Mechanical Engineering Training
Sand Casting
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1. Introduction to Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting materials are usually metals or various cold setting materials that cure after mixing two or more components together; examples are epoxy, concrete, plaster and clay. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200 BC.
In this training course, considering the availability of required equipment in the training center, we will focus on the training of metal casting methods.
2. Metal Casting and Its Common Methods
Metal casting is one of the most common casting processes. Metal patterns are more expensive but are more dimensionally stable and durable. Metallic patterns are used where repetitive production of castings is required in large quantities. Common metal casting methods include Sand Casting, Die Casting and Evaporative-pattern Casting. Sand Casting
Sand casting, also known as sand molded casting, is a metal casting process characterized by using sand as the mold material. The term "sand casting" can also refer to an object produced via the sand casting process. Sand castings are produced in specialized factories called foundries. Over 70% of all metal castings are produced via a sand casting process. As the most widely used metal casting methods, it is the main focus of this training course and will be talked about in detail in the following sections.
Figure 1 Sand Casting
Sand casting is relatively cheap and sufficiently refractory even for steel foundry use. In addition to the sand, a suitable bonding agent (usually clay) is mixed or occurs with the sand. The mixture is moistened, typically with water, but sometimes with other substances, to develop strength and plasticity of the clay and to make the aggregate suitable for molding. The sand is typically contained in a system of frames or mold boxes known as a
flask. The mold cavities and gate system are created by compacting the sand around models, or patterns, or carved directly into the sand. A demonstration of sand casting is shown in Figure 1.
Die Casting
Die casting is a metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity. The mold cavity is created using two hardened tool steel dies which have been machined into shape and work similarly to an injection mold during the process. Most die castings are made from non-ferrous metals, specifically zinc, copper, aluminum, magnesium, lead, pewter and tin based alloys. Depending on the type of metal being cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.
The casting equipment and the metal dies represent large capital costs and this tends to limit the process to high volume production. Manufacture of parts using die casting is relatively simple, involving only four main steps, which keeps the incremental cost per item low. It is especially suited for a large quantity of small to medium sized castings, which is why die casting produces more castings than any other casting process. Die castings are characterized by a very good surface finish (by casting standards) and dimensional consistency.
Figure 2 shows a die casting machine. In later sessions of the training course, you will have the chance to see the die casting process and make an aluminum model of a fighter yourself with the machine.
Figure 2 Die Casting Machine
Evaporative-pattern Casting
Evaporative-pattern casting is a type of casting process that uses a pattern made from a material that will evaporate when the molten metal is poured into the molding cavity. The most common evaporative-pattern material used is polystyrene foam.
The two major evaporative-pattern casting processes are:
(1) Lost-foam casting
(2) Full-mold casting
The main difference is that lost-foam casting uses an unbonded sand and full-mold casting uses a bonded sand (or green sand). Figure 3 shows patterns and according products made from the patterns in evaporative-pattern casting. Please pay attention to
the materials of the pattern and product.
Figure 3 Pattern and Product of Evaporative-pattern casting
3. Components of Sand Casting
Figure 4 Structure of Sand Casting Process
Figure 4 shows the structure of a sand casting process, from which we can see that the structure is mainly composed of the flasks, a mold cavity, a core, the ventilation system and the gating system.
Patterns
From the design, provided by an engineer or designer, a skilled pattern maker builds a pattern of the object to be produced, using wood, metal, or a plastic such as expanded polystyrene. Sand can be ground, swept or strickled into shape. The metal to be cast will contract during solidification, and this may be non-uniform due to uneven cooling. Therefore, the pattern must be slightly larger than the finished product, a difference known as contraction allowance. Patterns also have core prints that create registers within the molds into which are placed sand cores. Such cores, sometimes reinforced by wires, are used to create under-cut profiles and cavities which cannot be molded with the cope and drag, such as the interior passages of valves or cooling passages in engine blocks.
Paths for the entrance of metal into the mold cavity constitute the runner system and include the sprue, various feeders which maintain a good metal 'feed', and in-gates which attach the runner system to the casting cavity. Gas and steam generated during casting exit through the permeable sand or via risers, which are added either in the pattern itself, or as separate pieces.
Molding Box and Materials
A multi-part molding box (known as a casting flask, the top and bottom halves of which are known respectively as the cope and drag) is prepared to receive the pattern. Molding boxes are made in segments that may be latched to each other and to end closures. For a simple object—flat on one side—the lower portion of the box, closed at the bottom, will be filled with a molding sand. The sand is packed in through a vibratory process called ramming, and in this case, periodically screeded level. The surface of the sand may then be stabilized with a sizing compound. The pattern is placed on the sand and another molding box segment is added. Additional sand is rammed over and around the pattern. Finally a cover is placed on the box and it is turned and unlatched, so that the halves of the mold may be parted and the pattern with its sprue and vent patterns removed. Additional sizing may be added and any defects introduced by the removal of the pattern are corrected. The box is closed again. This forms a "green" mold which must be dried to receive the hot metal. If the mold is not sufficiently dried a steam explosion can occur that can throw molten metal about. In some cases, the sand may be oiled instead of moistened, which makes possible casting without waiting for the sand to dry. Sand may also be bonded by chemical binders, such as furane resins or amine-hardened resins. Cores
To produce cavities within the casting—such as for liquid cooling in engine blocks and cylinder heads—negative forms are used to produce cores. Usually sand-molded, cores are inserted into the casting box after removal of the pattern. Whenever possible, designs are made that avoid the use of cores, due to the additional set-up time and thus greater cost.
With a completed mold at the appropriate moisture content, the box containing the sand mold is then positioned for filling with molten metal—typically iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminum, magnesium alloys, or various pot metal alloys, which often include lead, tin, and zinc. After filling with liquid metal the box is set aside until the metal is sufficiently cool to be strong. The sand is then removed revealing a rough casting that, in the case of iron or steel, may still be glowing red. When casting with metals like iron or lead, which are significantly heavier than the casting sand, the casting flask is often covered with a heavy
plate to prevent a problem known as floating the mold. Floating the mold occurs when the pressure of the metal pushes the sand above the mold cavity out of shape, causing the casting to fail.
After casting, the cores are broken up by rods or shot and removed from the casting. The metal from the sprue and risers is cut from the rough casting. Various heat treatments may be applied to relieve stresses from the initial cooling and to add hardness—in the case of steel or iron, by quenching in water or oil. The casting may be further strengthened by surface compression treatment—like shot peening—that adds resistance to tensile cracking and smooths the rough surface.
4. Basic Process of Sand Casting
Figure 5 Sand Casting Process
As can be seen in Figure 5, the process can be summarized into 6 steps:
(1) Place a pattern in sand to create a mold.
In this step, first of all, put the pattern in the center of the flask. Two locators are needed here for you to identify the relative position and orientation of the pattern after it is covered by sand. Then fill the flask with sand, the sand should be filled over and around the pattern and the locators. After certain amount of sand is filled in, a procedure called ramming should be done, during which the sand is tightened under the continuous ramming of a hammer, until the tightened sand reaches the top of the flask. Note that in this procedure, please pay attention to the locations of the pattern and the locators so that you can avoid changing their location when ramming the sand.
(2) Incorporate the pattern and sand in a gating system.
The gating system is used to guide the molten metal into the mold cavity. So in the creation of the mold, the gating system should be considered. The gating system can be divided into sprue gate, cross gate and ingate according to their position in the system. The sprue gate guides the molten metal vertically down from the casting head, while the
cross gate spreads the metal so that it can fully cover the space to be filled and the ingate guides the metal into the cavity.
(3) Remove the pattern.
Remember to be very careful when removing the pattern, any movement in the wrong direction may damage the mold cavity. When doing so, first use a brush dipped with water to moisten the joints of the pattern with the sand, so that the sand may not easily collapse. Then, slightly knock the pattern so that clearances occur between the pattern and the cavity to facilitate removal. Finally, carefully remove the pattern in the vertical direction. If damages do happen during the removal, you should try to restore its original shape. (4) Fill the mold cavity with molten metal.
The molten metal comes from a furnace that melts the metal in very high temperature. You can use a casting ladle to transfer the molten metal, in which the metal shouldn’t occupy over 80% of the full capacity of the ladle. You should be very careful when transferring the metal because any drop of the molten metal can cause permanent damage to human skin if it accidentally splash on the body.
(5) Allow the metal to cool.
In this step, wait patiently for the metal to cool down and solidify and never touch the metal with bare hand.
(6) Break away the sand mold and remove the casting.
When the metal cools down, break the sand mold and get the casting out with a clamp, then dip the casting in water for more than 10 seconds before you can touch it with your hands.
5. Safety Rules
(1) Place the tools you use in order and remember to clean your position before you
leave.
(2) Do not make loud noise or quarrel during the training.
(3) Remember to wear protection suits to protect yourself from injury when you are
trying to get the molten metal out of the furnace.
(4) Do not use your hands to touch the casting before it cools down. When cleaning
the casting, remember to take care of the people around in case the tools you use hurt them.
《金工实习A》教学大纲（试行） 一、课程基本信息 开课单位现代工程训练中心课程代码GE09039 课程名称金工实习A英文名称Metalworking practice A 课程性质必修学分2 总学时64先修课程工程制图、工程材料 开课学期夏季适应专业近机近电类专业、2+X项目制 训练中基础训练部分 二、课程描述 中文： 金工实习A是一门涵盖机械、电气、控制、管理等多学科集成的具有多层次、多模块、柔性化的实践性技术基础课，是近机械类有关专业教学计划中重要的实践教学环节之一。本课程以实践教学为主，安排学生进行独立操作，并辅以专题讲授。学生通过工程基本训练，获取先进的、系统的、视野宽阔的大工程知识背景，建立典型的制造业生产过程概念，培养工程素质、工程实践能力和创新能力。为后续课程的学习和今后的工作奠定基础。 英文： Metalworking practice A, as one of the most important practical teaching part in teaching plan of near-mechanical-related majors, is a multi-level, multi-module and flexible practical basic course covering various subjects, including mechanical, electrical, control and management. This course is mainly based on practical teaching to
铸铜鎏金材料工艺说明 铸铜等铸造类雕塑一般首先是泥塑的塑造，然后翻制阴模。翻制阴模后再翻制成阳模，实际上是一个材料转换的过程，即从可塑性泥制品转换到石膏和玻璃钢进行定型、最后进行铸造的过程。每件铸铜艺术品都是需要经过最少11道复杂严谨的工序制作而成，这些工序中既有传统手工艺的痕迹，也有精密铸造的现代技术精彩所在。 一、工艺流程一：泥塑 每件产品的前身都需要一个泥塑原型，泥塑都是经过雕塑师在原创设计稿的基础上反复揣摩、推敲之后进行的再创作，泥塑的造型好坏、神韵的体现与否、意图的表达呈现直接影响今后的产品好坏，所以优秀的泥塑离不开优秀的雕塑师。 第一步雕塑泥备料筛选，喷水醒泥48小时以上，圆雕焊接雕塑钢筋造型骨架，在骨架上缠绕十字型木条托泥装置，雕塑骨架上大间隙铺设金属网，可减少用泥量减少总重量保证雕塑不垮塌。 上大泥覆盖雕塑造型。上泥完毕一边用木槌砸实一边补平泥间空袭。全部上泥后对大造型进行不断的调整。造型不准需要返工对骨架进行休整直到满意，以上必须由专业雕塑师来完成。从此阶段开始雕塑必须经常喷水保持不开裂，半途公休要覆盖塑料薄膜进行保湿直到雕塑模完成。 塑形。由专业雕塑师来完成，塑形过程雕塑师中随时喷水随时塑造。整个过程由雕塑师掌握。 雕塑大型完成。通知甲方对大造型进行审核和提出意见或修改。继续不断的推敲调整和细节塑造达到完美，全部完成造型后使用刮片整体进行刮光。二、工艺流程之二：翻制 根据雕塑造型大小、精细程度等具体要求，采用不同的翻制工艺。雕塑造型较大，精细程度要求相对不高的采用玻璃钢翻模；雕塑造型较小，精细程度要求相对较高的采用硅胶翻模。一般情况下，采用两种工艺相结合的方式翻模。同一雕塑中转折、起伏、纹路、细节相对简单的大面积造型采用玻璃钢翻模，局部细
砂型铸造实习报告文档3篇 Sand casting practice report 汇报人：JinTai College
砂型铸造实习报告文档3篇 小泰温馨提示：工作总结是将一个时间段的工作进行一次全面系统的总检查、总评价、总分析，并分析不足。通过总结，可以把零散的、肤浅的感性认识上升为系统、深刻的理性认识，从而得出科学的结论，以便改正缺点，吸取经验教训，指引下一步工作顺利展开。本文档根据工作总结的书写内容要求，带有自我性、回顾性、客观性和经验性的特点全面复盘，具有实践指导意义。便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。 本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】 1、篇章1：砂型铸造实习报告文档 2、篇章2：砂型铸造实习报告文档 3、篇章3：砂型铸造实习报告文档 砂型铸造——在砂型中生产铸件的铸造方法。钢、铁和 大多数有色合金铸件都可用砂型铸造方法获得。砂型铸造实习报告怎么写呢?下面是小泰整理的砂型铸造实习报告资料，欢 迎阅读。 篇章1:砂型铸造实习报告文档 钢、铁和大多数有色合金铸件都可用砂型铸造方法获得。由于砂型铸造所用的造型材料价廉易得，铸型制造简便，对铸
件的单件生产、成批生产和大量生产均能适应，长期以来，一直是铸造生产中的基本工艺。砂型铸造所用铸型一般由外砂型和型芯组合而成。为了提高铸件的表面质量，常在砂型和型芯表面刷一层涂料。涂料的主要成分是耐火度高、高温化学稳定性好的粉状材料和粘结剂，另外还加有便于施涂的载体（水或其他溶剂）和各种附加物。 铸造分类铸造分类主要有砂型铸造和特种铸造两大类。 1 普通砂型铸造，利用砂作为铸模材料，又称砂铸，翻砂，包括湿砂型、干砂型和化学硬化砂型3类，但并非所有砂均可用以铸造。好处是成本较低，因为铸模所使用的沙可重复使用;缺点是铸模制作耗时，铸模本身不能被重复使用，须破坏后才能取得成品。 2特种铸造，按造型材料又可分为以天然矿产砂石为主要造型材料的特种铸造（如熔模铸造、泥型铸造、壳型铸造、负压铸造、实型铸造、陶瓷型铸造，消失模铸造等）和以金属为主要铸型材料的特种铸造（如金属型铸造、压力铸造、连续铸造、低压铸造、离心铸造等）两类。 砂型材料
精选金工实习总结报告 两个星期短暂的金工实习结束了，老师每节课布置的实习任务也顺利地完成了，虽然时间过的很快，但它留给我的是很多的不舍和回味。不可否认，金工实习确实很累，每天都要早早地来到教室等待老师的讲解，但是金工实习可以让我们学到很多书本上没有的东西，况且对于我们这种非机械专业的学生来说，是很有帮助的，经过金工实习，我们终于懂得那些机器的零部件是如何生产出来的，我们又知道了机械专业对于现在的社会是如何的重要。 不得不说，“金工实习”是一门综合性很强的基础学科，对于我们这样的工科学生来说是非常必要的。因为我们平时可能懂得其中的理论知识，但到了真正用理论指导实践的时候，我们就会知道实践原来是多么的重要。在这么多天的实践中我有很多的体会与感想，现在容我慢慢道来。 第一天的是车工，也就是普通车床，加工和打磨一个阶梯轴。其实车床就是利用工件的旋转作用和刀具的移动来改变毛坯形状和尺寸的一种加工切削方法。老师要求我们使用游标卡尺来测量工件的大小，并且工件允许的误差范围在+-0.02mm之内，因为精度很高，所以使用普通车床进行加工切削很难掌握，最后经过详细地询问老师才最终完成任务。 接下来的是焊接，焊接分为熔化焊、压力焊、钎焊，而焊接的目的就是将两块分离的金属块焊接在一起。我们的小组有三个人，当天上午老师给我们上理论课，下午才开始焊接实操，按照焊接准则，在焊接前必须穿戴好防护衣、皮手套并戴好眼罩。
然后我把焊条夹在焊钳中，慢慢地靠近焊接的地方并点燃焊条，焊条保持在与金属4mm的地方，与焊缝约60°角，最后将焊条慢慢地横向移动，小心并且仔细，没过多久，一条焊缝就可以完成了，待到焊池完全冷却再用锤子把焊渣敲击掉，这样焊接的任务基本就完成了。 数控铣床。铣工分为顺铣与逆铣。首先我们在老师的指导下先在电脑上学会使用CAM软件画图并选用各种车刀，待我们画好需要加工的工件的图案后就可以使用专门的软件生成车床能识别的代码，我们学校只有两种数控铣床，一种是法兰克铣床，一种是广州数控铣床。在上课时，老师给我们播放了各种车床生产零件的视频，以前的我根本不知道那么多的精致零件、图案等是如何生产出来的，看了数铣技术所生产出来的产品，真是打开眼界!原来人类利用机器生产的水平是如此之高，太令人兴奋了!这么先进的技术，我们要做的工作就是设计好工件，并把工件放置好，对好刀，其他事情就交给电脑完成了。 电火花与热处理。电火花是使用电弧在瞬间放电所产生的高温对工件的表面进行加工的一种技术。电火花与线切割有一些相似的地方，都是使用高温进行加工，但电火花一般都是对工件的表面进行雕刻，老师先是给我们讲解了理论知识后就让我们上车床实操了，电火花雕刻时，我选择了心形的图案进行加工，虽然速度比较慢，但电火花雕刻时那种放电的兹兹声很让人喜欢。 热处理是使用退火，正火，淬火，回火的各种热处理对工件的内部结构进行加热，从而改变它们的硬度，脆性和含碳量。我们先使用正火对45钢进行加热到830°C并空冷，空
英文写作模板 包含：图表类作文模板、原因分析类作文模板、议论性文字作文模板。据王晓艳老师课堂讲义整理 结构：P1：描述图表；P2：分析图表；P3：结论 P1：描述图表 As is shown in the 图表类型above, dramatic changes have taken place in the 变量的名称-名词短语. The most obvious change was the 上升/下降变量,which had increased nearly by % ,while 下降/上升变量decreased roughly by % . The percentage if the remained stable between and . P2：分析图表； There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of most important ones here. Above all, development of technique and knowledge in native company stimulate the vitality of 变量-名词短语. What’s more,(culture influence) 原因2is an important reason of the decline/increase if the 变量-名词短语. Finally, 原因3. P3：结论 Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graph will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to . 比如交通事故原因分析及解决方案 结构：P1：改写课题；P2：原因分析；P3：解决方案；P4：预测、总结 P1：改写课题 Recently, there is a heated debate on the issue of . A recent study conducted by 机构名称revealed that 现象. Hence, it is of paramount importance that we ascertain the cause of 事件and identify the effective remedies of this phenomenon. P2：原因分析 As I see it, the cause of 现象are manifold. Firstly, 原因1. Secondly, 原因2. Last but not the least, 原因3 . P3：解决方案 Given the severity of , we have no alternative but to take vigorous measure to address this thorny issue. To begin with, 解决方案1. Further, 解决方案2. Lastly, 解决方案3. P4：预测、总结 To summarize, the cause of 现象are multiple. I just point out some of them. But if government, scientist and individual work together to resolve the problem, the 现象will fall/increase immediately. 第1页，共2页
砂型铸造实习报告 本文是关于砂型铸造实习报告，仅供参考，希望对您有所帮助，感谢阅读。 篇1：砂型铸造实习报告 钢、铁和大多数有色合金铸件都可用砂型铸造方法获得。由于砂型铸造所用的造型材料价廉易得，铸型制造简便，对铸件的单件生产、成批生产和大量生产均能适应，长期以来，一直是铸造生产中的基本工艺。砂型铸造所用铸型一般由外砂型和型芯组合而成。为了提高铸件的表面质量，常在砂型和型芯表面刷一层涂料。涂料的主要成分是耐火度高、高温化学稳定性好的粉状材料和粘结剂，另外还加有便于施涂的载体(水或其他溶剂)和各种附加物。 铸造分类铸造分类主要有砂型铸造和特种铸造两大类。 1 普通砂型铸造，利用砂作为铸模材料，又称砂铸，翻砂，包括湿砂型、干砂型和化学硬化砂型3类，但并非所有砂均可用以铸造。好处是成本较低，因为铸模所使用的沙可重复使用;缺点是铸模制作耗时，铸模本身不能被重复使用，须破坏后才能取得成品。 2特种铸造，按造型材料又可分为以天然矿产砂石为主要造型材料的特种铸造(如熔模铸造、泥型铸造、壳型铸造、负压铸造、实型铸造、陶瓷型铸造，消失模铸造等)和以金属为主要铸型材料的特种铸造(如金属型铸造、压力铸造、连续铸造、低压铸造、离心铸造等)两类。 砂型材料 制造砂型的基本原材料是铸造砂和型砂粘结剂。最常用的铸造砂是硅质砂。硅砂的高温性能不能满足使用要求时则使用锆英砂、铬铁矿砂、刚玉砂等特种砂。为使制成的砂型和型芯具有一定的强度，在搬运、合型及浇注液态金属时不致变形或损坏，一般要在铸造中加入型砂粘结剂，将松散的砂粒粘结起来成为型砂。应用最广的型砂粘结剂是粘土，也可采用各种干性油或半干性油、水溶性硅酸盐或磷酸盐和各种合成树脂作型砂粘结剂。砂型铸造中所用的外砂型按型砂所用的粘结剂及其建立强度的方式不同分为粘土湿砂型、粘土干砂型和化学硬化砂型3种。
CET4 2013年12月四级（1） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. “Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine. We both miss you and hope you are doing well. We look forward to seeing you again the next time your computer
crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat, Love, Mom and Dad.”实：保证沟通信息清晰，完整，避免误解，更加正式 The （more formal） face-to-face contact can ensure/guarantee the message （being delivered）clearer and more intact, thus avoiding misunderstanding （effectively=in such an effective way/ to a great extent. ） So…that… The message/information delivered through internet is very likely to be neglected. It is more likely for us to neglect the message on the internet or dismiss it as rumors. 虚：1.避免虚假信息 2.拉近距离身体语言眼神促进情感交流范文1（星火） Electronic Communication Cannot Replace Face-to-Face Contact
金工实习报告 金工实习是一门实践基础课，是机械类各专业学生学习工程材料及机械制造基础等课程必不可少的先修课，是非机类有关专业教学计划中重要的实践教学环节。它对于培养我们的动手能力有很大的意义。而且可以使我们了解传统的机械制造工艺和现代机械制造技术。 实习车间里，一台台机床运转着，工件被一步步加工成形，虽然工件很简单，操作过程也不难，但是工件上的每一点都融汇着我的汗水，每一刀都刻着我心情。而当我把自己亲手加工的工件交到老师手里时，那种自豪感是必须亲身体验才能感受到的。 在工业生产中，安全要摆在第一位，是至关重要的！！这是每个老师给我们的第一忠告。一个无意的动作或是一个小小的疏忽，都可能导致机械事故甚至人身安全事故。在未发生安全事故前，许多人对安全教育不重视，认为太烦琐，太枯燥。一旦发生了事故，事后诸葛亮就很多。我很庆幸我对它有了足够的重视，所以我安全的度过了实习的三周！！ 第三项；车工
老师最先强调的就是安全操作规程，这是安全的需要，也是对我们的负责。车工安全技术操作规程 一、上班时必须穿好工作服，女同志必须戴好工作帽。 二、开车前，先把各手柄、闸把打到空挡位置，用手扳动车头，查看是否有妨碍之处，然后进行低速运转试车 四、车床导轨面、刀架上不准存放工件、工具、刀具等物件，脚不能放在丝杠、床面及油盘上。 五、变换转速与进刀量时必须停车，以防碰坏齿轮。 八、自动走刀时，必须将刀架推至与底座一样齐，以防止刀刃未到尺寸而底座碰到卡盘上。 十、加工长、大工件时，吃刀不要过猛，刹车不能过急。 十一、加工细长棒料时，后端伸出不能过长，车速不能太高，以免开车后把料甩弯而伤人。 十三、车削时，必须加紧工件与车刀，并紧固好刀架。 十四、车床运转时，不准用棉纱擦拭工件，不准用卡尺测量工件，不准用手直接去清理切屑。 十七、车床地面上放置的脚踏板，必须坚实、平稳，并随时清理其上的切屑，以防滑倒，发生事故；车床开动时不准坐凳子，防止打瞌睡放生事故。 十八、严禁超负荷使用机床，以免机床零件损坏。 二十、修理、保养机床必须切断电源。
Mechanical Engineering Training Grinding Name: Student NO.: Date:
1. Introduction to Grinding Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool. A wide variety of machines are used for grinding: (1) Hand-cranked knife-sharpening stones (grindstones) (2) Handheld power tools such as angle grinders and die grinders (3) Various kinds of expensive industrial machine tools called grinding machines (4) Bench grinders often found in residential garages and basements Grinding practice is a large and diverse area of manufacturing and toolmaking. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production contexts it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to the machining of very hard materials than is "regular" machining (that is, cutting larger chips with cutting tools such as tool bits or milling cutters), and until recent decades it was the only practical way to machine such materials as hardened steels. Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually better suited to taking very shallow cuts, such as reducing a shaft’s d iameter by half a thousandth of an inch or 12.7 μm. Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge, and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.). However, among people who work in the machining fields, the term cutting is often understood to refer to the macroscopic cutting operations, and grinding is often mentally categorized as a "separate" process. This is why the terms are usually used in contradistinction in shop-floor practice, even though, strictly speaking, grinding is a subset of cutting. In this training course, considering the availability of required equipment in the training center, we will focus on the training of metal casting methods. 2. Types of Grinding Process Selecting which of the following grinding operations to be used is determined by the size, shape, features and the desired production rate. Surface Grinding Surface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material, creating a flat surface. The tolerances that are normally achieved with grinding are ± 2 × 10?4 inches for grinding a flat material, and ± 3 × 10?4 inches for a parallel surface (in metric units: 5 μm for flat material and 8 μm for parallel surface). The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a chuck, either electromagnetic or vacuum, and a reciprocating table. Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and steel. These two materials do not tend to clog the grinding wheel while being processed. Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass and some plastics. The photo of a surface grinding machine is shown in Figure 1. The machine you are going to use in this training course is the surface grinding machine. You will learn about the working principles of the machine and manipulate the machine to grind a workpiece according to a technical drawing.
北京奥运英语四级材料 The Games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing."With the motto "New Beijing, Great Olympics", Beijing promises to host a "Green Olympics", a "Hi-tech Olympics" and the "People's Olympics". Chinese people always appreciate the purposes and principles of Olympic ideal, support the efforts of Olympic Games to promote world peace. The Chinese Government and people are doing our the utmost/best to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, and shooting at the pageant with advocating Olympic ideal, sparkpluging world peace and enhancing the relationships among the world. Olympic spirit are gonna spread again in orient cultural ancient China. The government and people of China have always admired the purposes and principles of the Olympic spirit and supported the efforts made by the Olympics in promoting world peace. The Chinese government and people are doing our utmost in preparation for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. It is our hope to make it a grand gathering that will carry forward the Olympic spirit, promote world peace and enhance the friendship among people of the world, so that the Olympic spirit will flourish once again, this time in China, an oriental country with an ancient civilization. “第29届奥运会在2008年授予市北京。 ”座右铭“新北京，新奥运” ，北京的承诺，举办一个“绿色奥运” ， “高科技奥运会”和“人民的奥运“ 。 中国人民始终欣赏的宗旨和原则，奥林匹克理想，支持的努力，奥运会上为促进世界和平。中国政府和人民正在尽我们的最大/最佳准备为2008年北京奥运会，射击选美与倡导奥林匹克理想，世界的和平与提高之间的关系的世界。奥林匹克精神是在哪里蔓延，再次在东方的中国古代文化。 有关中国政府和人民一向钦佩的宗旨和原则，也是奥林匹克精神的支持和所作的努力，奥运会在促进世界和平。中国政府和人民正在尽最大努力在为筹备2008年奥运会在北京举行。这是我们的希望，使其一次盛会，将弘扬奥林匹克精神，促进世界的和平与提高人民之间的友谊的世界，使奥林匹克精神将再次蓬勃发展，这一次在中国，一个东方的国家一个古老的文明。 有关四川汶川的英语作文 AROUND 2:28 pm on Monday, Zhu Qi had his first brush with terror. He’d been awakened from an afternoon nap. His bunk was shaking. The door to his dormitory room was jammed shut. When Zhu, a postgrad at Chengdu University of Technology, managed to join his classmates outside, the earth had stopped moving. But the damage had been done. At area universities, students had fled dorms and classrooms with the clothes on their back. But at least they were alive. Only 96 kilometers away in Wenchuan County, thousands of people, young and old, were buried in rubble. The 7.8-magnitude quake had devastated a region of small cities and towns set amid the steep and forested hills of northwestern Sichuan. The quake is China’s worst in three decades. The full reach of the damage has yet to be determined. By press time, around
泵体的铸造工艺设计 2016-2017年泵体的铸造工艺设计分析研究报告
目录 引言 (1) 第1章绪论 (2) 1.1 概述 (2) 1.2国内铸造行业的现状及发展趋势 (2) 1.3发达国家铸造行业的现状及发展趋势 (2) 1.4本课题的研究内容 (2) 第2章零件铸造工艺分析 (4) 2.1 零件基本信息 (4) 2.2 泵体铸件结构分析 (4) 2.3材料成分要求 (5) 2.4铸造工艺参数的确定 (5) 第3章铸造工艺方案设计...................................................................... (9) 3.1工艺方案的确定 (9) 3.2分型面的选择 (9) 3.3砂箱设计初步设计 (10) 3.4砂芯设计 (11) 第4章浇注系统的的设计及计算 (14) 4.1 浇注系统的设计原则 (14) 4.2 灰铸铁浇注系统尺寸的确定 (14) 4.3直浇道窝设计 (16) 4.4 浇口杯的设计 (16) 4.5冒口设计计算 (17) 4.6 出气孔 (17) 第5章铸件三维实体造型 (18) 5.1 计算机技术在铸造生产中的应用 (18) 5.2 华铸CAE的概述 (18) 5.3 华铸CAE对泵体铸造过程温度场的模拟 (19) 5.4 泵体铸造工艺优化 (21) 第6章铸造工艺装备设计 (23) 6.1模样 (23) 6.2模板的设计 (23) 6.3 芯盒的设计 (23) 6.4砂箱设计 (24) 结论与展望 (25)
泵体的铸造工艺设计 致谢 (27) 参考文献 (28) 附录A: 主要参考文献摘要 (29) 附录B: 英文原文及翻译 (31)
编号：TQC/K881 20xx大学毕业生的金工实习报告完整版 Daily description of the work content, achievements, and shortcomings, and finally put forward reasonable suggestions or new direction of efforts, so that the overall process does not deviate from the direction, continue to move towards the established goal. 【适用信息传递/研究经验/相互监督/自我提升等场景】 编写：________________________ 审核：________________________ 时间：________________________ 部门：________________________
20xx大学毕业生的金工实习报告完 整版 下载说明：本报告资料适合用于日常描述工作内容，取得的成绩，以及不足，最后提出合理化的建议或者新的努力方向，使整体流程的进度信息实现快速共享，并使整体过程不偏离方向，继续朝既定的目标前行。可直接应用日常文档制作，也可以根据实际需要对其进行修改。 通过在铸造训练部的实习，作为一名大学生，第一感觉就是非常好奇，之前在书本上学的东西终于在现实中见到了。看到指导教师神奇般的用手中的工具做出漂亮的模型，是又敬佩又心急。等到自己做的时候，才知道这东西不是简简单单就能做出来的，不是太松就是太实，起模也总是起不好，还累得腰酸背痛。 不过累归累，心中仍然感慨颇多。生平第一次有机会“学以致用”，很有成就
《金工实习》课程标准 （英文课程名称） 一、课程概述 （一）课程基本信息 注：课程基本信息在人才培养方案中查找，务与培养方案保持一致。 （二）课程性质与任务 金工实习》是绿色能源专业的一门职业核心课程。本课程实习以钳工为主，通过该实习，使学生接触生产实际，了解机械加工生产过程，获得机械制造技术的基本实践知识，得到的基本操作技能训练，为学习后续课程和将来从事相关技术工作奠定实践基础。 1 工作任务 （1）熟悉机械制造中基本的毛坯成形方法，零件加工方法及其所用的设备，工、卡、量具，材料等。初步了解常用零件的结构工艺性和加工工艺。 （2）主要工种(焊、车、钳、铣)，具有独立完成简单零件制造的基本操作技能，对焊接、铣工等工种有初步的操作体会。 （3）数控加工、特种加工等新技术、新工艺，体验现代工业计算机辅助设计与制造全过程，具有初步操作数控机床与特种加工机床的技能。 （4）培养严谨求实和理论联系实际、综合运用机械制造知识与技能的能力。 （5）在实践中培养劳动观点、合作精神、经济意识，初步培养创新思维能力。。 二、课程目标 （一）总体目标 注：明确所针对的专项能力（或岗位能力）、应形成的技术的培养要求，运用知识、技术解决基础教育（或企业生产、管理）工作实际问题方面的层次要求，培养职 课程名称 金工实习 课程编码 050642023 课程类型及性质 必修课 考试/考查 考察 适用专业 绿色能源 开课单位 物理系 总学时 2周 总学分 2
业能力，掌握技术标准（规范）方面应达到的程度。 （二）具体目标 1、认识目标： 通过金工实习，使学生了解机械制造的一般过程，了解钳工的主要加工方法和在机械制造维修中的作用；熟悉各种设备和常用附件和刀具、工具、量具的安全操作使用方法。 2、能力目标： 通过金工实习，使学生具备正确使用常用工具、量具和独立完成简单零件加工能力；能够独立完成含有划线、锯割、挫削、钻孔和攻丝钳工作业件的加工；培养学生认识图纸、加工符号及了解技术条件的能力。使学生通过简单零件加工，巩固和加深机械制图知识及其应用；让学生养成热爱劳动，遵守纪律的好习惯和理论联系实际的严谨作风，拓宽专业视野，增强就业竞争力。 3社会能力目标： （1）培养学生的沟通能力及团队协作精神。 （2）培养学生的分析问题、解决问题的能力。 （3）培养学生用于创新、敬业乐也的工作作风。 （4）培养学生的自我管理、自我约束能力以及环保意识、质量意识、安全意识。 三、课程设计思路 注：主要阐述实习（见习）内容及组织实施 四、教学内容与教学要求 （一）实验（实训）教学项目内容及学时安排 项目编号项目主要教学知识点学习目标 学 时 1 实习 教育 实习概论、安全教育 养成热爱劳动，遵守纪律的好习惯 和理论联系实际的严谨作风。 2 焊接 (1)了解焊接生产的工艺过程、特点 和应用等。 (2)手工电弧焊机的性能及应用等。 (3)电焊条的组成、牌号及作用。 (4)手工电弧焊常用的焊接接头类 型、坡口形式、焊接空间位置等。 (5)了解其它焊接方法(CO2气体保 护焊、氩弧焊等)的特点和应用等。 (1)手工电弧焊: 掌握引弧、运条、 收弧的技术, 并能焊出较整齐的平 焊堆焊焊缝等。 (2)气焊:初步掌握火焰的调节,并 能焊出较整齐的焊缝等。 (3)气割：初步掌握气割的基本方 法。 6 2 车工了解切削加工的基本知识。 (2)卧式车床的型号、组成及用途。 (1)掌握卧式车床的基本操作技能 等。 8
空心球墨铸铁球的铸造成形工艺设计专题 报告 一、设计题目与要求 材料：QT500-7 直径：? 200 mm 壁厚：15 mm 造型方法：砂型造型 要求： 1 可以采取任何工艺措施，但球外表面不允许焊接，可以打磨等。 2 设计出铸造工艺方案 3 画出铸造工艺图（查阅铸造工艺图的绘制规范） 二、设计分析与思路 空心球不易铸造，最大的难点就在于内部必须要有一个型芯，但如果要铸成一个光滑的球体，且不允许焊接的话，铸成之后内部的型芯就没法取出来。因此要铸成空心球大体上可以分这接个方面的思路：通过离心铸造、由内到外浇铸、熔模铸造。 三、设计方案 方案一：运用离心方法铸造。 要保证能得到一个壁厚为15mm的空心球，离心铸造过程中至少要保证有两个互相垂直的方向在浇铸时有圆周运动。可以仿照陀螺仪的构造，构造两个互相垂直的矩形框，两个矩形框套在一起用。内部的矩形框作旋转，外部的矩形框做与之相垂直的圆周运动，如下图： 图中棕色部分即为铸型位置。两个矩形框之间可以留 较大位置安放电机，浇铸时一个旋转轴可以做成空心来作 为浇铸的通道。 此方案的优点是能最好的满足无缝无焊接的一个空心 球体，铸成后是一个完整球体。缺点是铸造起来比较困难， 铸完之后内部很可能产生缺陷，且设备构造较复杂，铸造 成本高。该方案实现起来较为困难，故不做更深的研究。 方案二：用熔模铸造。 熔模铸造较难实现，理想的方案是需要两种特殊的材料，一种是内部球模，要求该材料在一个特定的温度t能直接汽化挥发，另一种材料则是要求有良好的抗高温能力的涂料，且有透气性。用于涂在内部的球模上。 具体方案是：用材料一制成内部的球模，将材料二涂在材料一表面作为空心球的内部球模，浇铸时随着浇铸液的逐渐硬化，材料一开始汽化，从材料二表面渗透挥发，由于材料二耐高温，留在球体内部，从而得到一个空心球体。此种方案其实只是一种理想的方案，在浇铸过程中可能出现材料一汽化后，材料二的强度不足被压溃，得不到空心球体，其次两种材料的存在性也未可知。因此此种方
金工实习课程标准
《金工实习》课程标准 （英文课程名称） 一、课程概述 （一）课程基本信息 注：课程基本信息在人才培养方案中查找，务与培养方案保持一致。 （二）课程性质与任务 金工实习》是绿色能源专业的一门职业核心课程。本课程实习以钳工为主，通过该实习，使学生接触生产实际，了解机械加工生产过程，获得机械制造技术的基本实践知识，得到的基本操作技能训练，为学习后续课程和将来从事相关技术工作奠定实践基础。 1 工作任务 （1）熟悉机械制造中基本的毛坯成形方法，零件加工方法及其所用的设备，工、卡、量具，材料等。初步了解常用零件的结构工艺性和加工工艺。 （2）主要工种(焊、车、钳、铣)，具有独立完成简单零件制造的基本操作技能，对焊接、铣工等工种有初步的操作体会。 （3）数控加工、特种加工等新技术、新工艺，体验现代工业计算机辅助设计与制造全过程，具有初步操作数控机床与特种加工机床的技能。 （4）培养严谨求实和理论联系实际、综合运用机械制造知识与技能的能力。 （5）在实践中培养劳动观点、合作精神、经济意识，初步培养创新思维能力。。 二、课程目标 （一）总体目标 注：明确所针对的专项能力（或岗位能力）、应形成的技术的培养要求，运用知识、技术解决基础教育（或企业生产、管理）工作实际问题方面的层次要求，培养职
业能力，掌握技术标准（规范）方面应达到的程度。 （二）具体目标 1、认识目标： 通过金工实习，使学生了解机械制造的一般过程，了解钳工的主要加工方法和在机械制造维修中的作用；熟悉各种设备和常用附件和刀具、工具、量具的安全操作使用方法。 2、能力目标： 通过金工实习，使学生具备正确使用常用工具、量具和独立完成简单零件加工能力；能够独立完成含有划线、锯割、挫削、钻孔和攻丝钳工作业件的加工；培养学生认识图纸、加工符号及了解技术条件的能力。使学生通过简单零件加工，巩固和加深机械制图知识及其应用；让学生养成热爱劳动，遵守纪律的好习惯和理论联系实际的严谨作风，拓宽专业视野，增强就业竞争力。 3社会能力目标： （1）培养学生的沟通能力及团队协作精神。 （2）培养学生的分析问题、解决问题的能力。 （3）培养学生用于创新、敬业乐也的工作作风。 （4）培养学生的自我管理、自我约束能力以及环保意识、质量意识、安全意识。 三、课程设计思路 注：主要阐述实习（见习）内容及组织实施 四、教学内容与教学要求