上海市高级口译笔试汉译英题型
李鹏编写
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序言
编写这本小书，纯属偶然。
前几天，有网友就上海市高级口译考试笔试汉译英试题向我询问了一些问题。对高口考试我本不陌生，我在备考专业八级考试和人事部翻译资格考试时均曾选用高口真题作为参考资料。借答疑之机，我将高口笔试历年的汉译英试题梳理了一遍，幵对近五年的试题略作评析，整理成这份资料，愿对备考上海高口的网友有所帮助。1997年至2002年的真题的内容和近年真题有一定距离，参考价值有限，但我还是将原文和参考译文整理好，作为附录收入。
考生普遍反映汉译英试题较难，得高分不易。纵观十年真题，总的趋势是难度越来越大，题材越来越广，考生叫难自然在情理之中。但这确实又是考生必须要越过的高峰。汉译英水平提高必然意味着英语整体水平上升。在备考过程中，考生还是要把提高英语质量作为第一要务。平时要多动笔、勤思考，切莫抱有侥并心理，更不要猜题押题。
“勤能补拙是良训，一分辛劳一分才。”愿与各位读者共勉。
李鹏谨识
二〇〇八年七月六日
李鹏按：试题原文根据网文《上海男人与上海女人》改编而成。
【原文】据说，上海男人是最好丈夫。他们总是知道该如何讨妻子的欢心，从而避免了矛盾，一家人其乐融融。所以从某种程度上讲，上海男人是社会安定和谐的象征。当妻子快乐时，他也快乐，因而整个城市也充满了快乐气氛。
虽然上海男人被戏谑为“妻管严”，但他并不屈从于妻子。在与妻子有争议时，他要么保持沉默，要么一笑置之。有时候他会发火，但事后不久，他也会毫不迟疑地道歉。最终他妻子发现，她还是按照他的想法行事。
上海男人聪明、务实，有时也相当圆滑。最令人印象深刻的是，上海男人在事业上有进取心，对家庭有很强的责任感，而且尊重女性。
【参考译文】Shanghai men are said to be the best of husbands. They know how to win the favor of their wives and avoid conflicts so that happiness pervades their families. Shanghai men can be regarded as the symbol of social security and harmony. They are joyful whenever their wives are, thus filling the whole city of Shanghai with happiness.
Shanghai men are jokingly called hen-pecked husbands. However, they will never yield to their wives but remain silent or smile away the quarrels. And they will apologize without hesitation shortly after they lose their temper, which is a rarity. Finally, their wives find themselves complying with what their husbands say.
Shanghai men are smart and practical and even slippery, but what impresses most is that they are aggressive in their career and responsible to their families and respectful to females.
【评析】
1. 首句可以用It is said that…译出。
2.前两句可以合并译为一句，即Shanghai men，who are said to be the best of husbands，know how to win the favor of their wives and avoid conflicts so that happiness pervades their families.
3.“讨……的欢心”亦可译为win sb.?s heart。
4.“社会安定”宜译为social stability。
5.“快乐气氛”亦可译为felicity。
6.用smile away翻译“一笑置之”很妥当，另举两例：
smile away one?s embarrassment 以微笑解除窘态
Smile your tears away. 笑笑吧，别哭了。
此外还可换用dismiss sth. with a laugh/smile或laugh off（to pretend that sth. is less serious than it really is by laughing or joking about it）。
7. “发火”的表达方式有多种，除lose temper之外，还有get angry、flare up、hit the ceiling、fly into a rage和go through the roof等多种。
8. “毫不迟疑地”除可用without hesitation之外，亦可用unhesitatingly。
9.“务实”宜译为pragmatic（dealing with problems in a sensible, practical way instead of strictly following a set of ideas）。
10.“圆滑”亦可译为smooth and wily、slick and sly或tactful。
11.“有进取心”亦可译为enterprising（Someone who is enterprising shows the ability to think of new things to do and has an eagerness to do them）。
12.“女性”亦可译为the fair sex。
李鹏按：试题原文选自《中国的环境保护（1996－2005）》白皮书。
【原文】中国政府高度重视保护环境，认为保护环境关系到国家现代化建设的全局和长远发展，是造福当代、惠及子孙的事业。中国政府将环境保护确立为一项基本国策，在推进经济发展的同时，采取一系列措施加强保护环境。特别是近年来，中国政府坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破，着力解决危害人民群众健康的突出环境问题；坚持创新体制机制，领先科学进步，强化环境法治，发挥社会各方面的积极性。经过努力，环境污染和生态破坏加剧的趋势减缓，部分流域污染治理初见成效，部分城市和地区环境质量有所改善，全社会保护环境意识进一步增强。
【参考译文1】The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection. It believes that environmental protection has a bearing on the overall situation of China?s modernization drive and its long-term development and that it is an undertaking which will not only benefit the Chinese people of today but also bring benefit to their children and grand children. The Chinese government has established environmental protection as a basic national policy. While promoting economic growth, it has adopted a series of measures to protect the environment. Especially in recent years, adhering to the principle of prevention first, comprehensive control, entire push-on and key-point breakthrough, Chinese government has made great efforts to solve those outstan ding environmental problems that threaten people?s health. It has persisted in institutional innovation, relied on technological advances, strengthened the role of law in environmental protection and brought into
full play the initiative of various sectors of the society. Thanks to these efforts, the trend toward aggravated environmental pollution and ecological destruction has slowed down, pollution control in some river basins has achieved some initial success, the environmental quality of some cities and regions has improved to some extent, and the people?s awareness of the importance of environmental protection has increased further.（考试主办机构提供）
【参考译文2】The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection. It believes that environmental protection will have a direct impact on the overall situation of China's modernization drive and its long-term development, and considers environmental protection an undertaking that will not only benefit the Chinese people of today but also their children and grandchildren. Years ago, the Chinese government established environmental protection as a basic national policy and sustainable development as an important strategy, and has adhered to the road of a new type of industrialization. While promoting economic growth, it has adopted a whole array of measures to strengthen environmental protection. Especially in recent years, the Chinese government has adhered to focusing on preventive measures, comprehensive control and overall progress with breakthroughs at some key points, and worked hard to solve conspicuous environmental problems threatening people's health. At the same time, it has continued its efforts for institutional innovation, relied on scientific and technological advances, strengthened the legal system of environmental protection, and brought into full play the initiative of people of all walks of life. Thanks to these efforts, although the amount of resource consumption and pollutants is increasing greatly, the trend toward aggravated environmental pollution and ecological
destruction is slowing down; especially, environmental pollution control in some river valleys has seen some positive results, the environmental quality of some cities and regions has improved, and the people's awareness of the importance of environmental protection has enhanced.（白皮书译文）
【评析】
1.“高度重视”除可译为attach great importance to…外，亦可译为set（或put/lay）great/high store by/on…、lay（或put/place）stress on/upon…、give prominence to…和think highly of…。
2. have a bearing on…需牢记，该短语的含义是to have an effect or influence on sth.。
3.“基本国策”的译法basic national/state policy需牢记。
4.“突出（的）”也可以译为salient。
5.“社会各方面”两种译文处理方法不同，均可参考。people of all walks of life系固定搭配。
6. bring sth. into full play系固定搭配，用来翻译“发挥……的积极性”很妥帖。
7.“经过努力”切不可字对字死译，否则必是中式英语。译为Thanks to these efforts,…才是准确的译文。
8.“进一步增强”译为……has increased further不如译为…has enhanced 简洁、地道。
李鹏按：试题原文选自胡锦涛主席在耶鲁大学的演讲。
【原文】中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不凌弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神，主张“协和万邦”。中国人提倡“海纳百川，有容乃大”，主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。今天，中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路，既通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长，以合作谋和平、以合作促发展，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
【参考译文】The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to good neighborliness. The Chinese nation cherishes peace. In foreign relations, the Chinese have always believed that "the strong should not oppress the weak, and the rich should not bully the poor" and advocated that "all nations live side by side in perfect harmony". The Chinese held that "one should be as inclusive as the ocean which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers" and called for drawing upon the strength of others. Today, China commits itself firmly to peaceful development. It seeks to accelerate its development by upholding world peace. The world peace is, in turn, enhanced by China's development. China firmly pursues a strategy of opening-up for mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. It genuinely wishes to enter into extensive cooperation with other countries. It is inclusive and is eager to draw on the strength of other civilizations to pursue peace and development through cooperation, and play its part in
building a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity. 【评析】
1. “中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。”是一句话，但译文拆为两句，原因在于The Chinese civilization可以和has always given prominence to good neighborliness搭配使用，但不宜和cherishes peace 搭配，所以必须另选主语The Chinese nation再起一句。中文中可以说“中华文明讲求……”但英语中却不能照搬。初学者往往不注意这点，总认为原文是一句，译文自然也是一句。我们既要学会合并的技巧，也要掌握拆分的技巧，目的就是使译文符合英语习惯。此例有代表性。
2.“the＋形容词”表示具有一类性质的人或物，做名词使用。原文中“强”、“弱”、“富”、“贫”四词皆照此规则翻译而成。
3.“协和万邦”译为all nations live side by side in perfect harmony，这是吃透原文含义后的佳译。
4.牢记“海纳百川，有容乃大”的译法one should be as inclusive as the ocean which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers。
5.“吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义”文字极雅，初学者往往不知如何下手，其实这十二个字说的就是“吸取别国的长处”，据此译为draw upon the strength of others。处理下文的“兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长”也是一个道理。此后遇到此类问题均可先转化为自己的语言再翻译。另请联想记忆“取长补短”的几种译法：
①draw on/upon the strong points to make up for one?s own weak points
②learn from each other?s strong points to offset one?s weakness
③overcome one?s own shortcomings by learning from others?strong points
6.牢记“互利共赢”的译法mutual benefit and win-win outcomes。
7.“以合作谋和平、以合作促发展”就是“通过合作来谋求和平和发展”，
据此译为pursue peace and development through cooperation，特别注意pursue（to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth. over a long period of time）的用法。
8.“推动”无法照搬词典译文，必须思考原文内涵后再动笔，此处用play one?s part in doing sth.结构译出较为合理，该短语的释义是：if sth. or sb. plays a part in sth. else, they are involved in it。
【原文】光阴似箭，转眼中国加入世贸组织已经整整4年。4年来，中国加入世贸绝大多数承诺都已兑现，部分承诺的兑现甚至走在规定的时间表之前。在世贸成员关心的知识产权问题上，中国启动法律修改工程，查处大批侵权案件，这些努力均取得了显著成效。中国政府还全面清理了部委和地方的行政法规。
一诺千金，有诺必践，传送着中国的极大诚意，展示了一个负责任大国的襟怀，赢得世贸成员和国际舆论的佳评。在世贸组织的年度审议中，这几年中国都受到充分肯定。为使国内经济与世贸规则相符，中国表现了承担义务的强烈意愿，并且一如既往从未动摇。
【参考译文】How time flies! In a twinkling of an eye it is already 4 years since China acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Over the past 4 years China has honored most of the promises it made when joining the WTO, and the fulfillment of some commitments was even ahead of schedule. In respect of the intellectual property issue that is of concern to WTO members, China launched a law revamp program and investigated a great number of infringement cases. These efforts have achieved remarkable effect. The Chinese government has also revamped the administrative laws and regulations at ministerial and local levels.
By making and honoring promises that can be counted on, China has shown its utmost sincerity and largeness of mind as a great and responsible country/nation, gaining acclamations from WTO members and international public opinion. At the WTO annual deliberations, China?s efforts have been fully recognized over the years. To accord its domestic
economy with the WTO rules, China has manifested strong willingness to undertake responsibility; it has fulfilled its obligations as always and has never wavered.
【评析】
1.Time flies.系英文习语，对译“光阴似箭”十分恰当。类似说法还有Time marches on。“光阴似箭，日月如梭。”亦可直译为Time passes like an arrow with the sun and moon moving fast like shuttles.。考生对常见的中文成语、俗语英译要有一定积累。
2. in a twinkling of an eye系固定表达法，注意不能写为in a twinkling of eyes。此表达法亦可简化为in a twinkling。
3.“整整”可用altogether翻译，例如“这本书整整写了两年。”可译为The writing of this book took two years altogether.。
4.accede是不及物动词，因此后面的to必不可少。accede的名词形式是accession。
5.“中国加入世贸绝大多数承诺都已兑现”即是“中国已经兑现了大多数在加入世贸时许下的承诺”据此译为China has honored most of the promises it made when joining the WTO。“兑现”除可用honour翻译外，亦可用fulfill和make good。
6. ahead of schedule系习语，意为before the planned time。另请掌握behind schedule（落后于计划）和on schedule（按时，及时）。
7.“在……上”其实就是“关于”、“至于”、“就……而言”、“在……方面”，除可用in respect of之外，亦可用in respect to、with regard to、as regards和concerning。此类连接词要熟练掌握。
8. of concern系习语，意为sth. that is important to you or that involves you。
9. “工程”是有中国特色的词语，可译为project或programme，另举几例：
①菜篮子工程shopping-basket programme
②安居工程housing project
③希望工程Project Hope
10. revamp既可作动词，亦可作名词，此处是名词，亦可换用revamping 或revampment。“修改（法律）”亦可用amend或revise，如“修改宪法”可译为amend/revise a constitution。
11. infringement的动词形式是infringe，另请联想“知识产权”的译法intellectual property right（IPR）。
12.“取得了显著成效”系常见搭配，译法亦有多种，如：produce a marked effect、achieve remarkable success和register extraordinary progress等。
13.“一诺千金，有诺必践”较文雅，可以先转化为通俗易懂的白话后再翻译。
14.“襟怀”其实就是“广阔的胸襟”，由large-minded转化为名词词组largeness of mind。此词亦可译为openness of mind。
15.“赢得……的佳评”就是“赢得……的称赞”或“赢得……的赞誉”，可以译为win the commendation of…、earn the acclaim of…、win the applause of…或be acclaimed by…。
16.“审议”译为deliberation或consideration，动词形式是deliberate和consider，另举几例：
①请各位代表审议
submit sth. to the deputies for deliberation/consideration
②正在审议中be under deliberation/consideration
17.“与……相符”亦可译为conform to、agree with和correspond to。联想表示“与……相符”的短语in accordance with/to、in keeping with、in conformity with和表示“与……不符”的短语：out of keeping with。
18. 注意fulfill one?s obligations这个搭配。
李鹏按：试题原文选自2005年8月25日《人民日报》特约评论员文章《论伟大的抗战精神》。
【原文】伟大的抗战精神，蕴含着中华儿女和衷共济的团结精神。面对亡国灭种的民族危机，中华儿女，地无分南北，人无分老幼，有钱出钱，有力出力，举国上下，万众一心，用血肉筑成了一座侵略者不可逾越的新的长城。
“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”，在民族患难的时代，这种浩然之气概，不屈之节操，激励着中华儿女赴汤蹈火，殊死奋战，使救亡图存成为可歌可泣、英勇卓绝的斗争。
今年是中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利60周年。重温那段血与火的悲壮历史，缅怀抗日先烈的丰功伟绩，弘扬中华民族伟大的抗战精神，在今天仍然具有十分重要的意义。
【译文】The great spirit of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is a vivid reflection of the Chinese people?s persistent solidarity. Faced with the national crisis, China?s sons and daughters, here or there, old or young, rich or poor, gather together with one mind and build up an insurmountable Great Wall of resistance, with their flesh and blood.
“Indulge never in money and rank, apostatize never when in pov erty and hardship, surrender never to power and force.” In times of national crisis, this formidable mettle and dauntless integrity prompt China?s sons and daughters to go through fire and water and fight with the courage of despair, making the Anti Japanese War moving and praise worthy.
It is now the 60th anniversary of China?s Anti Japanese War and the
World Anti-fascist War. And it is still of great significance today for us to review the buskined history of fire and blood, to recall the great feats of t he gallant martyrs, and to carry forward our nation?s infinite morale of anti aggression.
【评析】
1.“抗战”即“抗日战争”，译为the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression，另联想“鸦片战争”和“辛亥革命”的译法：the Opium War 和the Revolution of 1911。请注意，此类词语皆有定译，不宜自行发挥，考生需平时注意积累。
2.“中华儿女”、“炎黄子孙”之类词语均可译为the Chinese people或China?s sons and daughters。
3.“和衷共济的团结精神”，细细考量就会发现“和衷共济”和“团结精神”其实是同义反复，因此译为persistent solidarity即可。这是汉译英中的“删减”技巧。考生应试时切莫在细小处纠缠过久，要在最短时间内找到最能反映原文意思的核心词语。处理下文“亡国灭种的民族危机”和“丰功伟绩”也可运用此技巧。
4.“蕴含着”不好处理，但转化后就会容易很多。原文说的就是“抗战精神反映了中国人的团结精神。”据此译出即可。
5.“地无分南北”切不可直译为“南边的中华儿女”和“北边的中华儿女”，这是一种形象化的说法，是指全国各地的中华儿女。因此参考译文的处理方法是合理的。我国杰出的翻译家傅雷先生曾经在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中指出，“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似”,“翻译必须像伯乐相马，要得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外。”我们要好好体会傅雷先生的精辟见解，在翻译时努力做到“得意忘形”。
6.“用血肉筑成了一座侵略者不可逾越的新的长城”如译为build up an insurmountable Great Wall with their flesh and blood则是“译字”而非“译
意”，原文运用了“暗喻”的修辞手法，译文中必须有所体现，所以要在Great Wall后添加of resistance，这样就从“形”和“神”两方面准确传达了原文的含义。
7.“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈”是常见的名句，考生理应有所积累。此句还可译为：not to be corrupted by riches and rank; not to depart from principle despite poverty or humble origin, and not submit to force or threat。在引文前最好添加As an old Chinese saying goes，以保持文章连贯。
8.“可歌可泣”就是“感人的”，译为moving就不会失分。
9.“……，在今天仍然具有十分重要的意义”。可套用英语句型It is still of great significance today for us to do sth.译出。考生在平时学习中要特别注意句型积累，做汉译英时方能得心应手。
李鹏按：试题原文选自杨绛先生散文《记钱锺书与〈围城〉》。
【原文】他在父亲的教导下“发愤用功”，其实他读书还是出于喜好，只似馋嘴佬贪吃美食：食肠很大，不择精粗，甜咸杂进。极俗的书他也能看得哈哈大笑。戏曲里的插科打诨，他不仅且看且笑，还一再搬演，笑得打跌。精微深奥的哲学、美学、文艺理论等大部著作，他像小儿吃零食那样吃了又吃。厚厚的书一本本渐次吃完。诗歌更是他喜好的读物。重得拿不动的大词典、辞典、百科全书等，他不仅挨着字母逐条细读，见了新版本，还不嫌其烦地把新条目增补在旧书上。他看书常做些笔记。
【参考译文】It seemed that he began exerting himself in his studies because of his father?s remonstrations, but actually he studied for the love of it. He liked to study like a glutton greedy for food, his gullet being so large that he would accept whatever food he set his eyes on, refined or coarse, sweet or salty. Even books of the poorest taste could set him guffawing. He would laugh when taking in impromptu comic gestures and remarks during a drama, and he beside himself with joy when repeatedly reliving what he had seen. Huge tomes about profound and abstruse theories on philosopher, aesthetics, and literature and art would be devoured by him like a young child nibbling between meals, and he would …nibble? at these books one after another no matter how thick they were. Poetry is an even greater favorite of his. He loves to peruse large dictionaries and encyclopedias, some of which are so heavy you can hardly hold them in your hands—he not only reads them entry by entry, but upon coming across new editions, he would go to great lengths to
copy the new entries into the old editions. He often takes notes while reading.
【评析】
1. exerting oneself是习语，意为to work very hard and use a lot of physical or mental energy。
2.“在父亲的教导下‘发愤用功’”意为“因为他父亲教导他，他才用功”所以要用because of连接。
3.“馋嘴佬”就是“贪吃的人”，对应英文单词glutton（someone who eats too much），该词的形容词形式是gluttonous。
4.“不择精粗，甜咸杂进”原文中是修饰“馋嘴佬”，但译文中作了变通，以refined or coarse, sweet or salty来修饰food，这样处理并未违背原译，行文也较为简练。
5.“哈哈大笑”对应英文单词guffaw，如果学生不会这个词，以laugh loudly 译出也可以。
6. take in此处意为：if you take in a show, play etc, you go to see it。
7. be beside oneself是习语，意为to be feeling so angry, excited etc that you find it difficult to control yourself。
8.“大部著作”不宜用book，此处用tome（a large heavy book）最恰当，这也是在测验考生的词汇量。
9.“喜好的读物”译为favorite即可，前面已有poetry，“读物”自然可以略去不宜。
10.“大词典、辞典”合译为large dictionaries即可。
11. 作者强调“细读”，译文自然要用peruse（to read sth.，especially in
a careful way），该词的名词形式是perusal。
12.“不嫌其烦地”亦可译为take greats pains、spare no effort或stint no effort。
李鹏按：试题原文系老舍先生四十岁时写的“自传”。
【原文】舒舍予，字老舍，现年四十岁，面黄无须。生于北平。三岁失怙，可谓无父；志学之年，帝王不存，可谓无君。无父无君，特别孝爱老母，布尔乔亚之仁未能一扫空也。幼读三百篇，不求甚解。继学师范，遂奠教书匠之基，及壮，糊口四方，教书为业，甚难发财，每购奖券，以得末彩为荣，亦甘于寒贱也。二十七岁发愤著书，科学哲学无所懂，故写小说，博大家一笑，没什么了不得。三十四岁结婚，已有一男一女，均狡猾可喜。闲时喜养花，不得其法，每每有叶无花，亦不忍弃。书无所不读，全无所获并不着急。教书作事均甚认真，往往吃亏，亦不后悔。如此而已，再活四十年，也许有点出息。
【参考译文】I, Shu Sheyu, style myself Lao She/write under the pseudonym of Lao She. Born in Peking, I am now 40 years old, having a yellow complexion and wearing no beard. When I was 3 years old, my father passed away, so I could be said to have no father. When I was 15, the emperor was dethroned, so I could be said to have no emperor. Without father and emperor, I was especially filial and respectful to my mother. In my childhood, I read the Book of Songs, making no effort to understand the meaning thoroughly. Years later, I attended a normal school, where I laid a foundation for my career as a teacher. In the prime of my life, I roved hither and thither/ went from one place to another to earn a living by teaching. That profession offered me little chance of making a fortune/ getting rich, so I took to buying lottery tickets, I prided myself on/ I took pride in winning the smallest prize, resigned to leading a
poor and humble life. At 27, I made a determined effort to write books. Having got nowhere with sciences and philosophy, I turned to writing fiction merely to amuse my readers. That did not amount to much. Getting married at the age of 34, now I have a son and a daughter, who are mischievous but lovable. I have devoted some of my leisure hours to planting flowers only to prove myself a poor novice to the art of gardening, as more often than not do I find my plants leafy yet flowerless, though emotionally I cannot afford to leave them unattended. I read extensively and got nothing out, but I am not worried about it. I teach and do everything else conscientiously and I often come to grief, but I do not regret. If I can live another 40 years, I may get somewhere.
【评析】
1. 由wear no beard联想到sport beards/mustaches。
2. “现年四十岁，面黄无须。生于北平。”如按顺序翻译即是I am now 40 years old, having a yellow complexion and wearing no beard. I was born in Peking. 亦可调整顺序合并译为Born in Peking, I am now 40 years old, having a yellow complexion and wearing no beard.只要完整地传达了原文意思，文字顺序可以不受限制。
3.“志学之年”语出《论语·为政》：“子曰：吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。”所以要“志学之年”译为“十五岁”此类文化常识，考生应有积累。
4.“怙恃”是依靠、凭恃的意思。《诗经·小雅·蓼莪》中有“无父何怙,无母何恃。”所以后人以“怙恃”代称父母。“失怙”意为父亲去世，宜用pass away翻译，以体现委婉之意，die则太过直白。
5.“三百篇”指《诗经》。
6.“不求甚解”亦可译为：
1.3 US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University 美国副总统在复旦大学的演讲开场白 Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China. // We are grateful for the welcome we have received, especially for the kind of reception here at Fudan University. We thank you for the honor, and we bring you good wishes from President George W. Bush and the people of the United States.// 非常感谢您，市长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们。我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 I know that many of you will soon graduate from this great university. I am told the standards are extremely demanding here, and a degree from Fudan University signifies years of hard work and discipline. I congratulate each one of you on your achievement, and I commend your teachers for upholding the tradition of excellence that marks the 99-year history of Fudan University.
1.第二轮中美战略与经济对话今天在北京开幕。首先，我谨对远道而来的美国 朋友，表示热烈的欢迎！ The second round of the China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogues (S&ED) opens in Beijing today. Let me first of all extend a warm welcome to our American friends coming from afar. 2.很高兴应奥巴马总统邀请，在一元复始的时节来到华盛顿，对美国进行国事 访问。此时此刻，我谨代表13亿中国人民，向美国人民致以诚挚的问候和良好的祝愿！ It gives me great pleasure to come to Washington and pay a state visit to the United States at the beginning of a new year at the invitation of President Obama. Let me extend, on behalf of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, sincere greetings and best wishes to the people of the United States. 3.很高兴来到多伦多参加二十国集团领导人第四次峰会，同各位同事共同讨论 推动世界经济全面复苏这个重大议题。首先，我谨对哈珀总理和加拿大政府为本次峰会所作的积极努力和周到安排，表示衷心的感谢！我还要感谢大家对上海世博会给予的宝贵支持和帮助。 It gives me great pleasure to attend the fourth G20 Summit in Toronto and discuss with you the important subject of promoting full recovery of the world economy. Let me begin by thanking Prime Minister Harper and the Canadian government for their active efforts and thoughtful arrangements for this meeting. I also wish to take this opportunity to express thanks to all of you for giving valuable support and assistance to Expo 2010 Shanghai. 4.很高兴来到首尔参加二十国集团领导人第五次峰会，同各位同事共商促进经 济复苏、推动世界发展大计。首先，我谨对李明博总统和韩国政府为本次峰会所作的积极努力和周到安排表示衷心的感谢！对各国在上海世博会的精彩展示表示诚挚的祝贺！ It gives me great pleasure to attend the fifth G20 summit in Seoul and discuss with
97年11月上海高级口译考试真题(B卷) 一、口语题 Directions: Talk on the following topic for at least 5 minutes. Be sure to make your points clear and supporting details adequate. You should also be ready to answer any questions raised by the examiners during your talk. You need to have your name and registration number recorded. Start your talk with “My name is...” “My registration number is...” 1、Topic: Many people like to travel a lot on holidays. People may travel by air, by sea, by train, by coach or on foot. What do you think is the ideal way of traveling? Explain your argument. 2、Question for Reference: 1. Describe one of your interesting traveling experiences. 2. Make a comparison between air travel and train travel. 3. What do you think is the reward of traveling? 二、口译题 1、Part A （英译中） Directions: In this part of the test, you will hear 2 passages in English. After you have heard each passage, interpret it into Chinese. Start interpreting at the signal… and stop it at the signal… You may take notes while you are listening. Remember you will hear the passages only once. Now let’s begin Part A with the first passage. Passage 1: The trouble with education in Britain lies with the teachers. I don’t think teachers get enough training in actually how to teach rather than the subject they are teaching. They are too serious, too academic and not imaginative enough.//
Mindy按TEXT PASSAGE ONE 汉译英： 1．副总统阁下，威廉斯夫人：贵宾们：女士们，先生们： Your Excellency Vice President and Mrs. Williams, Our distinguished guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: 2．我为能在此设宴招待威廉斯副总统和夫人以及其他贵宾而深感荣幸和愉快。 It is my privilege and great pleasure to host this banquet in honor of Vice President and Mrs. Williams and other distinguished guests. 3．愿借此机会向各位来宾表示热烈的欢迎。 I would avail myself this opportunity to extent my warm welcome to you all. 4．我的心情可以引用孔子在论语中的一句话来表示：有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？ A remark the Analects of Confucius best expressed what I feel now, ”It is suc h a delight that I have friends visiting from afar.” 5．显而易见，威廉斯副总统的这次访问表明了阁下愿意继续推进我们两国之间友好合作关系的决心。 Evidently, Vice President Williams’ current visit has demonstrated his Excellency’s determination to further enhance the friendly and cooperative relations between our two countries. 6．我深信，两国高层领导人之间的频繁互访，不仅有助于我们两国之间关系的改善，而且还有助于亚太地区，乃至整个世界的和平和稳定。 I am deeply convinced that frequent exchanges of visits between the top government officials of the two countries are beneficial not only to the improvement of our relationships, but also to the peace and stability in the Asi a- Pacific region and the world as a whole. 7．我们两国建交以来的这些年里，我们在政治、经济、贸易、文化、教育、科技、卫生等领域里进行了真诚的、卓有成效的合作。 Over the years since the establishment of the diplomatic relationship between our two countries, we have carried out sincere and rewarding cooperation in politic al, economic, trade, cultural, educational, scientific and technological, public health and other fields. 8．值得一提的是，自从我们两国总理互访以来，我们在近海石油勘探和汽车工业方面的合作进展神速。 In particular, our cooperation in off-shore and automobile industry have been advancing rapidly ever since the exchange of visit between your Prime Minister and our Premier. 9．我们对这些领域里取得的成就深感满意，并愿意与贵国政府和人民一起继续努力，将我们的合作关系推向一个新的高度。
Passage 1 女士们、先生们：很高兴能有机会参加这次“中国日”年会。亚洲是世界上最大的洲，拥有世界60%的人口。它资源丰富，历史悠久。中国式亚洲的一员，同所有亚洲人民一样，中国人民勤劳智慧。中国人民愿与所有亚洲人民一起，共创亚洲的美好明天。 Passage 2 我们非常高兴能和你们在英格兰度过这样一段愉快的时光。在告别英格兰的时候，我觉得自己对它和它的历史有了更多的了解。我们希望在不久的将来能在中国接待诸位，请诸位看看中国的变化。现在，我提议为东道主的健康干杯！希望在不久能看见你们。 Passage 3我非常感谢您热情友好的欢迎辞。印度是最古老的文明摇篮之一，访问印度是我的强烈愿望。我为能成为贵公司的客人而深感荣幸。这次访问给予我一次很好的机会结交新朋友。我公司同印度有着有好的合作关系。我们在许多领域里的合作都取得了重大进展。我们的合作是富有成效的。我们将继续成为和睦共助的伙伴关系。 Passage 4今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学接待格林博士和夫人。我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。中新两国教育界人士的互访，增进了相互间的了解和学术交流。我相信格林博士这次对对我校的访问必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系做出重要贡献。明天，贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问，我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。 Passage 5今天各位能出席这个招待会，我们深感荣幸。欢迎到中国来。在发展对外贸易中，我们坚持“互相尊重、平等互利”的原则，这一原则有助于发展我们各国独立的民族经济。我愿借此机会对各位朋友给予我们的合作和支持表示感谢。 Passage 6 在这个满天星斗、举国同庆的夜晚，我谨代表公司的全体同仁，感谢各位来宾从百忙之中拔冗光临我们的春节联欢晚会。春节是我国一年中的良辰佳时，我希望各位中外同事共度一个轻松、欢快的夜晚。我愿外国来宾能尽情品尝中国的传统佳肴和美酒。我希望这次晚会能使我们彼此有机会沟通、增进友谊。最后我再次感谢各位嘉宾的光临，并祝各位新年健康、事业有成。 Passage 7近年来，中国在交通方面的资金投入每年都有所增加，公路建设因此有了很大发展。到去年末，这方面的投资超过了人民币3,200亿元。自从我国实行西部大开发策略后，西部的公路建设也得到了迅速发展。在今后的几年里，西部地区将继续成为公路建设的重点地区。 Passage 8中国加快发展，将给中美关系发展提供新的机遇与动力。例如，中国的旅游业带动航空业的发展，已经给美国企业带来了可观的实惠。中国从美国进口大量的大豆、小麦等农产品，为美国农业提供了广阔的市场。我相信，中国完全有可能在未来的20年乃至更长的时间里，继续保持稳定快速的经济增长。 Passage 9中国是一个发展中国家，人口多，底子薄，农村地区经济不发达。穷
?那么什么是口译？口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并即时传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化、跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。 ?——梅德明《中级口译教程》第一部分“口译概论” ?第二节“口译定义” ?The Criteria of Interpretation 翻译的标准 ?功能对等functional equivalence ?信、达、雅faithfulness fluency/ expressiveness and elegance ?Remember how modern interpretation started? ? ?口译特点The Characteristics of Interpretation (The similarity and difference between T and I) We still need to improve: ?语言解意能力listening comprehension ?反应记忆能力short-term memory and quick response ?信息组合能力summarizing information ?语言表达能力language expressiveness ?文化背景知识all-embracing knowledge ? ?Even more… ?unpredictability —flexibility and expressiveness ?pressure — self-confidence ?solo work —great responsibility ?all embracing knowledge — jack of all trades, master of none ?smart power…… ? ?口译的类型 the categorical classification of Interpretation ?形式 ?交替传译 ?同声传译 ?耳语口译 ?视阅口译
中美两国建交以来，人民之间的交往不断扩大。两国已缔结了23对友好省州和123对姊妹城市。去年，到中国旅游的美国人多达131万人次。中国赴美探亲、求学、经商的有44万人次。中国有超过18万人曾在美国留学，目前在读的留学生有六万余人。而在中国学习的美国留学生只有约3000人，位居外国在华留学人数第三位。中美在教育领域的交流与合作还有很大发展空间。中国绝大多数大中小学都学习英语，总人数超过1.2亿。美国已有近1000所高校和200多所中小学开设了中文课程，华人华侨开办了近600所中文学校，包括在马里兰大学创建的孔子学院。但与中美交往的需要将比，美国的汉语教学任重道远。 下面是presentation内容： Remarks at Jinan University, Guangzhou by U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke Tuesday, October 27, 2009 美国商务部长骆家辉在广州暨南大学的演讲 2009年10月27日 Good afternoon everyone. It is an honor to be with you at Jinan University. I have been looking forward to this visit to southern China for some time. My roots are here. The ancestral home of my family, a village called Jilong, where my mother and father were married, is located here in Guangdong Province. My brother and sisters and I, and our spouses, were delighted to join my parents when they returned for a visit a few years ago. It was the trip of a lifetime for all of us. Let me begin this afternoon by congratulating each of you for your acceptance at one of China’s premie r universities. Jinan has produced countless government, business, and academic leaders throughout its history –and is recognized as one of the leading research universities in China. You are here at Jinan at a time in Chinese and world history that is at the same time frightening and exciting. On top of a struggling global economy, our world has more serious issues to deal with than we'd all care to count. Climate change, poverty, disease, terrorism -- each issue on its own is enough to consume all of our time. But we've got to deal with them all at once. It's enough to make anyone despair for the future. But not me. I'm optimistic and confident the world is equipped to deal with the challenges we face -- and a big part of the reason is seeing young people like you. Because although these problems are daunting, they do have solutions. Many of them can be solved with
2011年3月高级口译翻译真题及答案（汉译英） 合营企业设董事会，其人数组成由合营各方协商，在合同、章程中确定，并由合营各方委派。董事会是合营企业的最高权力机构，决定合营企业的一切重大问题。董事长由合营各方协商确定或由董事会选举产生。董事长是合营企业法定代表人。董事长不能履行职责时，应授权其他董事代表合营企业。 An equity joint venture shall have a board of directors; the number of the directors thereof from each party and the composition of the board shall be stipulated in the contract and articles of association after consultation among the parties to the venture; such directors shall be appointed by the relevant parties. The highest authority of the joint venture shall be its board of directors, which shall decide all major issues concerning the joint venture. The chairman shall be determined through consultation by the parties to the venture or elected by the board of directors. The chairman of the board is the legal representative of the joint venture. Should the chairman be unable to perform his duties, he shall authorize another director to represent the joint venture. 董事会会议由董事长负责召集并主持。董事会会议应当有2/3以上董事出席方能举行。董事不能出席的，可以出具委托书委托他人代表其出席和表决。董事会会议应用中文和英文作详细记录，并在会议结束后14日内送交每位董事，由出席董事会会议的各位董事签字确认。 The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the chairman of the board. A board meeting requires a quorum of over two-thirds of the directors. Should a director be unable to attend, he may make a proxy authorizing someone else to represent him and vote in his stead. Detailed minutes of the board meeting shall be prepared in Chinese and English and shall be delivered to each director within fourteen days of the conclusion of the meeting to be signed and confirmed by each of the directors who attended the board meeting. 2011年3月高级口译翻译真题及答案（英译汉） When President Obama took the stage here Wednesday to address a community —and a nation —traumatized by Saturday’s shootings rampage in Tucson, Arizona, it invited comparisons to President George W. Bush’s speech to the nation af ter the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and the memorial service President Bill Clinton led after the bombing of a federal office building killed 168 people in Oklahoma City in 1995. 本周三，奥巴马总统登台演讲，就上周六亚利桑那州图森市所发生的枪击惨案向饱受心灵创伤的公众及全国发表演讲，人们不禁联想到，布什总统在2001年911袭击之后的演讲、以及1995年克林顿总统为俄克拉荷马州联邦政府大楼爆炸中的168名遇害者举行的追悼会。 But Osama’s appearance presented a deeper challenge, reflecting the tenor of his
上海高级口译教程高频词汇汇总 第一单元外事接待 第一篇 制药有限公司pharmaceutical Co.Ltd 副总经理deputy managing director 研究生graduate student 论文paper 研究成果research findings 实验助手lab assistant 市中心downtown area 假日酒店Holiday Inn 旅馆招待费hotel accommodation fee 招待所guesthouse 舒适如归make https://www.doczj.com/doc/904717601.html,fortable 不尽如人意之处inconvenience in life and work 排忧解难help sb.out 第二篇 Stanford University斯坦福大学 a land of wonder充满奇观的国家 head office总部 magical power神奇的魅力 Oriental东方的 Confucianism儒家思想 Taoism道家学说 inexplicable难以言表的 set foot on踏上……的土地 cosmopolitan city国际大都市 maximize充分利用 in no time不久 rewarding有成效的 第二单元礼仪祝辞 第一篇 阁下your excellency... 建交the establishment of diplomatic relations 近海石油勘探offshore oil exploration 积贫积弱,任人宰割enduring impoverishment,long-standing debility and was for a time at the mercy of other countries 落后要挨打lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks 刻骨铭心的教训never-forgotten lesson 中华民族伟大复兴the rejuvenation of China 不懈努力make unremitting efforts 与时具近keep pace with the times
Lesson 1 1.3 美国副总统复旦演讲 韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。 我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。我祝贺在座各位学业有成。对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。 1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton University Ladies and Gentlemen, Good evening. I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton, “At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.” I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes
值得一看的口译资料 口译资料 高级口译笔记——文化交流（Cultural Exchange） 一、词汇 汉字的四声（平声、上声、仄声和去声）the four tones of Chinese characters, namely, the level tone, the rising tone, the falling-rising tone, and the falling tone 笔画stroke 部首radical 偏旁basic character component 象形文字pictograph 独角戏monodrama/one-man play 皮影戏shadow play 折子戏opera highlights 单口相声monologue comic talk 对口相声comic cross talk 说书monologue story-telling 传说legend 神话mythology 寓言fable 武术martial art 气功controlled breathing exercise 气功疗法breathing technique therapy 春联spring couplet 剪纸paper-cut 戏剧脸谱theatrical mask 草药的四气：寒、热、温、凉four properties of medicinal herb: cold, hot, warm and cool 草药的五味：酸、苦、甘、辛、咸five tastes of medicinal herb: sour, bitter, sweet, hot and salty 二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms 天干地支the heavenly stems and earthly branches 清明节the Pure Brightness Day 端午节the Dragon Boat Festival 中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival 文化事业cultural undertaking 民族文化national culture 民间文化folk culture 乡土文化native/country culture
上海市英语高级口译岗位资格证书考试第一阶段试题（06.9） 1: (30 ) A: : , a . . . . . . a (1) , . I (2) . (3). , (4). , (5) . a (6) , a , , , (7) . (8). . (9) ? I (10). , , , (11). , 30 , (12) ! (一三). , , . (14). , (一五) , (16) . (17) . (一八), , . a ‘’ ‘’ . a , (19) . , (20). B: : . , . , . . 1 5 . 1. (A) 85 . (B) , . (C) . (D) . 2. (A) . (B) a “ ” . (C) . (D) 100. 3. (A) , , , . (B) , , , . (C) , , , . (D) , , , . 4. (A) a . (B) . (C) a , . (D) , , . 5. (A) . (B) . (C) a . (D) . 6 10 . 6. (A) 3 20 . (B) a . (C) . (D) 2050. 7. (A) . (B) a ’s . (C) . (D) .
(B) . (C) . (D) a . 9. (A) 6 7.(B) 8 10.(C) 11 16.(D) 17 25. 10. (A) . (B) . (C) . (D) . 11 一五 . 11. (A) A . (B) A . (C) . (D) . 12. (A) .(B) .(C) . (D) . 一三. (A) .(B) (C) A .(D) . 14. (A) ——. (B) ——. (C) ——. (D) ——. 一五. (A) . (B) . (C) . (D) . 16 20 . 16. (A) . (B) ’ . (C) , . (D) , . 17. (A) . (B) ’ . (C) . (D) ’ . 一八. (A) . (B) . (C) a . (D) a . 19. (A) . (B) .(C) . (D) . 20. (A) ’s .(B) ’s .(C) ’s . (D) ’ ’s . 2: (30 ) : . . , (A), (B), (C) (D), . . 1—5 a a a a . , , . , , , a . , ’s , a , . ’s , , . ’s . “ a , ’t ,” , a , a , 25 . , a ’t . , , , . . a ’t , ’t , a a ’t . “ , ,” , a . “.” , . , . “ ’ , ,” , a , ’ . , , “ a , ‘’ . , a .” , , . “ ’t . ,” , a , a ’s . ’s a , , , . “ ,” , a a ( ), . , . , . 1. ? (A) a . (B) a . (C) . (D) .
上海高级口译第四版教材与第三版教材对比 上海英语高级口译证书考试项目系列教程（以下简称“高级教程”）第三版与2006年由上海外语教育出版社出版发行。第三版出版五年来，国际和国内局势发生了不少变化。与时俱进是口译工作的特点，作为英语口译证书考试项目系列教程，需要根据形势的变化对内容作必要地更新。为此，上海市高校浦东继续教育中心和上海外语口译证书考试委员会2010年决定组织修订英语高级口译证书考试项目系列教程，并于2011年推出第四版。 沪江小编发布了第四版教材的书讯（点击查看>>）后，大家都很关心教材的更新情况，这里，小编请到沪江网校的老师们在教材更新方面给大家做个详解。 《高级听力教程》： 从整体来看，《高级听力教程》是高级教程中改动幅度最大的教程。全书改动比例约为70%。主要体现在： 1. 新版听力教程更注重“实用性”。新版教程一个最大的特点是删除了旧版教材中“和考试题没有直接关系”的内容。旧版教材中有40%左右的内容是和考试题没有直接关系的，比如说听力理解题后的“T/F题”，“排序题”“outline填空题”“听力问答题”等。但旧版教材设置大量看似“与考试无关系”的题，其实用意是让学生完成从一般的英语听力理解到听译的过渡。这40%的内容难度在一般的听力理解题和听译阶段之间。考生认认真真学习完整套教材后，会发现自己的听力能力，听译能力在不知不觉中得到了实质性的提升。 新版教材删除了这40%的内容，取而代之的是与考试题型一致的材料，凸显了听力教程的实用性。新版教材根据听力考试题型设置板块和内容，使听力教程更具有针对性。考生如果能扎实学完整套听力教程，会发现自己在解答各种题型时会更熟练，同时听力能力和听译能力也有长足的进步。 2. 新版听力教程听力材料更新比例约为60%，新选听力材料更具“时代感”，同时也延续了旧版教材中“选材多样化”的特点。听力教程16个单元80篇课文中有48篇是新的。比如说第一单元增加了Single-sex Education, 第二单元增加了Increasing Juvenile Crime、Because You are a Lawyer、The Victim of a Crime, 第三单元增加了Mass Urbanization、Modern Life is Full of Nasty Noises、How is Urbanization Negatively Affecting Our Society?等等。这些新选的材料贴近生活，同时也很具有“时代感”。 《高级口译教程》 与旧版相比，新版《高级口译教程》全书的调整幅度有40%左右，主要体现在： 1. 50%左右的单元中课程内容有更新，新选课文“时代感”增强，语言口语化，内容更有趣。新版口译教程中，单元课程内容有更新的单元包括第2，第3，第5，第9，第12，第13，第14单元。调整内容主要是新选了1~2篇配套练习。新选的课文主要是近4年的会议致辞。比如说，第2单元新选的2篇课后练习英译中为2008年ＪＫ罗琳在哈佛大学的演讲，中译英为2009年杨洁篪在日内瓦外交与国际关系学院的演讲。第13单元新选的课文有2007年温家宝总理在新加坡国立大学的演讲，2010年温家宝在联大的题为《认识一个真实的中国》的演讲。
Unit 1 1.Working together, our people have done well. Our economy is breaking records, with more than 22 million new jobs, and the lowest unemployment in 30years齐心协力，我国人民取得了巨大成就，我国经济正在创新的记录，新增工作岗位2200万个，并且创下了30年来最低的失业率 2.Thanks to the continuing boom in technology shares on the stock market, this year the richest have added to 5 billion more to their wealth.由于在证券市场上技术股的不断上升，本年度富人的财产增值了50亿。 3.As for this type of camera, there may be cheaper ones on the market, But when you look at the quality and the design, You’ll agree our price is the most favorable. 就这类照相机(而言)，市场上可能会有比它更便宜的，但如果你注意以下质量和设计，你会认可我们的价格是最优惠的。 4.In 1995,the market share of our product was quite small, only 5%, In 1999, it has increased to 20%, By the year 2005 we expect the figure to go over 50%.在1995年，我们的产品市场占有份额很小，只有5%，在1999年，增加到20%，到2005年，我们期望会超过50% 5.In the United States, most enterprises are multiproduct firms. For example, American automobile manufacturers are also responsible for such diverse products as diesel locomotives, buses, refrigerators, guided missiles, and air conditioners.在美国，大多数企业是多产品的公司，比如，美国的汽车制造商同时也负责各种其他人员柴油烟机，公共汽车，冰箱，制导导弹和空调机 6.Inflation can have a number of causes. It can be caused by rises in prices of raw materials: Factories have to pay more for their law material, and as a result they have to put up the prices of their products. 通货膨胀可以是由于几方面的原因引起的，可以是由于原材料价格的上升，工厂不得不为原材料支付更多的钱，结果他们不得不提高产品的价格。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/904717601.html,rge wages rises can lead to inflation, too: If workers are paid more, prices go up and the cost of living rises. Changes in the value of currency are another cause of inflation. If the pound goes down in value. Then it costs more to import goods from other countries. 大幅度工资增长也会导致通货膨胀：如果工人的报酬增加，物价就会上涨，生活费用也会上升。货币价值的变化是通货膨胀的另一个原因：假如英镑贬值，那么从其他国家进口货物时就要多花钱了。 1.将近三倍的油价暴涨导致了两位数的通货膨胀以及全球经济的衰退The near-tripling of oil price resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. 2.中美联系现在十分广泛，涉及到我们人民生活的各个方面，包括商业，文化，教育以及我们的国家安 全政策。Sino-American ties have become very extensive, affecting all aspects of our people’s lives: commerce, culture, education and our national security policies. 3.人们往往希望雇主支付他们高于市场的工资，他们渴望灵活的工作日程，他们要求公司股票股买全， 还有学习的机会。People always want employers to pay them above the market rates, they seek flexible work schedules, they want stock options and a chance to learn. 4.对我来说，创业最大的障碍是搞清楚它是否切实可行，要做到这一点真的很难，因为我以前从未涉及 过这个行业。For me, the biggest hurdle to get the business running was working out whether it would be feasible at all. That’s really hard to do as I haven’t been involved in the industry before. 5.创业或难或易，但是守业绝对不是件容易的是。目前的统计数字表明，有三分之二的新企业在创办后 的头五年里倒闭。Starting a business may or may not be easy, but keeping it running is