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翻译理论与实践复件

翻译理论与实践复件
翻译理论与实践复件

翻译理论研究与实践

学习篇:课程概论

(On Outline of Discipline):

●How to study ? In general:

● 1. Tell me and I forget; ask me and I remember; involve me and I learn.

● 2. Introduction to the syllabus:

●The characteristics of the discipline compromise:

●Intelligence system combined with practice;

●Know what, how and why it is,

●Offer the theoretical backgrounds and variety of solutions.

●第一章:A S k e t c h o f T r a n s l a t o l o g y

W h a t i s t r a n s l a t o l o g y?

●今天,我们在”翻译”之后再缀上一个“学”字,这意味着,翻译作为一种被考察的对

象就已经提升了自己的地位,由被经验地描述的对象变成了理性考察和理论构建的对象;或者说,翻译研究已成为一个独立考察的对象,有对现象过程的描述,元素的构成、经验的总结,语言的表述上升为对翻译这一活动和概念本质的追问、知性的理辨和方法论的思考等理论构建。目前,在全球范围内,翻译学的称谓还未统一,有:

●“翻译学T r a n s l a t o l o g y”“翻译的科学S c i e n c e o f T r a n s l a t i o n”、“翻译研究

T r a n s l a t i o n S t u d i e s”以及“翻译理论T r a n s l a t i o n T h e o r i e s”e t c.

What is translatology?

●翻译学一般考察如下概念和范畴:

●Translatology mainly covers such concepts as what translation is, what is

translation activity, what is translation action, a general review of

translation history, a general criterion of translation. That is to say, a general speculation is done upon translation activity, translation nature, definition, history, purpose criterion, method in philosophical being,

epistemology and methodology.

3.关于翻译之外的社会、文化与历史要素描述;

对于这些个问题的追问、阐发、描述和总结就构建了翻译学的知性理论体系:

如黄龙先生如是曰:“总结译史之益损,品评译家之瑕瑜,使之升华为客观规律,俾便有所遵循。”(同上)“作为一项独立科学,翻译学有其完整之理论体系与相应之实践手段。”(同上)“关于翻译之研究,昔日探骊求骥者有之,但各执准绳,以度轩轾;而今诸家,(洋家与土家)更是聚讼纷纭,各执一词,各抒己见,呈显蔚为大观之象”

●All these questions and phenomena will be discussed about and analyzed in a

systematic study to form an intelligence system as follows:

●Ontology--- noumenon ; nature; definition; history; goal; criteria;

●Epistemology--- noumenon; subject; perspectives; approaches; various criteria etc. ●Methodology

What is translatology?

翻译学知性体系框架

●Translatology is an intelligence system on translation and translating.

●它包括翻译本体论—把翻译作为该研究的对ontology,追寻翻译的认识本质(Being)

和翻译的一般标准,翻译的根本目的以及翻译历史等; 翻译认识论(epistemology), 讨论和描述翻译和翻译活动发生的现象,过程,思维、内外要素,译者的地位、作用(可

为和不可为)以及阐发文本、作者、译者、译本、译本读者与文本外部各要素的互为关系等等(epistemology);

而翻译实践论或曰翻译方法论(methodology)则是基于上述的认识与阐发,提出具有现实意义的方法和手段。

翻译方法论methodology:

研究类型:规约性研究;描述性研究。

规约性研究:结构主义:中国文、质论、西方直译意译论;现当代从语言学、理性主义、文论、

描述性研究:文化、目的论、解构、后现代、后殖民、主体间性等不同角度讨论翻译和翻译主体(译者、读者、作者、出版商)

Some interesting questions:

●Poetic Chinese:

●惩前毖后;前means the past, but the future;

●不知道/知道不/道不知;不得了/了不得;人名/名人; 水井/井水;草绿/绿草;水浅/浅水;

生气/气生、欺生;不怕辣、辣不怕、怕不辣;

●与群众打成一片;

●这个人是老油条

●over-sophisticated;

●“速效感冒片”怎么成了治病的药了呢?Quick-acting cold-catch pill?

●我是出来打酱油的I come out for gettong some sauce?

●I ‘m sheer green hand;

●国足;

●新手new hand/green hand

●/老手old hand/veteran?.

●Eat what you can and can what you cannot.

吃不了就做成罐头

Ontology of Translatology /Translation Studies

●The general definition of translation: a wide sense; a narrow sense;

● A wide-sense of translation means to comprehend what happen around us including

picture’s interpretation as well as other semiotic readings.这里的所谓翻译意义是广义的;

● A narrow-sense Translation means translating the meaning of the original text by the

parole of another language.

●然而狭义的翻译---翻译的定义就是用另一种语言翻译原文的意义。

●For example:

●对惠施命题的诠释------------It is an Intralinguistic translation.

●(1):“至大无外,谓之大一;至小无内,谓之小一”。

●“大到极点的东西已无外围可言,称之为‘大一’;小到极点的东西已无所包容,称之

为‘小一’。

●"What's called the largest is up to such an extent that there is no spare room beyond

it. What's called the smallest is up to the extent that there is no spare room inside it.

●(2):“无厚,不可积也,其大千里”。

●没有厚度的平面,不可能累积而成体积,但却可以无限扩展以至很远很远。●"What's without thickness can't accumulate anything , but it can extend farther than

thousands of miles across.

●(4):“日方中方睨,物方生方死”。

●太阳刚刚正中就同时开始偏斜,各种物类刚刚产生就同时意味着走向死亡。

"When the sun reaches its apex it starts to descend, and when a thing is born it starts to

die.

●More examples of the narrow sense of translation:

●If a man empties his purse into his head, no one can take it from him.

●--Banjemin Franklin;

●“先生大名如雷贯耳, 小弟献丑, 真是班门弄斧了”.

●“Your great name long since reached my ears like thunders. I am ashamed to show

off my incompetence in the presence like you.”

Definition of Epistemology

翻译知识论定义

●Translation involves a sophisticated process of thinking and cognition, which

is hard to describe or present clearly by schema or language. Therefore, That Foci differ in translating will have diverse definitions of translation. ●翻译是一种非常复杂的人类高级的思维与语言活动,这种活动的整个过程是很难以图

示、语言等其他方式阐释清楚的。不同领域、不同派别的学者对翻译有着不同的定义。

More on What is Translation by epistemology

●Some scholars abroad and at home give definitions as follows:

Prof Huang Long gave poetic descriptions in the prelude of his works Translatology initiated in China:“‘Every word is saturated by bloody work and it is 10-year unimaginable tough job’, To study Hongloumeng is a hard job, so is the translation”

2.语言学家对翻译的定义:

●语言学家将翻译视为一种语言活动,同时认为,翻译理论属于语言学的一个部分,即研

究译出语和译入语的转换关系。解释如下:

首先,翻译着眼于两种语言间的意义对等。

● 3. 文化角度对翻译的定义

从文化角度来看,翻译不仅仅是语言符号的转换,同时是文化的交流,尤其是“文化间交流”。通常我们把这一术语又改称为“文化间合作”或“跨文化交际”等。

4. 文学角度对翻译的定义

●持文学观点的翻译工作者认为,翻译是对语言的艺术性创造,或是一种善于创造的艺术。

一些西方学者也认为,翻译是对“原文本的艺术性改写”。

5. 功能角度对翻译的定义

●功能主义者认为,翻译是带有特定目的的人类活动中的一种特殊形式,这种目的通常是

社会环境中的语言服务项目,译者应满足客户、读者的需求,同时应满足译文的功用和使用目的等。

6. 交际角度对翻译的定义

●交际主义者认为,翻译是在特定的社会情境中的交际过程.。

翻译的目的(purpose of translation) Part of ontology of translatology

●前者的意思是说:正是因为人们不懂异域之言,所以需要译者来传达,使其通而晓之;

后者的意思是说:翻译就是要让不熟悉“外语”的人也能够识其辞趣。

斯坦纳认为:“翻译之所以存在,是因为人们讲不同的语言”(Steiner, 2001: 51)虽然讨论的是翻译的发生论与起源,其实也暗示了翻译的目的。

●我国早年之所以大规模翻译佛经,是因为统治阶级为了巩固其地位,对人民进行精神统

治;(马祖毅, 1998:18)

●徐光启等人之所以翻译西方科技著作(如欧几里德的《几何原本》 ),目的是为了“裨

益民用”,(陈福康, 2000: 53)

经历过了甲午战争,当时的译者不再只关心着只介绍外国的先进技术,而是皆心急如焚地寻找救国救民的真理,找到经世之道,如严复所译书皆有着深远的用意,有系国计民生者。严复在译《原富/国富论》(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ●严复翻译西方学术经典的目的是为了开民智、兴中华、让国人学习西方的自然科学方

法和民主政治制度;(马祖毅, 1998: 382)是为了“超胜”;(屠国元、王飞虹, 2005)《中国翻译》2005, (2): 22.

●林纾就认为“吾谓欲开民智,必立学堂,学堂功缓,不如立会演说,演说又不易举,终

之唯有译书。”

●鲁迅和瞿秋白翻译文学作品的目的是为了引入新的文化内容或语言成分;(朱志瑜,

2004,(3):9.)

●翻译的目的就是让不懂原文的读者通过译文知道,了解,甚至欣赏原文的思想内容及其

文体风格。(曹明伦, 2003)

Criterion of translation

●翻译的评价标准具有两个方面的重要作用,其一作为翻译过程的指导原则,其二是作为

衡量翻译作品的标准。一般来说,对译文衡量有两个根本指标:一是内容,二是形式:(1)严复:严复(1853—1921)在翻译赫胥黎《天演论》Evolution and Ethics and other Essays 赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley。1825—1895),英国著名博物学家,达尔文进化论最杰出的代表。自称为“达尔文的斗犬” (Darwin‘s Bulldog)。(今译:《进化论》)前言处提出了翻译三原则,即:

●1、信(faithfulness):忠实准确

●2、达(expressiveness):通顺流畅

3、雅(classical/ elegant):1.文字古雅archaic in style; 2. graceful in rhetoric. (2)鲁迅:鲁迅提出了翻译的两个标准:

●信(faithfulness)和顺(smoothness)

(3)林语堂的翻译“三标准”说:

●忠实(faithfulness)、通顺(smoothness)和美(beautifulness)

●第一是忠实标准,第二是通顺标准,第三是美的标准。这翻译的三层标准,与严氏的“译

事三难”,大体上是正相比符的。

(4)傅雷:“形似与神似”论(resemblance in form and similarity in spirit)的思想。As for the functional response, literature translation should work as imitating a painting, and its focus is on similarity in spirit ranther than the resemblance in form.

以效果而论,(文学)翻译应当像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似。)

(5)钱钟书:“化境”论(Achieving the acme of perfection)的思想

The tidemark / the greatest attainment in literature translation is of dissolution in form and spirit, which means that when to transform one original work into another language, the translated version shows such attainment as no stiffness in rhetoric or the far-fetched trace, and full preservation of the original's flavor at the same time, namely it has come to the acme of perfection.

文学翻译的最高境界是“化”,把作品从一国文字转变为另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于“化境”。

●刘重德:“信、达、切”;(faithfulness、expressiveness and well-match in

style / closeness)

刘重德(《浑金璞玉集》,1994:9)指出:

●信于内容(to be faithful to the content of the original);达如其分(to be

as expressive as the original);切合风格(to be as close to the original style as possible)

许渊冲:(《翻译的艺术》,1984:26)提出了翻译的三重标准:“意美、形美、音美”:beauty in sense, form and rhyme;知之、好之、乐之。Comprehension, appreciation

and admiration.

●【外国翻译家】

(1)泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler英国著名翻译理论家)1790 年在他的《翻译原则探讨》(Essay on the Principles of Translation)中提出了如下三个标准:

●1、译作应该完全传达原作的思想(The translation should give a complete transcript

of the ideas of the original work)

●2、译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致

●(The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same

character with that of the original)

●3、译作应当和原文的一样流畅通顺

●(The translation should have all the ease of the original composition)

泰特勒随后指出,上述“三原则”是按照其重要性排位的,当上述三者不能兼得时,应采取第一原则或第二原则而忽视第三原则

●奈达(Eugene A. Nida)提出了翻译的形式对等(formal Equivalence) 和功能

对等(Functional Equivalence);

●他在《语言和文化:翻译语境》(2001:87)一书中提出了“功能对等”概念:

●1、最低限度而又切合实际的对等定义:译文读者对译文的理解应当基本能够达到:原

文读者是怎样理解和领会原文的。

(A minimal, realistic definition of message equivalence: The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers must have understood and appreciated it.)

●2、最高限度合乎想象的功效对等定义:译文读者应当能够按照原文读者理解和领会原

文的方式来理解和领会译文。

●(A maximal, idealistic definition of functional equivalence: The

readers of a translated text should be able to understand and

appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers

did.)

纽马克(Peter Newmark)提出了“交际翻译与语义翻译”标准(Communicative and

Semantic Translation)在其《翻译入门》(Approaches to Translation)

( 1982/1988:39)中提出了“交际翻译与语义翻译”理论,即:

●1、交际翻译力图对译作读者产生尽可能接近原作读者所获得的效果。(Communicative

translation on the readers of the original.)

●2、语义翻译力图在译作语言的语义结构和句法结构允许的情况下,译出原作在上下文

中的准确意义。(Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the

semantic and syntactic structure of the second language allow, the exact

contextual meaning of the original.)

●归纳:

●低标准=内容忠实的(信) , 等化;

●中标准=明确、精确;深化形式(达)易懂通顺;

●高标准=三似, 意似形似神似(三化),(雅或传神);

译例佐证立论

●My granny’s naggings every time I paid a visit to her killed a cat.

●奶奶的唠叨真的可以杀死猫吗?

●John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

●Wear nightcaps是“戴睡帽”吗?(人文版、上译版)

●常怀感恩之心,常念相助之人,常思感喟之事,常忙相学之像,常想真诚之交。

●新的1年,好事接2连3,心情4季如春,生活5颜6色,感情7彩缤纷,事业8方来

財,身体健康长9,10快乐,10平安,10幸福。

●It is certain that the version must fail to work in comprehension, If we only

focus upon language itself in translating.

译例 More Examples

●谷神不死是谓玄牝。玄牝之门是谓天地根。

●绵绵若存,用之不勤。(《道德经》第6章)

●The spirit of the valley is an immortal being,

●It is called the subtle and profound female.

●The gate of the subtle and profound female is the root of Heaven and Earth.

It exists formlessly,

●But its utility is never worn out.

● ----任继愈

●不尚贤,使民不争;不贵难得之货,使民不为盗;不见可欲,使民心不乱。

●If we stop looking for ‘persons of superior morality’(hsien) to put in power, there will

be no more jealousies among the people. If we cease to set store by products that

are hard to get , there will be no more thieves. If the people never see such things as

excite desire, their hearts will remain placid and undisturbed.

●是以圣人之治,虚其心,实其腹;弱其志,强其骨。常使民无知无欲,使夫智不敢为也。

为无为,则无不治。

●Refrain from exalting capable men, so that the people shall not compete.

●Refrain from valuing rare goods, so that the people shall not steal.

●Refrain from displaying anything which arouses desires, so that the people's hearts

will not be disturbed.

●Therefore the government of (under Heaven) the sage lies in:

●Simplifying the people's minds,

●Filling their bellies,

●Weakening their ambitions,

●Strengthening their bones,

●And always keeping the people innocent of knowledge and desires.

●(Thus) anyone who thinks himself clever is afraid of meddling.

●By handling affairs on the principle of nonaction everyone will do well.

----- 任继愈

●Where the land referred to in subsection (5) is occupied or capable of being

developed for building purposes, any money expended with the object of developing that land for building purposes shall be deducted from the estimated improved value of that land for a period of 5 years after such expenditure.

●如第(5)款中的土地被占有用于或可用于建造房屋,那么从投资起的五年内,基于开发

目的所发生的投入应从该估算土地价值的增值部分中予以扣除。

●Where premises经营场所are held subject to the payment by the owner thereof of

any rent, rent charge, annuity年金or other like payment, the owner having paid the ?tax for the time being payable on the premises shall be entitled, notwithstanding any stipulation to the contrary, to deduct from the rent, rent charge, annuity or other

payment a sum which shall bear the same proportion to the ?tax so paid by him as the amount of that rent, rent charge, annuity or other payment bears to the annual value of the premises.

●如果相关物业的持有,需要业主支付任何租金、租金费用、年金或其他类似款项,尽管

存在任何相反规定,则业主已缴纳的财产税可以按照财产税的相同比例,从业主支付的租金、租金费用、年金或其他类似款项中扣除,该比例按照租金等款项占物业年值的占比来确定。

翻译方法论:Methodology of translation

●翻译方法论是构建在翻译认识论和目的论的知性基础之上的。事实上,对翻译这一人文

行为的认识、目的和标准将决定翻译的实际操作—即翻译方法论。

●Epistemology decides metnodology. Till nowdays, based on the above

understandings of what translation is, there appear different terms of

translation or approaches such as:

●General/Macro- view approaches &terms: (宏观)

●信达雅:Faithfulness, expressiveness and classification/elegance;

●文与质:Literary & literal translations

●Sub-macroview approaches/terms:

●形似、神似:Similarity in form, similarity in spirit;

●意美、形美、音美:beautification in sense, in form and in rhyme;

●丑化/美化/升华:scandalized/ glorified/beautified; sumblined;

●Micro-view approaches&terms:(微观)

●equalized;(等额/等值)in message; understated;(欠额) overstated;(超额)

in quantity

●信息翻译:message/information trans.

●等值翻译:equivalence trans.

●等效翻译:functional equivalence trans.

●汉化/本土化/归化:sinofied; indigenous [in'did?in?s] / localized;

domesticated;

●异化:foreignized/ outlandish/exotic; foreignization;

●anti- translation 阻抗式翻译;

Sub-micro view

●直译;意译:Formal/literal translation; free or liberal trans;

●形式对等:formal equivalence trans;

●动态对等:dynamic equivalence trans;

●综合译法:comprehensive/integrated trans;

●Specific-level approaches/terms:(微观)

●Subtraction: 减词;Amplification 增词;

●word-for-word or S-for-S translation;

●text /discourse translation语篇翻译;

●transliteration;音译法;

●zero translation: 零翻译.

翻译史概述Outline of Translation History

●中国文明史上发生过五次翻译高峰:

● 1. Buddlism translation appeared during 65 AD in the east power of Han dynasty

佛经作为一种宗教文化在中土的译介大约始于东汉(汉明帝刘庄;公元65年)。佛经作为一种严肃的宗教文体,本身就艰涩难懂,有关佛经翻译,历史上诸子提出不同的翻译观,出现过四大佛经翻译家:

●如支谦

●道安

●鸠摩罗什

●玄奘

● 2.The second peak in translation in China appeared during the turning-point

between Ming & Qing Dynasties. The chairscholar was 徐光启and 利玛窦, and the focus was to introduce the west sci-tech.

● 3.The third peak in translation happened during and after the Jiawu War. 甲

午一战粉碎了那些“中学为体,西学为用”(张之洞)“The Chinese ideology as the soul & body, while west sci-tech as instruments”的人的梦想,整个中国的有识之士都在沉思着中国到底该何去何从。All intellectuals seriously pondered on where China went and how China got out of the present embarassment.

● 4.The fourth peak in translation came into being after the founding of PRC.

新中国成立以后,翻译事业呈现了一种前所未有的繁荣景象。

● 5.The fifth peak in translation since 80s

西方翻译史

●一:古希腊:如古希腊文明是通过引进巴比伦(Babylon astronomy古巴比伦位于今巴

格达以南90公里处、幼发拉底河右岸,建于公元前2350年和古埃及ancient Egypt geometry -文明成果而创建发展起来(around 800BC)、古罗马文明是靠占有古希腊文明而发展起来的;

●二.古代(公元前27---476AD年西罗马帝国崩溃);

●三.中世纪东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国)直到1453年5月29日才为奥斯曼帝国的穆罕默

德二世所灭; 文艺复兴时期( Renaissance Period);

●四.17至20世纪上半叶;

●五. 二战以来 ;

翻译批评概述

●翻译批评,即translation criticism (or critical reading of a translation or

translations), 主要指针对具体的译作或与译作有关的某种翻译现象所发的评论,“批评”与“评论”在此基本同义。

●在一般意义上,翻译批评应是:依据一定的翻译标准,采用某种论证方法,对一部译作

进行分析,评论,评价,或通过比较一部作品的不同译本对翻译中的某种现象作出评论。

●关于翻译批评的性质,可以从以下三个方面来说明:

●翻译批评与译作鉴赏

●翻译批评与文学批评

●翻译批评与翻译理论

第二章翻译知识论/认识论(T r a n s l a t i o n E p i s t e m o l o g y)

●语文学译观:Philological Translation Paradigm (Nature: Prescriptive paradigm) ●语文学译观认为:

● A. 翻译之梦理论假设. Translation Dream/hypothesis: 100% Faithful to the

original and complete reproduction of the original;

●翻译信念or 理论假设. Translation belief/ Hypothesis:原作存在着元意义的常量

There is a meta-fixed meaning in the original—词汇意义、修辞意义、语境意义,文化意义、美学意义(风格意义)等的常量,而翻译应观照原文本元意义的常量,忠实于原作的元意义的常量,重现原作这个元意义常量。

● B.作者是主人,而译者只是仆人,是作者的影子;

●译者的天职就是忠实于原作和原作者,不能有自己的自由、权力和思想,任何译者自己

的思想和趋向皆视为红杏出墙;

●The author is the lord, while the translator is the author’s servant and shadow. He is

required to follow the author and respond to him in step-by-step and any freedom, personal right and personal view will be regarded as illegal and distorted in

translating.(满园春色关不住,一枝红杏出墙来。With much spring flavour, it can’t be contained in but to overflow the garden walls. /A spray of red apricot blossom has already reached over the wall. Metaphorical: extramarital love)

● C. 语文学翻译观有两个关注重点:Philological Paradigm Outlook upon Translation

has two foci:

● 1. Faithful to the original in linguistic meaning语言意义;

● 2 Faithful to the original in rhetoric and style美学意义aesthetic meaning.(in lexicon,

sentence and text) 在微观翻译实践上,采取整体观照,系统考量的操作模式,既忠于原作,但又不拘泥于形式牢笼,实现游刃有余的策略。(comprehensive and flexible consideration and practice)

●语文学翻译观同时还基于中国文论的通感认识观synaesthesia [,s?n?s'θi??] 。通感可

分为生理的和心理的两种,而心理的通感又可引伸为一种文化铸就的思辨和审美范式。

在中国诗学和文论中,认知通感作为一种心理感受和修辞物质形式指的是文学艺术创作

《礼记·乐和鉴赏中各种感觉的互相沟通。它的历史由来已久,早在春秋时期就有应用之。

记》中即有一段妙文,“故歌者,上如抗,下如队,止如槁木,倨中矩,句中钩,累累乎端如贯珠”;[1] 孔颖达在《礼记正文》中对此段文章作解认为声音感动于人,令人心想其形状如此。《全后汉文》卷十八马融《长笛赋》中亦有“尔乃听声类形,状似流水,又象飞鸿”之释。这一类的心理通感皆是听声类形,以声为物,以物拟声,使人仿佛可以看见声音,实现了听觉与视觉的“神、形”合一。

●This theory of synaesthesia lays a solid foundation for translatability between

languages.

Translating Practices

●例1:今宵酒醒何处?杨柳岸,晓风残月。(柳永:《雨霖铃》)

●Where’ll I be when I sober up?

●Alas! Willowed banks,

●Dawn breeze and a waning moon in sight.

●例2:露滴牡丹开:

●Dews drop, and poneys sip and open their lips. ----许渊冲

●例3:《春江花月夜》――张若虚

●春江潮水连海平,海上明月共潮生。

滟滟随波千万里,何处春江无月明。

江流宛转绕芳甸,月照花林皆似霰。

空里流霜不觉飞,汀上白沙看不见。

江天一色无纤尘,皎皎空中孤月轮。

江畔何人初见月?江月何年初照人?

人生代代无穷已,江月年年只相似。

不知江月待何人,但见长江送流水。

白云一片去悠悠,青枫浦上不胜愁。

谁家今夜扁舟子?何处相思明月楼?

可怜楼上月徘徊,应照离人妆镜台。

玉户帘中卷不去,捣衣砧上拂还来。

此时相望不相闻,愿逐月华流照君。

鸿雁长飞光不度,鱼龙潜跃水成文。

昨夜闲潭梦落花,可怜春半不还家。

江水流春去欲尽,江潭落月复西斜。

● A Spring Moonlit Night at Riverside with Blooming Trees

●--By Zhang Ruoxu;--Trans by Shi Lei(石瓃)

●春江潮水连海平,海上明月共潮生。

●The River’s leveled by the tide

●With seas,in spring, at night,

●Wherefrom, together with the tide,

●Arises the moon bright.

●滟滟随波千万里,何处春江无月明。

●And thousands of miles with waves go

●The brilliant beams white;

●Wherever may the river flow,

●There is the bright moonlight.

●江流宛转绕芳甸,月照花林皆似霰。

●Around a grove of blooming trees

●The river its way makes,

●Whose flowers, upon which shining she’s,

●Are all like the snow flakes:

●空里流霜不觉飞,汀上白沙看不见。

●Like falling frost, too, in the air,

●Which can’t be seen to fly;

●And like white sands on the beech there,

●But no sand we can spy

●江天一色无纤尘,皎皎空中孤月轮。

●Both sky and water are tinged with white;

●The air is pure and clear,

●And on the heaven hangs so bright

● A lonely silver sphere.

●江畔何人初见月?江月何年初照人?

●Who was the first man that did see

●The moon beside this stream?

●And when on human being did she

●Down pour her first white beams?

●人生代代无穷已,江月年年只相似。

●The old away passed, the young came,

●It was and will be so;

● But yet the moon is now the same

●As was long long ago.

●不知江月待何人,但见长江送流水。

●Whom has wait’d for, I know not,

●To linger here so long?

●The river yet has ever brought

●Its water to go along,

●白云一片去悠悠,青枫浦上不胜愁。

● A piece of white cloud now is seen

●To float so far and slow

●And here the bank with maples green

●Presents a scene of woe.

●谁家今夜扁舟子?何处相思明月楼?

● A stranger in a boat to-night

●Thinks of the moonlit tower;

●On dresser must the moon throw light

●Inside the lone one’s bower;

●`````````````

●True wit is Nature to advantage dress‘d

What oft was thought,but ne’er so well express‘d

●―(Alexander Pope,1688 - 1744年)18世纪英国最伟大的诗人。

●真正的知了,是妆点得得宜的天然,

心中的常有,道出的非切中的了然。―by 笔者

●Let such teach others who themselves excel,and censure['sen??] vt. 责难,责备n.

责难freely who is written well

●能手方得诲人,工文庶许摭[zhí] 病。---- 钱钟书.

●Note 1: 庶许so that;

●Note 2:摭[zhí] 病: pick up shortcomings

●THE TRAGICAL HISTORY OF DR.FAUSTUS (selections) by CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE(克里

2.斯托弗·马洛(英国戏剧家)1564—1593)Faustus[‘faust?s] :浮士德(欧洲中

世纪传说中的人物,为获得知识和权力,向魔鬼出卖自己的灵魂)

●Was this the face that launcht a thousand ships,

●And burnt the topless Towers of Ilium? (伊利昂,特洛伊城的拉丁文名)

●Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss:

●Her lips suck forth my soul, see where it flies.

●Come Helen, come, give me my soul again,

●Here will I dwell, for heaven is these lips,

●And all is dross that is not Helena.

●难道就是这张脸,

●引起了万船竞发,烧毁了高高的特洛伊城?

●美丽的海伦,快赐我一吻,让我由人变神。

●看啊,她这一吻吸走了我的灵魂,

●来呀,海伦,你得再次把我亲吻!

●我将在此永驻,天堂就是你的双唇,

世间一切皆可弃,我只要你——海伦!

●Behold her ,single in the field ,

●Yon solitary Highland Lass !

●Reaping and singing by herself ;

●Stop here ,or gently pass!

●Alone she cuts and binds the grain

●And sings a melancholy strain ;

●O listen!for the vale profound

●Is overflowing with the sound

●卞之琳译:

●看她,在田里独自一个,

●那个苏格兰高原的少女!

●独自在收割,独自在唱歌;

●停住吧,或者悄悄走过去!

●她独自割麦,又把它捆好,

●唱着一支忧郁的曲调;

●听啊!整个深邃的谷地

都有这一片歌声在洋溢。

●石瓃译:

●看彼寂寞山地女,

●只身独刈在田中!

●孑然一身刈且歌;

●缓步慢进时又停!

●刈禾束禾皆独任,

●伊歌唱出忧凄情;

●劝君屏息凝神听,

●歌声洋溢山谷中。

●笔者译:

●打望举目眺,寂寞高原少女幺。

●独自在山坳,刈麦吟歌谣。

●止步欲又行, 穿梭粟禾中。

●一人刈禾又束禾,曼歌诉说哀婉情。

●君且伫足凝神听,歌声溢飘满山林。

●翻译涉及到诸多语言文本本身和以外的因素,有一完整的知性知识体系。翻译实践就是

一种运用两种语言进行交叉互换思维一致性的认识活动过程,既是一种循矩而为的但又是富有创造性的精神劳动。

基于语文学翻译观,历史上著名翻译家有如下认识论:

●Based upon the Philological Paradigm Outlook upon Translation, some famous

translators in history conceived the following understandings:

●支谦:哲思观(philosophical view)。

●“法句者,犹法言也。”“偈义致深,译人出之颇使其浑漫。唯佛难值,其文难闻。”

●The textual presentations of Sanskrit Scripts are all Buddist expressions. Since

profound and complicated in connotation, it is hard for the translator to decide its meaning, as a result, the translated version is unclear in sense or

readability.”

●“天竺言语,与汉异音。云其书为天书,语为天语。名物不同,传实不易。”(支谦《法

句经序》)

●Sanskrit ,different from Chinese in linguistic system as well as names and

objects, is hard to be faithful to the original in translating into Chinese.

So its scripts are named Oracle books, while the language oracle one.

道安:尚质 (literal-translation view

●He reprimanded/denounced/reproved all non-literal translations as the grape

wine adulterated with water

●把所有不是直译的翻译斥之为掺了水的葡萄酒。

●So he proposed 5 sorts of disfaithfulness to the original in translation. “五

失本Five losses in translattion”: “一者,胡语尽倒,而使从秦,一失本也。

●Firstly, The word & sentence order of Sanskrit Script is in

discontency/disagreeable with the norms of Chinese rhetoric, and in translation it has to be ordered in accordance with that of Chinese, which is one sort of missing in meaning;

●二者,胡经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不可,斯二失本也。

●Secondly, the Sanskrit Script lies in literality in writing while Chinese favors

for literary descriptions, and the translated version has to adopt the

rhetorical presentation to be adapt to the Chinese’ poetic value, and it is the second sort of missing in meaning;

●三者,胡经委悉,至于叹咏,叮咛反覆,或三或四,不厌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。

●Thirdly, as for the writing mode, Sanskrit Script stresses upon detailed depictions, and

there appear more repetitions in the chantings and praising words, which will be cut off in translation, and it is the third sort of missing to the original ;

●四者,胡有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。

●Fourthly, the Sanskrit Script is composed of a special hundreds-of-words conclusion

or interpretation to serve for reinforcing the foregoings with the same views, which is chosen to ignore when translated, and it is considered as another missing to the original;

●五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说而悉除,此五失本也。”

●Lastly, when a topic is completed in discussion and is to turn to another one, there

appears a coherence part to repeat what is talked in the previous in Sanskrit Script , which will be cut off in translation, and it is the fifth missing to the original. (道安《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经钞序》)④;

鸠摩罗什: 尚文,文体观

●(Literary translation goes superior/preferable, and he had more concern with

the writing style)

●“天竺国俗,甚重文藻。其宫体韵,译入弦为善。为觐国王,必有赞德。见佛之仪,以

歌叹为尊。经中偈颂,皆其式也。但改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕秽也。”(《为僧睿论西方辞体》);

●The conventions in Buddaist India lie in the stress on rhetorics and rhyme in

writings. So the official or religious scripts had better be translated into rhymes, because when to be interviewed by the king, officials will have praising words to honor him, while worshiping Buddas, chants are given to show believors’pious heart. All the hymns in Sanskrit Scripts belong to their norms and style.

However, when the Sanskrit Script is translated into Chinese with a style different from the original, the ornate linguistic form is lost, though the idea remained, which is like feeding others with rice ever chewed,and it is not only flavorless, but also disgusting/vomiting.

玄奘提出了“五不翻”文化观:cultural-turn translation View: Five Transliterations ● 1.秘密故,如“陀罗尼”;梵文 dhāra?ī,汉译为“真言”、“密语”、“明”、“咒”、“总

持”,“陀罗尼”称为“密语”,那是因为佛菩萨的咒语含藏了佛菩萨不可思议的慈悲愿力,不可思议的威德加持力,非小乘凡夫所能测量,所以称为密语。佛、菩萨为益度化众生离苦得乐,因此借由“密语”,将佛菩萨无量劫修行的愿力功德结晶,化为一句“密语”,让修行佛法的佛弟子们,只要专心的持念“密语”,就能得到不可思议的功德。

● Transliteration should be employed when concerned with the special terms in

an intra-intelligence system such as “dhāra?ī/陀罗尼”;

● 2.含多意故,如“薄伽” Bhagavad Gita,梵具六

●Transliteration should be adopted when concerned with the multi-sense special

term such as Bhagavad Gita that bears six different senses in Sanskrit;

● 3.无此故,如“阎浮”树,中夏实无此木;如“阎浮树”,印度的一字含多义,中国没

有和它相当的,故不翻

●Transliteration should be employed when concerned non-corresponding object such

as Syzygium cumini that there is no such a tree at all in China;

● 4.顺古故,如“薄伽”不译为“阿褥菩提” The pad bodhi , shenxiu(神秀): 身

是菩提树bodhi ,心如明镜台,时时勤拂拭,勿使惹尘埃。Huineng(慧能): 菩提本无树,明镜亦非台,本来无一物,何处惹尘埃,非不可翻,而摩腾以来,常存梵音;

●Translation should follow the long-established terms when concerned with some

special ones such as bodhi that is translated into “薄伽”rather than“阿褥菩提” ;

● 5.生善故,如“般若”prajnā尊重,“智慧”轻浅(周敦义《翻译名义集序》)

●For being true to the connotation of the original, transliteration should be employed

when concerned with some profound but no corresponding sayings in Chinese such as prajnā.

●从这“五不翻”中我们不难发现其实玄奘已经指出了现在翻译的“音译”原则的大部分

内容,如果没有对两种语言的深刻理解是不可能达到这样深刻的认识的。另外,“他还运用了六代(吴、晋、宋齐梁陈)以来那种偶正奇变的文体verse style that the even line keeps constant in form and rhyme, while the odd one varies,斟酌梵文钩锁连环的方式,创成一种精严凝重的风格,用来表达特别注重结构的瑜伽学说,恰恰调和。”;

●严复: 19世纪末,我国思想家(1853-1936)在《天演论·译例言Evolution and Ethics

and other Essays ,赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley。1825—1895》中提出了“信、达、雅”(Faithful, expressive,and classical)的三字标准。

●In YN Fu’s view, faithful refers to loyal reproduction of the original in content and

linguistic form; expressive is meant by the target language to freely express to make the original meaning faithful, clear and fluent; whereas classical means that the

translated version should be archaic/ classic elegancy in style (Pre-qin archaic style) ●从严复所述本意看,“信”是指忠实地再现原文的内容;“达”是指不拘泥于原文形式,

充分地发挥译语的特长以求原意明显通顺;“雅”则是指译文要古雅优美(先秦古文体);

(Those that fit survive. 物竟天择,适者生存。天演论上导言一察变

IT may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of the room in which

I write, was in what is called "the state of nature." Except, it may be, by raising a few

sepulchral[s?'p?lkr(?)l]阴森森的mounds, such as those which still, here and there,

break the flowing contours轮廓of the downs, man's hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broad backed heights and the shelving sides of the combos复合was unaffected by his industry.

●赫胥黎独处一室之中,在英伦之南,背山而面野。槛外诸境,历历如在几下。乃悬想二

千年前,当罗马大将恺彻未到时,此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧,人功未施,其借征人境者,不过几处荒坟,散见坡陀起伏间。

●The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse金雀花;荆豆,

contended with one another for the possession of the scanty缺乏的surface soil; they fought against the droughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales

which swept, with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from the North Sea, at all times of the year; they filled up, as they best might, the gaps made in their ranks by all sorts of underground and overground animal ravagers破坏者 .

●怒生之草,交加之藤,势如争长相雄,各据一抔壤土,夏与畏日争,冬与严霜争,四时

之内,飘风怒吹,或西发西洋,或东起北海,旁午交扇,无时而息。而灌木丛林,蒙茸山麓,未经删治如今者,则无疑也。

鲁迅的直译观(Literal translation outlook)

●is a second influential viewpoint of translation in 20th century.

●20世纪第二个对中国译论有重大影响的翻译观。鲁迅自己一度曾提出“宁信而不顺”这

一偏激的说法。

●(He once put forward an extrme or radical opinion on Sacrificing fluency for

faithfulness. In 1935 he revised his viewpoint that translation must give consideration to two aspects: One is to make the translated version easy to understand, and another is to keep the tastes and style of the original. Some scholar later summarized this idea as faithfulness goes first, fluency second.

●1935年他修正了自己的观点:翻译必须兼顾两面:一是求其易解,另一是原作的丰姿。

后来学者们把鲁迅这一主张概括为“以信为主,以顺为辅”

●(Faithfulness goes first, fluency second.)。《中国翻译词典》439页;

Lin Yutang’s viewpoint:

●“Wordage bears such five beauties as rhythm, sense, spirit, Qi (coherence

&cohesion) and form.”

●在林语堂看来,“文字有音美、意美、神美、气美、形美。”(信、达、美:faithful, expressive

and aesthetic) 1058页上又说:“译者或顾其义而忘其神,或得其神而忘其体,决不能把文义、文神、文气、文体及声音之美完全同时译出。”在1057页上还说:“译书无所谓绝对最好之译句:同一句原文,可有各种译法,……翻译所以可称为艺术”

●There is no best translated version: A sentence may be translated into a variety of

versions…It is why translation can be termed as a sort of art.

●林语堂是如何尽可能传达原文"五美"的呢?我们看看他英译的李清照《声声慢》

●寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息②。三杯两盏淡酒,怎

敌他、晚来风急。雁过也、最伤心,却是旧时相识。

●So dim,so dark,

●So dense,so dull,

●So damp,so dank,so dead!

The weather, now warm, now cold,

Makes it harder

Than ever to forget!

How can a few cups of thin wine

●Bring warmth against

The chilly winds of sunset?

I recognize the geese flying overhead:

My old friends,

Bring not the old memories back!

满地黄花堆积。憔悴损、如今有谁忺摘③?守着窗儿,独自怎生得黑④?梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏、点点滴滴。这次第⑤,怎一个、愁字了得。

●Let Fallen flowers lie where they fall.

To what purpose

And for whom should I decorate ?

By the window shut,

●Guarding it along,

To see the sky has turned so black!

And the drizzle on the kola nut

Keeps on droning:

Pit-a-pat, pit-a-pat!

Is this the kind of mood and moment

To be expressed

By one word "sad?"

林氏文学作品翻译

●原文:其形削肩长项,瘦不露骨,眉弯目秀,顾盼神飞。一种缠绵之态,令人之意也

消。《浮生六记》

●Of a slender figure, she had drooping shoulders and a rather long neck, slim

but not to the point of skinny. Her eyebrows were arched and in her eyes there was a look of quick intelligence and soft refinement. There was an air of tenderness about her which completely fascinated me.

●I was out of job for several years.

●“余游幕三十年来”

●I worked as a government clerk for thirty years),这两句译文足见林语堂功底的译文。

●“我夫妇两肩担一口耳”

●We haven’t got any money,这一译文有待商榷.

●愚见应译为:We couple have only got enough money to support one mouth.

●“竭蹶时形”

●I was worried all the time

●“秋侵人影瘦,霜染菊花肥”,

●林氏译文为“T ouched by autumn ,one’s figure grows slender, Soaked in frost,

the chrysanthemum blooms full”,非常简洁、生动。

●Another example:“人珍我弃,人弃我取”,

●林氏译为“value highly certain things that others look down upon, and think nothing of

what others prize very highly”.

●看起来有点冗长,从形式上讲是非常对称的, but 2 uses of “highly”can be cancelled

as “value certain things that others look down upon, and think nothing of what others prize”。

●“愿得青君(作者之女)为媳妇”。

●He wished to secure the hand of my daughter)、

●余大醉而卧。

●I fell asleep drunk like a fish ;

●芸正晓妆未竟也

●Yun had not quite finished her morning toilet).

哲学著作翻译

●有无相生,Being and non—being interdepend in growth,

●难易相成,Difficult and easy interdepend in completion,

●长短相形,Long and short interdepend in contrast,

●高下相倾,High and low interdepend in position,,

●音声相和,Tones and voice interdepend in harmony

●前后相随。Front and behind interdepend in company.

●上德不德,

●是以有德;

●下德不失德,

●是以无德。

●Reference version:

●Those with superior Virtue do not think of his Virtue,

●Hence they attain Virtue;

●Those with inferior Virtue do not think of their losing Virtue,

●Hence, they are devoid of Virtue.

郭沫若: 翻译创作论Creation Viewpoint

●《中国翻译词典》257页:“好的翻译等于创作”曾说“‘翻译是一种创作性的工作,有

时翻译比创作还困难’(A good translated version is/equals a sort of creation.

Sometimes translation seems even harder than literature creation)。他本人的译作,就往往把原作的精神实质和艺术风格溶注在自己的笔端,进行了思想与艺术的再创造’。"

●Nor is it wiser to weep a true occasion lost, but trim our sails, and let old bygones be.

——丁尼生

●繁华消散,与其哀伤哭泣,不如潇洒掉头,放手过去。

●郭沫若译的《夜》(七),现将原诗和词典中的两种译文抄录如下:

●Fainter,dimmer,stiller each moment,

●Now night.(Max Weber)

●1.愈近黄昏,

●暗愈暗,静愈静,

●每刻每分,已入夜境。(郭沫若译)

●2.一刻比一刻,缥渺,晦暗,安宁,

●于是夜来临。(辜正坤)

●例2. 狄金森(Emily Dickinson, a famous woman poet of America in the nineteenth

century.艾米莉·狄金森,美国十九世纪著名女诗人)

●This is my letter to the world,

●That never wrote to me-

●The simple news that nature told,

●With tender Majesty.

●诗文天下心,不惟寸草言。微言道自然,贵柔明天严。――笔者

●再看下面例子:

●ONE WORD IS TOO OFTEN PROFANED

●Percy Bysshe Shelley

●(波西·比希·雪莱(1792年8月4日—1822年7月8日),)

One word is too often profaned

For me to profane it,

One feeling too falsely disdained

For thee to disdain it;

One hope is too like despair

For prudence to smother,

And pity from thee more dear

Than that from another.

I can give not what men call love,

But wilt thou accept not

The worship the heart lifts above

And the Heavens reject not,

●The desire of the moth for the star,

Of the night for the morrow,

The devotion to something afar

From the sphere of our sorrow?

有一个被人经常亵渎的字

——雪莱

有一个被人经常亵渎的言辞,

我无心再来亵渎;

有一种被人假意鄙薄的感情,

我不会也来鄙薄。

有一种希望太似绝望,

又何须再加提防!

你的垂怜无人能比,

深深地温暖了我的心房。

●我拿不出世俗的爱情,

有的只是这颗赤诚之心。

●它连天公也不会拒而不收!

●但不知您肯否接受?

●我对您的追慕之心

●犹如飞蛾扑向星星,

又如黑夜追求黎明。

这种高远思慕之情,

早已跳出人间苦境!

有个词语早已被人用滥

——雪莱

●有个词语早已被人用滥

我不愿再将她诉说

●有种感情人们总是不屑

你可不要让我失望

●有种希望即使太过渺茫

希望你仍存放心间

●你的怜爱于我弥足珍贵

●谁都无法为之替代

人们口中的爱情我无法奉上

●无从获悉你的想法

●我将灵魂献给上苍

上苍不会置之不理

飞蛾憧憬追寻星辰

●就像黑夜渴盼黎明

身处这苍凉尘世

●心系遥不可及的你。

●More Example:

●The sea is calm tonight,

●碧海静谧夜

●The tide is full, the moon lies far

●长峡潮涨托遥月

●Upon the straits; on the French coast the light,

●法兰西岸堤上

●Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,

●灯火对愁明灭

●Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.

●远眺静静海湾, 但见英伦峭壁森森.

●Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!

●凭窗伫立,倍觉夜气沁肺心

●Only, from the long line of spray

●极目海阔天边处,

●Where the sea meets the moon-blanch‘d land,

●冷月涂银, 更有月洗沙滩,

●Listen!You hear the grating roar

●侧耳倾听,怒涛拍打沙石,

●Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, 溅起浪花多高,

●At their return, up the high strand,

●漫侵砾石;

●Begin, and cease, and then again begin

●涌起复涌起。

●With tremulous cadence['keid?ns](节奏;韵律;抑扬顿挫) slow, and bring

●似轻拨慢调低吟,

●The eternal note of sadness in.

●愁音万古声声切.

Of Studies --- Francis Bacon

●Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in

privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the

judgement and disposition of business.

●读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最

见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。

《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲=

《翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 课程中文名称:翻译理论与实践 课程英文名称:The Theory and Practice of Translation 学分:2 总学时:36 课程性质:学位专业课 适用研究生专业:英语语言文学 一、本课程的性质和任务 本课程是我校英语语言文学硕士学位研究生专业课,适用该学科的3个主要研究方向:语言学与应用语言学、英美文学、翻译。是研究译学理论及实践技能的一门专业基础学科。 本课程的任务是:使研究生通过本课程的学习,获得翻译方面的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能。了解语言学理论和文学理论等在翻译学研究和翻译实践中的应用,着力培养学生具有翻译学科意识及翻译理论研究的创新意识,对翻译研究和学习产生浓厚兴趣,并正确应用翻译理论指导翻译实践,掌握较高的英汉互译能力。 二、本课程的教学内容和基本要求 一、翻译理论与实践概述 1.熟悉翻译的定义,判断翻译是科学和/或艺术。 2.认识翻译的目的、弄清翻译的任务。 3.了解翻译的标准、熟知翻译的过程。 4.分析译者的素养。 5.了解原文作者、译者与译文读者的关系。 二、翻译理论的基本概念 1.了解中国翻译理论中的基本概念,理解三不易、五不翻、五失本、案本、信达雅、信达切、信与顺、化境、形似与神似、三美、猫论、以及忠实与通顺等的内涵。 2.了解西方翻译理论中的基本概念,理解翻译三原则、等值翻译、功能对等、动态对等、形式对等、文化翻译观、民族主义翻译观、女性主义翻译观等的内涵。 3.了解翻译理论中的不同学派,如:文艺学派、文学-文化学派、语言学派、莱比锡学派、解构学派、交际学派、社会符号学派、释义学派、摆布学派、辨证逻辑学派、翻译研究学派等。 4.了解翻译学的不同分类,熟悉并尽可能掌握比较翻译学、描写翻译学、普通翻译学、特殊翻译学、应用翻译学、玄翻译学的基本特征。 5.了解异化与归化,学会如何在翻译过程中应用异化或归化。 6.学习了解翻译界对翻译单位的定义,掌握翻译单位(音位、词素、词、词组、句、语段、语篇)在翻译中的可行性。 三、英汉语言差异与译文可接受性 1.了解英汉两种语言的主要差异。 2.了解英汉两种语言表现在形合与意合上的差异。 3.比较英汉语言的词类、词性的异同。 4.比较英汉语言在表达上的视点差异。 5.比较英汉句型结构的异同。 6.了解并掌握翻译过程中的词性转换。 7.了解并掌握翻译过程中的主被动关系转换。

英语翻译理论与实践

第二讲 原句:I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文:我抓起那支最大的画笔,势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文:There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文:吸烟肯定与肺癌有关,但这并不能使你感到太不舒服,因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文:Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文:德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人,可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文:John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文:约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译:one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译:word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文:我们的朋友遍天下。 错译:Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词

最新翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践》期末复习 题型: 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 二、翻译句子。(每小题3分,共30分) 三、篇章翻译(每小题40分,共40分) 四、案例分析题(每小题10分,共10分) 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。 A. 语内翻译 B. 语际翻译 C. 符际翻译 D. 以上选项都正确 2. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry goods:纺织品B.white goods:白色的货物 C.white wine:白葡萄酒D.toilet water:花露水 3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适?________。 A. 这是特殊报盘,不以我方通常折扣为条件。 B. 这是特惠报盘,我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。 C. 此系特惠报盘,不另加我方通常折扣。 D. 这是特殊报盘,不局限于我们通常折扣。 4.下面哪句话的描述是错误的?________。 A.美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。 B.“动态对等”原则是指,运用交际理论和信息论的原理,将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较,使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。C.奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。 D.翻译求的是“形式对等”,而非”动态对等”。

5._________提出了“美化之艺术,创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。 A.尤金.奈达B.泰特勒 C.许渊冲D.鲁迅 6. 下面哪个配对是错误的?_____。 A.赤脚医生:barefoot doctor B.纸老虎:paper tiger C.to show one’s cards:摊牌D.大海捞针:look for a needle in sea D B C D C D 7.哪句话的描述是正确的?______。 A. 严复提出的翻译是:重神似不重形似 B. 傅雷的翻译标准是:信、达、雅 C. 许渊冲的翻译标准是:美化之艺术,创优似竞赛 D. 泰特勒的翻译标准是:通顺 8. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry State:实行禁酒的州B.white goods:白色的货物 C.dry white wine:涩白酒D.toilet water:花露水 9. 泰特勒(Tytler)提出的著名翻译原则是:_______。 A. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 B. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 C. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。 D. 以上选项都正确。 10.下面哪个选项是正确的?________。 A.bring down the house 翻译为:“推倒房子” B.pull up one's socks 翻译为:鼓起勇气 C.think a great deal of oneself 翻译为:“为自己想得很多” D.an apple of love 翻译为:“爱情之果” 11.A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.下面哪个译文是最合适的?_____。A.一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 B.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 C.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 D.闲置之书只是一叠废纸。

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