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衔接点12 句子成分及基本句型（初高考点差异及衔接）初中简单学习英语句子的成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类及【初中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】一. 英语句子的成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类。
（1）主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的对象。
由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式充当。
He is a student. 他是一名学生。
（代词he作主语）（2）谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征。
由动词或动词短语充当。
She loves cats. 她喜爱猫。
（动词love作谓语）（3）宾语：指谓语动作所涉及的人或物。
一般由名词或代词充当。
We speak Chinese. 我们讲汉语。
（名词Chinese作宾语）（4）定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。
主要由形容词、代词、数词等充当。
I like light music. 我喜欢轻音乐。
（形容词light作定语）（5）补语：主要用于对宾语的补充和说明。
一般由名词、动词的非谓语形式、形容词充当。
He will buy me a gift. 他将给我买份礼物。
（a gift作宾语me的补语）（6）状语：说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、方式或条件等。
一般由副词或状语从句充当。
He is watching TV at home. 他在家看电视。
（at home作状语指明动作发生的地点）（7）表语：说明主语身份、特征、属性和状态，位于系动词后面。
由名词、形容词等充当。
My father is a writer. 我父亲是一名作家。
（a writer作表语）二. 六种基本句型分析下列句子成分1.Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5.He broke a piece of glass.6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．7.---I love you more than her，child8. Tees turn green when spring comes.9.They pushed the door open.10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.11.Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．12.We will make our school more beautiful.13.He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．14. She showed us her many of her pictures.15. The old man lives a lonely life.【高中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】考纲解读句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
语法衔接-三大从句07名词性从句教材衔接知识链接一.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.it作形式主语it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
It is a pity that you didn't go to see the film.It doesn't interest me whether you succeed or not.2.用it作形式主语的结构（1）It is＋名词＋从句It is a fact that...事实是··...It is a surprise that...令人惊奇的是···..·（2）It is＋形容词＋从句It is strange that...奇怪的是···..·It is necessary that...有必要··...·It is important that...重要的是···..·（3）It＋不及物动词十从句It seems that...似乎·.·..·It appears that...似乎···..·It happens that...碰巧·.·（4）It＋过去分词＋从句It is reported that...据报道······It is believed that...人们相信····.·It is known to all that...众所周知·····3.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that则不然。
衔接点07 被动语态（初高考点差异及衔接）【初中被动语态考点聚焦】1.Sand turns to glass when it by lightning. A.hits B.is hitC.is hittingD.will be hit 2.Now teenagers to do voluntary work for their local communities.A.are encouragedB.were encouragedC.have encouragedD.are encouraging3.Luckily ，many traditional art forms like Wuxi Opera (pass) on and stay alive. 4.—I hear that you took part in a forest clean ⁃up activity last Sunday. —Yes ， it by our school green club to protect forests. anizes anizedC.was organizedD.will be organized 5.It’s a long time! I can’t remember when this picture in Jinshan Park. A.was taken B.takesC.is takenD.took6.To make the environment much better ， more trees next year. A.plant B.will plantC.are plantedD.will be planted7.—How exciting! The 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou in September 2023.—Yes，I can’t wait to watch the Games.A.holdsB.is holdingC.was heldD.will be held8.The plan they paid much attention to (discuss) at tomorrow’s meeting.9.During the Tang dynasty(唐朝), nearly everything produced in the world on the streets of Chang'an.A.is foundB.has been foundC.will be foundD.could be found10.A lot of teenagers think as they are older and wiser, they to make their own decisions.A.should allowB.shouldn’t allowC.should be allowedD.shouldn’t be allowed【高中名词考点聚焦】考纲解读语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语的关系。
句子的成分及结构（初高考点差异及衔接）【初中代词考点聚焦】简单句的6种基本结构1. S + V +P 主+ 系+ 表2. S + V +O 主+ 谓+ 宾谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
这类动词叫做及物动词。
eg: Who knows the answer?She laughs at her.3. S +V 主+ 谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
eg: Time flies.Class begins!4. S +V + IO + DO 主+ 谓+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。
这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。
eg: She passed him a new dress.I told her nothing.5. S + V + O + OC 主+ 谓+ 宾+ 宾语补足语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意完整。
eg: We keep the table clean.They painted the door green.6.There be句型1. They work hard.2. The flower is dead.3. Plants need water.4. He gives me some seeds.5. We should keep the plants in the shade.6. Many animals live in trees.7. The cake tastes delicious.8. Classes begin at eight every day.9. They haven't decided where to go next.10. Jim cannot dress himself.11. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year.12. Shall I call you a taxi?【高中代词考点聚焦】简单句的八种基本句型英语句子按照其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
专题03名词性从句目录考点聚焦：核心考点，有的放矢重点速记：知识点和关键点梳理，查漏补缺牛刀小试：知识点和关键点训练，能力提升学以致用：提升专练，全面突破考点一主语从句考点二宾语从句考点三表语从句考点四同位语从句考点一主语从句在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。
主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。
另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。
连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。
由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。
①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。
主语从句②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful.形式主语真正主语（主语从句）说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。
that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that 不能省略。
由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。
①Whether he’ll come(or not)hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。
主语从句谓语②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not.形式主语真正主语（主语从句）③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come.（误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided.说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。
此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。
由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。
衔接点16 特殊句式（初高考点差异及衔接）初中要求主语学习疑问句、感叹句、祈使句、反义疑问句【初中特殊句式考点聚焦】考点一疑问句1. is your hometown? I can’t find it anywhere on the map.A.WhatB.WhichC.WhenD.Where2.—have you been a member of the Youth League?—For three years.A.How longB.How manyC.How oftenD.How far3.—do you play volleyball，Amy?—Three days a week.A.How longB.How soonC.How oftenD.How much考点二感叹句1. clever girl Kitty is! She can come up with some creative ways to finish the project.A.WhatB.How aC.HowD.What a2. great scientist Yuan Longping is! He spent all his life on the research of rice.A.WhatB.What aC.HowD.How a3.t is really a pleasant time to have a picnic on a warm sunny day.(改为感叹句)pleasant time it is to have a picnic on a warm sunny day!考点三祈使句1. fast to your dreams，for if dreams die，life is like a broken⁃winged bird that can never fly.A.HoldB.To holdC.HeldD.Holding2.—Cindy，out the rubbish when you leave. And I’ll do the dishes.—OK，Dad.A.takeB.takesC.tookD.to take3.—Your room is in a terrible mess，Tom. your books here and there next time.—OK，. I’ll put them away in five minutes，Mum.A.Don’t leave;I won’tB.Won’t leave;I willC.Don’t leave;I willD.Won’t leave;I won’t考点四反义疑问句1.—Those poor children need our help，they?—. Let’s raise books and clothes for them.A.needn’t;YesB.don’t;YesC.need;NoD.do;No2.—You have joined the Singing Club，haven’t you?—. I like singing，but I don’t have any time.A.Yes，I doB.No，I don’tC.Yes，I haveD.No，I haven’t3.—The athlete’s already been back to England，he?—. He is still on a visit to Shanghai.A.hasn’t;NoB.hasn’t;YesC.isn’t;YesD.isn’t;No【高中特殊句式考点聚焦】考纲解读所谓强调，就是指要突出句中的某一个部分，使其显得更加重要。
专题01 《劝学》同步教学讲义1、积累文中重要的文言常用实、虚词，古今异义，词类活用，通假字，特殊句式等。
2、学习本文比喻论证、对比论证的方法，提高围绕中心论点合理论证的能力。
3、理解从三个角度论述中心论点的方法。
一、文化常识1.了解荀子荀子（约前313～前238），名况，战国末期赵国人。
著名思想家、文学家、时人尊称为“荀卿”，汉代著作因避汉宣帝刘询讳，写作“孙卿”。
曾三次出任齐国稷下学官祭酒，后为楚兰陵令。
韩非和李斯均是他的学生。
他是先秦儒家的最后代表人物，继承了孔子学说，又能扬弃其消极成分，并批判吸收各学派的思想学说，成为先秦朴素唯物主义思想的代表人物。
其散文说理透彻，气势雄浑，语言质朴，句法简练缜密，多排比，善譬喻。
《荀子》一书共32篇，其中26篇为荀子所著，末6篇或为其门人弟子所记。
2.了解《荀子》《荀子》是战国时期荀子和弟子们整理或记录他人言行的哲学著作。
全书一共32篇，其观点与荀子的一贯主张是一致的。
在前27篇中，也有几篇，如《议兵》、《大略》等可能是他的学生整理而成的。
荀子文章擅长说理，组织严密，分析透辟，善于取譬，常用排比句增强议论的气势，语言富赡警炼，有很强的说服力和感染力。
3.解题《劝学》是《荀子》第一篇，“劝”是“劝勉”的意思。
4.写作背景荀子主张人性本恶，他认为，人的本性是好利恶害，如果任人顺性发展，人与人之间就会互相争夺，使社会陷入混乱；必须由圣人制定礼义，进行教化，才能使人转而为善，使社会正常安定。
所以他认为人性是恶的，而善则是后天人为教育的结果；善不是性，而是“伪”。
他强调学习、积累，注重创造良好的社会风气给人以潜移默化的影响。
《劝学》正是在这种背景下创作的。
5.了解荀子的思想主张学习目标知识梳理天道自然的思想荀子将“天”、“天命”、“天道”自然化、客观化与规律化，见于他的《天论》一文。
“列星随旋，日月递炤，四时代御，阴阳大化，风雨博施，万物各得其和以生，各得其养以成，不见其事而见其功，夫是之谓神；皆知其所以成，莫知其无形，夫是之谓天。
介词〔初高考点差异及连接〕【学校介词考点聚焦】一、时间介词 1They will finish the work an hour. 他们将在一小时后完成这项工作。
2 a warm spring afternoon 在一个暖和的春天的下午3He has studied English 2000. 自从2000年他就开头学英语了。
二、方位介词4Japan is the east of China.位于中国的东部。
5There is a bridge the river.这条河上有一座桥。
6Our teacher usually stands the classroom. 我们的老师通常站在教室前面。
三、方式介词同义句转换7He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijing .8I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer to travel.用by,over,in,on 填空9This toy is not machine is made hand.10In the morning I usually listen to the news the radio.四．介词与名词、动词、形容词的搭配依据提示,完成句子11Wine is made grapes.葡萄酒是用葡萄酿造的。
12Clothes are used keeping us warm.衣服是用来为我们保暖的。
【高中介词考点聚焦】考纲解读介词的考查形式多样, 除了单纯考查介词外, 还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。
此外, 在定语从句中, 也常考查“介词+关系代词〞的用法。
有些介词的考查频率较高, 如with, beyond。
考点清单考点1 常考介词根本用法单句语法填空1. the first day of my first grade, I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach.2. Favorable policies are effect to encourage employees’ professional development.3. The captain of the ship was advised to turn back due a sudden heavy storm.4. If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s homedinner, get a few cooking tips from her.5. The answer this question is not clear.6. We were first greeted the barking by a pack of dogs, seven to be exact.考点2 介词短语介词短语的考查主要分为以下几类:1. 介词+名词类: 例如: at war在战斗中; at noon在正午; by bus乘公交车; by accident/by chance偶然, 意外地; in advance提前; in detail具体地; on holiday在度假; on purpose成心地; beyond description难以描述; under construction在建设中; under pressure在压力下; with pleasure愿意地; with difficulty困难地, 等等。
一、词法1、名词（1）名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。
不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。
物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计，都称为不可数名词。
不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。
要表示“一个……”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。
要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。
如：chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，news等。
（2）名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。
B.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。
C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。
D.以f，fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es。
（3）名词的所有格A.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。
如：the worker’s bike，the Children’s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后加’s。
如：This is Lucy and Lily’s room.These are Kate’s and jack’s rooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加-s构成的复数形式的名词，只加’。
如：the students’books，the girls’blouses(另外：如果名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。
如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。
)2、代词人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词（1）人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves（2）物主代词物主代词的用法：形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟一个名词；名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。
句子成分一．句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
二．主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）三．谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。
状语从句跟踪练习再战初中考点---夯实基础1.（2018·云南）We don’t know the love of our parents we become parents ourselves one day.A. untilB. afterC. whenD. since2.（2018.吉林）32. I sleep with the window open ______ it’s really cold.A. unlessB. tillC. or3. (2018·江苏常州)Time waits for no man. But some people won’t realize the importance of time ______it’s gone.A. asB. sinceC. whenD. until4.(2018·辽宁本溪）Kevin became a volunteer to save endangered animals _____ he had no such experience.A. becauseB. ifC. thoughD. until5. （2018·新疆阜康米泉）The river will become dirtier and dirtier _______ we take action to protect it.A. sinceB. ifC. untilD. unless6.（2018·云南昆明）______ I have lost everything in this terrible earthquake, I have not lost my life.A. BecauseB. SoC. AlthoughD. If7. (2018 • 吉林长春) The sky is much bluer ________ we have t aken action to protect the environment.A. becauseB. beforeC. untilD. unless8. (2018内蒙古包头)29. Air pollution will remain a problem for a long time, _____we have done a lot to solve it.A. thoughB. sinceC. unlessD. if9.(2018·内蒙古呼和浩特)9.__________you must go and play football，at least wait until school is over．A．If B．Whether C．Unless D．So that10. （2018·广东深圳）—Do you still remember our primary school teacher, Mrs. Liu?—Yes, she always encouraged us and gave us support___ we met difficulties.A. wheneverB. whateverC. however11. （2018•广西贵港中考) Mr. Smith has learned Chinese for only half a year, he can speak it very well.A. ButB. SoC. AlthoughD. And12. （2018•贵州黔南)Jack has learned more about teamwork(团队合作) ________ he joined the soccer team.A. untilB. sinceC. whileD. though13. （2018•四川泸州)Your dream will not come true you keep trying your best.A. whenB. unlessC. whetherD. because14. （2018·海南中考）_____ the girl is only six years old, sh e knows more than 300 ancient Chinese poems.A. IfB. UnlessC. Although15. (2018·河北) Bob, dinner is ready. Please wash your hands ______ you eat.A. untilB. afterC. whileD. before16.(2018 湖北恩施)35 --Excuse me. Is it my turn now?--Not yet. Please wait outside your name is called.A. untilB. sinceC. so17. (2018·湖北黄石) I always get up early on weekdays, ______ I’m afraid I will be late for school.A. becauseB. soC. thoughD. then18. （2018·湖北随州）Some people won't realize the importance of their health they ______ lose it.A. becauseB. after C when D. until19. (2018•湖北宜昌)—It has been much easier for me to go to work ________ shared bikes appeared. —But they also caused plenty of problems.A. sinceB. beforeC. unlessD. though高中考点牛刀小试——多维度感知考点差异Ⅰ. 单句语法填空1．Lessons can be learned to face the future __ __history cannot be changed.2．You will never gain success ____you are fully devoted to your work.3__ __the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.4．We need to get to the root of the problem__ _we can solve it.5．__ _the job takes a significant amount of time，most students agree that the experience is worth it.6．That's why I help brighten people's days. If you__，who's to say that another person will?7．There is only one more day to go__ _your favorite music group play live.8．If you miss this chance，it may be years _ __ you get another one.9．It is so cold that you can't go outside__ __fully covered in thick clothes.10．—Can I lie about seeing a text message because I was too busy or lazy to respond to it?—Receiving a text message does not necessarily mean you have to respond. Why waste a perfectly good lie __ __ the truth will serve?11．Though it has been one year __ __ he came to the city, he knows every street here like the back of his hand.12．—What did he think of the trip to Beijing last month?—He had such a good time __ _ he visited the Great Wall.13．Little __ __ he knew about classical music, he pretended to be an expert on it.14．People in Dali are very friendly and honest to you _______ you are a foreigner or just a local. 15．You can smoke here _____________ you leave a window open to let the smoke out.16．Just__________ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence，a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.Ⅱ. 语法填空在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
AMy classmate Michael studied very hard __1. he went to senior school. Every day he worked __2. every one left the classroom. He said he wouldn't stop trying __3. __ he got satisfying scores in his studies. Hard __4. __ he tried, he made little progress, but he didn't lose heart at all __5. __ he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. __6. _ time went by, he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Guangzhou at last. We had a get－together party __7. __ we started our new life in university. __8. _ everyone had got offers from universities, we had a very good time. When we stood __9. _ we used to play and study, we couldn't help thinking of our happy old days. We believed we would never forget each other, __10. _ we would go or whatever we would do. Before we departed, __11. __we seemed a little sadder __12. __before, we still fought back the tears.B"Everything happens for the best," my mother said1I faced disappointment. "2you cancarry on, one day something good will happen."After graduating from college, I decided to try for a job in a radio station3work my way up to a sports announcer. I went to Chicago, knocked on the door of every station, 4got turned down every time.In one studio, a kind lady advised me to go to the countryside and find a small station, 5big stations couldn’t risk hiring an inexperienced person. I returned to my hometown, 6was turned down even when I applied for a jo b in a sports department of a store. It wasn’t long7I decided to try my luck again in another city. In Davenport, Iowa, the program director of a company got me beside a microphone and asked me to broadcast an imaginary game.8I began to work in th e company, I’ve always thought of my mother’s words: "Keep on trying 9some day you succeed. Something wouldn’t have happened if not for that previous failure." 10 job I later have done, I always think about what my mother once taught me, which acts as my guideline in life.Ⅲ. 单句改错1．But no sooner had I left when the bus arrived.2．I'm sure that until we keep on practising, it will be easy for us to learn spoken English well.3. One day, I was cooking in the kitchen as the telephone rang.4.[2018山西45校高三第一次联考]But she used to be easy to get angry, especially that she was with family members only.5.[2018安徽合肥第一次英语联考]Half a month passed quickly after I knew it, and I learned how to deal with different people.6.[2018甘肃天水三中第二次段考]The passenger was trying to get her name, so she wanted to post on Facebook about what had happened as a sort of appreciation.7.[2018华大新高考联盟教学质量测评]I would appreciate it whether you could understand and cooperate.IV 单项选择1. You can make a complaint to the local government ______ you are happy with the waythings are.A．unless B．if C．once D．as2. —I like your new shoes!—Thanks. I had to try on almost a dozen pairs ______I decided to get them.A．as B．when C．after D．before3. If you are traveling ______the customs are really foreign to your own，please do as the Romans do. A．in which B．what C．when D．where4. Steps must be taken ______this kind of disaster will never happen again.A．because B．even if C．so that D．as5. No matter ______it will be windy or rainy at that hour，we've decided to leave at five o'clock tomorrow morning.A．what B．whether C．when D．how6. They had no sooner arrived at the airport ______it was time to check in.A．when B．before C．than D．though7. Many people can't learn any lessons from the mistakes they've made _____they get hurt somehow. A．whether B．unless C．if D．as8. Jack felt grateful to his teachers ______he couldn't find words to express his thanks.A．as if B．even though C．for fear that D．now that1、三人行，必有我师。
