John told me that he could finish the test in half an hour, but I wouldn’t b elieve it. （2） a. He went to the part yesterday. So did his wife. b. Perry bought a blue jacket, and Tom ? a black one. （3）John bought a red car and Paul bought a white one. 在这里，我们所说的照应标示语（又称指称词语）指的是名词性照应，它包括所有名词性的词语，如代词、名词等。照应标示语之所以能够成为保持语篇逻辑语义关系的重要手段之一是因为其指称性。苏东坡诗曰：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只
小学英语在线学习|小学英语写作方 法和技巧 【--考试祝福语】 作文在小学英语考试中占了很大的分值，那么究竟怎样做才能写好一篇小学作文呢?下面给大家介绍小学英语写作方法和技巧，欢迎阅读! 小学英语写作方法和技巧要写好英语作文，具体要做到以下几点： 注重英文阅读习惯的养成与坚持 坚持英语阅读的习惯，不仅可以保持对英语语感的敏感度，更重要的是它有助于培养英式思维，从而避免汉式思维句子的出现。 (1)平时多读，积累句型：读的越多，语感欲强烈，写作的时候自然而然就可以自如的运用灵活多变的句式来完整一篇小作文了，另外建议多积累名言警句、谚语等以作为高级句型运用与作文中。 (2)选出一些代表性范文精读：选出不同题材的优秀作文范文，读的时候注意文章的开头、结尾、层次结构以及所用
句型等。要有目的、用学习的心态来精读优秀范文，并做到学以致用。 注重平时的写作训练 英语写作训练可以以日记、话题或仿写的形式来进行。通过坚持一个学期的英语日记，保持英语写作的习惯。所以一定要坚持每周两到三次的写作训练，正所谓习惯成自然就是这个道理。 五步写出一篇好作文 什么才是好作文呢?很多同学误认为只要像学校平时测验那样子“句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误”就应该得满分。而小升初对作文的考核并非如此简单，同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么除了以上两个方面外，我们怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文而在小升初中获取高分呢?下面就来看我们的“高分作文五步法”。 (1)认真审题，确定时态人称，同时关注题材格式 时态：故事性文章一般用过去时，其中表达感受时可用现在时。说明性或议论性文章一般用现在时，举例时可用过去时。根据题目要求也会出现时态的交错使用，如过去和现在的对比等。如果句中出现了时间状语，时态则要遵循时间状语。 如ago，last…过去时;next，in…将来时等 人称：注意在句子中人称的统一。
新课标下高中英语写作教学原则的探究 张晓宁 中文摘要：在英语学习听、说、读、写四项基本技能中，写作一直被认为是最难的，且难以达到令人满意的程度。普通高中英语课程标准在语言技能部分对写的技能目标作了更明确，更高的要求。本文分析了目前高中学生英语写作中存在的主要问题，并针对此着重阐述了新课程标准下高中英语写作教学的一些基本原则，旨在促进高中英语写作教学，达到培养和提高学生英语写作能力的目的。 关键词：新课标；高中英语；写作教学原则 [Abstract]:Writing has been considered to be the most difficult task of the four basic skills in learning English. More definite and higher requirements on English writing are put forward in the New Ordinary Senior High School English Curriculum Criteria.This paper analysed the senio r students’ main problems of English writing and illustrated some important English writing principles under the New Curriculum so as to promote English writing teaching and improve senior students’writing abilities. Key words: New Curriculum; senior English; writing teaching principles 一、研究目的和意义 写作是一种思维活动，是学生表达思想的方式。英语写作能力训练是发展学生思维能力和表达能力的有效途径，也是衡量教学效果的标准之一(王笃勤，2002)。《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》（中华人民共和国教育部教育部，2003）（以下简称《课标》）对九级语言技能目标——写作能力的描述如下：（1）能用英文书写摘要、报告、通知和公务信函等；（2）能比较详细和生动地用英语描述情景、态度或情感；（3）能阐述自己的观点和评述他人的观点，文体恰当，用词准确；（4）能在写作中恰当地处理引用的资料及他人的原话；（5）能填写各种表格，写个人简历和申请书，用语基本正确、得当；（6）能做简单的笔头翻译；（7）能在以上写作过程中做到文字通顺，格式正确。 《课标》同时详细列出了写作技能评价方式和评价标准。其中测试方式有：（1）短文写作（日记和小故事等）；（2）实用性写作（卡片、信件、说明、留言和填写表格等）；（3）图文信息转换（图表描述、信息解读和写配图说明）；（4）接续完成文段；（5）写电子邮件等。对学生的作文主要从内容要点、语言使用效果、结构和连贯性、格式和语域以及与目标读者的交流五个方面进行评价。 近几年来，针对“哑巴”英语，听说能力受到了关注，阅读能力也得到了重视，相比之下，人们对写的教学意义就显得估计不足(杭宝桐2000)。的确如此，高中新课标实施5年以来，纵观我校高中英语写作教学，我们发现学生的英语写作能力与新课标要求还有一定的差距。因此，笔者认为，教师只有认真领会新课程标准的精神，理解《课标》提出的写作要求，并在平时教学中有计划、有目的地去训练，才能逐步培养学生的写作兴趣，有效地提高学生的英语写作能力。 二、高中生英语写作中常见的问题 根据对高中学生英语习作进行的抽样调查分析, 我们发现目前高中生英语写作中常见的问题主要有以下几个方面. （一）写作认识不足 在教学实践中，笔者收集了关于学生对英语作文的态度。谈到英语写作，仅有极个别的学生把写作看成是愉快的经历。大部分学生则抱着非常无奈的态度，敷衍了事。还有部分学生承认“怕写作，错误到处都是，很灰心”。
高考英语作文开头万能句子 1．开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型： a prober b says, “ you are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） it goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型：as everyone knows, no one can deny that… 2．开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：according to a recent survey, about 78.9％ of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显荆笱蚶鲜η爰俚睦碛傻敝?8％都是假的。 travel by bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85％的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70％都是在休闲娱乐。 five－day work week better than six－day work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98％的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： a recent statistics shows that … 额外奉献: As time goes by,.....随着时间的流逝 There is no doubt that...毫无疑问... As far as I'm concerned, I think....就我而言，我认为... It is said that...据说... Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 It is ...that...强调句 It is important for sb to do sth. there be句型 Compared with A, B is more ...与A相比，B更... in my opinion 在我看来 It is high time that we did sth.是我们做..的时候了。
强烈推荐：英语写作7个必备的原则 英语写作时，如果能够巧妙运用这七个原则，那么，得高分是显而易见的事！所以，让我们好好体会这七个原则并在写作时加以运用吧！ 一. 长短句原则 工作还得一张一弛呢，老让阅卷老师读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！ 强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二. 主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！ 特别提示：隐藏主题句可是要冒险的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 三.一二三原则 领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。阅卷老师们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）