下载文档原格式
本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!厂，铸造foundry 铸造尺shrink rule 铸造尺shrinkage rule 铸造尺shrinkage scale 铸造从业员foundry man 铸造法casting process 铸造方案founding method 铸造方案plan of casting 铸造废料foundry scrap 铸造机casting machine 铸造计划casting plan 铸造设计，铸件设计casting design 铸造性试验castability test 铸造应变casting strains 铸造用钉foundry nails 铸造用生铁foundry pig iron 铸造状态as-cast condition，as-cast 铸造组织cast structure 铸造作业casting manipulations 铸芝模ingot mold 铸芝偏析ingotism抓斗绞车装置grabbing gear专业铸造工场production foundry 砖brick转变用铁水（调配成分）transition iron 转动炉，转筒炉rotary furnace 转换conversion 转炉converter 转炉钢converter steel 转炉炉榇converter lining 转盘混砂机rotating pan mill 转速revolving speed 转台，转盘rotary table 转台喷粒机shot tablast 转位半径transititon radius 转运车transfer trolley转运翻箱装置transfer-turnover device 转运盖 c 装置transfer-closing device 转运装置transfer device 装砂心coring up 装载机bucket loader 装载能量loading capacity 追补焦split coke 锥形炉腹bosh本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!坠裂试验shatter test坠落试验drop test坠重试验drop-weight test自动电极控制automatic electrode control自动电流调整器automatic current regulator自动化automation自动化系统automatic system自动加料设备automatic charging equipment自动进给automatic feeding自动控制automatic control自动配料机automatic doser自动燃烧控制automatic combustion control自动送料（压铸）automatic ladling，die casting自动温度控制器automatic temperature controller自动造模工场automatic molding plant自动铸砂处理设备automatic sand plant自动转盘式造模机automatic turntable molding machine自来水tap water自然腐蚀试验field test自然裂缝seasoning shake自然破裂season cracking自然干燥法（木材），自然季化处理（铸件）natural seasoning自然时效natural aging自然通风natural draft自行除渣self-skimming自行除渣风口self-slagging tuyere自行结晶idiomorphic crystal自行退火self-annealing自硬钢self-hardening steel自硬性self-hardening自硬性造模法no-bake process自硬性粘结剂self-curing binder自由度degree of freedom自由水free water纵向裂痕longitudinal crack足尺full size阻挠元素interfering element阻销stop pin组成图constitutional diagram组成物component组成楔值constitutional wedge value组合built up组合构造composite construction组合模板built-up plate本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!组合模型built-up pattern组合模型composite pattern组合模型pattern assembly组合砂箱built-up molding box组合砂心盒multiple core box组织，级成constitution组织成分constituent组织瑕疵structure defects钻悄（试样用）drillings钻维硬度值（韦克氏硬度）diamond pyramid hardness number，Vickers hardness 最大负载maximum load最后加工finish最适水分（模砂）optimum temper moisture作业可靠性operational reliability作业砂（生产线）production sand作业准备日程operational scheduling直立浇铸vertical pouring直立心型端承，直立砂心头vertical coreprint直立旋板心轴upright spindle直立造模vertical molding直立造模法mold on end直立铸模vertical mold直立铸造vertical casting直落砂心drop core直木纹edge grain直提砂心头tail print直通干燥炉through feed drying furnace直显照片（金相）direct print直压式合机direct pressure closing植物油vegetable oil指形进模口finger gate酯系硬化法ester-process制震能damping capacity蛭石vermiculite置冲法pour-over method置冲法transfer method置模箱set-off box滞流（铸疵）mistrun制程退火process annealing制模型铳床pattern milling machine制图，起模drawing制造熔接production welding制造冶金学process metallurgy质量效应，厚薄效应mass effect本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!致密度consistency中间处理intermediate treatment 中间检查intermediate inspection 中间金属intermediate metal中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek box ，cheek flask中间砂箱，中间模箱raising middle flask中磷生铁（P0.4-0.75%） medium phosphorus pig iron 中模，中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek中碳钢medium carbon steel中途添焦spreader charge of coke中线收缩centerline shrinkage中心板，旋刮板心轴承座center plate中心规centergage中性耐火材料neutral refractory materials中性熔渣neutral slag中性砖neutral brick中周波感应电炉intermediate frequency furnace锤，锤形塞进器bell锤青铜bell bronze重搭overlap重捣砂hard ramming重金属铸件heavy-metal castings重晶石heavy spar重力分离器gravitational separator重力滚子输送机（倾斜式）gravity roller conveyor重力偏析gravity segregation重力输送机gravity conveyor重力压铸法gravity die casting重力铸造法gravity casting重燃油heavy fuel oil重熔remelting重熔工场secondary smelter重印法（造模）print back重油heavy oil重整石英砂replenishment quartz sand重铸recasting轴shaft轴承合金bearing metal皱痕面（铸疵）creasy surface皱皮（铸疵）orange peel皱皮（铸疵）surface folding珠，粒，击，射注过程（压铸）shot珠击处理shot peening珠击机shot peening machine本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!珠粒喷击清理shot blasting珠泡bead竹叶状液面花纹bamboo leaves pattern 主成分，基本金属primary coil主模master mold主心型，主砂心body core煮材干燥法boiling seasoning助流剂fluidizer助黏剂，膨胀性粘结剂swelling binder 注入槽（压铸）pouring shot注射器injector柱column柱pillar柱塞，塞罩plunger柱塞，塞罩post柱状结晶columnar crystal柱状组织columnar structurew 仓壁冲击振动器impact vibration on bin wall 贮砂桶匣（砂心机用）magazine铸包camlachie cramp铸壁wall铸壁鹌鹑wall thickness铸补burning on铸补tinkering铸成率casting yield铸成试片cast-to-shape specimen铸尺contraction rule<BR>铸疵casting defect铸疵defect test铸疵，铸造缺陷foundry defects铸疵试验defect test铸锭ingot铸锭底砖spider铸锭浇口砖king brick铸锭模ingot case铸锭状态as-ingot铸钢cast steel铸钢造模料steel foundry molding compound铸工caster铸工founder铸合金ferro-alloy铸弧pouring arc铸件castings铸件表面casting surface本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!铸件表皮casting skin铸件飞边，铸件毛边casting fin铸件内包物cast-in insert铸件清理，最后加工finishing铸件清理图dressing shop铸件修整finishing of castings铸件应力casting stress铸焦foundry coke铸坑casting pit铸坑foundry pit铸裂（铸疵）casting crack铸瘤rising铸漏bleed铸漏break out铸漏run-out铸漏件bleeder铸模mold，mould铸模布置mold layout铸模除除掉（压铸）impression block铸模龟裂，脉状痕（铸疵）veining铸模夹具mold clamp铸模输送机mold conveyer铸模块合mold assembly铸耙rake铸皮skin铸皮孔skin holes铸砂casting sand铸砂处理foundry sand preparation铸砂处理preparation of sand铸砂处理工场foundry sand preparation plant铸砂控制sand control铸砂控制设备sand control equipment铸砂流动性flowability of sand铸砂流动性foundry sand铸砂膨（铸疵）sand drier铸砂强度试验strength test of sand铸砂强化strengthen the sand铸砂烧结（铸疵）sand burning铸砂烧贴（铸疵）sintering point铸砂油casting iol铸生铁机pig machine铸损foundry losses铸损，不良铸件waster，foundry losses铸铁cast iron本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 铸铁工场iron foundry 铸铁管cast iron pipe 铸铁组织图cast iron diagram 铸铁组织图structural diagram of cast iron 铸造founding 铸造，铸件casting 铸造场smith shop 圆盘砂轮机disc grinder 圆套筒round bush 圆条测温法bar test圆筒式炉（回转炉）drum type furance 圆筒形浇桶drum ladle 圆头镘刀roound nose 圆形砂rounded grain 圆形砂粒rounded sand 云母粉mica flour 云母粉mica powder 运轮，台车carriage 运送箱tote box运原性蒙气reducing atmosphere 运原状态reducing condition 杂质impurities 再炽，再辉recalescence 再炽点，再辉点recalescent point 再处理erpreparation 再处理砂reconditioned sand 再负载reloading 再结晶recrystallization 再结晶温度recrystallization temperature 再冷却系统recooling system 再黏接砂rebonded sand再热炉reheating furnace 再生砂reclamation sand 再生铁remelted pig iron 再生铁synthetic pig iron 暂垫造模法mold on an oddside 凿锤chipping hammer 凿刀chipping chisel 凿磨浇口shagging 凿平chipping 凿平问chipping room 凿子，凿机chipper 凿子，凿机chisel 造模molding本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!造模板mold board造模板molding board造模板molding plate造模板ramming plate造模材料molding materials造模材料添加剂molding material additive造模粗砂molding gravel造模地坑molding pit造模钉molding brad(pin)造模法molding method造模工具molder's tools模工作台molder's bench造模工作台molding bench造模机molding machine造模袷度molding allowance造模区molding bay造模设备molding apparatus造模性moldability造渣剂U slag forming constituent造渣期slag forming period造渣石灰slag lime造渣作业slag practice增碳carbon pick-up增碳recarburization增碳剂U recarburizer增碳剂recarburizing agent增碳焦recarburization coke增压冒口，威廉氏冒口atmospheric feeder(atmsopheric riser, William's riser)增压冒口，威廉氏冒口William's riser, atmospheric riser增压砂心cracker core增压砂心pencil core增压砂心penetration core增压砂心，嵌入砂心insert core增压砂心，威廉氏砂心atmospheric core, William's core渣dirt渣比，碱度slag ratio渣阱dirt trap渣孔(铸疵)slag blowhole渣棉slag wool渣壳slag crust渣桶slag ladle渣位高slag level渣窝slag pocket轧辐，辊子roll本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!轧屑roll[ing] scale闸喉，闸口choke闸喉式流道choked runner system闸喉作用choking粘土质耐火砖fire clay brick展性，可锻性malleability展性处理malleablising展性热处理铁矿malleable ore展性退火malleablising annealing展性铸铁（可锻铸铁）malleable cast iron展性铸铁（可锻铸铁）malleable iron展性铸铁用生铁malleable pig iron辗制硅砂artifical silica sand章鱼状石墨octopus graphite胀疤expansion scab胀模（铸疵）swell胀陷，上模剥砂（铸疵）pull down罩式炉lifting furnace遮蔽电弧熔接shielded-arc welding遮热板heat shield折旧amortization折旧depreciation折缘（黑心展性铸铁）picture frame锗（Ge） germanium真空除氧法vacuum degassing process真空精炼vacuum refining真空熔解vacuum melting真空造模法，V 造模法V-process，vacuum-secaled process真空铸造vacuum casting真离心铸造法true centrifugal casting砧anvil砧台式震实造模机anvil-jolter针对铸铁acicular cast iron针孔（铸疵），销孔pin-hole针状组织acicular structure针状组织铸铁bainite cast iron振动vibration振动捣砂vibration ramming振动分配器vibrating distributor振动器vibrator振动清箱mechanical knockout by vibration振动清箱，振动清砂处shake-out振动清箱机molding box shake-out device振动清箱机，振动清砂机shake-out machine本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!振动清箱性能shake-out property振动清箱栅shake-out grid振动清箱栅shake-out screen振动筛jigging screen振动筛shaking screen振动筛vibrating sieve震捣jolt ramming震动jolt震动板jolting plate震动废黜模板造模机jolt molding machine with turnover plate震动机jarring machine震动清箱吊架jointing hanger震动压挤拔模造模机jolt squeeze stripper molding machine震动压挤造模机jolt squeeze moldng machine震动造模机jolt molding machine震动造模机jolter震箱清砂机flask shanker蒸馏器retort蒸馏碳retort carbon蒸气脱蜡autoclave dewaxing整流器rectifier整体模型solid pattern整体模型铸模solid pattern mold整温控制thermostat整缘trimming整缘模具trimming dies整缘压机trimming press正常化normalizing正常偏析normal segregation正常温度normal temperature正常折曲试验normal bend test支架（压铸），垫块packing block支台，置模台set-off bench支柱（熔铸炉）prop枝形进模口bracnch gate直尺staight edge直接电弧炉direct arc furnace直接浇口drop gate直接浇铸direct pouring直接浇铸法direct casting直接进模口direct gate直接进模口slot gate直接气压式热室压铸机（压缩空气直接压于熔液）direct pressure hot chamber machine 氧化硅基砂silica base sand本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!氧化性蒙气oxidizing atomosphere氧化性溶解oxidizing melting氧皮铝alumite氧焰割oxycut氧乙快熔接，气焊oxyacetylene welding样板，刮板，量具template，templet样规sizing peg摇动炉rocking furnace摇斗炉shaking lade摇台cradle窑炉kilnb 趸?anti-oxidant冶金焦metallurgical coke冶金术metal technology冶金学metallurgy液化liquefaction液面花纹break surface pattern液面花纹figure液面花纹play figure液态收缩liquid contraction液态收缩liquid shrinkage液体压力计manometer液相曲线liquidus curve液相线liquidus [line]液相线liquidus line液压气动砂箱升提机构hydropneumatic flasklifting mechanism液压千斤顶hydraulic jack液压清砂铸件设备hydraulic cleaning equipment液压试验hydraulic pressure test叶轮式喷砂机turbine sand blaster一氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化铁(FeO) iron protoxide铱(Ir) iridium移动吊车mobile crane移动皮带升降机mobile belt elevator移动式烘炉portable drying oven移动式烘模机portable mold dryer移动式可倾前炉removable clay matter移动式摔砂造模机motive type sand slinger移入shunting-in移位装置shifting facilities移装(外砂心)draw back移装砂心inset core遗传性heredity本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!乙二醇glycol乙快acetylene乙快发生器acetylene generator乙快墨acetylene black（acetylene smoke）乙快墨acetylene smoke，acetylene black乙快熔接acetylene welding抑制剂inhibitor易开砂箱easy off slip flask易燃物inflammable易熔合金fusible alloy异形管件specials意夕卜防止条例accident prevention regulations溢放口flow off溢放口pop off溢放口run-off溢放口strain relief溢放冒口run-off riser溢流over flow溢流道flow through溢流口hot spruing溢流口（压铸）over flow well音波试验sonic testing阴极锈法cathodic protection阴极氧化anodic oxidation锢（In）（稀金属元素）Indium银（Ag） silver银砂（无铁质硅砂）silver sand引导顶出（压铸）guided ejection英高银（银铭合金）Inconel英国国家标准 B.S.（British Standard）英国铸铁研究协会BCIRA（British Cast Iron Research Associatin）英国铸造工程师学会IBF（Institute of British Foundrymen, London）英制热单位（British Thermal Unit应变，变形（铸疵）strain应变计strain gage应力stress应力腐蚀裂痕stress corrosion cracking应力集中stress concen应力破坏强度stress upture strength应力消除stress relief应力应变特性stress-strain characteristics应力应变图stresss-strain diagram樱木cherry tree荧光采伤法zyglo本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!荧光渗透剂zyglo penetrant荧光fluorescence荧光镜fluoroscope荧光探伤法fluorescent crack detection 荧光透视法（检查），荧光镜试验fluorspar 萤石（CaF2） fluorite 萤石（CaF2） flushing 硬点hard spot 硬度hardness硬度计hardness tester硬焊brazing硬化（壳模）curing硬化，淬火hardening硬化合金hardening alloy硬化剂hardening agent硬化剂，硬化合金hardener硬化加速剂hardening accelerator硬化能，淬火性hardenability 硬化深度hardness penetration 硬化时间curing time 硬结setting硬结砂用油setting oil硬木hardwood硬砂模型板hard sand match 硬质焦炭，煤焦hard coke 永久模，金属（铸）模permanent mold 用瓢装液（压铸）ladling 用销抬起pin lift优尼造模法Unicast process优先方位（结晶）preferred orientation油淬火oil quenching油粉浸渗试验（裂痕检出试验）oil-chalk test 油炉oil furnace油泥砂浆oi110am油漆，涂料paint油砂oil sand油砂模oil sand mold油砂心oil bounded core油砂心oil core油砂心oil sand core油污金属切屑swarf油烟，烟灰soot油硬化oil hardening 油质黏结剂oil biner本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!柚木teak游标卡尺vernier calipers 铀U） uranium 有机粘结剂organic binder 有孔砂心撑perforated chaplet 有麻口冷硬层chill zone with mottle 有箱造模法flask molding 有效高度burden height 有效高度effective height 有效黏土含量effective clay content 釉，光滑glaze 鱼油fish oil 鱼嘴栅fishmouth gate 榆木elm 余留铁水heel余铁深度（炉）pool depth 余隙，间隙clearance 余液（低周波炉）liquid core 雨段退火two-stage annealing 雨淋式环浇口pencil ring gate 雨淋式进模口pencil gate 雨淋式进模口pop gate 雨淋式进模口shower gate 浴池式氮化法bath nitriding 预热preheating 预热带preheating zone 预热空气preheated air 预热器preheater 预熔金属pre-melt 原料raw materials原料工业primary graphite，G-graphite 原料金属primary industy 原料生铁base iron 原模型granular pearlite 原砂，原产硅砂crude sand 原砂透气度base permeability 原生组织primary structure 原油crude oil 圆板塞（浇池）disc plug 圆底提砂钩Yankee's lifter 圆规compasses 圆粒round sleeker 圆抹镘trowel星形裂缝star shake本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!星形铁（滚光用）jackstar, mill star, star 星形铁（滚光用）mill star，jack star，star 星形铁（滚光用）star，jackstar，mill star 星形铁（滚光用）tumbling stars 形象因子shape factor 型砖shaped brick 修补removable tilting forehearth 修毂抹刀boss spatula 修角刀corner tool 修角抹刀angle spatula 锈rust锈皮，比例尺，秤scale 锈皮，轧钢鳞片mill scale 锈蚀度degree of rustin 虚表比重apparent specific gravity 虚表孔率apparent porosity 虚表密度apparent density 虚表容积apparent volume 表温度apparent temperature 虚筋，挡块（砂模）stop off 蓄热炉regenerating furnace 蓄热能量heat-retaining capacity 蓄热器，再生器regenerator 蓄热系统regenerative system 续制铸件repeated use of sand 旋臂吊车jib crane旋风集尘器cyclone dust collector（cyclon）旋风净尘器cyclone scrubber dust collector 旋刮［砂］sweeping旋刮板sweep旋刮板sweeping board 旋刮板臂sweep arm 旋刮板马架sweeping molder's horse旋刮板模型sweeping pattern 旋刮板模型sweeping template pattern 旋刮板砂心swept core 旋刮板心砂心spindle core 旋刮板心轴，心轴spindle 旋刮板轴心承座sweeping plate 旋刮砂模sweeping mold 旋刮砂心sweeping core 旋涡补给口whirl-gate feeder 旋涡混合机whirl mixer 旋涡集渣包whirl-gate dirt trap本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 旋沿试验法（流动性）spiral test旋转给料盘rotary feeding plate旋转刮板turning strickle旋转模板造模机truning plate molding machine旋转器swirl旋转干燥器rotary drier旋转砂心线setting line，core setting line旋转筛rotary screen旋转筛砂机rotary sand screen旋转式集尘器spin dust collection旋转台，转盘turn table旋转喂槽swivelling tundish旋转轧碎机rotary crusher悬吊砂suspended core悬吊砂轮机suspended grinder悬吊输送机trolley conveyor悬浮物suspended matter悬拱suspended arch悬挂式清箱装置pendant shaking equipment选别废料selected scrap雪明碳铁，雪明碳体cementite循环处理砂system sand循环砂recirculation system sand循环砂return sand压边整缘press trimming压痕试验indentation test压痕嚣，压痕物indentor压痕硬度试验机indentation hardness tester压坏（砂模），粉碎crush压挤板squeeze plate压挤板squezze boad压挤捣砂squeeze ramming压挤机squeeze machine压挤式顶杆造模机squeeze pinlift molding maching压挤头（造模机）squeeze head压挤造模机squeeze molding machine压挤铸造squeeze casting压紧废料packeted scrap压块briquet，briquette压块bundle压块废料baled scrap压块机briquetting machine压力pressure压力计pressure gage本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!压力室添加法pressure chamber method压力通风follow board压力铸造pressure casting压漏（铸疵）leakers压漏试验leakage test压模印coining压膜式壳模机diaphragm shell molding machine压膜式造模机diaphragm molding machine压实性compactability压实指数compactability index压碎机crusher压缩机compressor压缩机die casting machine压缩空气compressed air压缩空气缸compressed air cylinder压缩空气喷吵机compressed air sand blaster压缩空气软管compressed air hose压缩性compressibility压重，祛码weights压重板（震动压面）jointing plate压铸，刚模铸造de cast压铸储井shot well压铸储筒shot sleeve压铸法，刚模铸造法die casting压铸件die castings压铸模dies压铸模涂料，刚模涂料die coating压铸模块die cast assembly亚共晶合金hypoeutectic alloy亚共析合金hypoeutectoid alloy亚甲蓝试验methylene亚硫酸监稠浆（黏结剂）sulphur，sulfur亚铝美尔Alumel氩（Ar） argon氩净化器argon purifier烟囱chimney烟囱chimney stack烟囱，炉胴（熔铁炉）stable-equilibrium diagram烟囱罩hood烟道chimney flue烟道气flue gas烟火bank，the cupola烟煤bituminous coal烟煤soft coal本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 烟气（有害的）fume烟雾smog延性ductility延性材料断口ductile fracture延性铸铁（球状石墨铸铁）ductile cast iron，nodular cast iron研究工程师research engineer研磨纸emery paper焰割gas cutting洋铜nickel silver阳极处理anodizing阳极铜anode copper扬尘量dust emission杨氏模数，杨氏［纵弹性］系数Young's moldulus氧（O）oxygen氧丙烷焰割oxy- cutting氧化oxidation氧化oxidizing氧化表皮oxide skin氧化带zone of ozidation氧化精炼oxidizing refining氧化精炼refining by oxidation氧化期oxidizing period氧化气孔（铸疵）oxidized blowhole氧化损耗oxidation loss氧化铁iron oxide氧化物oxide氧化硅（SiO2） silica物理变化physical change物理试验physical test物理性质physical properties物理冶金physical metallurgy雾化atomization西拉高硅铸铁Silal吸热反应endothermic reaction吸入输送机suction conveyor吸湿性试验（高湿状态）high humidity storage test吸收absorption吸收剂absorbent吸收器absorber析出，沈淀precipitation析出热处理precipitation heat treatment析出退火precipitation annealing析出硬化precipitation hardening硅⑶）silicon本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!硅肥粒铁silico ferrite硅肺病，石米沉着病silicosis硅分析仪，砂计silicon meter硅钢板silicon steel plate硅化钙calcium silicide硅化钙calcium silicon硅黄铜silicon brass硅块silicon briquets硅铝钙合金calicum-aluminium-silicon硅铝明（铝硅合金）silumin硅镒钙合金calcium-manganesesilicon硅凝胶，硅胶吸湿剂silica gel硅青铜silicon bronze硅青铜soilzin bronze硅砂silica sand硅砂捣料silica ramming compound硅砂粉silica flour硅砂浆涂料silica wash硅砂石砖ganister brick硅树脂，硅酮silicone硅树脂滑脂silicone grease硅酸silicic acid硅酸监silicate硅酸钠，水玻璃sodium silicate硅酸四乙酯tetraethl silicate硅酸乙脂ethyl silicate硅铁ferro-silicon硅铜silicon copper硅线石砖（高铝氧（70Al2O5）硅质耐火砖）silimanite brick硅岩轮辗硅砂impeller-breaker sand硅藻土diatomaceous earth硅藻土infusorial earth硅藻土kieselguhr硅质粘土silicious clay硅砖silica brick硒（Se）（化学元素）selinium稀土金属rare earth metal锡（Sn） tin锡汗珠（铸疵）tin sweat锡青铜tin bronze习用潜变限度conventional creep limit洗尘器，涤气机scrubber洗净器scrubbing liquid细锉刀finishing file本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 细孔组织cell structure细裂痕（铸疵）hair crack细裂纹（铸疵）caplillary crack细密波来铁fine pearlite细泥砂浆finishing loam细砂，河海丘砂bank sand细土粉，细泥fine silt煅烧calcine煅烧白云石calcine煅烧窑calcining kiln瑕疵flaw瑕疵大小flaw size瑕疵位置flaw location按工场，换造炉fore-hearth forge按铁锈皮forge scale按造，换件forging下降速率lowering speed下浇道，坚浇道down gate下浇道，坚浇道down sprue下模bottom part下模nowel下模，下砂箱，下模箱drag下砂箱，下模箱drag box下砂箱，下模箱drag flask夏比冲击试验charpy impact test夏比冲击试验机Charpy impact test machine夏比冲击值Charp impact value纤维状滑石fibrous talc显热sensible heat显微镜microscope显微镜试验microscopic inspection显微镜学microscopy显微镜照像photomicrograph显微偏析micro-segregation显微缩孔（铸疵）micro-shrinkage显微像micrograph显微组织micro-structure限缩变形hindered contraction限外显微镜ultramicroscope相phase相对频率relative frequency相对湿度relative humidity相对硬度relative hardness相律phase rule本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!相平衡phase equilibrium相图phase diagram响铜bell metal象皮皱纹（铸疵）elephant skin橡胶浇道棒（造模）rubber down gate橡胶浇道棒（造模）rubber pouring funnel橡胶输送带rubber conveyer belt橡木oak消除冷硬退火chill removing annealing消除应力开沟，防裂槽stress relieving grooving消泡剂antifoaming agent消石灰，熟石灰slake-lime消退fading消退时限fading time硝酸浸蚀液nital硝酸浸蚀液nitric acid销pin销合pin closure销紧力locking force销孔试验片keyhole specimen销抬造模机pin-lift molding machine萧氏精密造模法Shaw process萧氏硬度Shore hardness小块料cobbing小胚billet小铸件small castings校准calibration校准块calibration block校准钮calibrating knob楔wedge楔表进模口wedge gate楔塞作用wedge action楔形进模口wedge runner bar楔形试片wedge test piece楔形试验wedge test楔形销wedge pin楔形压力试验wedge penetration test楔形砖key brick楔形砖wedge brick楔值wedge value斜导杆（压铸）cam finger斜度砂箱，滑脱砂箱slip flask斜方晶系（结晶）rhombic system卸斗skip本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!卸斗吊车skip hoist心，心型，砂心core心材heart wood心骨core bar心骨core grid心骨core iron心骨core rod心骨管core barrel心骨矫直器core rod straightner心骨模core grid mold心骨模型core iron printer心骨切断器core rod cutter心骨轴core spindle心裂（木材）heart shake心砂core sand心砂混合机core sand mixer心形镘刀large heart trowel心型拔出装置（压铸）core pull assembly心型撑，砂心撑chaplet心型固定门（压铸）heel block心型滑板（压铸）core slide心型移装，砂心移装core draw-back心轴，心骨arbor心座core bedding frame辛浦森式混砂机Sympson type sand mill新炼金属virgin metal新砂new sand锌（Zn） zinc锌当量zinc equivalence，zinc equivalent factor通气口air port通气蜡条vent wax通气蜡线wax vent通气砂心blind core通气筛嘴（砂心盒）screen vent通气性vent abi通气针vent former通气针vent wire同素异性allotropy同位素isotope同质多象polymorphism桐油China wood oil酮油tung oil铜（Cu）copper铜基合金cupro-metal本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 铜绿green patina铜气脆性（铸疵）hydrogen brittleness of copper 铜缘patina 铜缘Verdigris筒状浇口（压铸）end gate 头等品质top grade quality 透明片transparent cut 透气性permeability 透气性试验permeability test 透气性试验器permeability tester" 凸出块，突耳casting lug 凸疵（铸疵）（模型粘砂）sticker 凸肩导销shoulder guider pin 凸块，突耳lug 凸片，飞边fin 凸片管finned tube 凸片气缸finned cylinder 凸缘flange凸缘抹片flange sleeker 突出标志rising mark 突耳孔lughole 突起分模面undulating mold joint 涂焊（表面硬化涂焊）surfacing 涂黑blacking 涂浆，洗涤washing 涂沥表管tarred pipe 涂料facing materials 涂料wash material 涂料，涂模剂coat 涂料，涂模剂coating 涂料疤（铸疵）blacking scab 涂料孔（铸疵）blacking hole 涂模浆mold wash 涂模浆molding wash 涂模料mold coating 涂模料mold dressing 涂模料mold facing涂模料接种法mold coating inoculation 涂刷painting土状石墨amorphous graphite 吐粒散铁，吐粒散体trosstite 钍（Th） thorium 推拔，斜度taper 推拔砂箱taper flask本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!推拔套箱taper case推车式浇桶buggy ladle推挤（压铸）squeezing退火annealing退火罐annealing pot退火炉annealing furance （oven）退火温度annealing temperature 退火箱annealing box退火用填料，退火用矿粉annealing ore退货rejection托板pallet托板输送机pallet conveyor托板输送机plate conveyer托架bracket托运板carrying plate脱件销（压铸）sprue puller pin脱蜡burn-out脱蜡dewaxing脱蜡法lost wax process脱蜡造模法lost wax molding脱裂强度（模砂式模纵面压裂试验）splitting strength 脱硫，去硫desulphurization 脱硫，去硫desulphurizing 脱模pattern draw脱模式造模机pattern-draw molding machine脱湿剂（模砂用）humectant脱碳decarburization脱碳法展性处理malleablization by decarburizing 脱碳率rate of decarburization脱硅desiliconizing月兑锌dezincification椭圆导套oval bush夕卜观检查outer inspection夕卜角抹镘square sleeker夕卜卡钳outside calipers外冷激，外冷硬，外冷铁extenal chill外模破裂broken mold外伸砂心顾clearance print外伸砂心头over-hang外伸余度砂心头clearance taper print外缩（铸疵）draw外缩孔（铸疵）open cavity外缩孔（铸疵）surface shrinkage外缩孔，凹陷（铸疵）depression本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!夕卜缩窝shrinkage depression外烯式空气预热器externally fired hot blast heater 夕卜因非金属杂物exogenous non-metallic inclusion 夕卜因金属夹杂物exogenous metallic in clusion 夕卜因凝固exogenous solidification外圆角round弯曲负荷bending load弯曲试验bending test弯头抹刀bent spatula完工面finished surface完全冷激complete chill完全燃烧complete combustion完全退火full annealing完整模型comple。
Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a subject that has been integral to the development of human civilization – mechanical casting. As we delve into the fascinating world of mechanical casting, we will explore its history, significance, modern applications, and the challenges it faces in the21st century.Title: The Art and Science of Mechanical Casting: A Cornerstone of Industrial ProgressIntroduction:Mechanical casting is an ancient and versatile manufacturing processthat involves the creation of metal objects by pouring molten metal into a mold, which then solidifies to form the desired shape. This technique has been in use for over 5,000 years, and it has played a crucial role in the advancement of various industries. Today, I would like to take you on a journey through the evolution of mechanical casting, highlighting its importance and exploring the future of this fascinating field.I. The Historical Perspective:A. The origins of casting can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese, who used it to create tools, weapons, and ornaments.B. The development of bronze casting in ancient China and the Indus Valley Civilization marked a significant milestone in the history of mechanical casting.C. The Industrial Revolution brought about significant advancements in casting techniques, leading to the mass production of metal goods.II. The Significance of Mechanical Casting:A. Casting is a fundamental process in the manufacturing of metal components, with applications ranging from automotive and aerospace industries to construction and consumer goods.B. It allows for the production of complex shapes that would bedifficult or impossible to fabricate using other manufacturing methods.C. Casting is cost-effective and can produce parts in large quantities, making it an ideal choice for mass production.III. Types of Casting Processes:A. Sand casting: The most common casting method, where a mold is made of sand and the molten metal is poured into the mold cavity.B. Investment casting: A precision casting technique that involves creating a wax pattern, which is then coated with ceramic slurry and baked to produce a mold.C. Die casting: A high-speed process that uses high-pressure injection to fill the mold cavity with molten metal.D. Centrifugal casting: A casting process where the mold is rotated to allow the metal to solidify in a centrifugal force field.IV. Modern Applications:A. Automotive industry: Casting is used to produce engine blocks, cylinder heads, and other critical components.B. Aerospace industry: Casting is crucial in the manufacturing ofturbine blades, landing gears, and other critical parts.C. Construction industry: Casting is used for the production of reinforcing bars, pipes, and other infrastructure components.D. Consumer goods: From kitchenware to musical instruments, casting is employed in various consumer products.V. Challenges and Future Trends:A. Environmental concerns: The casting process generates a significant amount of waste and emissions, prompting the industry to seek more sustainable solutions.B. Technological advancements: The integration of 3D printing and computational modeling is revolutionizing the casting industry, enabling more complex and efficient designs.C. Quality control: Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of cast components remains a challenge, with advancements in non-destructive testing and process optimization being crucial.Conclusion:In conclusion, mechanical casting has been a cornerstone of industrial progress, providing us with the tools and materials that have shaped our world. As we continue to innovate and overcome the challenges that lie ahead, the future of mechanical casting looks promising. With the right balance of tradition and technology, we can ensure that this ancient art will continue to thrive and contribute to the advancement of our society.Thank you for your attention, and I welcome any questions you may have regarding the fascinating world of mechanical casting.。
Mechanical Engineering TrainingGrindingName:Student NO.:Date:1. Introduction to GrindingGrinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool.A wide variety of machines are used for grinding:(1) Hand-cranked knife-sharpening stones (grindstones)(2) Handheld power tools such as angle grinders and die grinders(3) Various kinds of expensive industrial machine tools called grinding machines(4) Bench grinders often found in residential garages and basementsGrinding practice is a large and diverse area of manufacturing and toolmaking. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production contexts it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to the machining of very hard materials than is "regular" machining (that is, cutting larger chips with cutting tools such as tool bits or milling cutters), and until recent decades it was the only practical way to machine such materials as hardened steels. Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually better suited to taking very shallow cuts, such as reducing a shaft’s d iameter by half a thousandth of an inch or 12.7 μm.Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge, and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.). However, among people who work in the machining fields, the term cutting is often understood to refer to the macroscopic cutting operations, and grinding is often mentally categorized as a "separate" process. This is why the terms are usually used in contradistinction in shop-floor practice, even though, strictly speaking, grinding is a subset of cutting.In this training course, considering the availability of required equipment in the training center, we will focus on the training of metal casting methods.2. Types of Grinding ProcessSelecting which of the following grinding operations to be used is determined by the size, shape, features and the desired production rate.Surface GrindingSurface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material, creating a flat surface. The tolerances that are normally achieved with grinding are ± 2 × 10−4 inches for grinding a flat material, and ± 3 × 10−4 inches for a parallel surface (in metric units: 5 μm for flat material and 8 μm for parallel surface).The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a chuck, either electromagnetic or vacuum, and a reciprocating table.Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and steel. These two materials do not tend to clog the grinding wheel while being processed. Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass and some plastics. The photo of a surface grinding machine is shown in Figure 1. The machine you are going to use in this training course is the surface grinding machine. You will learn about the working principles of the machine and manipulate the machine to grind a workpiece according to a technical drawing.Figure 1 Surface grinding machineCylindrical GrindingCylindrical grinding (also called center-type grinding) is used to grind the cylindrical surfaces and shoulders of the workpiece. The workpiece is mounted on centers and rotated by a devise known as a drive dog or center driver. The abrasive wheel and the workpiece are rotated by separate motors and at different speeds. The table can be adjusted to produce tapers. The wheel head can be swiveled.The five types of cylindrical grinding are: outside diameter (OD) grinding, inside diameter (ID) grinding, plunge grinding, creep feed grinding, and centerless grinding.A cylindrical grinder has a grinding (abrasive) wheel, two centers that hold the workpiece, and a chuck, grinding dog, or other mechanism to drive the work. Most cylindrical grinding machines include a swivel to allow for the forming of tapered pieces. The wheel and workpiece move parallel to one another in both the radial and longitudinal directions. The abrasive wheel can have many shapes. Standard disk shaped wheels can be used to create a tapered or straight workpiece geometry while formed wheels are used to create a shaped workpiece. The process using a formed wheel creates less vibration than using a regular disk shaped wheel.Tolerances for cylindrical grinding are held within five ten-thousandths of an inch (+/- 0.0005) (metric: +/- 13 um) for diameter and one ten-thousandth of an inch (+/- 0.0001) (metric: 2.5 um) for roundness. Precision work can reach tolerances as high as fifty millionths of an inch (+/- 0.00005) (metric: 1.3 um) for diameter and ten millionths (+/- 0.00001) (metric: 0.25 um) for roundness. Surface finishes can range from 2 to 125 micro-inches (metric: 50 nm to 3 um), with typical finishes ranging from 8-32 micro-inches. (metric: 0.2 um to 0.8 um)Figure 2 shows a cylindrical grinding machine.Figure 2 Cylindrical grinding machine3. Working Principle of the Surface Grinding MachineFigure 3 Structure of a surface grinding machineAs can be seen in Figure 3, the surface grinding machine consists of a table with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating. The grinding wheel can travel across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved while the grind wheel stays in a fixed position. The work piece is usually firmlyfixed on the table through electromagnetic power to make sure it won’t move under the rotatory force of the grinding wheel. So when we say the work piece moves, we actually mean the table that fixes the work piece moves.Fine control of the grinding head or table position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel. From Figure 3, we can see there are three hand wheels, in which the Longitudinal Feed Hand Wheel controls the longitudinal movement of the table, the Cross Feed Hand Wheel controls the horizontal movement of the table while the Vertical Feed Hand Wheel controls the vertical movement of the grinding head. With the hand wheels, we can precisely control the amount of material to be removed and finally meet the technical requirement.Figure 4 The grinding processAs can be seen form Figure 4, the Grinding machine removes material from the surface of the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat. To cool the work piece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns. During the grinding process, the coolant is continuously supplied to the grinding wheel where it contacts the workpiece to remove the heat.4. Grinding WheelA grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that is composed of an abrasive compound used for various grinding (abrasive cutting) and abrasive machining operations. The wheels are generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and bonded together to form a solid, circular shape. Various profiles and cross sections are available depending on the intended usage for the wheel. They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminum disc with particles bonded to the surface. Figure 5 shows the photo of a grinding wheel that is used in the surface grinding machine.Figure 5 Grinding wheelThe manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on rotation.Common materials for manufacturing grinding wheels include: Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide, Ceramic, Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride. Grinding wheels with diamond or Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grains are called super-abrasives. Grinding wheels with Aluminum Oxide (corundum), Silicon Carbide or Ceramic grains are called conventional abrasives.5. Use of the MicrometerIn the training practice, you are supposed to grind the workpiece according to a technical drawing where size and tolerance of the finished workpiece are specified. Your finished workpiece must conform to all the specifications in the technical drawing. Therefore, in order to check if the workpiece is qualified, you have to learn about the use of the micrometer.A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame), which is why micrometer caliper is another common name. The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil. Figure 6 shows a micrometer.Figure 6 The micrometerBut how to read the micrometer? Let us see an example in Figure 7.Figure 7 Micrometer thimble reading 5.78mmThe spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimeter, and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter. The longitudinal line on the frame is graduated with 1 millimeter divisions and 0.5 millimeter subdivisions. The thimble has 50 graduations, each being 0.01 millimeter (one-hundredth of a millimeter). Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimeter divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.Suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible (as shown in Figure 7), and that graduation 28 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading then would be 5.00 + 0.5 + 0.28 = 5.78 mm.6. Training PracticeIn this training course, you are supposed to grind the workpiece according to a technical drawing. The drawing will be given to you in class, so before you start working, first read the drawing carefully and make sure you have understood all the specifications on the drawing. Then following the guidance of the teacher, you can manipulate the grinding machine. When you have finished, use the micrometer to check if the workpiece meets the specifications, if not, you have to repeat the process until the specifications are all met.7. Safety Rules(1) The grinding wheel rotates in a very high speed, so do not try to use your hands totouch the wheel or workpiece when the machine is running.(2) Sparks may occur when the grinding machine is working, so you shall stay awayfrom the end of the machine to avoid being burnt.(3) After the workpiece is finished, do not try to pick it up with bare hand. Gloves areneeded in case you get your fingers injured by the heat from the workpiece.。
《金工实习》课程教学大纲课程名称：金工实习课程代码：ELEA1036英文名称：Metalworking Practice课程性质：大类基础课程学分/学时：1.5学分/2周开课学期：第3学期适用专业：电气工程及其自动化、热能与动力工程专业、建筑环境与设备工程专业、测控技术与仪器专业、电子信息工程专业、通信工程专业等先修课程：无后续课程：企业生产实习、自动化综合实践、毕业设计开课单位：工程训练中心课程负责人：谢志余大纲执笔人：周新弘大纲审核人：余雷一、课程性质和教学目标（在人才培养中的地位与性质及主要内容，指明学生需掌握知识与能力及其应达到的水平）课程性质：金工实习（工程训练）是一门实践性的技术基础课程，是非机械类有关专业教学计划中重要的实践教学环节之一。
本课程应安排学生进行独立操作，并辅以专题讲授。
学生通过实习获得机械制造的基本知识，建立机械制造生产过程的概念；在培养一定操作技能的基础上增强学生的工程实践能力；在劳动观点、创新意识、理论联系实际的科学作风等基本素质方面受到培养和锻炼；为了解制造领域的工程文化、学习后续课程和今后的工作打下一定的实践基础。
教学目标：修本课程前，学生应具备一定的读图、识图、制图能力。
以便使学生在实习过程中，能根据图纸，独立完成加工制做任务。
机械制造工程训练与工程材料、机械制造基础、机械设计等课程有着深刻的联系，须统筹考虑课程之间的衔接和配合。
机械制造工程训练以实践教学为主，学生应能进行独立的基本实践操作，在训练过程中要有机结合基本工艺理论知识和实践，在保证贯彻教学基本要求的前提下，尽可能结合生产进行，培养学生创造、创新能力。
本课程的具体教学目标如下：1.了解机械制造工艺知识。
了解机械制造的一般过程和基本的概念；学习机械制造基本工艺知识，对简单零件初步具有选择加工方法和进行工艺分析的能力；了解所用主要设备的工作原理、典型结构及主要工夹量具的使用；了解新工艺、新技术在机械制造中的应用；掌握机械制造有关安全操作技术；2.接受基本工程素质教育。
Mechanical Engineering TrainingWeldingName:Student NO.:Date:1. Introduction to WeldingWelding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the work pieces.2. Types of Welding MethodsSome of the best known welding methods include:Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) - also known as "stick welding", uses an electrode that has flux, the protectant for the puddle, around it. The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric contamination. And this will be the focus of this training course.Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) - also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas), uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as Argon or Helium.Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) - commonly termed MIG (metal, inert gas), uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric contamination.Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)- almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas, depending on the filler.Submerged arc welding (SAW) - uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a blanket of granular fusible flux. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux blanket.Electroslag welding (ESW) - a highly productive, single pass welding process for thicker materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or close to vertical position.3. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding ProcessShielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the most common types of arc welding is; it is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA) or stick welding. Electric current is used to strike an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is made of filler material (typically steel) and is covered with a coating flow that protects the weld area from oxidation and contamination by producing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during the welding process. The electrode core itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler unnecessary.As can be seen from Figure 1, when the electrode rod contacts the base material, an arc will be stricken, which generates so much heat that the rod fuses. The coating flow on the external side of the rod will then produce CO2 to protect the weld area, while the fusedelectrode core will become the weld metal to put the base materials together. And the weld metal will be covered with a layer of solidified slag, which should be removed with a hammer when it cools down.1. Coating Flow2.Rod3.Shield Gas4.Fusion5.Base Material6. Weld Metal7.Solidified SlagFigure 1 The SMAW processThe process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making it well suited to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding. Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and other metals.Figure 2 A worker carrying out the SMAW processFigure 2 shows a worker carrying out the SMAW process. We can see that he is wearing a helmet, a pair of thick gloves and a protection suit. And these will also be what you are supposed to be wearing when you are taking the training practice. During the process, there will be very strong lights that may make you feel dizzy and lose your sight for a while if you watch the light directly. So the helmet is used to protect your eyes from the strong light. Also, there will be quite a lot of sparks, the protection suit and gloves will protect you from being burnt.4. Training PracticeIn this training course, you are supposed to use SMAW to weld two separate iron plates together. First the teacher will give you a demonstration, you should watch carefully and pay attention to the details. Then each student will have to take the welding practice. Your scores will be given according to the quality of the weld joint.5. Safety Rules(1) Do remember to wear the helmet, gloves and the protection suit before you startwelding.(2) Keep the helmet always on when welding, do not use your eyes to look at thelights directly.(3) There is electricity in both the rod and the workbench, so do not use your barehand to touch either of them.(4) Do not point the rod to others or sway the rod around in case you or other peopleget hurt.。
铸造部分目录第一节铸造基础知识 (指导人员用) (3)一、铸造生产概述 (3)二、铸造生产常规工艺流程 (3)第二节砂型铸造工艺 (4)一、型砂和芯砂的制备 (4)二、型砂的性能 (4)三、铸型的组成 (5)四、浇冒口系统 (5)五、模样和芯盒的制造 (6)第三节合金的熔炼 (8)一、铝合金的熔炼 (8)二、铸铁的熔炼 (9)第四节造型 (实践操作用) (11)一、手工造型 (11)二、制芯 (14)三、合型 (15)四、造型的基本操作 (15)五、合金的浇注 (17)六、机器造型 (18)第五节铸造工艺设计 (20)一、分型面 (20)二、型芯 (21)三、铸造工艺参数 (21)四、模样的结构特点 (21)第六节铸件常见缺陷的分析 (23)铸工实习安全技术守则 (24)第七节铸工概论(金工老师用) (25)一、铸造的辉煌历史 (25)二、铸造的分类 (25)第八节特种铸造 (26)一、压力铸造 (26)二、实型铸造 (27)三、离心铸造 (27)四、低压铸造 (28)五、熔模铸造 (29)六、垂直分型无箱射压造型 (30)七、金属型铸造 (30)八、多触头高压造型 (31)九、真空密封造型 (32)第九节铸造工艺图的绘制 (33)一、铸造工艺图 (33)二、浇注位置 (33)三、分型面 (33)四、机械加工余量和铸孔 (33)五、拔模斜度 (34)六、铸造圆角 (34)七、型芯、芯头及芯座 (34)八、铸造收缩率 (34)九、铸造工艺图的绘制 (34)十、模样图的绘制 (34)十一、铸型装配图的绘制 (35)十二、铸件图的绘制 (36)十三、模样、型腔、铸件和零件之间的尺寸与空间的关系 (36)十四、铸造技术的发展趋势 (36)第一节铸造基础知识（指导人员用）一、铸造生产概述铸造是熔炼金属，制造铸型，并将熔融金属浇入铸型，凝固后获得一定形状和性能铸件的成形方法。
铸件一般是毛坯，经切削加工等才成为零件。
IntroductionThis report aims to document my experiences during the Golden Workshop internship, which provided me with hands-on training in various metalworking techniques. The internship took place at [Company Name], a renowned institution for metalworking and engineering education. Through this internship, I gained valuable skills, insights, and a deeper understanding of the metalworking industry.Objective of the InternshipThe primary objective of my internship was to:1. Learn and apply fundamental metalworking techniques.2. Gain practical experience in the manufacturing process.3. Understand the importance of precision, safety, and quality in metalworking.4. Develop problem-solving and teamwork skills.Internship Duration and LocationThe internship lasted for [duration] weeks, from [start date] to [end date]. It was conducted at [Company Name], located at [Company Address].Daily RoutineMy daily routine during the internship involved the following activities:1. Morning Meeting: A brief meeting with the workshop instructor to discuss the day's tasks and any safety precautions.2. Lecture: A theoretical session on the topic of the day, covering concepts, principles, and safety guidelines.3. Hands-On Training: Practical application of the learned techniques under the supervision of experienced instructors.4. Lunch Break: A break to relax and rejuvenate.5. Afternoon Work: Continuation of hands-on training and problem-solving activities.6. Reflection and Documentation: Writing down observations, experiences, and reflections at the end of the day.Learning and Skills GainedDuring the internship, I learned and honed the following skills:1. Basic Metalworking Techniques: I gained proficiency in basic metalworking techniques such as sawing, filing, grinding, bending, and welding.2. Precision Measurement: I learned how to use various measuring tools like calipers, micrometers, and rulers to ensure precision in my work.3. Safety Protocols: I was trained in safety protocols to ensure a safe working environment, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).4. Problem-Solving: I developed problem-solving skills by identifying and addressing issues that arose during the manufacturing process.5. Teamwork: I collaborated with my peers to complete tasks efficiently and effectively.Key Projects and ActivitiesHere are some of the key projects and activities I participated in during the internship:1. Manufacturing a Metal Frame: I was responsible for designing and manufacturing a metal frame using welding and bending techniques.2. Creating Metal Components: I created various metal components for a prototype, including bolts, nuts, and brackets.3. Assembling a Metal Structure: I assembled a metal structure using焊接 and riveting techniques.4. Participation in a Team Project: I worked with a team to design and manufacture a metal gadget, which required coordination and effective communication.Reflections and InsightsThe internship has been a transformative experience for me. Here are some of my reflections and insights:1. Appreciation for Precision: I realized the importance of precision in metalworking and how it directly impacts the quality of the final product.2. Safety is Non-Negotiable: The emphasis on safety during theinternship reinforced the idea that safety should always be a toppriority in any workplace.3. Problem-Solving Skills: The challenges I faced during the internship helped me develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.4. Value of Teamwork: Working in a team taught me the importance of collaboration and communication in achieving common goals.ConclusionIn conclusion, my internship at [Company Name] has been an invaluable learning experience. It has equipped me with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in the field of metalworking. I am grateful for the opportunity to have gained practical experience and for the guidance and support provided by the instructors and my peers. I look forward to applying the skills and insights gained during the internship in my future endeavors.References- [Company Name]. (Year). [Company Name Manual]. [Location].- [Instructor Name]. (Year). [Lecture Notes on Metalworking Techniques]. [Location].- [Textbook Author]. (Year). [Textbook Title]. [Publisher].Appendices- Photos of the metalwork projects completed during the internship. - Diagrams of the metal components designed and manufactured.- Reflections and self-assessment of the skills acquired during the internship.。
Mechanical Engineering Training Forging and PressingName:Student NO.:Date:Forging and Pressing1. Introduction to Forging and PressingForging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. The blows are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal is heated, usually in a forge. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for millennia; the traditional products were kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, edged weapons, and jewelry. Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machines wherever a component requires high strength; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry.Stamping (also known as pressing) is the process of placing flat sheet metal in either blank or coil form into a stamping press where a tool and die surface forms the metal into a net shape. Stamping includes a variety of sheet-metal forming manufacturing processes, such as punching using a machine press or stamping press, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining. This could be a single stage operation where every stroke of the press produces the desired form on the sheet metal part, or could occur through a series of stages. The process is usually carried out on sheet metal, but can also be used on other materials, such as polystyrene. Stamping is usually done on cold metal sheet. See Forging for hot metal forming operations.This training course will be divided into two parts. In the first part, you will learn about the working principle of Numerical Control (NC) Pressing Machines and learn to program with G-code that drives the machine to work. Then you are supposed to design a drawing yourself and write down the G-code according to the coordinates of the drawing so that the pressing machine can work out the drawing on a sheet metal following the G-code. In the second part, you will learn about the most traditional forging method, namely the open-die forging, in which you will be grouped in pairs to work out a workpiece following the guidance of the teacher.2. Types of Forging ProcessMetal casting is one of the most common casting processes. Metal patterns are more expensive but are more dimensionally stable and durable. Metallic patterns are used where repetitive production of castings is required in large quantities. Common metal casting methods include Sand Casting, Die Casting and Evaporative-pattern Casting. Drop ForgingDrop forging is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" onto the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and closed-die drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does.Open-die drop forgingOpen-die forging is also known as smith forging. In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary anvil. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. Therefore the operator, or a robot, needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have a specially shaped surface for specialized operations.Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes. Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. A demonstration of open die forging is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Open-die ForgingImpression-die forgingImpression-die forging is also called closed-die forging. In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to the anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on the scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as flash. The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces the metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed. A demonstration of impression die forging is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Impression-die forgingPress forgingPress forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press forging operation can be done either cold or hot.Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of the dies, allowing for easy automation.Roll forgingRoll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a stop the rolls rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into the same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece.Examples of products produced using this method include axles, tapered levers and leaf springs.3. G-code programmingIn this part of training, you are supposed to design a drawing yourself and learn to use G-code to program the path of the drawing so that the pressing machine could follow the G-code to work out the drawing on a sheet metal.G-code (also RS-274), which has many variants, is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing for controlling automated machine tools. G-code is sometimes called G programming language.In fundamental terms, G-code is a language in which people tell computerized machine tools how to make something. The how is defined by instructions on where to move, how fast to move, and through what path to move. The most common situation isthat, within a machine tool, a cutting tool is moved according to these instructions through a toolpath, cutting away excess material to leave only the finished workpiece. The same concept also extends to noncutting tools such as forming or burnishing tools, photo-plotting, additive methods such as 3D printing, and measuring instruments.In the following, we will talk about the grammar of the G-code programming language. The code is composed of a series of variables specifying the commands to be executed and numbers specifying the coordinates, lengths or diameters. Table 1 and Table 2 shows the meanings of variables in G-code and some common used G-code commands.An example of G-code ProgrammingFigure 3 A complete G-code commandFigure 3 shows a complete G-code command. In this command, I, J and K are used specially in G02 and G03 commands to signify the incremental coordinate of arc center relative to the starting point of the arc.Figure 4 An exemplary drawingAs said above, you have to design a drawing yourself. The drawing could be drawn on a coordinate paper, which you can buy at the supermarket near the gate of the campus. The drawing you design should be better a simple one with only straight lines, circles or arcs, so that you can write the G-code easily. Other shapes like curves, splines are very difficult for manual programming. Figure 4 shows an exemplary drawing composed of two straight lines and two semi-circles.Before programming, you have to identify the coordinates of some main points on the drawing. In the example, six points are identified, in which A, B, C and D are the ends of the two straight lines while E and F are the centers of the semi-circles. Suppose we start from point C and set C as the origin, the coordinates of all the other points could be determined.Figure 5 shows the G-code for the exemplary drawing. Following the instructions, you can write the G-code for your own drawing.4. Open-die forging trainingIn the second part of this training course, you are supposed to take the open-die forging training. You must have seen from movies what a smith do in old times. In order to make swords or arrows, they put raw iron materials into a furnace with high temperature until the iron becomes very hot and turns soft. Then they take the glowing iron out with a clamp and use hammers to punch the iron to change its size and shape until it finally has the shape of what they want. And what you are going to do is very similar to that.By the time, all of you will be divided into small groups, with three students in each group. One student will be watching the furnace to see if the iron is hot enough to be takenout, another student will be working with the hammer to punch the iron while the last student will be stabilizing the iron with the clamp and checking the shape of the iron. Since the iron will become hard if it cools down, you have to pay attention if the iron is still glowing, if not, put it back in the furnace and repeat the process when it glows again.5. Safety Rules(1) Remember to wear gloves when working the hammer and clamp.(2) The furnace is very hot, so the student beside the furnace must wear protectionsuits to avoid injury.(3) Do not play with the hammer or use the hammer to hurt people around.(4) Students working with the clamp should hold the clamp at its end instead of themiddle, so that the iron could be stabilized and you won’t get hurt.。
SAND CASTINGMost metal castings are made by pouring molten metal into a prepared cavity and allowing it to solidify. The process dates from antiquity. The largest bronze statue in existence today is the great Sun Buddha in Nara, Japan. Cast in the eighth century, it weighs 551 tons (500 metric tons) and is more than 71 ft (21m) high. Artisans of the Shang Dynasty in China (1766 - 1222B.C.) created art works of bronze with delicate filigree as sophisticated as anything that is designed and produced today.There are many casting processes available today, and selecting the best one to produce a particular part depends on several basic factors, such as cost, size, production rate, finish ,tolerance, section thickness, physical-mechanical properties, intricacy of design, machinability, and weldability.Sand casting, the oldest and still the most widely used casting process, will be presented in more detail than the other processes since many of the concepts carry over into those processes as well.Green SandGreen sand generally consists of silica sand and additives coated by rubbing the sand grains together with clay uniformly wetted with water. More stable and refractory sands have been developed, such as fused silica, zircon, and mullite, which replace lower-cost silica sand and have only 2% linear expansion at ferrous metal temperatures. Also, relatively unstable water and clay bonds are being replaced with synthetic resins, which are much more stable at elevated temperatures.Green sand molding is used to produce a wide variety of castings in sizes of less than a pound to as large as several tons. This versatile process is applicable to both ferrous and nonferrous materials.Green sand can be used to produce intricate molds since it provides for rapid collapsibility; that is, the mold is much less resistant to the contraction of the casting as it solidifies than are other molding processes. This results in less stress and strain in the casting.The sand is rammed or compacted around the pattern by a variety of methods, including hand or pneumatic-tool ramming, jolting (abrupt mechanical shaking),squeezing (compressing the top and bottom mold surfaces), and driving the sand into the mold at high velocities (sand slinging). Sand slingers are usually reserved for use in making very large stings where great volumes of sand are handled.For smaller castings，a two-part metal box or flask referred to as a cope and drag is used. First the pattern is positioned on a mold board, and the drag or lower half of the flask is positioned over it. Parting powder is sprinkled on the pattern and the box is filled with sand. A jolt squeeze machine quickly compacts the sand. The flask is then turned over and again parting powder is dusted on it. The cope is then positioned on the top half of the flask and is filled with sand, and the two-part mold with the pattern board sandwiched in between is squeezed.PatternsPatterns for sand casting have traditionally been made of wood or metal. However, it has been found that wood patterns change as much as 3% due to heat and moisture. This factor alone would put many castings out of acceptable tolerance for more exacting specifications. Now, patterns are often made from epoxies and from cold-setting rubber with stabilizing inserts. Patterns of simple design, with one or more flat surface, can be molded in one piece, provided that they can be withdrawn without disturbing the compacted sand. Other patterns may be split into two or more parts to facilitate their removal from the sand when using two-part flasks. The pattern must be tapered to permit easy removal from the sand. The taper is referred to as draft. When a part does not have some natural draft, it must be added. A more recent innovation in patterns for sand casting has been to make them out of foamed polystyrene that is vaporized by the molten metal. This type of casting, known as the full-mold process, does not require pattern draft.Sprues, Runners, and Gates.Access to the mold cavity for entry of the molten metal is provided by sprues, runners, and gates, as shown in Fig.7-1. A pouring basin can be carved in the sand at the top of the sprue, or a pour box, which provides a large opening, may be laid over the sprue to facilitate pouring. After the metal is poured, it cools most rapidly in the sand mold. Thus the outer surface forms a shell that permits the still molten metal nearthe center to flow toward it. As a result, the last portion of the casting to freeze will be deficient in metal and, in the absence of a supplemental metal-feed source, will result in some form of shrinkage. This shrinkage may take the form of l shrinkage (large cavities) or the more subtle microshrinkage (finely dispersed porosity). These porous spots can be avoided by the use of risers，as shown in Fig.7-1，which Provide molten metal to make up for shrinkage losses.Fig.7-1 Sectional view of a casting moldCoresCores are placed in molds wherever it is necessary to preserve the space it occupies in the mold as a void in the resulting castings. As shown in Fig.7-11 the core will be put in place after the pattern is removed. To ensure its proper location, the pattern has extensions known as core prints that leave cavities in the mold into which the core is seated. Sometimes the core may be molded integrally with the green sand and is then referred to as a green-sand core. Generally, the core is made of sand bonded with core oil, some organic bonding materials, and water. These materials are thoroughly blended and placed in a mold or core box. After forming, they are removed and baked at 350°to 450°F (177°to 232°C). Cores that consist of two or more parts are pasted together after baking.CO2 CoresCO2 cores are made by ramming up moist sand in a core box. Sodium silicate is used as a binder, which is quickly hardened by blowing CO2 gas over it. The CO2 system has the advantage of making the cores immediately available.Pouring the MetalSeveral types of containers are used to move the molten metal from the furnace tothe pouring area. Large castings of the floor-and-pit type are poured with a ladle that has a plug in the bottom, or, as it is called, a bottom-pouring ladle. It is also employed in mechanized operations where the molds are moved along a line and each is poured as it is momentarily stopped beneath the large bottom-pour ladle.Ladles used for pouring ferrous metals are lined with a high alumina-content refractory. After long use and oxidation, it can be broken out and replaced. Ladles used in handling ferrous metals must be preheated with gas flames to approximately 2600° to 2700°F (1427° to 1482 °C) before filling. Once the ladle is filled, it is used constantly until it has been emptied.For nonferrous metals, simple clay-graphite crucibles are used. While they are quite susceptible breakage, they are very resistant to the metal and will hold up a long time under normal conditions. They usually do not require preheating, although care must be taken to avoid moisture pickup. For this reason they are sometimes baked out to assure dryness.The pouring process must be carefully controlled, since the temperature of the melt greatly affects the degree of liquid contraction before solidification, the rate of solidification, which in turn affects the amount of columnar growth present at the mold wall, the extent and nature of the dendritic growth, the degree of alloy burnout, and the feeding characteristics of the risering system.Finishing OperationsAfter the castings have solidified and cooled somewhat, they are placed on a shakeout table or grating on which the sand mold is broken up, leaving the casting free to be picked out. The casting is then taken to the finishing room where the gates and risers are removed. Small gates and risers may be broken off with a hammer if the material is brittle. Larger ones require sawing, cutting with a torch, or shearing. Unwanted metal protrusions such as fins, bosses, and small portions of gates and risers need to be smoothed off to blend with the surface. Most of this work is done with a heavy-duty grinder and the process is known as snagging or snag grinding. On large castings it is easier to move the grinder than the work, so swing-type grinders are used. Smaller castings are brought to stand- or bench-type grinders. Hand and pneumaticchisels are also used to trim castings. A more recent method of removing excess metal from ferrous castings is with a carbon-air torch. This consists of a carbon rod and high-amperage current with a stream of compressed air blowing at the base of it. This oxidizes and removes the metal as soon as it is molten. In many foundries this method has replaced nearly all chipping and grinding operations.New Wordscasting n.铸造，铸件cavity n.空腔，型腔solidify vt.凝固antiquity n.古代Buddha n.佛Nara n.奈良市artisan n.工匠filigree n.精细之作finish n.光洁度tolerance n.公差intricacy n.复杂machinability n.(可)切削性weldability n.(可）焊接性silica n.石英additive n.添加剂clay n.粘土refractory a.难熔的，耐火的fuse vt.使熔化zircon n.锆石mullite n.富铝红柱石ferrous a.铁的resin n.树脂，松香molding n.铸型，造型nonferrous a.非铁的intricate a.复杂的collapsibility n.退让性contraction n.收缩ram vt.夯实pattern n.模型，木模pneumatic a.气动的jolt vi.振动，摇动sling n.抛（砂）flask n.砂箱cope n.上砂箱drag n.下砂箱sprinkle vt.撒epoxy n.环氧树脂（胶）taper n.锥度，起模斜度draft n.起模斜度foamed a.泡沫的polystyrene n.聚苯乙烯sprue n.直浇口runner n.内浇口，横浇口basin n.浇口杯deficient a.不足的，缺乏的shrinkage n.收缩subtle a.细微的porosity n.多孔，缩松porous a.多孔的void n.空间integrally ad.整体地bonding n.粘结剂sodium n.钠silicate n.硅酸盐plug n.塞ladle n.浇勺，铁水包alumina n.氧化铝line v.做内衬susceptible a.容易的columnar a.柱状的dendritic a.树枝状的burnout n.熔蚀risering n.冒口protrusion n.凸出物fin n.周缘翅边boss n.表面凸出部分snag n.毛刺，凸出物；vt.清除（毛刺，浇口等）chisel n.凿子，凿刀chipping n.修整，清理Phrases and Expressionsbe applicable to (sb/sth)适用于be referred to as被称为gross shrinkage缩孔make up for 补偿be put in place放置在该放的位置上be susceptible to易于Notes1.Green sand generally consists of silica sand and additives coated by rubbing the sand grains together with clay uniformly wetted with water.型砂通常含有石英砂和添加剂，通过砂粒与用水均匀溅湿的粘土的搅拌，使砂粒及添加剂表面包复一层粘结薄膜。
Lesson one CastingThe word “casting” is used to describe both the process and the component or part that results when molten metal is poured into a mold. Casting, then is the process by which molten metal is transformed in one step into a part a component. The part or component produced is called a casting.The casting process is basically simple. First, a cavity is formed in a mold. The shape of the cavity determines the shape of the casting.Liquid (or molten) metal is poured into the mold, then is allowed to cool and become solid. After the metal has solidified, the casting can be removed from the mold. The procedure can be repeated for production of duplicate parts. A given shape may be produced in quantities in the millions.An important characteristic of casting is that even an intricate part can often be produced in one piece. A similar part prepared by welding or bolting would have to be assembled for many pieces.There are a variety of specific techniques for making a casting, but they all require a mold. The molds may be of two kinds: sand molds and metal molds.Of all cast metals, the most common is cast iron. Most cast iron is melted in a cupola. It will melt at a proper temperature and will be fluid when it is molten. Cast iron can be made very fluid, so it can be cast into complicated shapes by using a mold.Lesson Two Patterns for Castingsthe first step in making a casting is to prepare a pattern. Most patterns are made of wood because of its cheapness and ability to be worked easily. When high production of sand castings is required, more durable and stronger materials, such as ferrous and nonferrous metals, are employed to make patterns. Brass, aluminum alloy, and magnesium alloy patters are recommended for medium and light castings. Ferrous alloys are frequently used for large patterns. If metal patterns are decides upon, the first or master patterns are usually made from suitable wood and, thereafter, the metal patterns are cast from these wood patterns. In making patterns, additional pattern allowances must be provided in order to obtain sand castings of the desired dimensions.The quality of the final products depends upon intelligent planning of the pattern by the pattern maker. Before a pattern is made, the pattern maker must visualize from the blueprint what the casting will look like when completed and how it can be best molded. This preliminary estimate is important, since the molding expense in the foundry depends to a great extent on proper pattern construction.Lesson 3 molding sandsSand is the principal basic molding material used by the foundry man, whether it is for iron, steel, non-ferrous or light-alloy castings. For every ton of iron castings produced it is estimated that one ton of sand is used.Molding sands must possess many useful properties. They are fineness, plasticity, strength orbond, permeability, refractoriness and durability. All natural molding sands have these various qualities in different degrees. The chief constituents in sands are silica grains, which resist the heat, and aluminum silicate, or clay, which serves as a binder and makes molding possible. Other binders are frequently present in natural sands, and artificial binders are often added.Fineness is required, particularly for green sand work, to ensure a smooth surface in the casting. Plasticity is necessary to obtain a clean impression of the pattern or strikle. In green sand molding, this demands correct proportioning with water.Strength or bond is the ability of the sand to hold or bind together. There are two kinds of bond, i.e. green bond and dried bond. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which air or gas can pass through rammed sand. Refractoriness is required to avoid the fusing of the sand at the mould face on to the casting, so as to leave a smooth clean skin on the casting. Durability is an important property of the sand, it relates to the ability of the sand to withstand periods of service.Lesson 4 Green sand moldingOf all the methods in the production of castings, the most common is the green sand molding process. The green sand molds can be made by hand or machinery. The sand is called green because it depends on moisture for bond. Molding sands have three principal ingredients: silica sand of specified grain size, shape, and uniformity; green bond of desired plasticity; and moisture. The sand is not suitable for thick cross-sections, being readily washed off by the metal stream, but the expense of drying is avoided, greater collapsibility ensured, and the molding boxes are usable several times a day.Medium-sized green sand molds are enclosed in flasks that consist of two parts, the upper half or cope, and the lower half or drag.The plane separating the cope and drag is called parting line. The shape of the desired casting is simulated by a pattern around which the molding sand id formed. When the pattern is removed, the shape of the mold cavity is identical with the shape of the pattern. Sufficient taper, called draft, is placed on the sides of the pattern to facilitate withdrawal of the pattern without damage to the mold cavity.The vertical passageway through which molten metal flows down to the parting plane is called the sprue. The horizontal connection in the parting plane between the mold cavity and the sprue is the gate.For maximum venting, the sand should be highly permeable, with open grains, and provided with plentiful vents.Lesson 5 dry sand moldsDry sand molds are over-dried to a depth of 1/2 inch, or more. (the dried layer is usually deeper than 1/2 inch, depending on section thickness, and may extend clear through the section.) the molds are baked at 300℉ to 700 ℉ for 8 to 48 hours, depending on the binders used in the sand mixture and the amount of sand surface to be dried, and on the requirements of the production cycles. Dry sand molds generally used are used in preference to green sand molds for making medium-size to large castings, such as large rolls(滚筒机，碾压机), housings（壳体，机架）, gears and machinery components.Advantages of dry sand molds are:1.They are stronger than green sand molds, and thus are less susceptible to damage inhandling.2.Over-all dimensional accuracy of the mold is better than for green sand molds.3.Surface finish of castings is better, mainly because dry sand molds are coated with awash.Disadvantages of dry sand molds are:1.Castings are more susceptible to hot tears. (热纹)2.Distortion is greater than for green sand molds, because the baking.3.More flask equipment is needed to produce the same number of finished pieces, becauseprocessing cycles are longer than for green sand molds.4.Production is slower than for green sand molds.Lesson 6 coreIf the casting is to be hollow or have a hole through it, a core must be used. The core will be placed in the mold, positioned by core prints（芯头）, and the molten metal allowed to solidify around it. The external shape of the core thus becomes the internal shape of the casting.Core may be made of metal, plaster, and investment and ceramic materials as well as sand. Sand cores, along with molding, are the most frequently used.Most cores are made of core-sand mixture consisting of sand grains and organic binders which provide green strength, baked strength and collapsibility. Green strength is required so that the core sand may be molded to shape, i.e. for core-making. The core obtains its real strength and hardness when it is baked in a core oven. However, because the strength comes from core oil, the strength is lost and the core becomes collapsible when hot metal is poured around the core.Core-making is done manually and with machines. Making small cores, which are made by hand-filling core boxes with the core sand, usually is done at core benches (制芯台). In this case, only a core plate is required as equipment. The core is filled with core sand, rammed, and sruck off. Then it is transferred to a core plate for baking.For quantity production, a coreblowing machine (吹芯机) can be used. A two-part core box （芯盒）, designed to form the core in one piece is arranged so that sand can be mobbed into it under air pressure.Lesson 7 molding machineMolding machines have been designed to do part of the work that a molder previously has done by hand. No satisfactory automatic molding machine has been developed up to the present time.The chief operations performed by molding machines consist of ramming the sand into the mold, rolling the mold over, and drawing the pattern. Ramming the sand into the mold by hand is a slow process. The pneumatic (气动的，气体的) rammer increases the amount of ramming a man can do. In molding machines the whole flask may be rammed at one time, or the filling and ramming may be accomplished at one time.If no consideration were taken of the large increase in production possible by their use, the improvement in quality of castings alone would oftentimes warrant their installation, as the decrease in cost of machining castings produced by this method pays good dividends on the investment. The use of unskilled workmen on these machines is no small item in their favor.Several types of molding machines have been developed to ram the sand into the mold. The three types of ramming machines that have survived are the squeezer(压实造型机), the jar or jolt ram machine（震实造型机）, and the sand slinger（抛砂机）. The squeezer is limited to small, shallow flasks that are handled by hand. The jar or jolt ram machine is best adapted to molds that are larger and too deep to squeeze. The sand slinger is a machine that is used for medium and heavy work.Lesson 8 Sand-slingerUniform packing of the sand in molds is an important operation in the production so castings. To accomplish this operation in a satisfactory manner, particularly for large molds, a mechanical device known as the sand-slinger had been developed. The supply of sand is carried in a large tank of about 300cubic feet capacity, which may be refilled at intervals by overhead handling equipment. A delivery belt, feeding out of a hopper on the frame at the fixed end, conveys the sand to the rotating impeller head. The impeller head, which is enclosed, contains a single, rotating, cup-shaped part which slings sand into the mold. This part, rotating at high speed, slings over a thousand small buckets of sand a minute. The ramming capacity of this machine is 7 to 10 cubic feet, or 1000 pounds of sand per minute. The density of the packing can be controlled by the speed of the impeller head. For high production, machines of this type are available, having a capacity of 4000 pounds of sand per minute. Sand-slingers can be obtained either with a tractor mounting or as a stationary unit. Tractor-type sand-slingers travel along the sand piled on the floor and are used in foundries having no auxiliary sand-handling equipment. In addition to the ramming operation, these machines cut, riddle, and magnetically separate the sand from the scrap. The stationary machine is adapted to the production work and must be served by sand preparation and conditioning equipment, as well as conveyors for removing the molds. Sand-slinger machines greatly increase foundry production and insure the uniform ramming of molds.Lesson 9 CupolaIn most cases cupola is the lowest-cost unit for melting gray and ductile iron. The greater amount of gray iron is melted in the cupola and a constantly increasing amount in electric arc and induction furnaces. It is also widely used to melt malleable iron, which is usually further processed through an air furnace or electric arc furnace.The cupola is very simple in construction. It is divided into five zones—the hearth, the tuyere, melting zone, charging zone and the stack. The hearth is sometimes called the well because the melted iron drops down into it before being tapped out. The melting zone is where the melting takes place and is the hottest party of the cupola. In principle, the cupola is little more than a stack in which is built a coke fire. Pig iron and scrap are charged into the furnace in layers to be melted. A large blower provides a controlled blast of air to produce the necessary heat. Limestone is added to the charge to promote fluxing and melting of the metal.In practice, cupola operation is quite complex. Careful attention is given to the volume of air and pressure of the blast and to coke size, amount, and composition. Charges of pig iron, scrap, coke and limestone are carefully calculated to produce the desired chemistry, temperature, etc., and are painstakingly weighed. Frequent test specimens are poured and tested to be sure that specifications are being met. Temperature readings are taken often to be sure that pouring temperatures are adequate.Good cupola operating practices, adequate controls, and frequent tests are vital to the quality of iron produced. There are great differences among foundries in the quality of cupola practices employed.Lesson 10 Cast IronCast iron is a general term applied to a wide range of iron-carbon-silicon alloys in combination with smaller percentages of several other elements. It is an iron containing so much carbon, or its equivalent, that it is not malleable. Quite obviously, cast iron has a wide range of properties, since small percentage variations of its elements may cause considerable change. Cast iron should not be thought of as a metal containing a single element, but rather, as one having in its composition at least six elements. All cast irons contain iron, carbon silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Alloy cast iron has still other elements which should not be thought of as impurities, for they all have important effects on the physical properties. Pure iron, known as ferrite, is very soft and has few uses in industrial work. All desirable properties, such a strength, hardness, and machinability, are controlled by regulating the elements other than ferrite in the cast iron.The cast iron family includes gray, ductile (also called nodular), white, malleable, and high alloy irons.Gray iron is itself a family of casting alloys, and is the most widely used, with an annual production several times the total for all other metal cast/A relatively new type of cast iron is ductile—also called nodular—iron, as its name implies, ductile iron offers more ductility than gray iron, plus higher strength.Lesson 11 cast steelsMost steel castings are plain carbon steel alloys. These have various amounts of carbon without substantial amounts of other allying elements. These are classified into three general categories: low, medium and high carbon steel. Each class contains carbon as following: Low-carbon has up to 0.20%.Medium-carbon has between 0.20% and 0.50%.High-carbon has more than 0.50%.Low-carbon steels are the softest and most ductile of the three. Their properties are not greatly influenced by heat treatment. Medium-carbon steels, the most common, are harder than low-carbon steels; heat treatment increases their ductility and impact resistance.Because of the higher carbon content, high-carbon steels offer the highest strength and hardness. They are used where wear and abrasion-resistance are necessary.When other alloying elements—in addition to carbon—are added in substantial amounts, the steels are called alloy steels. The two main categories are low alloy and high alloy steels.Low alloy cast steels have a carbon content 0.45% or less, and total alloying elements of less than 8%. Because of the favorable effects of these elements, low-alloy steels develophigher strength through heat treatment.If low-alloy steels have less than 8% alloying elements, the high-alloy steels must have more than 8%.Types of high-alloy steels:Chromium steel—chromium from 12%-30%Chromium-nickel steel—chromium from 18%-32% and nickel from 8$-20%Nickel-chromium steel---nickel from 33%-41% and chromium from 13%-21%High-nickel-chromium steel—nickel from 58%-68% and chromium from 10%-19%Lesson 12 aluminum alloyMany aluminum alloys are castable and used widely where light weight and corrosion-resistance offset their higher cost. The principal alloying elements with aluminum are as follows:1)Silicon, which improves the casting qualities, making the metal flow better intointricate molds and thin cross sections.2)Copper, which reduces shrinkage and improves casting qualities but also reducescorrosion resistance.3)Magnesium, which makes the alloy heat-treatable when more than 6 percent is usedor where it is combined with other elements. Aluminum alloys containing magnesium as a definite alloying constituent require special attention because they are particularly prone to metal/mold reaction. Magnesium is liable to considerable oxidation whilst melting, and it is desirable to use a cover flux which will not only provide a protection but cleanse the alloy of oxides.4)Zinc, which improves mechanical properties, and, when it is used to the extent of 5percent to 7 percent, is the basis for the “self-aging” alloys. After an aging period of a few weeks, these develop characteristics almost equivalent to those of the heat-treated alloys. Parts can be made from these alloys that would not be practical to heat-treat because of strains and distortion.5)Nickel, which adds dimensional stability and heat resistance.6)Titanium, which refines the grain size and improves mechanical properties.Most aluminum casting alloys contain several or all of these elements in varying proportions, according to the qualities desired and the method of casting.Lesson 13 FluidityFluidity as used in the cast metal industry is quite different from the term defined in physical chemistry. In metal casting, it is the ability to fill a mold. To provide a measure of fluidity, a variety of evaluative methods have been developed, where fluidity is measured bu pouring a standard mold to provide a good indication pf metal flow. Usually a long, thin casting is poured in the form of a spiral—the length of the spiral serving as the measure fluidity.Both metal and mold characteristics are involved in determining metal fluidity. Two major metallurgical factors have a marked influence on metal fluidity—metal composition with particular emphasis on its relation to the freezing process and superheat. Other factors, such as metal viscosity and surface tension also may be important factors contributing to a metal’s fluidity.With regard to superheat, as a metal is heated to a high temperature, it will have a longer period in the mold during which it is liquid, and, therefore, will flow farther than a metal that is not so highly heated. Absorbed gases, surface oxide films and suspended inclusions, can materially affect the degree of fluidity.Changes in metal composition alter the solidification pattern of a metal or alloy. A long solidification range, where the metal is in a mushy condition, will tend to restrict fluidity, while a short solidification range, as exists with pure metals, does not have the tendency to restrict the flow of the still liquid interior metal.There are many known modifications of the spiral fluidity test. While the spiral has been used for both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the Briggs-Gezelius nonspiral fluidity test（布里格斯--吉齐柳斯非螺旋流动试验）is used, extensively with ferrous metals—particularly steels and high alloys.Lesson 14 PouringPouring is the process by which molten metal is made to enter the mould in foundrywork. The metal in this state is carried in a ladle or “shank” to the mould and poured in various ways, according to the size and type of pouring vessel. The moulds are filled as rapidly as possible, and after a series has been cast, the ladle is taken back to the start of a fresh run to provide additional hot metal to the risers. The molten metal comes to the top of the risers, whereupon pouring stops, and layer of exothermic insulating powder is placed on the surface of the metal to prevent it solidifying. It is often advantageous to deposit an insulating moulding mixture round the risers. Various additions are made to the molten metal before it is poured, e.g. oxidizing agents, grain refining additions, metals to produce desired alloy compositions, deoxidizers, etc..Before the metal passes into the mould cavity from the ladle it is received by a pouring basin or bowl when the casting moulds are small and made from green sand. The basin, made from dry sand is placed over the main sprue when pouring begins, but may occasionally be formed in the top half of the mould. It normally embodies a dam that allows a proportion of molten metal to build up in the basin in advance of its journey into the mould. In this way a more uniform flow is achieved. A skim core may also be embodied, consisting of a section formed in the upper part of the basin to skim off surface matter that must not enter the mould.The purpose of the pouring basin is to reduce the pouring velocity and impact that would occur if the stream fell directly from ladle into mould. It also enables a good deal of dross or dirt to be removed, whether or not a skim is used.Lesson 15 Hydraulic Fettling(水压清砂)Hydro-blasting(水力清砂) is a method of cleaning castings, which are received in a watertight chamber containing a rotating workable, on to which they are loaded by crane. Water mixed with silica sand is conveyed along pipes at a suitable pressure through a nozzle with an orifice 1/2 inch (12mm) in diameter, and strikes the castings with a force sufficient to remove the surface defects. The operator outside the chamber controls the nozzle and the operations through a safety window or windows. In some plants he works inside the chamber. Water reclamation is customary, the pressure being obtained by pumping. No risk of silicosis exists and the reclaimed sand is in first-class condition, so that a considerable saving is made. (Some authorities do not consider the process perfect, however.) The water pressure is about 1250lb/inch. (87.884kg/cm2)and the sand passes through at about 70 lb/min (30kg/min) mixed with about 25 gallons ( 115 litres) of water/min. the process is also known as Hydraulic Fettling.The operator working inside the chamber wears a waterproof suit and helmet, and holds the nozzle close to the work. The sand is reclaimed by falling into pressure tanks, where it is re-circulated and re-classified. The process is admirable for eliminating sand in large amounts from the cavities of cores, but less effective in eliminating sand and scale on the surfaces of steel castings.Lesson 16 Centrifugal Casting (离心浇注)Centrifugal force can be utilized in the manufacture of castings in two ways. First, it can be the means by which metal poured into a central runner is flung into small moulds disposed radially round the runner, or alternatively, it can be used to form the walls of a cylindrical casting, such as for pipes and cylinders.In making cast iron pipes, for example, the molten metal is poured into a cylindrical mould rotating at high speed on either a horizontal or vertical axis. Metal in contact with the mould picks up its speed and centrifugal force pressed it into contact, spreading it over the whole mould surface. The internal shape of the casting invariably forms a cylinder, the walls of which are equidistant from the axis of rotation. A typical application of this process is in the manufacture of cast-iron water-mains(总水管), which are produced in vast quantities by “spinning” horizontal water-cooled（水冷的）metal moulds, no core being necessary to form the bore（内腔，钻，镗）.As a result of pressure developed by the centrifugal force acting upon the heavier metal, slag and other low density inclusions（夹杂物）in molten alloy remain close to the inner surface of centrifugal castings, from where they can easily be removed during machining operations（机加工）. This natural consequence of the process forms the basis for the production of centrifugally-cast cylinder liners（汽缸衬筒）and piston-rings（活塞环）in high-duty（高强度的，大功率的）and alloy cast-irons.Lesson 17 Shell Molding(壳型铸造)Shell Molding is a method of molding in which sand and a thermosetting(热固的) resin binder are brought into contact with a heated metal pattern. The resin sets or becomes solid at the same temperature. As a result, the sand particles stick one another so that they make up a shell ofconsiderable strength forming one-half of the mould. The shell, when properly set, is removed from the pattern. Finally the top and bottom halves of the mould are fastened together, inserted in a molding box and given adequate filling sand, after which teeming（浇注，倒出）takes place.The process is used for producing large numbers of castings weighing anything up to about 400 lb (180kg) but even larger-sized castings can be produced, though not in large numbers. The maximum advantages are attained when minimum machining is required, accuracy to size is important, and smooth-surfaced castings particularly desirable. These benefits are obtained with a small quantity of sand and considerable freedom in the design of the castings.The disadvantages are that the weight of the castings to be produced in quantity is limited, as is the size. Being of machined metal, the patterns are expensive. The resin used is also costly. Many, if not all, of the gates and risers have to be embodied in the pattern, so that their arrangement is comparatively restricted. Contraction（收缩）differs according to the molding operation, even though the patterns may be identical. Heating and equipment costs are additional expense.The process can be applied to casting alloy steels, aluminum alloys, carbon steels, copper alloys, ductile and grey irons, magnesium alloys and stainless steels.Lesson 18 Permanent Mold Casting(永久模型铸造)In permanent mold casting, a metal mold consisting of two or more parts is used repeatedly for the production of many castings of the same form. The liquid metal enters the mold by gravity. (the process does not, however, include the pouring of ingots (铸块，钢锭)in metal molds. ) simple cores are made of metal, but more complex cores are made of。
Casting forming and control:Casting is the metal melting into that meet certain requirements and the liquid poured into the mold, the cooling and solidification, finishing after processing has a predetermined shape, size and properties of the casting process. Casting blank because almost forming, and to avoid mechanical or a small amount of processing to reduce the cost and reduced to a certain extent. Casting is the modern manufacturing industry base technology. * * *Casting type are many, according to the modeling method used is divided as follows: sand casting, including wet sand, dry sand and chemical hardening sand 3 class. The special casting, according to the modeling of materials can be divided into natural mineral sand as the main form of special casting material ( such as casting, clay mold casting, foundry casting, shell mold casting, negative pressure cavityless casting, ceramic casting, etc.) and metal as the main mold material special casting ( such as metal type casting, pressure casting, continuous casting, low pressure casting, centrifugal casting, two class ). Casting process typically includes : 1 cast ( so that the liquid metal into solid casting container ) preparation, cast by the materials can be divided into sand, metal type, ceramic, clay, graphite, according to frequency of use can be divided into a disposable type, semi-permanent and permanent type, mold preparation quality is affected the main factors of the quality of castings; casting metal melting and casting, casting metal ( alloy ) are the main cast iron, cast steel and nonferrous cast alloy; the casting processing and inspection, casting processing includes the removal of the core and casting surface, removal of foreign body casting riser, relieving grinding burrs and scull of projection, and heat treatment plastic, rust and rough. * * *Casting process can be divided into three basic parts, namely the casting metal preparation, mold preparation and casting processing. Casting metal refers to the casting production of cast metal material, it is a metallic element as a main component, and join the other metal or metalloid elements and the composition of the alloy, traditionally known as cast alloy, cast iron, cast steel and main nonferrous cast alloys. * * *Industry trends: casting product development trend is the requirement of castings have better performance, higher precision, less headroom and more smooth surface. In addition, the requirement of energy saving and the society to restore the natural environment more and more is also high. In order to meet these requirements, the new cast alloy will be developed, smelting new technology and new equipment will appear accordingly. * * *Foundry production mechanization and automation degree of rising at the same time, will be more flexible production development, to expand on the different batches and the production of many varieties adaptability. Save energy and raw material, new technology will get preferential development, produce less or no pollution new technology new equipment will be the first attention. Quality control technology in the process of detection and non-destructive testing, stress testing, will have new development. * * *Development of foundry industry casting is the modern machinery manufacturingindustry based on process of, therefore the development of the foundry industry isa symbol of the nation 's production strength. China has become the world one of thecountries in casting machinery, casting machinery manufacturing industry in recentyears has made great achievements.<PIXTEL_MMI_EBOOK_2005>3 </PIXTEL_MMI_EBOOK_2005>。
A.F.S.粒度指数A.F.S grain fineness number ASTM弯曲试杆arbituration barA型石黑A type graphtieB型石墨B type graphiteCO2造模法，二气化碳造模法CO2 process，carbon dioxide processDM转炉DM converterF.S.造模法，流砂造模法F.S.process，fluid sand mixture molding processF-M造模法，全模法F-M process，full-mold processLD(转炉盗氧炼钢)法LD processLD转炉LD converterL形吊骨jaggerN造模法，西山氏硬化法N-ProcessPH值，离标值pH valueSAE钢SAE steelS形钩S hookX光(X射线)，检验X-ray inspectionX光(X射线)，绕射线X-ray diffraction methodX光(X射线)，透视法X-ray radiographyX光(X射线)，显微分析器X-ray microanalyserX光，X射线X-rayX脱模法(包模铸造法)(三氯乙烯蒸气脱蜡)X-processY合金Y-alloy阿达麦辊Adamite roll阿伐固溶体alpha(a)solid solution阿伐黄铜alpha(a)brass 阿伐青铜alpha(a)bronze阿伐铁alpha(a)iron阿姆可铁，工业级纯铁Armco iron埃(10-10米) Angstron unit埃鲁电弧炉Heroult electric arc furance艾氏冲击试验Izod impact test艾氏冲击试验机Izod impact testing machine 艾素丘法Isocure process爱玛炉(碳化硅电阻炉) Elema furnace安定化退火stabilizing anneal安全布置safety layout安全护目镜safety goggles安全帽helmet安全设施protection and safety equipment安全限应力proof stress安全楔safety wedge岸砂shore sand按钮选择push button selection胺基甲酸乙脂urgthane胺类amine胺气amine gas暗冒口blind feeder暗冒口blind head暗冒口blind riser暗冒口bob暗冒口closed riser盎司合金(85-5-5-5铜合金) ounce metal凹口notch凹口半径radius of notch凹口感度notch sensibility凹口试片notch bar凹口试片notched bar凹口作用notch effect凹陷(铸疵) sink head巴氏合金Babbitt metal扒炉渣raking out the slag扒渣slagging off扒渣slag-off扒渣，结渣slagging拔模螺丝pattem screw拔模斜度pattern draft钯(Pd) palladium白[口]生铁white pig iron白[口]铸铁white cast iron白[口]铸铁white iron白粉料(涂模用) white facing白合金white metal白金，铂(Pt) platinum白黏土white clay白铁皮，锌板zinc plate白心展性铸铁(白心可锻铸铁) white heart malleable cast iron白杨木poplar白缘(黑心展性铸铁) pearlite rim白云，母石黏土illite clay白云石dolomite白云石magnesia limestone白云石砖dolomite brick百万分之一ppm柏努利定理Bernoulli's theorem柏思麦酸性转炉生铁Bessemer pig iron 柏思麦转炉Bessemer converter 摆m线(造模) storing line斑面(铸疵) pitting surface斑蚀，点食pitting搬运，手操作handling板board板片捆sheet pack板手spanner板条结构模型grounds and lags板条输送机slat conveyor半合成模砂semi-compounded molding sand 半焦semi-coke半径radius半静钢semi-killed steel半离心铸造法semi-centrifugal casting半龙门起重机semi-goliath crane半圈补给口half-feeder半熔未型撑unfused chaplet半软钢semi-mild steel半硬钢medium hard steel半永久铸模semi-permanent mold棒磨粉机bar mill棒状砂心slab core磅/平方吋PSI(1bs per square in)包晶变态peritectic transformation包晶反应peritectic reaction包曼试验Baumann test包模涂料precoating material包模造模法investment molding包模铸造法investment casting包贴en-casement包析peritectoid包析反应peritectoid reaction剥落spall剥落spalling剥落，剥皮peeling剥砂痕(铸疵) rat tail剥砂面(铸疵) buckle剥砂线(铸疵) sand kneader保持时间holding time保持温度holding temperature保磁力coercive force保护蒙气protective atmosphere保护手套protective glove保温电力holding power保温净化，焖热，均热soaking保温净化，焖热烧透均热stewing 保温炉holding furnace保温炉receiving furnace保险杠，缓冲器bumper保证试验proof test饱和度degree of saturation饱和度saturatin degree爆炸状石墨exploded graphite贝他黄铜beta(B)brass贝他石墨beta(B)graphite贝他铁beta(B) iron背板backpa backplate，die cast背板榇砂造模法back plate molding 背层泥浆back-up coating slurry背砂back sand，back-up-sand背砂backing sand背压back pressure 备用砂心条stock core钡(Ba) barium本智周万物夹渣(由金属本身引成) endogenous slag inclusion畚箕，篮basket崩散collapse崩散性collapsibility绷索rope比电阻specific resistance比例碱度proportional basicity比例限界limit of proportionality比例限界proportional limit比热specific heat比色定量分析colorimetric analysis比色定量学colorimetry比色高温计color comparator pyrometer比色计colorimeter比色温度color temperature比重specific gravity闭附气occluded gas铋(Bi) bismuth边材(木材) sap wood边线，轮缘，胎环rim边线效果eddge effect边续式台车轮模机car type mold conveyor 扁块，平板slab扁刷flat brush扁形进模口flat gate扁凿flat chisel变<<hap003>>铁，变<<hap003>>体bainite变态transformation变态[温度]范围transformation range变态点transformation point变态温度transformation temperature变态温度transition temperature变态温度范围transformation temperature range变形deformation变形模型distoted pattern变形铸件strained castings变质剂leavening agent杓dipper杓，小铲scoop标称定律nominal rating标称应力nominal stress标称直径nominal diameter标称资本nominal capital标点gage point标点(抗拉试样) gage mark标距gage length标准成分，标准分析法standard analysis 标准模型standard pattern标准砂standard sand标准试样standard sample标准预测值normal expected value标准圆筒试样(模砂) standard cylindrical specimen标准砖standard square[bick]表面保护surface protection表面处理surface treatment表面粗糙(铸疵) rough surface 表面浮松(铸疵) scum defect表面光制surface finish表面烘干skin drying表面烘干模skin dried mold表面烘干砂模flared mold表面烘干砂模roast sand mold表面冷硬surface chill表面烧着furface vitrification表面硬化case hardening表面硬化surface hardening表面针孔(铸疵) surface pinholes冰晶石cryolite冰糖形断面(铸疵) rock candy[fracture]丙铜acetone丙烯树脂acrylic resin并流parallel flow波来铁，波来体pearlite波来铁展性(可锻)铸铁pearlite malleable iron 波来铸铁pearlite cast iron波美Baume波美比重计Baume's hydrometer波纹ripple玻璃过滤器glass fabric filter玻璃化virtrification玻璃纤维glass fiber玻璃纤维布glass cloth勃氏硬度Brinell hardness勃氏硬度试验Brinell hardness test薄壁铸件thin section castings薄壁铸件thin-wall cstings薄型砖split brick捕尘器arrester补偿导线compensation lead补充焦coke booster补充焦炭，补充煤焦extra coke补给，进料，补浇feed补给环feed ring补给距离feeding distance补给口(冒口) feeder补给口带feeding zone补给口发热剂exothermic feeding compound 补给口发热剂(冒口) feeding compound补给口套feeder bush补给口效果feeder effect补给用冒口feed riser补浇repouring补强带，炉箍strengthening band补绕(冒口) feeding补缀，补修，补修料patch补缀，补修，搪补patching不规则合模面irregular joint不规则形分模面stepped joint不合尺寸off-dimension不良件数，退件数rejection number不良品rejects不良铸造faulty casting不列颠合金Britania metal不熔[化]性infusibility不透气性impermeability不稳定平衡图unstable equilibrium diagram 不锈钢stainless steel部分还原铁矿partially reduced iron ore 部分混合性partial miscibility部分模型department pattern擦光buffing擦光机buffing machine擦光剂buffing compound擦光轮buff擦光轮buffing wheel擦伤galling材料试验material test材料试验material testing材料试验机material testing machine 采购部purchase department采购价，原价purchase price踩紧track tramping参考分析reference analysis参数parameter残磁residual magnetism残留波来铁residual pearlite残留尘量residual dust content残留磁气remanent magnetism残留活斯田铁retained austenite残留金属液remaining melt残留强度(铸砂) retained strength(sand) 残留物residue残留物，筛留物residues残留雪明碳铁residual cementite残留应变residual strain残留应力residual stress仓bin仓储storage仓库store house操作，作业operation操作钮operating knob糙斑铁，糙斑体sorbite糙斑铁铸铁sorbitic cast iron槽(槽型炉) loop槽带输送机trough conveyor槽形感觉电炉channel typee induction furance草绳braided straw草绳straw rope草图sketching侧流道side runner侧冒口side riser侧装机side loader测高温学pyrometry测厚黏土thickness piece测深尺depth scale测深规depth gage测微放射线像microradiography测温漆thermal paint测隙规，厚度规thickness gage层，片lamella层焦coke charge层流laminar flow层状波来铁laminar pearlite层状腐蚀lamellar corrosion插模钉sprag查马克(商品名，压帮用锌铝铜合金) Zamak 茶壶嘴式浇斗tea pot spout ladle搀炉，秋千炉，倾转熔铁炉tilting cupola 铲，砂铲shovel 铲斗shovel loader长柄导杆long shaft pendulum tool长抹刀，柳叶抹刀long spatula长石feldspar长统手套gauntlet glove长焰煤long flame coal长凿long chisel常态分布normal distribution常温裹贴法cold coated process常温试验cold test常温自硬air setting常温自硬法air set process常温自硬黏接剂air setting binder常温自硬树脂粘结风airbond常温自硬性合成树脂cold-hardening synthetic resin常温自硬性黏结剂cold-setting binder常温自硬油air setting oil常温自硬铸造模air setting mold场内熔接shop weld敞模，露天模open mold敞模铸造open sand casting敞砂模open sand mold敞砂模法open sand molding超高电力super-high power超轻合金ultra-light alloy超细粉sub-sieve powder超音波检验ultra-sonic testing车car车床lathe车床床身，车床床台lathe bed车屑turning scraps车屑turnings尘量测定器dust extraction device榇边bush，bushing榇垫，填料packing榇炉用期lining campaign榇砖lining brick成本cost成本prime cost成长rowth成堆比重bulk specific gravity成堆密度bulk density成堆容积bulk volume成孔期(电弧炉)，搪孔boring成模台(压铸) holding block成品量，产量output成品铸件区finished castings department 成熟度degree of normality成形forming成形性forming property程序图routing routing diagram弛力退火stress relief annealing池，浴槽bath持久比endurance ratio持久试验endurance test持久性endurance匙形抹刀slicker spoon迟延装置delay screen尺，规则rule尺寸dimension 尺寸安定性dimensional stability尺寸精度dimensional accuracy齿轮吊车浇geared crane ladle齿轮缘gear rim赤铁矿hematite赤铁矿生铁hematite pig iron，hematite iron 赤杨木alder充氮nitrogen charge冲砂(铸疵) cut冲砂(铸疵) cuts冲砂(铸疵) cuts and washed冲砂(铸疵)，涂浆wash冲蚀erosion冲蚀结疤(铸疵) erosion scab冲板洗涤机impingement plate scrubber冲层stampings冲床，冲头punch冲击磨耗pounding wear冲击强度impact strength冲击式硬度试验机impact hardness testin machine冲击试验impact test冲击试验机impact tester冲击速度striking velocity冲击值impact value冲孔废料punched scrap冲射射式集尘器impingement dust collector 冲销drift冲屑punchings虫lac虫胶shellac抽取用皮带输送机draw off belt conveyor 抽吸罩suction hood抽吸装置sucking-off plant抽烟气设备fume extraction equipment抽样sampling抽样规则sampling prescription抽样检验samplimg inspection稠渣sluggish slag出口outlet出模机构knock-out gear出气管(旋风集尘器) exit pipe出清(熔炉) depletion出铁tapping出铁杆tap out bar出铁杆tapping bar出铁口，流出孔tapping hole出铁口熔渣flux出铁口塞杆tap hole plug stick出铁温度tapping temperature出渣slag-out出渣，脱渣deslag，deslagging出渣槽slag notch出渣槽slag spout出渣槽slagging spout出渣孔scum hole出渣孔slag hole初步清理台rough dressing table初步试验preliminary test初级线圈primary air初加料，起熔料initial charge初晶primary constituent 初晶活斯田铁proeutectic austenite初晶石墨primary crystal初裂incipient crack初凝结initial condensation初生吐粒铁primary troostite除尘dedusting除尘dust extraction除尘器dust separator除尘设备dust removal除尘设备dust removal plant除尘装置dust separation plant除铝剂aluminium removal除气degasification除气degasifying除气degassing除气剂degasifier除气熔剂degassing flux除气退火degassing anneal除氢，脱氢degassing of fydrogen除湿dehumidification除湿，脱水，干燥dehydration除湿器dehumidifier除渣drossing除脂degreasing储仓bunker储仓silo储仓storage bunker处理楔值processing wedge value处理用浇桶theatment ladle穿透，贯穿penetration穿透能力(X光试验) penetrating power船用钢板ship plate传导度conductivity传递气carrier gas传递液carrier fluid传热流体thermal fluid吹板(吹砂机) blow plate吹板(吹砂机) blowing plate吹疵blow吹风淬火air blast quenching吹管blow-pipe吹净用空气(冷厘法) scavening air吹气，通气处理(金属液)，冲洗flush slag 吹枪blow gun吹砂机(造砂心用) blowing machine吹氧炼钢法oxygen steel making吹氧嘴管oxygen lance吹制砂心blow a core吹制砂心blowing吹制砂心blown core吹制用砂心盒core box for blowing锤hammer锤鳞，鍜鳞hammer scale锤平，轻敲peening锤球，落锤球tup锤碎机hammer mill纯度degree of purity纯度purity纯铁pure iron瓷土，高岭土china clay磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection，magnetic crack detection 磁化力magnetizing force磁力带轮(磁选机用) magnetic pulley磁力探伤magnzflux磁力探伤检验magnaflux inspection磁力探伤检验magnetic crack detection磁力筒(磁选机用) magnetic drum磁力造模法magnet molding process磁铁矿magnetite磁性变态magnetic transformation磁选机magnetic separator磁滞损失hysteresisloss枞木fir粗度，粗糙度roughness粗钢raw steel粗晶面(铸疵) facet tracture粗粮波来铁coarse pearlite粗面凝固rough wall solidification粗磨snag粗磨机rough grinding machine粗泥浆砂roughing loam粗砂coarse sand粗砂roughing sand粗砂锥辗硅砂concial sand from coarse sand 粗筛riddle粗松组织coarse structure粗松组织open-grain structure粗铜blister copper粗轧辊roughing roll催化剂accelerator催化剂，触媒，冷化剂catalyst脆化embrittlement脆性brittleness脆性shortness淬火quenching淬火机hardening machine淬火裂痕quench crack淬火裂痕quenching crack淬火能力(淬火液) quenching intensity淬火时间quenching time淬火时效quench aging淬火应力quenching stress淬火硬化quench hardening淬裂hardening crack错模，偏合，毛边(铸疵)，工作班制shift错配(模型，铸模，心型) mismatch，in pottern mold，core鎝(Tc) technetium打包机packer打孔卡片punch card打孔纸带puch tape打磨(磨毛边，打浇冒口等) fettle shagging打磨滚筒rattler打散筛孔breaker screen打铁球skull cracker打铣球，落锤drop ball大浇斗bulbs大气，蒙气(炉内气氛) atmosphere大气泡(铸疵) gross blowhole大气熔化air melting大气铸造air casting大型铸件large castings带band 带，皮带belt带锯band saw带色防护镜filter glass带式磁选机magnetic belt separator带式运送机belt conveyor带铁fillet iron带缘导销collared pin带运送机band conveyor袋滤器bag filter袋滤器bag house袋形端承pocket print单边心型端承，单边砂心头single core print 单轨系统monorail system单件模型one-piece pattern单面模型板single-strand casting machine单色光学高温计monochromatic optical pyrometer单体肥粒铁free ferrite单体碳free carbon单体雪明碳铁free cementite单条[连续]铸造机sink单位负载unit load单向凝固unidirectional solidification单元砂，整体砂unit sand单支进模口本堰single gate氮硬化nitrogen hardening氮(N) nitrogen氮化nitriding氮化法nitriding process弹动清砂spring release弹簧心型撑spring chaplet弹能模数modulus of resilience弹壳黄铜(三七黄铜) cartridge brass弹性elasticity弹性变形elastic deformation弹性模数，弹性系数elastic modulus弹性能resilience弹性切割砂轮elastic slitting wheel弹性系数，弹性模数modulus of elasticity 弹性限界elastic limit弹性限界limt of elasticity当量，等价系数coefficient of equivalent 挡板baffle挡板baffle plate挡板damper挡渣坝dam挡渣口浇桶dam type lip ladle档渣浇池pouring basin with buffles刀形进模口knife gate倒角，去角rounded sand grain捣成炉榇rammed lining捣成用料ramming compound捣动盛桶(脱硫用) shaking device捣紧，填塞剂tamping捣紧度，槌紧度degree of ramming捣砂，捣制rramming捣砂锤bench rammer捣砂锤rammer捣砂杆sand rammer捣砂走样ram off捣制砂心ram up core捣制走样ramaway 导股(连续铸造) strand guiding导气管air duct导入，导件guide导套guide bushing导销guide pin导销leader pin导销榇套leader pin bushing得板screen plate德拉瓦离心铸管法De-lavaued processdelay relase德他固溶体dendrite德他合金delta solid solutin德他黄铜delta bronze德他青铜delta iron德他铁delta metal德银，铜German silver等吹熔铸炉equi-blast cupola等价因子equivalence factor等温变态isothermal transformation等温退火isothermal annealing等温线图isothermal diagram等温硬化isothermal hardening低合金钢铸件low alloy steel castings低磷生铁low phosphorus pig iron低摩擦金属anti-friction metal低黏天然砂meager sand低黏性砂lean sand低黏性砂weak sand低黏性硅砂，硅砂unbonded silica sand低碳钢low carbon steel低碳生铁low carbon pig iron低温脆性cold shortness低温熔化cold melt低温退火low temperature annealing低压风扇low pressure fan低周波main frequency低周波感应电炉line frequency induction furnace低周波感应电炉low frequency electric induction furance迪沙式自动造模机(丹麦制高压高速无箱式造模机) Disamatic molding machine底(炉)，(造模) bed底板acking board底板bed plate底板bottom board底板bottom plate底层装料bed charge底焦coke bed底浇法bottom casting底浇法bottom pouring底浇式浇桶bottom pour ladle底浇铸模bottom pour mold底进模口法bottom gating底面basal plane底炭bed coke底炭高度bed coke height底特律式电弧炉Detroit electric furnace地坑pit地坑炉pit furnace地坑造模法pit molding地坑铸造pit casting 地面砂，背砂floor sand地模floor mold地模法，地面造模法floor molding碲(Te) tellurium碘(I) iodine点火firing点火ignition点火ligh up点火lighting up点火light-off点火孔breast door点火孔lighting hole点火器igniter点燃点ignition point电池，组battery电磁搅拌electric magnetic agitation电磁循环electric magnetic circulation电动吊车electric hoist电动发电机motor generator电动加气硬化机automatic gassing machine 电动推高机electric lift truck电动造模机electric molding machine电镀electro-gilding电镀electro-plating电焊条，电熔接条arc welding electrode电弧长度arc length电弧截割arc cutting电弧炉arc furnace电弧炉electric arc furance电弧气吹铲平arc-air gouging电弧气吹切割arc-air cutting电弧熔接arc welding电弧熔接，电焊electric arc welding电极，电熔接条，电焊条electrode电极耗用量(电弧炉) electrode consumption 电极夹具，电熔接条夹把，电焊条夹把electrode holder电极控制系统electrode control system电极清洁法electrol-cleaning电极熔接，电极焊接electrode welding电极头stub end电解精炼electrolytic refining电解铁electrolytic iron电解铜electrolytic copper电解锌electroplytic zinc电开关装置electric switchgear电炼生铁electric furance iron电炉electric furance电炉钢electric steel电滤尘器electro-filter电木，胶木bakelite电热熔化electric smelting电子electron电子显微镜electron microscope电阻高温计resistance pyrometer电阻合金electro-resistance alloy电阻炉electric resistance furance电阻炉resistance furnace电阻系数，电阻力resistivity垫板，底板base plate垫厚(铸造技术) padding，reinforcement垫厚(铸造技术) reinforcement，paddling 垫圈，洗涤机washer淀粉starch吊车hoist吊车浇桶crane ladle吊车盘hoist pan吊钩lifting hook吊骨，撑条，插条gagger吊骨，撑条，插条slodier吊骨，吊具，吊架hanger吊环bail吊梁lifting beam吊砂条clack吊运车trolley吊钩load hook吊骨anchoring调合模砂blended molding sand调节设备controlled means调辙车transfer car调整器regulator调质处理quenching with Subsequent tempering调质砂tempering sand调质水分tempering water调质铸铁modified cast iron蝶形阀butterfly valve迭边浇道Connor runner bar迭边进模口kiss gate迭边进模口lap gate迭边冒口kiss riser迭模multiple mold迭模stack boxes迭模stack mold迭模法multiple molding迭模法stack molding迭模浇铸法stack pouring迭箱stack钉nail顶板ejection plate顶板lifting plate顶板top board顶板top plate顶出ejection顶出板(压铸) ejector plate顶出杆knock-out bar顶出力ejector force顶出器，喷射器ejector顶出销knock-out pin顶出销(压铸) ejector顶浇法top pouring顶浇进模口top gate顶冒口top riser顶销，起销lifting pin顶铸法top casting process定量分析quantitative analysis 定量仪quantometer定模(压铸) cover die定模板(压铸)，平台platen 定盘式混砂机fixed pan mill 定时淬火time quenching定时器timer定位垫locating pad定位孔locating hole 定位销locating pin定位销钉positioning dowel定位锥locating cones定心毂centering boss定心针centering pin定性分析qualitative analysis订货铸造工场jobbing foundry铥(TM) thulium冻汞法(精密铸造) Mercast process动力滚子输送机powered roller conveyor 动力试验dynamic test动叶轮impeller动叶轮摔砂impeller ramming动作，工作working都市煤气town gas陡震试验shock test斗，箕斗，桶装载机bucket毒性度toxicity rating读数式分光仪digital spectrometer堵口砖nozzle brick堵塞bott堵塞botting堵塞出铁口(熔铁炉) stopping up堵塞杆bott stick堵塞器stopper堵塞式浇桶stopper ladle堵塞砖stopper and nozzle brick杜具纳转炉Tropenas converter杜维利化碳转浇铸法Durville pouring杜维利化碳转浇铸法Durville process镀镍nickel plating镀锡铁皮，马口铁皮tin plate镀锌galvanizing镀锌sherardizing镀锌zinc coating镀锌zinc plating镀锌，浸锌zinc galvanizing镀锌脆性galvanizing embrittlement镀锌铁板，白铁皮galvanized iron sheet 镀锌铁皮，白铁皮zinc-coated sheet短暂退火炉short anneal furnace锻造用合金wrought alloy断口检验fracture test断口金相检验fractography断裂点point of rupture断面收缩necking断面缩率area contraction，percentage of 断面缩率area reduction，percentage of断续浇铸interrupted pouring堆heap堆高机fork lift truck堆积密度packing density堆料场stock ground堆料场stock-yard堆砂heap sand堆渣场slag tip堆重piled weight对合开放砂心盒split open ended core box 对合模型，分割模型split pattern对合模型板，分割模型板split plate对合铸模split mold对流convection 对准alignment钝气inert gas钝气电弧熔接inert-gas arc welding多边形筛polygonal screen多段风口，多段风嘴multiple tuyere多角形砂angular sand多孔塞porous plug多孔塞搅拌法porous-plug method多孔性，气孔率，气孔巢(铸疵) porosity多石英砂quartzose sand多水高岭土halloysite锇(Os) osmium鹅颈浇道，鹅颈管goose neck而酸铸铁acid resistant cast iron耳轴，挂耳trunnion二次风口，二次风嘴secondary tuyere二次合金secondary alloy二次空气secondary air二钙硬化法Di-Cal process二氧化锆zirconia二氧化碳造模法，碳酸气硬模法，CO2造模法carbon dioxide process(CO2 process)二氧化铁(FeO2) ferrous oxide二元合金binary alloy发火合金pyrophoric alloys发热反应exothermic reaction发热覆盖?冒口用) exothermic shield发热冒口exothermic riser发热套筒exothermic sleeve发热性缩颈砂心(冒口用) exothermic breaker core发热性缩孔防止粉exothermic antipiping powder发生炉producer发生炉煤气power gas发生炉煤气producer gas发生炉燃气，瓦斯generator gas阀valve珐琅面，上釉glassy surface翻举装置rollover and lifting device翻模rolling over翻模板rollover board翻模板rollover plate翻箱索具beam and sling翻箱造模机rollover molding machine翻转(壳模制造) peel back翻转，翻模rollover翻转顶销脱模机turnover and pinlift machine 翻转式砂心机rockover core making machine 翻转脱模式造模机frame-rollover machine翻转脱模装置turn-draw device翻转造模机turnover molding machine钒(V) vanadium钒铁ferro-vanadium钒铸铁vanadium cast iron反复冲击试验repair反复横断冲击试验repeated impact test反喇叭形浇口reverse horn gate反射炉air furnace反射炉reverberatory furnace反跳硬度计scleroscope反跳硬度试验rebound hardness test 反跳硬度试验scleroscope hardness test反斜度back draft反应带reaction zone反应度reactivity反应模斜度inverse draft反应速率rate of reaction反转起模draw on turnover方锉square file方解石calcite方向性凝固directional solidification防尘面具，口罩respirator防护套管protection tube防裂筋cracking strip防裂片，散热片cooling fin防蚀anti-corrosion防缩暗冒口shrink bob防缩剂，冒口保温用anti-piping compound 防缩孔粉剂pipe eliminator防缩冒口shrink head防缩冒口shrinker防锈anti-rust防锈剂rust-preventing agent防锈涂层rust preventive coating放射线检验radiographic inspection放射线检验radiographic testing放射线透视radioscopy放射线照片radiographic film放射线照像术radiography放射性同位素radioactive isotope放样板lay out board放置器set-down device非磁性铸铁non-magnetic cast iron非焦性煤non-coking coal非金属夹杂物non-metallic inclusion非金属夹杂物sonims非均质组织heterogeneous structure非破坏试验non-destructive testing(NDT)非铁金属non-ferrous metal非氧化气孔(银白色气孔)(铸疵) unoxidized blowholes飞边(铸件) feather飞边，闪光flash飞边清除flash removal飞边现象(合模或模裂形成) finning飞灰fluxing肥粒铁，肥粒体ferrite肥粒铸铁ferritic cast iron沸腾boil沸腾boiling沸腾期boiling period肺尘埃沉着病pneumoconiosis费德曼组织(金相) Widmannstaetten structure 废(钢)片sheet scrap废电极electrode scrap废钢scrap steel废料scrap废品率arate of rejects废品率，退件率，不良率reject ratio废品率，退件率，不良率rejection rate，reject atio废气exhaust gas废气waste gas 废热waste heat废铁iron scrap废铁scrap iron废铸料cast scrap分布distribution分部模型section pattern分部心型sectional core分层浇口side step gating分层进模口side step gate分层精炼法zone refining分次式混合机batch mixer分次式火炉batch type annealing furnace分次式磨粉机batch mill分次式配砂场batch sand plant分次式熔炉batch furnace，batch-type furnace) 分次退火炉periodic annealing furnace分道砖runner core分度盘dividing plate分度圈limb分段淬火interrupted quenching分段淬火stage hardening分段淬火step quenching分段时效interrupted aging分段退火stepped annealing分级，刻度graduation分级节(模砂) classifying screen分级进模口steeped sprue分级进模口step gate分级进模口stepped side gate分级进模口铸造step gate casting分级筛grading screen分级筛size screen分级摇动筛size jigging screen分级硬度gradient hardness分件图parts drawing分解resolution分离器separator分离筛sepaating screen分离型波来铁(球状云明碳机) divorced pearlite分模粉parting powder分模剂parting agent分模剂parting compound分模面mold joint分模面parting surface分模面进模口parting gate分模砂parting sand分模线parting line分模纸parting paper分配流槽distributing launder分配销(压铸) sprue pin分支砂心，分支心模branch core分铸试验separately cast test bar分子molecule酚phenol酚<<an017>>喃树脂phenolic furan resin酚甲醛树脂phenol-formaldehyde resin酚树脂phenolic resin酚塑，黏结剂phenol plast binder粉煤powdered coal粉煤pulverized coal粉煤装置powdeed coal equipment 粉末金属powdered metal粉末金属机件powdered metal parts粉末冶金，粉末冶金术powder metallurgy 粉状石墨plumbago封闭sealing封闭剂sealing compound封闭砂条sealing ring封罐退火pot annealing封合模型，分割模型parted pattern封盒退火box annealing封漏，浸入impregnation风锤air hammer风管输送机pneumatic tube conveyer风管输送系统penumatic tube dispatch system风化石锥辗硅砂conical sand from stone风口，风嘴tuyere风口棒tuyere bar风口比tuyere ratio风口带tuyere zone风口面buyere line风力分级air classification风力净化法air cleaning process风量，体积air volume风量计air volume meter风量计blast volume meter风量控制仪air weight controller风干air drying风干法air seasoning风干强度air strength风干强度air-dried strength风扇fan风速计anemometer风箱air belt风箱air box风箱air tank风箱wind belt风箱wind box风硬air hardening风硬钢air-hardening steel枫木maple蜂巢炉beehive oven蜂巢炉焦炭beehive coke蜂蜡bees wax伏利安[气体]搅拌法voianik method氟(F) fluorine浮渣dross浮渣incrustation浮渣，夹渣scum浮渣，撇渣skim幅射高温计radiation pyrometer幅射管炉radiant tube furnace复合辊composite roll复合接种剂complex inoculant复合涂膜complex coating复合形砂compound sand复合铸造composite casting复磷repetition castings复热器recuperator复热系统recuperative system复置模型试模replacing pattern in the mold 复制品replica 腐蚀corrosion腐蚀脆化corrosion embrittlement附件accessories附浇口系模型gated pattern附设铸工场capitive foundry附设铸工场tied foundry附体试杆cast-on bar附体试杆cast-on test bar附体试片test coupon附体试片test lug附体试验attached test coupon负偏析negative segregation负载load副产焦炭by-product coke副电流sedondary current副料indirect materials副线圈secondary coil腹板web覆盖热cover heating折心展性铸铁iron oxide covering覆盖层[熔剂], 涂层covering flux钆(Cd)(烯土金属) gadolinium改良合金modified alloy钙(Ca) calcium钙系膨土calcium bentonite灰汁，碱水lye盖M法，疏塞气体搅拌法Gazal process 甘油glycerine坩埚crucible坩埚底座，垫砖stool坩埚式感应电炉coreless induction furance坩蜗吊钳crucible lifter坩蜗法crucible process坩蜗钢crucible steel坩蜗浇铸装置crucible pouring device 坩蜗炉crucible furnace坩蜗钳crucible tongs坩蜗涂浆crucible wash杆，棒，条bar杆盘松砂机spike disintegrator杆条矫直机rod straightener感应淬火induction quenching感应电炉electric induction furnace感应电炉induction furnace感应加热induction heating感应器inductor感应线圈induction coil感应硬化induction hardening橄榄石砂oliving sand刚铝，杜拉铝duralumin刚铝石alundum刚模半边(压铸) die half，die cast刚模钢die steel刚模试验(压铸) die try-out，die cast 刚模穴(压铸模) die cavity刚砂emery刚性rigidity刚玉corundum纲丝netting wire纲状组织(金相) net-work structure钢steel钢厂steel works 钢锭steel ingot钢坩埚steel crucible钢皮镁砖metal-case magnesite brick钢输送带steel conveyor belt钢水瓢，抹砂匙spoon钢水瓢测温法spoon test钢丝钳pliers钢丝刷wire brush钢丝索wire rope钢丝位wire cut钢条bar steel钢条steel bar钢线粒cut wire shot钢屑，废钢料steel scrap钢性铸铁semi-steel钢铸件steel castings高傲砂blended sand高级钢high-grade steel高级铸铁high class cast iron高级铸铁high grade cast iron高加波感应电炉，高频率感应电炉high frequency induction furance高架磁选机overhead magnetic seperator高架单轨overhead monorail高架起重机gantry crane高拉力黄铜high tensile brast高拉力铸铁，高强度铸铁high tension cast iron高磷生铁high phosphorus pig iron高磷生铁phosphoric pig iron高岭石kaolinite高岭土kaolin高硫钢(易切钢之一种) sulphur steel高炉shaft furnace高炉，鼓风炉blast furnace高炉焦furnace coke高炉煤焦，鼓风煤焦blast furnace coke 高铝红柱石mullite高锰钢Hadfield's manganese steel高锰钢铸件high manganese steel castings 高黏土砂fat sand高黏土铸砂loamy sand高强度钢，高拉力钢high tension steel 高强度黄铜high strength brass高强度铸铁high strength cast iron高碳钢high carbon steel高温淬火hot quenching高温计pyrometer高温耐火砖highly refractory brick高温强度(铸砂用) hot strength高温烧结high sintering高温试验hot test高温冶金学pyrometallurgy高硅生铁silvery iron高硅砖high siliceous brick高压罐bomb高压水清砂机hydro-blast高压造模法high pressure molding高氧化铝砖high-alumina brick高氧砖alumina brick高硬度钢glass hard steel高周波干燥，高频率干燥dielectric dry 高周波干燥机，高频率干燥机dielectric dryer 高周波砂心干燥炉hign-frequency core drying stove搞压试验compression test锆(Zr) zirconium锆砂zircon sand锆石粉zircon flour锆英石zircon格子(结晶) lattice格子结构lattice structure格子筛分输送机grid type screening conveyor 格子形耐火砖checker brick隔条砂箱barred box镉(Cd) cadmium铬(Cr) chromium铬钢chrome steel铬基耐火材料chrome base refractories铬克合金nichrome铬镁砂chrome-magnesite铬砂chromite sand铬砂hevi sand铬酸处理chrome pickle treatment铬酸处理(镁锌铸件镀铬) dichromate treatment铬铁ferro-chromium铬铁矿chromite铬铸铁chrome cast iron铬砖chromite brick给砂机sand expansion工地熔接site weld工具tool。
铸造英语1. acid-proof casting耐酸铸件2. arm casting(信号机)臂板铸件3. armor casting装甲铸件4. art casting艺术铸件5. Austenitic manganese steel casting 奥氏体锰钢铸件6. back-to-back casting多炉连浇(连铸)7. balance weight lever casting平衡锤杆铸件8. bimetal casting双金属铸造9. blast furnace casting高炉出铁, 高炉铸件10. blistered casting多孔铸件11. bronze casting青铜铸件12. buffer casting缓冲弹簧座13. buggy casting小车浇铸14. case-hardened casting冷硬铸法冷硬铸件15. centrifugal casting离心浇铸(注)法16. centrifugal pressure casting 离心铸法17. chill casting冷硬铸造18. close-tolerance casting精密铸件19. cluster casting层串铸法, 串铸(法)叠箱铸造20. cold-chamber die casting冷室压铸(法)21. composite casting双金属铸件(双层或三层)双金属铸件(双层或三层) 23. compression casting压铸, 加压铸造24. containerless casting无模铸造25. continuous casting连(续浇)铸, 连桶连铸, 全连铸26. cored casting有(型)芯(的)铸件27. coreless casting无芯(的)铸件28. corrosion resisting casting 抗腐蚀铸件29. counterpressure die casting 反压压铸, 背压压铸30. cup-shaped casting杯形铸壳, 杯形铸件31. cylinder casting汽缸体32. defect casting有缺陷的铸件失蜡铸造34. die casting压(模)铸件压(模)铸法35. die pressed casting陷型模压铸件, 压铸件36. direct casting顶[上]铸37. direct-air die casting 低压铸造(充型压力较高) 38. direct latex casting胶乳直接铸型39. direct-chill casting直接激冷铸造40. directional casting定向(柱状晶)铸造41. dirty casting夹杂物(多的)铸件42. displacement casting 排溢铸造43. downhill casting顶浇, 上注44. draft casting从板座45. drain casting空心注浆46. dry sand casting干型铸造47. dual metal casting双金属离心铸管法48. dummy casting(加热金属模的)烫模铸件49. Durville casting杜威勒浇铸法(铸模与坩埚相连) 50. electric casting电熔铸51. electrolytic casting电解注浆52. electroslag casting电渣熔铸53. end casting(片式过滤器、片式杀菌器的)端板54. extrusion casting55. film casting薄膜铸塑56. flask casting砂箱铸铁57. flow casting中间铸型法58. flowing gas casting 气流浇铸(熔模铸造) 59. full-mo(u)ld casting 实型铸造60. furnace casting炼炉铸件61. fusion casting熔铸法62. gas-tight casting气密铸件63. grain casting装药铸造, 药柱铸造64. gravity casting重力浇注65. gravity die casting压铸件金属型铸造66. green casting未经热处理[时效]铸件, 铸态铸件湿砂铸法67. green sand casting湿型铸造68. group casting下铸, 底铸69. hard casting硬铸件白口(铁)铸件70. heat-resisting casting耐热铸件71. heavy castings大型铸件72. heavy-section casting厚壁铸件73. heel casting犁踵铸件74. high-pressure casting75. hollow casting空心铸件76. honeycombed casting 多气泡铸件, 蜂窝状铸件77. hot investment casting 精密铸造, 蜡模铸造78. immersion casting浸没铸造79. inclined casting倾斜浇注80. ingot casting铸锭, 模铸锭81. intricate cored casting 复杂型芯的铸件82. investment casting熔模铸造83. light casting小(铸)件, 薄(壁铸)件轻型铸件84. light-alloy casting轻合金铸造, 轻合金铸件85. lip casting压边浇铸86. loam casting砌砖铸造, 麻泥(型)铸造, 粘土制型法87. lost wax casting熔模铸造(法), 蜡模铸造, 失蜡铸造(法) 88. low-pressure casting低压铸造89. machinery casting机器铸件90. main casting主要铸件91. main shoe casting主滑脚铸件92. malleable casting韧性铸件, 可锻铸件, 展性铸件93. massive casting大件铸造大型铸件94. metal casting金属铸件95. miniature casting小铸件小件铸造96. misrun casting缺陷铸件97. mitis casting可锻铁铸造98. multiple-core casting组芯铸造99. multiple-heat casting多炉连浇连铸100. non-ferrous casting有色金属铸件, 非铁铸件101. open sand casting敞型铸造明浇铸件102. orthodox casting普通模铸103. permanent casting硬模浇铸104. permanment-mo(u)ld casting 硬模铸造, 金属型铸造105. pilot casting标准铸件(校验型板用)试制铸件106. pipe casting管(子铸)件107. pit casting地坑铸件108. planchet casting模板铸件用型板铸造109. plaster casting石膏型铸造(法)110. plaster mo(u)ld casting石膏模铸造111. polygram casting复制铸造, 被覆(法)复制金属模样法112. porous casting多孔铸件, 不致密铸件113. pottery casting陶器注坯(法)114. precision casting精密铸造115. precision-investment casting熔模精密铸造116. premium casting优质铸件117. press casting压力铸造118. pressure casting压铸件119. pressure die casting压铸120. pressurized casting在压力缸中凝固(常指有色金属) 121. prototype casting试生产铸件122. pulley casting滑轮铸件123. raw casting粗铸件124. reinforced casting加筋铸件125. rejected casting不合格铸件126. rotary casting离心铸造127. rotational casting离心浇铸128. running castings浇注(铸型)129. semaphore casting臂板铸件130. semi-centrifugal casting 半离心铸造带对开模的离心铸造离心充型铸造131. separated casting分割铸造法132. sequence casting连包连铸, 全连铸133. side casting道旁弃土; 从板座134. skull casting凝壳铸造(法)135. slip castings粉浆浇铸制件136. slush casting空壳铸件空壳铸造, 凝壳铸造, 空心件铸造137. solid investment casting整体熔模铸造138. sound casting致密铸件, 无疵铸件, 坚实铸件139. spoiled casting残缺铸件140. spongy casting多孔铸件141. squeeze casting模压铸造142. standard casting标准铸块143. static casting静态浇注(相对于离心浇注)144. strained casting变形铸件抬箱铸件, 带飞刺铸件145. suction casting抽吸浇注, 真空吸铸(法), 真空铸造146. tangential casting切线铸造147. test casting取样铸件148. thick-section casting厚壁铸件149. thin-section casting薄壁铸件150. thixo casting触融压铸151. tilt casting倾斜浇法倾动(铸型)浇法152. top casting顶铸, 上浇铸, 顶浇, 顶注153. top-ring casting炉顶钢圈154. trough casting中间罐浇铸, 中间包浇铸155. true centrifugal casting 精密离心铸造高速离心铸造156. tundish casting中间罐浇注, 中间包浇注157. twin casting双流浇铸(连铸)158. U-bolt casting U形螺栓铸件159. undressed casting未清理铸件160. unit casting单一(品种)铸件161. uphill casting底铸法, 倾斜浇铸162. vacuum casting真空铸造163. vertical casting立浇(注), 垂直铸造164. vertical centrifugal casting 立式离心铸造165. vibrational casting振动铸造166. wax mo(u)ld casting失蜡铸造, 熔模铸造167. wet-ground hollowcasting(湿法)空心浇注168. zero defectcasting 无缺陷铸件169. castingout nines 舍9校验, 模9校验。
《金工实习Ⅰ》教学大纲课程名称：金工实习课程英文名称：Practice of Metal Machining课程类别：集中实践教学环节学时数：2W 其中实验学时数：2W 课外学时数：0学分：2使用专业：自动化一、实习性质与任务金工实习是一门实践性的技术基础课。
金工实习以实践教学为主，课堂教学与自学为辅。
学生必须进行独立操作。
二、实习基本要求1. 知识了解机械制造的一般过程。
熟悉机械零件的常用加工方法及其所用主要设备的工作原理与典型结构﹑工夹量具的使用以及安全操作技术。
了解机械制造工艺知识和一些新工艺、新技术在机械制造中的应用。
2. 能力具备对简单零件初步具有选择加工方法和进行工艺分析的能力．在主要工种上应具有独立完成简单零件加工制造的实践能力。
3. 素质在质量和经济意识、安全与环保意识、创新意识、理论联系实际和科学作风等工程技术人员应具有的基本素质方面受到培养和锻炼。
三、相关课程材料成型技术基础、机械制造技术基础四、教学过程1. 教学方法：课堂讲授为辅，现场辅导为主教学2. 学时分配3. 学习方法：多媒体演示+现场实操讲解。
4. 考核方式：总评成绩＝平时成绩＋实操成绩+实习报告成绩。
五、教材及主要参考资料教材：霍仕武主编. 《金工实训教程》华中科技大学出版社.2015参考资料：[1] 康力主编.《金工实训》.同济大学出版社.2009.6[2] 郭术义主编.《金工实训》.清华大学出版社.2011.1六、课程教学内容的基本要求、重点和难点第一章铸造实训1. 教学内容（1）砂型铸造生产过程及特点；（2）了解砂型的基本造型方法、造型工具的使用；2. 教学基本要求：了解零件、模型和铸件的区别；初步学会使用造型工具，完成简单手工整模造型、分模造型、挖砂造型的操作。
3. 重点和难点：整模造型中分型面的选择第二章焊接实训+铣、刨、磨工实训1. 教学内容（1）手工电弧焊的操作方法、热处理及表面处理方法；（2）铣削、刨削、磨削加工的基本操作过程；2. 教学基本要求：能够进行简单的手工电弧焊操作，完成平焊焊缝。
Mechanical Engineering TrainingSand CastingName:Student NO.:Date:1. Introduction to CastingCasting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various cold setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.In this training course, considering the availability of required equipment in the training center, we will focus on the training of metal casting methods.2. Metal Casting and Its Common MethodsMetal casting is one of the most common casting processes. Metal patterns are more expensive but are more dimensionally stable and durable. Metallic patterns are used where repetitive production of castings is required in large quantities. Common metal casting methods include Sand Casting, Die Casting and Evaporative-pattern Casting.Sand CastingSand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material. The term "sand casting" can also refer to an object produced via the sand casting process. Sand castings are produced in specialized factories called foundries. Over 70% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process. As the most widely used metal casting methods, it is the main focus of this training course and will be talked about in detail in the following sections.Figure 1 Sand CastingSand casting is relatively cheap and sufficiently refractory even for steel foundry use. In addition to the sand, a suitable bonding agent (usually clay) is mixed or occurs with the sand. The mixture is moistened, typically with water, but sometimes with other substances, to develop strength and plasticity of the clay and to make the aggregate suitable for molding. The sand is typically contained in a system of frames or mold boxes known as a flask. Themold cavities and gate system are created by compacting the sand around models, or patterns, or carved directly into the sand. A demonstration of sand casting is shown in Figure 1.Die CastingDie casting is a metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity. The mold cavity is created using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work similarly to an injection mold during the process. Most die castings are made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, aluminum, magnesium, lead, pewter and tin based alloys. Depending on the type of metal being cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.The casting equipment and the metal dies represent large capital costs and this tends to limit the process to high volume production. Manufacture of parts using die casting is relatively simple, involving only four main steps, which keeps the incremental cost per item low. It is especially suited for a large quantity of small to medium sized castings, which is why die casting produces more castings than any other casting process. Die castings are characterized by a very good surface finish (by casting standards) and dimensional consistency.Figure 2 shows a die casting machine. In later sessions of the training course, you will have the chance to see the die casting process and make an aluminum model of a fighter yourself with the machine.Figure 2 Die Casting MachineEvaporative-pattern CastingEvaporative-pattern casting is a type of casting process that uses a pattern made from a material that will evaporate when the molten metal is poured into the molding cavity. The most common evaporative-pattern material used is polystyrene foam.The two major evaporative-pattern casting processes are:(1) Lost-foam casting(2) Full-mold castingThe main difference is that lost-foam casting uses an unbonded sand and full-mold casting uses a bonded sand (or green sand). Figure 3 shows patterns and according products made from the patterns in evaporative-pattern casting. Please pay attention tothe materials of the pattern and product.Figure 3 Pattern and Product of Evaporative-pattern casting3. Components of Sand CastingFigure 4 Structure of Sand Casting ProcessFigure 4 shows the structure of a sand casting process, from which we can see that the structure is mainly composed of the flasks, a mold cavity, a core, the ventilation system and the gating system.PatternsFrom the design, provided by an engineer or designer, a skilled pattern maker builds a pattern of the object to be produced, using wood, metal, or a plastic such as expanded polystyrene. Sand can be ground, swept or strickled into shape. The metal to be cast will contract during solidification, and this may be non-uniform due to uneven cooling. Therefore, the pattern must be slightly larger than the finished product, a difference known as contraction allowance. Patterns also have core prints that create registers within the molds into which are placed sand cores. Such cores, sometimes reinforced by wires, are used to create under-cut profiles and cavities which cannot be molded with the cope and drag, such as the interior passages of valves or cooling passages in engine blocks.Paths for the entrance of metal into the mold cavity constitute the runner system and include the sprue, various feeders which maintain a good metal 'feed', and in-gates which attach the runner system to the casting cavity. Gas and steam generated during casting exit through the permeable sand or via risers, which are added either in the pattern itself, or as separate pieces.Molding Box and MaterialsA multi-part molding box (known as a casting flask, the top and bottom halves of which are known respectively as the cope and drag) is prepared to receive the pattern. Molding boxes are made in segments that may be latched to each other and to end closures. For a simple object—flat on one side—the lower portion of the box, closed at the bottom, will be filled with a molding sand. The sand is packed in through a vibratory process called ramming, and in this case, periodically screeded level. The surface of the sand may then be stabilized with a sizing compound. The pattern is placed on the sand and another molding box segment is added. Additional sand is rammed over and around the pattern. Finally a cover is placed on the box and it is turned and unlatched, so that the halves of the mold may be parted and the pattern with its sprue and vent patterns removed. Additional sizing may be added and any defects introduced by the removal of the pattern are corrected. The box is closed again. This forms a "green" mold which must be dried to receive the hot metal. If the mold is not sufficiently dried a steam explosion can occur that can throw molten metal about. In some cases, the sand may be oiled instead of moistened, which makes possible casting without waiting for the sand to dry. Sand may also be bonded by chemical binders, such as furane resins or amine-hardened resins.CoresTo produce cavities within the casting—such as for liquid cooling in engine blocks and cylinder heads—negative forms are used to produce cores. Usually sand-molded, cores are inserted into the casting box after removal of the pattern. Whenever possible, designs are made that avoid the use of cores, due to the additional set-up time and thus greater cost.With a completed mold at the appropriate moisture content, the box containing the sand mold is then positioned for filling with molten metal—typically iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminum, magnesium alloys, or various pot metal alloys, which often include lead, tin, and zinc. After filling with liquid metal the box is set aside until the metal is sufficiently cool to be strong. The sand is then removed revealing a rough casting that, in the case of iron or steel, may still be glowing red. When casting with metals like iron or lead, which are significantly heavier than the casting sand, the casting flask is often covered with a heavyplate to prevent a problem known as floating the mold. Floating the mold occurs when the pressure of the metal pushes the sand above the mold cavity out of shape, causing the casting to fail.After casting, the cores are broken up by rods or shot and removed from the casting. The metal from the sprue and risers is cut from the rough casting. Various heat treatments may be applied to relieve stresses from the initial cooling and to add hardness—in the case of steel or iron, by quenching in water or oil. The casting may be further strengthened by surface compression treatment—like shot peening—that adds resistance to tensile cracking and smooths the rough surface.4. Basic Process of Sand CastingFigure 5 Sand Casting ProcessAs can be seen in Figure 5, the process can be summarized into 6 steps:(1) Place a pattern in sand to create a mold.In this step, first of all, put the pattern in the center of the flask. Two locators are needed here for you to identify the relative position and orientation of the pattern after it is covered by sand. Then fill the flask with sand, the sand should be filled over and around the pattern and the locators. After certain amount of sand is filled in, a procedure called ramming should be done, during which the sand is tightened under the continuous ramming of a hammer, until the tightened sand reaches the top of the flask. Note that in this procedure, please pay attention to the locations of the pattern and the locators so that you can avoid changing their location when ramming the sand.(2) Incorporate the pattern and sand in a gating system.The gating system is used to guide the molten metal into the mold cavity. So in the creation of the mold, the gating system should be considered. The gating system can be divided into sprue gate, cross gate and ingate according to their position in the system. The sprue gate guides the molten metal vertically down from the casting head, while thecross gate spreads the metal so that it can fully cover the space to be filled and the ingate guides the metal into the cavity.(3) Remove the pattern.Remember to be very careful when removing the pattern, any movement in the wrong direction may damage the mold cavity. When doing so, first use a brush dipped with water to moisten the joints of the pattern with the sand, so that the sand may not easily collapse. Then, slightly knock the pattern so that clearances occur between the pattern and the cavity to facilitate removal. Finally, carefully remove the pattern in the vertical direction. If damages do happen during the removal, you should try to restore its original shape. (4) Fill the mold cavity with molten metal.The molten metal comes from a furnace that melts the metal in very high temperature. You can use a casting ladle to transfer the molten metal, in which the metal shouldn’t occupy over 80% of the full capacity of the ladle. You should be very careful when transferring the metal because any drop of the molten metal can cause permanent damage to human skin if it accidentally splash on the body.(5) Allow the metal to cool.In this step, wait patiently for the metal to cool down and solidify and never touch the metal with bare hand.(6) Break away the sand mold and remove the casting.When the metal cools down, break the sand mold and get the casting out with a clamp, then dip the casting in water for more than 10 seconds before you can touch it with your hands.5. Safety Rules(1) Place the tools you use in order and remember to clean your position before youleave.(2) Do not make loud noise or quarrel during the training.(3) Remember to wear protection suits to protect yourself from injury when you aretrying to get the molten metal out of the furnace.(4) Do not use your hands to touch the casting before it cools down. When cleaningthe casting, remember to take care of the people around in case the tools you use hurt them.。
