英语语法——非谓语动词
一. 非谓语动词种类及句法功能
（一）概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能
1）逻辑主语
为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。
①不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：
It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。
It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。
It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。
It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。
②动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：
Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw.
玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。
Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher.
小李的迟到让老师很恼火。
Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much.
我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。
They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together.
他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。
③分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：
Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个兰色的球体。
这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …
Laughing and chatting, the puples left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, … 独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。
We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。
The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。
The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 岁着树的不断长高，树阴也越来越浓密了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.
把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。
2）宾语
第一类是有些动词之后面只能使用动名词做宾语。这些动词有：admit（承认），acknowledge, appreciate（感激）, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, understand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …（from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
He is considering changing a job. 他正在考虑换个工作。
第二类是既能带动名词又能带不定式作宾语的动词：attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具体使用情形请看下述详细解释：
①在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用两种结构，无有区别。如：
Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner? 饭后你继续干花园的活，好吗？
She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜欢别人奉承她。
②need, want, require, deserve等动词表示“需要，值得”时，有两种结构可以用：一是使用动名词的主动式表被动；二是使用不定式的被动式。两者没有意义上的区别。如：
The flowers want watering. = The flowers want to be watered. 花该浇水了。
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut. 我的头发该理了。
His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised.
他的工作应该受到表扬。
③remember, forget, regret等后面使用动词不定式表示未发生的动作；而使用动名词时表示已经发生的动作。如：
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.
我很遗憾地通知你我们无法安排你的就业。
I regret being unable to help you. 我很遗憾当时未能帮你。
Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 别忘了上班的路上把信寄走。
I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上给我的信发走。
④try后跟动名词表示“试一试”；和动词不定式连用表示“努力，试图”。
This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 这位外国客人试着用毛笔写字。
He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他试图骗这老头的钱。
⑤mean, intend后跟动名词表示“意味着”；接不定式表示“打算”。如：Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算读完这本书。
What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year.
他在会上说的意思是他要出国。
⑥prefer后使用动名词还是不定式有这么两种情况：当我们谈论一般情况时和当我们说在两种活动之间更喜欢哪一种的时候，一般使用动名词；另一种是和不定式连用，一般用来引导另一个短语。如：
Do you like swimming? ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.
你喜欢游泳吗？--- 当然。但是我更喜欢驾驶帆船。
Can I give a lift? ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.
你顺便坐我的车走好么？---- 不用了，谢谢！我喜欢步行。
I prefer reading to going shoping on weekends. 周末我喜欢读点书，不喜欢逛街。
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s. 我觉得与其开车跑那么远到你母亲那里过周末，倒不如在家更好些。
⑦allow, advise, forbid, permit等在没有人做宾语的情况下接动名词；如果有人做宾语时则用不定式。如：
Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 对不起，教室不准抽烟。
We don’t allow people to smkoe here. 我们不许人们在这里抽烟。
I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park.
我不建议开车去，因为没有停车的地方。
I would n’t advise you to take the car. 我劝你不要开车去。
第三类是带to的短语。而实际上这个to是介词，如果不加区分，一律把它看作是动词不定式的小品词的话，很容易判断失误。这一类的短语主要有：attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如：
I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible.
我在盼望着尽快收到她的来信。
He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他强烈反对乘飞机。
3）动词不定式和分词用做宾语补足语
动词不定式和分词都可以用做宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的动作和状态。其区别在于不定式表示一个完整的动作，而分词则表示一个完整动作的过程。如：
I sawe her get on the tractor and drive it away. 我看见她上了拖拉机把它开走了。
I smelled something burning in the kitchen. 我闻到厨房什么东西有股糊味。
一般而言，能这样用的动词分为两类：第一类动词既可后接不定式又可接现在分词和过去分词：接不定式时表示一个完整的动作；接现在分词时表示宾语是动作的发出者，表示一个完整动作的一个过程；而接过去分词时，宾语则成为动作的承受者。这类动词有：see, hear, make, let, have, watch, feel, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to。如：
I heard somebody sing an English song in the next room.（表示一个完整的动作）
I hear somebody singing an English song in the next room.（表示完整动作的一个片段）
I heard an English song being sung in the next room.（表示完整动作的一个片段）
I heard an English song sung in the next room.（表示一个完整的动作）
第二类动词一般表示“致使”，要用分词做补足语：have, set, keep, get, catch, leave 等。
The sight of the inviting melon in such a hot summer day set me watering.
在这么炎热的夏天看到那些诱人的西瓜着实令我口水直流。
You won’t catch me doing that again. 我绝不会再做那事了。
His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose.
他的一番话禁不住让我疑惑他的真实意图。
The smoke started her coughing. 烟呛得她直咳嗽。
4）动词不定式和分词用作状语
根据对非谓语动词词性的分析，大家知道，动词不定式和分词同时还具有副词的词性特征，因此能在句子中充当状语。
与分词不同的是，动词不定式在句中做状语时，主要表示目的、结果、原因；而分词做状语主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、伴随等。
一般判别二者之间的区别使用是根据不同的标志词来确定的，或者说用marker 来确定它们。例如，动词不定式表示目的的有in order to, so as to。表示结果的有：so … as to, such … as to, enough to, too … to等。请看例句：
He shouted so as to be noticed.（目的）
She started early in order to avoid the rushing crowds.（目的）
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bike?（结果）
He is such a fool as to think that his idle chat can influence others.（结果）
The boy is old enough to look after himself.（结果）
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letter.（结果）
She wept to hear the news.（原因）
I rejoiced to hear that my son had been admitted into the famous university.（原因）
分词的表现形式是通过悬垂结构的句意来判断的，但是要请注意，悬垂结构中的逻辑主语一定是后面主句中的主语，检验的办法就是用主句的主语很分词结构还原成一个状语从句。如：
①时间
Looking up suddenly, Robert saw a rainbow in the sky.
Floating on water, a ship displaces an amount of water equal to its own wweight. Hearing the news that her son was rescued, she felt greatly relieved.
②原因
Not knowing how to pronounce the word “plough”, the Frenchman looked up it in a dictionary.
Considering the importance of the experiment, they checked the result again and again.
Living in a remote village, we rarely have visitors coming.
③条件
This same thing, happening in the peacetime, would be a great disaster.
Unless meeting with unexpected difficulties at the office today, I shall be home early tonight.
④让步
Granting the achievements to be great, we have no reason to be conceited.
Walking and sleeping, he has the plan in his mind.
The chemical composition of water is H2O, whether being solid, liquid or vapor.
⑤结果
Their car was caught in the traffic jam, thus causing their delay.
We introduced a lot of advanced devices, thus saving much time and labor.
⑥目的
The people are working hard, striving to realize our country’s modernization.
We held a meeting, marking the anniversary of his death.
⑦方式（也称做伴随）
Theu stood by the roadside, watching the parade.
She stood motionlessly vacantly, looking at the sea.
They sat together, studying carefully the design of the new project.
5）省略不定式小品词to的情形
在不定式中，小品词to有时可以省略。主要在以下几种情形中：
①在由make, let, see, feel, watch, have, hear, help, notice, observe, listen to, look at 等动词引出的作宾语补语的情况时。
②在介词but, except, besides 后（动词谓语必须是do，否则还需要小品词to）。如；
What do you like to do besides swim and play football?
Before breakfast we have no class but (except) to read English aloud.
When the enemy surrounded the house, they had no choice but to burn all the important documents.
③在had better, had best, had as good（宁可）, would rather … than, would sooner … than, might as well, rather than后。如：
He had as good study English instead of German. 他宁可学英语也不愿意学德语。
They would rather try and fail than give it up. 他们宁愿试了失败也不愿意轻易放弃。
Let’s finish the work now rather than leave it off till tomorrow.
我们最好今晚把这活干完也别推到明天。
He resigned rather than take part in such a diahonest transaction.
他宁愿辞职也不愿干这桩肮脏的交易。
I would rather die standing than live kneeling. 我宁愿站着死不愿跪着生。
④在下列固定词组中。
We’ll have to make do with dry bread. 我们用干面包凑合吧。
He made believe he was innocent. 他假装无辜。
Don’t let slip such a good opportunity to learn. 不要丢失这样一个好机会。
He let go (of) the rope. 我松了绳子。
I hear say that there’ll be an earthquake soon. 我听说不久要有地震。
Don’t let there be any noise. 不要再制造噪音了。
二、非谓语动词考查点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
1. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled
B. have been canceled
C. were canceled
D. having been canceled
【答案】D。
【解析】独立主格结构做状语表示原因。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如：
1. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making
B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make
D. you delay to make
【答案】B。
【解析】这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲，逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词，其后的动词delay也应该是一个动名词。
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择: 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：______ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water-covered ball. A. Having seen B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having been seen
【答案】C。
【解析】根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析，选项A、B、D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系。惟有选项C是正确答案。
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
(1)状语类别的判断：不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不
定式，如②。
(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系：根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
(3)非谓语动词的否定形式：not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
(4) 独立成分：有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
They are going to have the service man ________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install
B. to install
C. to be installed
D. installed
【答案】A。
【解析】have 之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者时，则应使用动词原形。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.
A. unrecorded
B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording
D. to have been unrecorded
【答案】A。
【解析】分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，英语各类考试中对此用法的考查也比较多。如：
The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told
B. be told
C. being told
D. having told
【答案】D。
【解析】这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况：
(1) 根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.
A. scolding
B. to scold
C. having scolded
D. scolded
【答案】D。
【解析】when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold 与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，所以答案是D。
(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed.
A. like
B. so
C. which
D. as
【答案】D。
【解析】由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。动名词的体也有having done, having been done和being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
I’d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.
A. to get worse
B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse
D. getting worse
【答案】D。
【解析】从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
10）动名词复合结构
动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：
_____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A. The girl was educated
B. The girl educated
C. The girl’s being educated
D. The girl to be educated
【答案】D。
【解析】本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。
一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
（一）概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能
1）逻辑主语
为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。
①不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：
It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。
It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。
It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。
It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。
②动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：
Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw.
玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。
Xiao Li’s being late for scho ol upset the teacher.
小李的迟到让老师很恼火。
Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much.
我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。
They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together.
他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。
③分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：
Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个兰色的球体。
这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …
Laughing and chatting, the puples left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。同上述结构一样，Laughing and cha tting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, … 独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。
We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。
The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。
The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 岁着树的不断长高，树阴也越来越浓密了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.
把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。
2）宾语
第一类是有些动词之后面只能使用动名词做宾语。这些动词有：admit（承认），acknowledge, appreciate（感激）, avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, und erstand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …（from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
He is considering changing a job. 他正在考虑换个工作。
第二类是既能带动名词又能带不定式作宾语的动词：attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具体使用情形请看下述详细解释：
①在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用两种结构，无有区别。如：
Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner? 饭后你继续干花园的活，好
吗？
She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜欢别人奉承她。
②need, want, require, deserve等动词表示“需要，值得”时，有两种结构可以用：一是使用动名词的主动式表被动；二是使用不定式的被动式。两者没有意义上的区别。如：
The flowers want watering. = The flowers want to be watered. 花该浇水了。
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut. 我的头发该理了。
His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised.
他的工作应该受到表扬。
③remember, forget, regret等后面使用动词不定式表示未发生的动作；而使用动名词时表示已经发生的动作。如：
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment.
我很遗憾地通知你我们无法安排你的就业。
I regret being unable to help you. 我很遗憾当时未能帮你。
Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 别忘了上班的路上把信寄走。
I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上给我的信发走。
④try后跟动名词表示“试一试”；和动词不定式连用表示“努力，试图”。
This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 这位外国客人试着用毛笔写字。
He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他试图骗这老头的钱。
⑤mean, intend后跟动名词表示“意味着”；接不定式表示“打算”。如：Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算读完这本书。
What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year.
他在会上说的意思是他要出国。
⑥prefer后使用动名词还是不定式有这么两种情况：当我们谈论一般情况时和当我们说在两种活动之间更喜欢哪一种的时候，一般使用动名词；另一种是和不定式连用，一般用来引导另一个短语。如：
Do you like swimming? ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.
你喜欢游泳吗？--- 当然。但是我更喜欢驾驶帆船。
Can I give a lift? ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.
你顺便坐我的车走好么？---- 不用了，谢谢！我喜欢步行。
I prefer reading to going shoping on weekends. 周末我喜欢读点书，不喜欢逛街。
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s. 我觉得与其开车跑那么远到你母亲那里过周末，倒不如在家更好些。
⑦allow, advise, forbid, permit等在没有人做宾语的情况下接动名词；如果有人做宾语时则用不定式。如：
Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 对不起，教室不准抽烟。
We don’t allow people to smkoe here. 我们不许人们在这里抽烟。
I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park.
我不建议开车去，因为没有停车的地方。
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car. 我劝你不要开车去。
第三类是带to的短语。而实际上这个to是介词，如果不加区分，一律把它看作是动词不定式的小品词的话，很容易判断失误。这一类的短语主要有：attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如：
I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible.
我在盼望着尽快收到她的来信。
He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他强烈反对乘飞机。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
高中英语语法讲解不定式 （The Infinitive） 定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，既可以有自己的宾语和状语。 E.g. He want his students to read the book aloud. A． 1不定式的构成（以动词do为例） 2 不定式的意义 不定式的一般式(to do ) 一般式表示的动作或状态，发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后My wish is to become a doctor He seemed to be tired. She stopped to have a rest. 不定式的被动式 (to be done) 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动式. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. I am going to Beijing, I have something to take to my parents, do you have something to be taken to your parents? 如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时, 不定式表示动作正在进行,这时候不定式就要用进行式.（to be doing） They are said to be building another bridge across the street. They seemed to be talking about something important. When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. I’m glad to be working with you. 如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式 (to have done) ；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done). He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He thought it a pity not to have invited us. The assistant seemed to have been fired. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. Einstein is said to have built up his theory when he was in his twenties. 如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行的动作，就要用完成进行式. They are said to have been collecting folk song in Xinjiang. We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month.
初中英语语法非谓语动词专项练习 1. The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 2. —You were brave enough to raise objection at the meeting. —Well, now I regret _______ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 3. We agreed _______ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not do 5. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 6. _______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lost 7. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
英语语法知识汇总-五年级 英语语法知识汇总 一、词类： 1、名词 这里强调两点：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is 名词复数如何加后缀：
2、人称代词和物主代词 人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 3、指示代词
4、冠词 有a、an、the。a和an的区别：an用于元音音素（一般就是元音字母a、e、i、o、u）前，a用于辅音音素前。 二、否定句： be动词（am、is、are）+not、 情态动词can+ not、 助动词（do、does）+ not 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为否定句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，直接在be动词后+ not。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，直接在情态动词后+ not。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应用助动词+ not。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 （2）确定助动词用do、does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用d o，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does， （3）在助动词后加not。 （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。
强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 三、一般疑问句。 如何将一个肯定的陈述句改为一般疑问句： 1、看句中有无be动词，如有，把be动词提到句首即可。 2、看句中有无情态动词，如有，把情态动词提到句首即可。 3、如上述二者都没有，就应把助动提到句首。分四个步骤： （1）肯定陈述句中本来是没有助动词的，要加上去，位置在主语（某人或某物）后，动词前。 I do like you. （2）确定助动词用do还是does，根据句中动词，动词是原形的助动词就用do，动词是第三人称单数的助动词就用does He does like you. （3）把助动词后提到句首。 Does he like you? （4）原句中动词假如发生变化就要恢复成原形。 强调一点，有some的要考虑是否要用any。 四、特殊疑问句。 表示疑问，有疑问词（在开头），回答有很多种可能。
一、选择题 1．—Let's think about _______ A Bite of China tonight? —That sounds good! A．watch B．watching C．to watch D．watches 2．—Do you prefer basketball with me? 一No,I’d rather at home and watch TV. A．play;stay B．to play;to stay C．play;to stay D．to play;stay 3．If you really don’t know _______ at the party, you can come to me. A．who will you talk with B．who to talk C．who to talk to D．who you will talk 4．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A．managing; seeing B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managed; to see 5．Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone. A．swim B．to swim C．swimming D．swam 6．—It’s time _____ lunch. —OK. Let’s _____. A．for; go B．for; going C．to; going D．to; go 7．— Mr. Wang, I have trouble __________ the text. — Remember __________ it three times at least. A．to understand；reading B．understanding；to read C．understanding；reading D．to understand；to read 8．Dan shows an interest in musical instruments and is often heard _____ the guitar. A．play B．played C．playing D．to play 9．The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A．feel , to keep B．to feel, keep C．feel, keep D．to feel ,to keep 10．It usually takes him half an hour ________ the homework. A．finish B．finishing C．to finish 11．The journey made them ________very tired. A．to feel B．feeling C．feel 12．I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map.
高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】【专题要点】 非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下： 1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语； 2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语； 3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语； 5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别； 6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别； 8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式； 10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。 【教法指引】 非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别； 2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式； 3.非谓语动词完成式的用法； 4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语； 5.非谓语动词用作目的状语； 6.非谓语动词用作结果状语； 7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；
8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题； 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题； 10.“（be+）过去分词+介词”结构； 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 （1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here．这里禁止抽烟。（抽象） It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。（经验） Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。（经验） （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 （1）不定式作表语 1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。
巧记跟不定式和动名词做宾语的动词用法 语法体现语言的规律,学好英语离不开语法学习。其中，动词的用法是重点，也是难点。对于谓语动词和非谓语动词的用法，学生普遍感到困难。学生感到50多个动词，用法难以掌握，但调整了单词的排列顺序，根据汉意编写顺口溜会方便记忆： （一）跟不定时作宾语的动词有： 打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire) 假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish) 决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help) 设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse) 好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt) 选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn) 告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 不定式宾语要牢记！ （二）跟动名词作宾语的动词有： 考虑（consider）完成（finish）多练习（practise） 避免（avoid）冒险（risk）求建议（suggest/recoomend） 面对（face）喜欢（enjoy/appreciate）和介意(mind) 允许（allow）承认（admit/permit）或放弃(give up/abandon) 推迟（put off/delay/postphone）逃避（escape）不原谅（excuse/pardon）提及（mention）坚持(keep/insist on）要想象（imagine/fancy） 还有词组feel like 和can’t stand！ 瞧！，我们就这样快快乐乐地记住了吧！ （三）在动词remember, try, regret, forget, need/want/require， stop, mean等后跟动名词V-和不定式意义不同，巧记一句话（记住努力；后悔忘记；需要停止；很有意义），学习采用对比法： remember to do something记着去做某事（现在还没有做） remember doing something记着曾做过某事（以前做过某事） try to do something努力、尽力做某事 try doing something试着做某事（看能否达到预期的结果） stop to do something开始做某事（停下正在做的事，开始做另一事） stop doing something停止做某事（停止正在做的事） regret to do something对将来做的事感到遗憾、惋惜 regret doing something对已经做过的事感到后悔
初中英语语法-非谓语动词的讲解
初中英语语法非谓语动词的讲解 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用） Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ..分词起形容词作用） He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch ...不定式起副词作用) 谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语， 而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） Mr. Li came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. （to have a talk.... 不定式作状语）2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的 限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy.（coming 起名词作用） There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming 起形容词作用) 非谓语动词的形式变化： 不定式主动 被动 一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing 现在分词主动 被动 一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written
初中英语语法基础知识汇总(1) 英语语法基础知识词类-名词Noun 名词（Noun．-n．） 第一部分：名词基础知识 定义：人、地、物、事或观念等名称叫做名词。 人：Edison（爱迪生），Helen（海伦），Mr．Wang（王先生） 地：Asia（亚洲），China（中国），New York（纽约） 物：book（书），dog（狗），tree（树），water（水） 事或观念：work（工作），music（音乐），truth（真理） 注： 1．如人名、地名、国名等属于该名称持有者专用的名称，其第一字母必须大写，如E dison，New York，China。 2．名词亦有可数和不可数之分，如果是可数的就有单数和复数的区别。所谓复数就是多于一个的意思，通常是在单数名词的词尾加“-s，es，ies，…”以示其为复数。例如： a book（一本书）two books（两本书） one boy（一个男孩）some boys（一些男孩） one girl（一个女孩）many girls（许多女孩） 名词在句子中的主要功能如下： （1）作句子的主语，例： Miss Lin is our English teacher． （林小姐是我们的英语老师。） （2）作句子的主语补语或宾语补语，例： John and Tom are good friends． （约翰和汤姆是好朋友。—主语补语） I call my puppy “Luck”． （我叫我的小狗“来福”。—宾语补语）
（3）作及物动词的直接宾语，例： Can you ride a bicycle?（你会骑自行车吗？） （4）作介词的宾语，例： You can go by taxi．（你可以乘出租车去。） 第二部分：名词单复数-单数变复数 一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。 例：friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces 二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化：统一加读[iz]。 例：bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes 三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories 四、以-o结尾的名词，如果不是外来词或缩写，就加-es，否则加-s构成复数。 读音变化：加读[z]。 例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes 反例：silo→silos; piano→pianos（外来词）; photo→photos; macro→macros（缩写词）五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves，但有例外。 读音变化：尾音[f]改读[vz]。 例：knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves 反例：roof→roofs 还有一些不规则变化，请参照中学英语频道相关文章。 第三部分：名词所有格 A. 's用在单数名词以及不以s结尾的复数名词之后： a man's jo b 男人的活儿
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay 延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受
worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.
一、选择题 1．When I walked past the park, I saw some old people ________ Chinese Taiji. A．does B．did C．doing D．are doing 2．When he saw the photo, he couldn’t stop ________ her stay in London. A．think of B．to think of C．thought of D．thinking of 3．Let’s go to t hat shop________some school things. A．buying B．to buy C．bought 4．We should do what we can _________ animals in danger. A．save B．to save C．saving D．saved 5．（2016天津中考）I wanted to see the Beijing Opera, so Lingling offered me to watch an opera. A．took B．takes C．to take D．taking 6．________TV too much is bad for your eyes. A．Watching B．Watch C．Watches D．Watched 7．The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A．feel , to keep B．to feel, keep C．feel, keep D．to feel ,to keep 8．---I think you should stop ______ him in English. ---I see. He can’t understand English at all. Let me try in French. A．talking to B．to talk to C．talk to D．to talking to 9．The journey made them ________very tired. A．to feel B．feeling C．feel 10．I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map. A．to get B．to get to C．get 11．During the mid-autumn festival, family members often gather together _______ а meal, admire the moon and enjoy the moon cakes. A．share B．to share C．sharing D．shared 12．At the party, Lucy ________ like a Mickey Mouse to make us ________. A．dressed up, laugh B．dressed up, to laugh C．dressed on, laugh D．dressed on, to laugh 13．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A．managing; seeing B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managed; to see 14．—It’s too hot. Would you mind my________ the window? — ________, please do it now. A．to open; OK B．opening; Certainly not C．opening; Of course D．to open; Good idea 15．—It’s twelve o’clock.—It’s time________.
初中英语语法常考知识点汇总 一、介词by的用法 1、意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。 Some are singing and dancing under a big tree。Some are drawing by the lake。 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。 2、意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。 Your son will be all right by supper time。 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term？ 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲？ 3、表示方法、手段，可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。 The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing。 猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph。 孩子的父亲是那么的感激，于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。
4、表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。 One by one they went past the table in the dark。 他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。 5、表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。 What time is it by your watch？ 你的表几点了？ 6、和take ，hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。 I took him by the hand。 我拉住了他的手。 7、用于被动句中，表示行为主体，常译作“被”、“由”等。 English is spoken by many people。 英语被许多人说。（即“许多人讲英语。”） 二、动名词doing 动名词相当于名词，在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。 1、作主语
小学阶段必备的英语语法知识点，时态，句型，常用词大全，你需要的都在这儿了，多读几遍，记在脑子里哦！ 1现在进行时 表示正在发生的事情或进行的动作，常与now,listen,look等词连用，结构是主语+be动词(am,is,are)+动词ing. 如：It is raining now. 外面正在下雨 It is six o’clock now. 现在6点了 My parents are reading newspapers in the sitting room. 我父母正在客厅看报纸 Look!The children are having a running race now. 看！孩子们正在赛跑 问句将be动词移前，否定句在be动词后+not. 2一般现在时 表示经常反复发生的事情或动作，常与often,usually,sometimes,always,every day(week year…)on Sundays等词连用。 结构是主语+动词原形；当主语为第三人称单数即he,she,it,Tom,my mother,the boy等词时，动词后加s或es. 如：We have an English lesson every day. 我们每天都要上英语课 Do the boys run faster than the girls?Yes,they do. 男孩比女孩跑的快吗？是的 问句借助于do,does否定句借助于don’t,doesn’t，后面动词一定要还原。 3一般过去时 表示发生在过去的事情或存在的状态，常与just now;a moment ago;…ago;yesterday;last(week; month;year;Monday;weekend);this morning等词连用。
初中英语语法-非谓语动词教案 初中英语语法-非谓语动词教案一. 非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语 法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。（二）非谓语动词的句法功能 1）逻辑主语为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往 往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。① 不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句： It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。 It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。 It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。 It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。② 动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火。 Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。③ 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬
高中英语动词不定式用法大全(名师总结必考语法知识点，值得下载) 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to 不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如： To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为： It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如： It’s important to pla nt trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介
词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语：（在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。） 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例： I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一
一、选择题 1．—Why are you so excited today? —We were told ____ a picnic this weekend. A．have B．to have C．having D．had 2．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A．managing; seeing B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managed; to see 3．My sister takes a great interest _______ stamps. A．to collecting B．in collecting C．to collect D．collecting 4．________TV too much is bad for your eyes. A．Watching B．Watch C．Watches D．Watched 5．—Such beautiful flowers! I can’t decide _____ for my mom. —For Mother’s Day, it can’t be better to take some carnations（康乃馨). A．when to choose B．which to choose C．how to choose D．where to choose 6．The parade was so wonderful that I couldn’t_______ photos. A．stop taking B．to stop taking C．to stop to take D．stop to take 7．My father likes ________football matches on TV. A．watch B．watching C．watches D．to watching 8．The opera is very difficult. I hope ________ more next time. A．understand B．understanding C．to understand D．understood 9．--- Linda, thanks for____ me. --- ________ A．help, You’re welcome.B．helps, No thanks. C．helping, No thanks. D．helping, You’re welcome. 10．I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map. A．to get B．to get to C．get 11．During the mid-autumn festival, family members often gather together _______ а meal, admire the moon and enjoy the moon cakes. A．share B．to share C．sharing D．shared 12．—Let's think about _______ A Bite of China tonight? —That sounds good! A．watch B．watching C．to watch D．watches 13．We should do sports _________ us ________ fit. So I play basketball every day. A．to help; keep B．help; keeps C．help; keep D．to help; keeping