金工实习英文讲义-铸造

本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!厂，铸造foundry 铸造尺shrink rule 铸造尺shrinkage rule 铸造尺shrinkage scale 铸造从业员foundry man 铸造法casting process 铸造方案founding method 铸造方案plan of casting 铸造废料foundry scrap 铸造机casting machine 铸造计划casting plan 铸造设计，铸件设计casting design 铸造性试验castability test 铸造应变casting strains 铸造用钉foundry nails 铸造用生铁foundry pig iron 铸造状态as-cast condition，as-cast 铸造组织cast structure 铸造作业casting manipulations 铸芝模ingot mold 铸芝偏析ingotism抓斗绞车装置grabbing gear专业铸造工场production foundry 砖brick转变用铁水（调配成分）transition iron 转动炉，转筒炉rotary furnace 转换conversion 转炉converter 转炉钢converter steel 转炉炉榇converter lining 转盘混砂机rotating pan mill 转速revolving speed 转台，转盘rotary table 转台喷粒机shot tablast 转位半径transititon radius 转运车transfer trolley转运翻箱装置transfer-turnover device 转运盖 c 装置transfer-closing device 转运装置transfer device 装砂心coring up 装载机bucket loader 装载能量loading capacity 追补焦split coke 锥形炉腹bosh本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!坠裂试验shatter test坠落试验drop test坠重试验drop-weight test自动电极控制automatic electrode control自动电流调整器automatic current regulator自动化automation自动化系统automatic system自动加料设备automatic charging equipment自动进给automatic feeding自动控制automatic control自动配料机automatic doser自动燃烧控制automatic combustion control自动送料（压铸）automatic ladling，die casting自动温度控制器automatic temperature controller自动造模工场automatic molding plant自动铸砂处理设备automatic sand plant自动转盘式造模机automatic turntable molding machine自来水tap water自然腐蚀试验field test自然裂缝seasoning shake自然破裂season cracking自然干燥法（木材），自然季化处理（铸件）natural seasoning自然时效natural aging自然通风natural draft自行除渣self-skimming自行除渣风口self-slagging tuyere自行结晶idiomorphic crystal自行退火self-annealing自硬钢self-hardening steel自硬性self-hardening自硬性造模法no-bake process自硬性粘结剂self-curing binder自由度degree of freedom自由水free water纵向裂痕longitudinal crack足尺full size阻挠元素interfering element阻销stop pin组成图constitutional diagram组成物component组成楔值constitutional wedge value组合built up组合构造composite construction组合模板built-up plate本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!组合模型built-up pattern组合模型composite pattern组合模型pattern assembly组合砂箱built-up molding box组合砂心盒multiple core box组织，级成constitution组织成分constituent组织瑕疵structure defects钻悄（试样用）drillings钻维硬度值（韦克氏硬度）diamond pyramid hardness number，Vickers hardness 最大负载maximum load最后加工finish最适水分（模砂）optimum temper moisture作业可靠性operational reliability作业砂（生产线）production sand作业准备日程operational scheduling直立浇铸vertical pouring直立心型端承，直立砂心头vertical coreprint直立旋板心轴upright spindle直立造模vertical molding直立造模法mold on end直立铸模vertical mold直立铸造vertical casting直落砂心drop core直木纹edge grain直提砂心头tail print直通干燥炉through feed drying furnace直显照片（金相）direct print直压式合机direct pressure closing植物油vegetable oil指形进模口finger gate酯系硬化法ester-process制震能damping capacity蛭石vermiculite置冲法pour-over method置冲法transfer method置模箱set-off box滞流（铸疵）mistrun制程退火process annealing制模型铳床pattern milling machine制图，起模drawing制造熔接production welding制造冶金学process metallurgy质量效应，厚薄效应mass effect本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!致密度consistency中间处理intermediate treatment 中间检查intermediate inspection 中间金属intermediate metal中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek box ，cheek flask中间砂箱，中间模箱raising middle flask中磷生铁（P0.4-0.75%） medium phosphorus pig iron 中模，中间砂箱，中间模箱cheek中碳钢medium carbon steel中途添焦spreader charge of coke中线收缩centerline shrinkage中心板，旋刮板心轴承座center plate中心规centergage中性耐火材料neutral refractory materials中性熔渣neutral slag中性砖neutral brick中周波感应电炉intermediate frequency furnace锤，锤形塞进器bell锤青铜bell bronze重搭overlap重捣砂hard ramming重金属铸件heavy-metal castings重晶石heavy spar重力分离器gravitational separator重力滚子输送机（倾斜式）gravity roller conveyor重力偏析gravity segregation重力输送机gravity conveyor重力压铸法gravity die casting重力铸造法gravity casting重燃油heavy fuel oil重熔remelting重熔工场secondary smelter重印法（造模）print back重油heavy oil重整石英砂replenishment quartz sand重铸recasting轴shaft轴承合金bearing metal皱痕面（铸疵）creasy surface皱皮（铸疵）orange peel皱皮（铸疵）surface folding珠，粒，击，射注过程（压铸）shot珠击处理shot peening珠击机shot peening machine本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!珠粒喷击清理shot blasting珠泡bead竹叶状液面花纹bamboo leaves pattern 主成分，基本金属primary coil主模master mold主心型，主砂心body core煮材干燥法boiling seasoning助流剂fluidizer助黏剂，膨胀性粘结剂swelling binder 注入槽（压铸）pouring shot注射器injector柱column柱pillar柱塞，塞罩plunger柱塞，塞罩post柱状结晶columnar crystal柱状组织columnar structurew 仓壁冲击振动器impact vibration on bin wall 贮砂桶匣（砂心机用）magazine铸包camlachie cramp铸壁wall铸壁鹌鹑wall thickness铸补burning on铸补tinkering铸成率casting yield铸成试片cast-to-shape specimen铸尺contraction rule<BR>铸疵casting defect铸疵defect test铸疵，铸造缺陷foundry defects铸疵试验defect test铸锭ingot铸锭底砖spider铸锭浇口砖king brick铸锭模ingot case铸锭状态as-ingot铸钢cast steel铸钢造模料steel foundry molding compound铸工caster铸工founder铸合金ferro-alloy铸弧pouring arc铸件castings铸件表面casting surface本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!铸件表皮casting skin铸件飞边，铸件毛边casting fin铸件内包物cast-in insert铸件清理，最后加工finishing铸件清理图dressing shop铸件修整finishing of castings铸件应力casting stress铸焦foundry coke铸坑casting pit铸坑foundry pit铸裂（铸疵）casting crack铸瘤rising铸漏bleed铸漏break out铸漏run-out铸漏件bleeder铸模mold，mould铸模布置mold layout铸模除除掉（压铸）impression block铸模龟裂，脉状痕（铸疵）veining铸模夹具mold clamp铸模输送机mold conveyer铸模块合mold assembly铸耙rake铸皮skin铸皮孔skin holes铸砂casting sand铸砂处理foundry sand preparation铸砂处理preparation of sand铸砂处理工场foundry sand preparation plant铸砂控制sand control铸砂控制设备sand control equipment铸砂流动性flowability of sand铸砂流动性foundry sand铸砂膨（铸疵）sand drier铸砂强度试验strength test of sand铸砂强化strengthen the sand铸砂烧结（铸疵）sand burning铸砂烧贴（铸疵）sintering point铸砂油casting iol铸生铁机pig machine铸损foundry losses铸损，不良铸件waster，foundry losses铸铁cast iron本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 铸铁工场iron foundry 铸铁管cast iron pipe 铸铁组织图cast iron diagram 铸铁组织图structural diagram of cast iron 铸造founding 铸造，铸件casting 铸造场smith shop 圆盘砂轮机disc grinder 圆套筒round bush 圆条测温法bar test圆筒式炉（回转炉）drum type furance 圆筒形浇桶drum ladle 圆头镘刀roound nose 圆形砂rounded grain 圆形砂粒rounded sand 云母粉mica flour 云母粉mica powder 运轮，台车carriage 运送箱tote box运原性蒙气reducing atmosphere 运原状态reducing condition 杂质impurities 再炽，再辉recalescence 再炽点，再辉点recalescent point 再处理erpreparation 再处理砂reconditioned sand 再负载reloading 再结晶recrystallization 再结晶温度recrystallization temperature 再冷却系统recooling system 再黏接砂rebonded sand再热炉reheating furnace 再生砂reclamation sand 再生铁remelted pig iron 再生铁synthetic pig iron 暂垫造模法mold on an oddside 凿锤chipping hammer 凿刀chipping chisel 凿磨浇口shagging 凿平chipping 凿平问chipping room 凿子，凿机chipper 凿子，凿机chisel 造模molding本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!造模板mold board造模板molding board造模板molding plate造模板ramming plate造模材料molding materials造模材料添加剂molding material additive造模粗砂molding gravel造模地坑molding pit造模钉molding brad(pin)造模法molding method造模工具molder's tools模工作台molder's bench造模工作台molding bench造模机molding machine造模袷度molding allowance造模区molding bay造模设备molding apparatus造模性moldability造渣剂U slag forming constituent造渣期slag forming period造渣石灰slag lime造渣作业slag practice增碳carbon pick-up增碳recarburization增碳剂U recarburizer增碳剂recarburizing agent增碳焦recarburization coke增压冒口，威廉氏冒口atmospheric feeder(atmsopheric riser, William's riser)增压冒口，威廉氏冒口William's riser, atmospheric riser增压砂心cracker core增压砂心pencil core增压砂心penetration core增压砂心，嵌入砂心insert core增压砂心，威廉氏砂心atmospheric core, William's core渣dirt渣比，碱度slag ratio渣阱dirt trap渣孔(铸疵)slag blowhole渣棉slag wool渣壳slag crust渣桶slag ladle渣位高slag level渣窝slag pocket轧辐，辊子roll本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!轧屑roll[ing] scale闸喉，闸口choke闸喉式流道choked runner system闸喉作用choking粘土质耐火砖fire clay brick展性，可锻性malleability展性处理malleablising展性热处理铁矿malleable ore展性退火malleablising annealing展性铸铁（可锻铸铁）malleable cast iron展性铸铁（可锻铸铁）malleable iron展性铸铁用生铁malleable pig iron辗制硅砂artifical silica sand章鱼状石墨octopus graphite胀疤expansion scab胀模（铸疵）swell胀陷，上模剥砂（铸疵）pull down罩式炉lifting furnace遮蔽电弧熔接shielded-arc welding遮热板heat shield折旧amortization折旧depreciation折缘（黑心展性铸铁）picture frame锗（Ge） germanium真空除氧法vacuum degassing process真空精炼vacuum refining真空熔解vacuum melting真空造模法，V 造模法V-process，vacuum-secaled process真空铸造vacuum casting真离心铸造法true centrifugal casting砧anvil砧台式震实造模机anvil-jolter针对铸铁acicular cast iron针孔（铸疵），销孔pin-hole针状组织acicular structure针状组织铸铁bainite cast iron振动vibration振动捣砂vibration ramming振动分配器vibrating distributor振动器vibrator振动清箱mechanical knockout by vibration振动清箱，振动清砂处shake-out振动清箱机molding box shake-out device振动清箱机，振动清砂机shake-out machine本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!振动清箱性能shake-out property振动清箱栅shake-out grid振动清箱栅shake-out screen振动筛jigging screen振动筛shaking screen振动筛vibrating sieve震捣jolt ramming震动jolt震动板jolting plate震动废黜模板造模机jolt molding machine with turnover plate震动机jarring machine震动清箱吊架jointing hanger震动压挤拔模造模机jolt squeeze stripper molding machine震动压挤造模机jolt squeeze moldng machine震动造模机jolt molding machine震动造模机jolter震箱清砂机flask shanker蒸馏器retort蒸馏碳retort carbon蒸气脱蜡autoclave dewaxing整流器rectifier整体模型solid pattern整体模型铸模solid pattern mold整温控制thermostat整缘trimming整缘模具trimming dies整缘压机trimming press正常化normalizing正常偏析normal segregation正常温度normal temperature正常折曲试验normal bend test支架（压铸），垫块packing block支台，置模台set-off bench支柱（熔铸炉）prop枝形进模口bracnch gate直尺staight edge直接电弧炉direct arc furnace直接浇口drop gate直接浇铸direct pouring直接浇铸法direct casting直接进模口direct gate直接进模口slot gate直接气压式热室压铸机（压缩空气直接压于熔液）direct pressure hot chamber machine 氧化硅基砂silica base sand本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!氧化性蒙气oxidizing atomosphere氧化性溶解oxidizing melting氧皮铝alumite氧焰割oxycut氧乙快熔接，气焊oxyacetylene welding样板，刮板，量具template，templet样规sizing peg摇动炉rocking furnace摇斗炉shaking lade摇台cradle窑炉kilnb 趸?anti-oxidant冶金焦metallurgical coke冶金术metal technology冶金学metallurgy液化liquefaction液面花纹break surface pattern液面花纹figure液面花纹play figure液态收缩liquid contraction液态收缩liquid shrinkage液体压力计manometer液相曲线liquidus curve液相线liquidus [line]液相线liquidus line液压气动砂箱升提机构hydropneumatic flasklifting mechanism液压千斤顶hydraulic jack液压清砂铸件设备hydraulic cleaning equipment液压试验hydraulic pressure test叶轮式喷砂机turbine sand blaster一氧化碳carbon monoxide一氧化铁(FeO) iron protoxide铱(Ir) iridium移动吊车mobile crane移动皮带升降机mobile belt elevator移动式烘炉portable drying oven移动式烘模机portable mold dryer移动式可倾前炉removable clay matter移动式摔砂造模机motive type sand slinger移入shunting-in移位装置shifting facilities移装(外砂心)draw back移装砂心inset core遗传性heredity本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!乙二醇glycol乙快acetylene乙快发生器acetylene generator乙快墨acetylene black（acetylene smoke）乙快墨acetylene smoke，acetylene black乙快熔接acetylene welding抑制剂inhibitor易开砂箱easy off slip flask易燃物inflammable易熔合金fusible alloy异形管件specials意夕卜防止条例accident prevention regulations溢放口flow off溢放口pop off溢放口run-off溢放口strain relief溢放冒口run-off riser溢流over flow溢流道flow through溢流口hot spruing溢流口（压铸）over flow well音波试验sonic testing阴极锈法cathodic protection阴极氧化anodic oxidation锢（In）（稀金属元素）Indium银（Ag） silver银砂（无铁质硅砂）silver sand引导顶出（压铸）guided ejection英高银（银铭合金）Inconel英国国家标准 B.S.（British Standard）英国铸铁研究协会BCIRA（British Cast Iron Research Associatin）英国铸造工程师学会IBF（Institute of British Foundrymen, London）英制热单位（British Thermal Unit应变，变形（铸疵）strain应变计strain gage应力stress应力腐蚀裂痕stress corrosion cracking应力集中stress concen应力破坏强度stress upture strength应力消除stress relief应力应变特性stress-strain characteristics应力应变图stresss-strain diagram樱木cherry tree荧光采伤法zyglo本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!荧光渗透剂zyglo penetrant荧光fluorescence荧光镜fluoroscope荧光探伤法fluorescent crack detection 荧光透视法（检查），荧光镜试验fluorspar 萤石（CaF2） fluorite 萤石（CaF2） flushing 硬点hard spot 硬度hardness硬度计hardness tester硬焊brazing硬化（壳模）curing硬化，淬火hardening硬化合金hardening alloy硬化剂hardening agent硬化剂，硬化合金hardener硬化加速剂hardening accelerator硬化能，淬火性hardenability 硬化深度hardness penetration 硬化时间curing time 硬结setting硬结砂用油setting oil硬木hardwood硬砂模型板hard sand match 硬质焦炭，煤焦hard coke 永久模，金属（铸）模permanent mold 用瓢装液（压铸）ladling 用销抬起pin lift优尼造模法Unicast process优先方位（结晶）preferred orientation油淬火oil quenching油粉浸渗试验（裂痕检出试验）oil-chalk test 油炉oil furnace油泥砂浆oi110am油漆，涂料paint油砂oil sand油砂模oil sand mold油砂心oil bounded core油砂心oil core油砂心oil sand core油污金属切屑swarf油烟，烟灰soot油硬化oil hardening 油质黏结剂oil biner本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!柚木teak游标卡尺vernier calipers 铀U） uranium 有机粘结剂organic binder 有孔砂心撑perforated chaplet 有麻口冷硬层chill zone with mottle 有箱造模法flask molding 有效高度burden height 有效高度effective height 有效黏土含量effective clay content 釉，光滑glaze 鱼油fish oil 鱼嘴栅fishmouth gate 榆木elm 余留铁水heel余铁深度（炉）pool depth 余隙，间隙clearance 余液（低周波炉）liquid core 雨段退火two-stage annealing 雨淋式环浇口pencil ring gate 雨淋式进模口pencil gate 雨淋式进模口pop gate 雨淋式进模口shower gate 浴池式氮化法bath nitriding 预热preheating 预热带preheating zone 预热空气preheated air 预热器preheater 预熔金属pre-melt 原料raw materials原料工业primary graphite，G-graphite 原料金属primary industy 原料生铁base iron 原模型granular pearlite 原砂，原产硅砂crude sand 原砂透气度base permeability 原生组织primary structure 原油crude oil 圆板塞（浇池）disc plug 圆底提砂钩Yankee's lifter 圆规compasses 圆粒round sleeker 圆抹镘trowel星形裂缝star shake本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!星形铁（滚光用）jackstar, mill star, star 星形铁（滚光用）mill star，jack star，star 星形铁（滚光用）star，jackstar，mill star 星形铁（滚光用）tumbling stars 形象因子shape factor 型砖shaped brick 修补removable tilting forehearth 修毂抹刀boss spatula 修角刀corner tool 修角抹刀angle spatula 锈rust锈皮，比例尺，秤scale 锈皮，轧钢鳞片mill scale 锈蚀度degree of rustin 虚表比重apparent specific gravity 虚表孔率apparent porosity 虚表密度apparent density 虚表容积apparent volume 表温度apparent temperature 虚筋，挡块（砂模）stop off 蓄热炉regenerating furnace 蓄热能量heat-retaining capacity 蓄热器，再生器regenerator 蓄热系统regenerative system 续制铸件repeated use of sand 旋臂吊车jib crane旋风集尘器cyclone dust collector（cyclon）旋风净尘器cyclone scrubber dust collector 旋刮［砂］sweeping旋刮板sweep旋刮板sweeping board 旋刮板臂sweep arm 旋刮板马架sweeping molder's horse旋刮板模型sweeping pattern 旋刮板模型sweeping template pattern 旋刮板砂心swept core 旋刮板心砂心spindle core 旋刮板心轴，心轴spindle 旋刮板轴心承座sweeping plate 旋刮砂模sweeping mold 旋刮砂心sweeping core 旋涡补给口whirl-gate feeder 旋涡混合机whirl mixer 旋涡集渣包whirl-gate dirt trap本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 旋沿试验法（流动性）spiral test旋转给料盘rotary feeding plate旋转刮板turning strickle旋转模板造模机truning plate molding machine旋转器swirl旋转干燥器rotary drier旋转砂心线setting line，core setting line旋转筛rotary screen旋转筛砂机rotary sand screen旋转式集尘器spin dust collection旋转台，转盘turn table旋转喂槽swivelling tundish旋转轧碎机rotary crusher悬吊砂suspended core悬吊砂轮机suspended grinder悬吊输送机trolley conveyor悬浮物suspended matter悬拱suspended arch悬挂式清箱装置pendant shaking equipment选别废料selected scrap雪明碳铁，雪明碳体cementite循环处理砂system sand循环砂recirculation system sand循环砂return sand压边整缘press trimming压痕试验indentation test压痕嚣，压痕物indentor压痕硬度试验机indentation hardness tester压坏（砂模），粉碎crush压挤板squeeze plate压挤板squezze boad压挤捣砂squeeze ramming压挤机squeeze machine压挤式顶杆造模机squeeze pinlift molding maching压挤头（造模机）squeeze head压挤造模机squeeze molding machine压挤铸造squeeze casting压紧废料packeted scrap压块briquet，briquette压块bundle压块废料baled scrap压块机briquetting machine压力pressure压力计pressure gage本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!压力室添加法pressure chamber method压力通风follow board压力铸造pressure casting压漏（铸疵）leakers压漏试验leakage test压模印coining压膜式壳模机diaphragm shell molding machine压膜式造模机diaphragm molding machine压实性compactability压实指数compactability index压碎机crusher压缩机compressor压缩机die casting machine压缩空气compressed air压缩空气缸compressed air cylinder压缩空气喷吵机compressed air sand blaster压缩空气软管compressed air hose压缩性compressibility压重，祛码weights压重板（震动压面）jointing plate压铸，刚模铸造de cast压铸储井shot well压铸储筒shot sleeve压铸法，刚模铸造法die casting压铸件die castings压铸模dies压铸模涂料，刚模涂料die coating压铸模块die cast assembly亚共晶合金hypoeutectic alloy亚共析合金hypoeutectoid alloy亚甲蓝试验methylene亚硫酸监稠浆（黏结剂）sulphur，sulfur亚铝美尔Alumel氩（Ar） argon氩净化器argon purifier烟囱chimney烟囱chimney stack烟囱，炉胴（熔铁炉）stable-equilibrium diagram烟囱罩hood烟道chimney flue烟道气flue gas烟火bank，the cupola烟煤bituminous coal烟煤soft coal本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 烟气（有害的）fume烟雾smog延性ductility延性材料断口ductile fracture延性铸铁（球状石墨铸铁）ductile cast iron，nodular cast iron研究工程师research engineer研磨纸emery paper焰割gas cutting洋铜nickel silver阳极处理anodizing阳极铜anode copper扬尘量dust emission杨氏模数，杨氏［纵弹性］系数Young's moldulus氧（O）oxygen氧丙烷焰割oxy- cutting氧化oxidation氧化oxidizing氧化表皮oxide skin氧化带zone of ozidation氧化精炼oxidizing refining氧化精炼refining by oxidation氧化期oxidizing period氧化气孔（铸疵）oxidized blowhole氧化损耗oxidation loss氧化铁iron oxide氧化物oxide氧化硅（SiO2） silica物理变化physical change物理试验physical test物理性质physical properties物理冶金physical metallurgy雾化atomization西拉高硅铸铁Silal吸热反应endothermic reaction吸入输送机suction conveyor吸湿性试验（高湿状态）high humidity storage test吸收absorption吸收剂absorbent吸收器absorber析出，沈淀precipitation析出热处理precipitation heat treatment析出退火precipitation annealing析出硬化precipitation hardening硅⑶）silicon本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!硅肥粒铁silico ferrite硅肺病，石米沉着病silicosis硅分析仪，砂计silicon meter硅钢板silicon steel plate硅化钙calcium silicide硅化钙calcium silicon硅黄铜silicon brass硅块silicon briquets硅铝钙合金calicum-aluminium-silicon硅铝明（铝硅合金）silumin硅镒钙合金calcium-manganesesilicon硅凝胶，硅胶吸湿剂silica gel硅青铜silicon bronze硅青铜soilzin bronze硅砂silica sand硅砂捣料silica ramming compound硅砂粉silica flour硅砂浆涂料silica wash硅砂石砖ganister brick硅树脂，硅酮silicone硅树脂滑脂silicone grease硅酸silicic acid硅酸监silicate硅酸钠，水玻璃sodium silicate硅酸四乙酯tetraethl silicate硅酸乙脂ethyl silicate硅铁ferro-silicon硅铜silicon copper硅线石砖（高铝氧（70Al2O5）硅质耐火砖）silimanite brick硅岩轮辗硅砂impeller-breaker sand硅藻土diatomaceous earth硅藻土infusorial earth硅藻土kieselguhr硅质粘土silicious clay硅砖silica brick硒（Se）（化学元素）selinium稀土金属rare earth metal锡（Sn） tin锡汗珠（铸疵）tin sweat锡青铜tin bronze习用潜变限度conventional creep limit洗尘器，涤气机scrubber洗净器scrubbing liquid细锉刀finishing file本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 细孔组织cell structure细裂痕（铸疵）hair crack细裂纹（铸疵）caplillary crack细密波来铁fine pearlite细泥砂浆finishing loam细砂，河海丘砂bank sand细土粉，细泥fine silt煅烧calcine煅烧白云石calcine煅烧窑calcining kiln瑕疵flaw瑕疵大小flaw size瑕疵位置flaw location按工场，换造炉fore-hearth forge按铁锈皮forge scale按造，换件forging下降速率lowering speed下浇道，坚浇道down gate下浇道，坚浇道down sprue下模bottom part下模nowel下模，下砂箱，下模箱drag下砂箱，下模箱drag box下砂箱，下模箱drag flask夏比冲击试验charpy impact test夏比冲击试验机Charpy impact test machine夏比冲击值Charp impact value纤维状滑石fibrous talc显热sensible heat显微镜microscope显微镜试验microscopic inspection显微镜学microscopy显微镜照像photomicrograph显微偏析micro-segregation显微缩孔（铸疵）micro-shrinkage显微像micrograph显微组织micro-structure限缩变形hindered contraction限外显微镜ultramicroscope相phase相对频率relative frequency相对湿度relative humidity相对硬度relative hardness相律phase rule本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!相平衡phase equilibrium相图phase diagram响铜bell metal象皮皱纹（铸疵）elephant skin橡胶浇道棒（造模）rubber down gate橡胶浇道棒（造模）rubber pouring funnel橡胶输送带rubber conveyer belt橡木oak消除冷硬退火chill removing annealing消除应力开沟，防裂槽stress relieving grooving消泡剂antifoaming agent消石灰，熟石灰slake-lime消退fading消退时限fading time硝酸浸蚀液nital硝酸浸蚀液nitric acid销pin销合pin closure销紧力locking force销孔试验片keyhole specimen销抬造模机pin-lift molding machine萧氏精密造模法Shaw process萧氏硬度Shore hardness小块料cobbing小胚billet小铸件small castings校准calibration校准块calibration block校准钮calibrating knob楔wedge楔表进模口wedge gate楔塞作用wedge action楔形进模口wedge runner bar楔形试片wedge test piece楔形试验wedge test楔形销wedge pin楔形压力试验wedge penetration test楔形砖key brick楔形砖wedge brick楔值wedge value斜导杆（压铸）cam finger斜度砂箱，滑脱砂箱slip flask斜方晶系（结晶）rhombic system卸斗skip本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!卸斗吊车skip hoist心，心型，砂心core心材heart wood心骨core bar心骨core grid心骨core iron心骨core rod心骨管core barrel心骨矫直器core rod straightner心骨模core grid mold心骨模型core iron printer心骨切断器core rod cutter心骨轴core spindle心裂（木材）heart shake心砂core sand心砂混合机core sand mixer心形镘刀large heart trowel心型拔出装置（压铸）core pull assembly心型撑，砂心撑chaplet心型固定门（压铸）heel block心型滑板（压铸）core slide心型移装，砂心移装core draw-back心轴，心骨arbor心座core bedding frame辛浦森式混砂机Sympson type sand mill新炼金属virgin metal新砂new sand锌（Zn） zinc锌当量zinc equivalence，zinc equivalent factor通气口air port通气蜡条vent wax通气蜡线wax vent通气砂心blind core通气筛嘴（砂心盒）screen vent通气性vent abi通气针vent former通气针vent wire同素异性allotropy同位素isotope同质多象polymorphism桐油China wood oil酮油tung oil铜（Cu）copper铜基合金cupro-metal本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持! 铜绿green patina铜气脆性（铸疵）hydrogen brittleness of copper 铜缘patina 铜缘Verdigris筒状浇口（压铸）end gate 头等品质top grade quality 透明片transparent cut 透气性permeability 透气性试验permeability test 透气性试验器permeability tester" 凸出块，突耳casting lug 凸疵（铸疵）（模型粘砂）sticker 凸肩导销shoulder guider pin 凸块，突耳lug 凸片，飞边fin 凸片管finned tube 凸片气缸finned cylinder 凸缘flange凸缘抹片flange sleeker 突出标志rising mark 突耳孔lughole 突起分模面undulating mold joint 涂焊（表面硬化涂焊）surfacing 涂黑blacking 涂浆，洗涤washing 涂沥表管tarred pipe 涂料facing materials 涂料wash material 涂料，涂模剂coat 涂料，涂模剂coating 涂料疤（铸疵）blacking scab 涂料孔（铸疵）blacking hole 涂模浆mold wash 涂模浆molding wash 涂模料mold coating 涂模料mold dressing 涂模料mold facing涂模料接种法mold coating inoculation 涂刷painting土状石墨amorphous graphite 吐粒散铁，吐粒散体trosstite 钍（Th） thorium 推拔，斜度taper 推拔砂箱taper flask本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!推拔套箱taper case推车式浇桶buggy ladle推挤（压铸）squeezing退火annealing退火罐annealing pot退火炉annealing furance （oven）退火温度annealing temperature 退火箱annealing box退火用填料，退火用矿粉annealing ore退货rejection托板pallet托板输送机pallet conveyor托板输送机plate conveyer托架bracket托运板carrying plate脱件销（压铸）sprue puller pin脱蜡burn-out脱蜡dewaxing脱蜡法lost wax process脱蜡造模法lost wax molding脱裂强度（模砂式模纵面压裂试验）splitting strength 脱硫，去硫desulphurization 脱硫，去硫desulphurizing 脱模pattern draw脱模式造模机pattern-draw molding machine脱湿剂（模砂用）humectant脱碳decarburization脱碳法展性处理malleablization by decarburizing 脱碳率rate of decarburization脱硅desiliconizing月兑锌dezincification椭圆导套oval bush夕卜观检查outer inspection夕卜角抹镘square sleeker夕卜卡钳outside calipers外冷激，外冷硬，外冷铁extenal chill外模破裂broken mold外伸砂心顾clearance print外伸砂心头over-hang外伸余度砂心头clearance taper print外缩（铸疵）draw外缩孔（铸疵）open cavity外缩孔（铸疵）surface shrinkage外缩孔，凹陷（铸疵）depression本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持!夕卜缩窝shrinkage depression外烯式空气预热器externally fired hot blast heater 夕卜因非金属杂物exogenous non-metallic inclusion 夕卜因金属夹杂物exogenous metallic in clusion 夕卜因凝固exogenous solidification外圆角round弯曲负荷bending load弯曲试验bending test弯头抹刀bent spatula完工面finished surface完全冷激complete chill完全燃烧complete combustion完全退火full annealing完整模型comple。

Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is my great honor to stand before you today to discuss a subject that has been integral to the development of human civilization – mechanical casting. As we delve into the fascinating world of mechanical casting, we will explore its history, significance, modern applications, and the challenges it faces in the21st century.Title: The Art and Science of Mechanical Casting: A Cornerstone of Industrial ProgressIntroduction:Mechanical casting is an ancient and versatile manufacturing processthat involves the creation of metal objects by pouring molten metal into a mold, which then solidifies to form the desired shape. This technique has been in use for over 5,000 years, and it has played a crucial role in the advancement of various industries. Today, I would like to take you on a journey through the evolution of mechanical casting, highlighting its importance and exploring the future of this fascinating field.I. The Historical Perspective:A. The origins of casting can be traced back to ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese, who used it to create tools, weapons, and ornaments.B. The development of bronze casting in ancient China and the Indus Valley Civilization marked a significant milestone in the history of mechanical casting.C. The Industrial Revolution brought about significant advancements in casting techniques, leading to the mass production of metal goods.II. The Significance of Mechanical Casting:A. Casting is a fundamental process in the manufacturing of metal components, with applications ranging from automotive and aerospace industries to construction and consumer goods.B. It allows for the production of complex shapes that would bedifficult or impossible to fabricate using other manufacturing methods.C. Casting is cost-effective and can produce parts in large quantities, making it an ideal choice for mass production.III. Types of Casting Processes:A. Sand casting: The most common casting method, where a mold is made of sand and the molten metal is poured into the mold cavity.B. Investment casting: A precision casting technique that involves creating a wax pattern, which is then coated with ceramic slurry and baked to produce a mold.C. Die casting: A high-speed process that uses high-pressure injection to fill the mold cavity with molten metal.D. Centrifugal casting: A casting process where the mold is rotated to allow the metal to solidify in a centrifugal force field.IV. Modern Applications:A. Automotive industry: Casting is used to produce engine blocks, cylinder heads, and other critical components.B. Aerospace industry: Casting is crucial in the manufacturing ofturbine blades, landing gears, and other critical parts.C. Construction industry: Casting is used for the production of reinforcing bars, pipes, and other infrastructure components.D. Consumer goods: From kitchenware to musical instruments, casting is employed in various consumer products.V. Challenges and Future Trends:A. Environmental concerns: The casting process generates a significant amount of waste and emissions, prompting the industry to seek more sustainable solutions.B. Technological advancements: The integration of 3D printing and computational modeling is revolutionizing the casting industry, enabling more complex and efficient designs.C. Quality control: Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of cast components remains a challenge, with advancements in non-destructive testing and process optimization being crucial.Conclusion:In conclusion, mechanical casting has been a cornerstone of industrial progress, providing us with the tools and materials that have shaped our world. As we continue to innovate and overcome the challenges that lie ahead, the future of mechanical casting looks promising. With the right balance of tradition and technology, we can ensure that this ancient art will continue to thrive and contribute to the advancement of our society.Thank you for your attention, and I welcome any questions you may have regarding the fascinating world of mechanical casting.。

Mechanical Engineering TrainingGrindingName:Student NO.:Date:1. Introduction to GrindingGrinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool.A wide variety of machines are used for grinding:(1) Hand-cranked knife-sharpening stones (grindstones)(2) Handheld power tools such as angle grinders and die grinders(3) Various kinds of expensive industrial machine tools called grinding machines(4) Bench grinders often found in residential garages and basementsGrinding practice is a large and diverse area of manufacturing and toolmaking. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production contexts it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to the machining of very hard materials than is "regular" machining (that is, cutting larger chips with cutting tools such as tool bits or milling cutters), and until recent decades it was the only practical way to machine such materials as hardened steels. Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually better suited to taking very shallow cuts, such as reducing a shaft’s d iameter by half a thousandth of an inch or 12.7 μm.Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge, and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut" chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.). However, among people who work in the machining fields, the term cutting is often understood to refer to the macroscopic cutting operations, and grinding is often mentally categorized as a "separate" process. This is why the terms are usually used in contradistinction in shop-floor practice, even though, strictly speaking, grinding is a subset of cutting.In this training course, considering the availability of required equipment in the training center, we will focus on the training of metal casting methods.2. Types of Grinding ProcessSelecting which of the following grinding operations to be used is determined by the size, shape, features and the desired production rate.Surface GrindingSurface grinding uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material, creating a flat surface. The tolerances that are normally achieved with grinding are ± 2 × 10−4 inches for grinding a flat material, and ± 3 × 10−4 inches for a parallel surface (in metric units: 5 μm for flat material and 8 μm for parallel surface).The surface grinder is composed of an abrasive wheel, a workholding device known as a chuck, either electromagnetic or vacuum, and a reciprocating table.Typical workpiece materials include cast iron and steel. These two materials do not tend to clog the grinding wheel while being processed. Other materials are aluminum, stainless steel, brass and some plastics. The photo of a surface grinding machine is shown in Figure 1. The machine you are going to use in this training course is the surface grinding machine. You will learn about the working principles of the machine and manipulate the machine to grind a workpiece according to a technical drawing.Figure 1 Surface grinding machineCylindrical GrindingCylindrical grinding (also called center-type grinding) is used to grind the cylindrical surfaces and shoulders of the workpiece. The workpiece is mounted on centers and rotated by a devise known as a drive dog or center driver. The abrasive wheel and the workpiece are rotated by separate motors and at different speeds. The table can be adjusted to produce tapers. The wheel head can be swiveled.The five types of cylindrical grinding are: outside diameter (OD) grinding, inside diameter (ID) grinding, plunge grinding, creep feed grinding, and centerless grinding.A cylindrical grinder has a grinding (abrasive) wheel, two centers that hold the workpiece, and a chuck, grinding dog, or other mechanism to drive the work. Most cylindrical grinding machines include a swivel to allow for the forming of tapered pieces. The wheel and workpiece move parallel to one another in both the radial and longitudinal directions. The abrasive wheel can have many shapes. Standard disk shaped wheels can be used to create a tapered or straight workpiece geometry while formed wheels are used to create a shaped workpiece. The process using a formed wheel creates less vibration than using a regular disk shaped wheel.Tolerances for cylindrical grinding are held within five ten-thousandths of an inch (+/- 0.0005) (metric: +/- 13 um) for diameter and one ten-thousandth of an inch (+/- 0.0001) (metric: 2.5 um) for roundness. Precision work can reach tolerances as high as fifty millionths of an inch (+/- 0.00005) (metric: 1.3 um) for diameter and ten millionths (+/- 0.00001) (metric: 0.25 um) for roundness. Surface finishes can range from 2 to 125 micro-inches (metric: 50 nm to 3 um), with typical finishes ranging from 8-32 micro-inches. (metric: 0.2 um to 0.8 um)Figure 2 shows a cylindrical grinding machine.Figure 2 Cylindrical grinding machine3. Working Principle of the Surface Grinding MachineFigure 3 Structure of a surface grinding machineAs can be seen in Figure 3, the surface grinding machine consists of a table with a fixture to guide and hold the work piece, and a power-driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed. The speed is determined by the wheel’s diameter and manufacturer’s rating. The grinding wheel can travel across a fixed work piece, or the work piece can be moved while the grind wheel stays in a fixed position. The work piece is usually firmlyfixed on the table through electromagnetic power to make sure it won’t move under the rotatory force of the grinding wheel. So when we say the work piece moves, we actually mean the table that fixes the work piece moves.Fine control of the grinding head or table position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel. From Figure 3, we can see there are three hand wheels, in which the Longitudinal Feed Hand Wheel controls the longitudinal movement of the table, the Cross Feed Hand Wheel controls the horizontal movement of the table while the Vertical Feed Hand Wheel controls the vertical movement of the grinding head. With the hand wheels, we can precisely control the amount of material to be removed and finally meet the technical requirement.Figure 4 The grinding processAs can be seen form Figure 4, the Grinding machine removes material from the surface of the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat. To cool the work piece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns. During the grinding process, the coolant is continuously supplied to the grinding wheel where it contacts the workpiece to remove the heat.4. Grinding WheelA grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that is composed of an abrasive compound used for various grinding (abrasive cutting) and abrasive machining operations. The wheels are generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and bonded together to form a solid, circular shape. Various profiles and cross sections are available depending on the intended usage for the wheel. They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminum disc with particles bonded to the surface. Figure 5 shows the photo of a grinding wheel that is used in the surface grinding machine.Figure 5 Grinding wheelThe manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on rotation.Common materials for manufacturing grinding wheels include: Aluminum Oxide, Silicon Carbide, Ceramic, Diamond and Cubic Boron Nitride. Grinding wheels with diamond or Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) grains are called super-abrasives. Grinding wheels with Aluminum Oxide (corundum), Silicon Carbide or Ceramic grains are called conventional abrasives.5. Use of the MicrometerIn the training practice, you are supposed to grind the workpiece according to a technical drawing where size and tolerance of the finished workpiece are specified. Your finished workpiece must conform to all the specifications in the technical drawing. Therefore, in order to check if the workpiece is qualified, you have to learn about the use of the micrometer.A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely used for precise measurement of components in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing ends joined by a frame), which is why micrometer caliper is another common name. The spindle is a very accurately machined screw and the object to be measured is placed between the spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved by turning the ratchet knob or thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and the anvil. Figure 6 shows a micrometer.Figure 6 The micrometerBut how to read the micrometer? Let us see an example in Figure 7.Figure 7 Micrometer thimble reading 5.78mmThe spindle of an ordinary metric micrometer has 2 threads per millimeter, and thus one complete revolution moves the spindle through a distance of 0.5 millimeter. The longitudinal line on the frame is graduated with 1 millimeter divisions and 0.5 millimeter subdivisions. The thimble has 50 graduations, each being 0.01 millimeter (one-hundredth of a millimeter). Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimeter divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.Suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0.5 subdivision were visible (as shown in Figure 7), and that graduation 28 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve. The reading then would be 5.00 + 0.5 + 0.28 = 5.78 mm.6. Training PracticeIn this training course, you are supposed to grind the workpiece according to a technical drawing. The drawing will be given to you in class, so before you start working, first read the drawing carefully and make sure you have understood all the specifications on the drawing. Then following the guidance of the teacher, you can manipulate the grinding machine. When you have finished, use the micrometer to check if the workpiece meets the specifications, if not, you have to repeat the process until the specifications are all met.7. Safety Rules(1) The grinding wheel rotates in a very high speed, so do not try to use your hands totouch the wheel or workpiece when the machine is running.(2) Sparks may occur when the grinding machine is working, so you shall stay awayfrom the end of the machine to avoid being burnt.(3) After the workpiece is finished, do not try to pick it up with bare hand. Gloves areneeded in case you get your fingers injured by the heat from the workpiece.。

《金工实习》课程教学大纲课程名称：金工实习课程代码：ELEA1036英文名称：Metalworking Practice课程性质：大类基础课程学分/学时：1.5学分/2周开课学期：第3学期适用专业：电气工程及其自动化、热能与动力工程专业、建筑环境与设备工程专业、测控技术与仪器专业、电子信息工程专业、通信工程专业等先修课程：无后续课程：企业生产实习、自动化综合实践、毕业设计开课单位：工程训练中心课程负责人：谢志余大纲执笔人：周新弘大纲审核人：余雷一、课程性质和教学目标（在人才培养中的地位与性质及主要内容，指明学生需掌握知识与能力及其应达到的水平）课程性质：金工实习（工程训练）是一门实践性的技术基础课程，是非机械类有关专业教学计划中重要的实践教学环节之一。

本课程应安排学生进行独立操作，并辅以专题讲授。

学生通过实习获得机械制造的基本知识，建立机械制造生产过程的概念；在培养一定操作技能的基础上增强学生的工程实践能力；在劳动观点、创新意识、理论联系实际的科学作风等基本素质方面受到培养和锻炼；为了解制造领域的工程文化、学习后续课程和今后的工作打下一定的实践基础。

教学目标：修本课程前，学生应具备一定的读图、识图、制图能力。

以便使学生在实习过程中，能根据图纸，独立完成加工制做任务。

机械制造工程训练与工程材料、机械制造基础、机械设计等课程有着深刻的联系，须统筹考虑课程之间的衔接和配合。

机械制造工程训练以实践教学为主，学生应能进行独立的基本实践操作，在训练过程中要有机结合基本工艺理论知识和实践，在保证贯彻教学基本要求的前提下，尽可能结合生产进行，培养学生创造、创新能力。

本课程的具体教学目标如下：1.了解机械制造工艺知识。

了解机械制造的一般过程和基本的概念；学习机械制造基本工艺知识，对简单零件初步具有选择加工方法和进行工艺分析的能力；了解所用主要设备的工作原理、典型结构及主要工夹量具的使用；了解新工艺、新技术在机械制造中的应用；掌握机械制造有关安全操作技术；2.接受基本工程素质教育。

Mechanical Engineering TrainingWeldingName:Student NO.:Date:1. Introduction to WeldingWelding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the work pieces.2. Types of Welding MethodsSome of the best known welding methods include:Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) - also known as "stick welding", uses an electrode that has flux, the protectant for the puddle, around it. The electrode holder holds the electrode as it slowly melts away. Slag protects the weld puddle from atmospheric contamination. And this will be the focus of this training course.Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) - also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas), uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by an inert shielding gas such as Argon or Helium.Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) - commonly termed MIG (metal, inert gas), uses a wire feeding gun that feeds wire at an adjustable speed and flows an argon-based shielding gas or a mix of argon and carbon dioxide (CO2) over the weld puddle to protect it from atmospheric contamination.Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)- almost identical to MIG welding except it uses a special tubular wire filled with flux; it can be used with or without shielding gas, depending on the filler.Submerged arc welding (SAW) - uses an automatically fed consumable electrode and a blanket of granular fusible flux. The molten weld and the arc zone are protected from atmospheric contamination by being "submerged" under the flux blanket.Electroslag welding (ESW) - a highly productive, single pass welding process for thicker materials between 1 inch (25 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) in a vertical or close to vertical position.3. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding ProcessShielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is one of the most common types of arc welding is; it is also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA) or stick welding. Electric current is used to strike an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is made of filler material (typically steel) and is covered with a coating flow that protects the weld area from oxidation and contamination by producing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during the welding process. The electrode core itself acts as filler material, making a separate filler unnecessary.As can be seen from Figure 1, when the electrode rod contacts the base material, an arc will be stricken, which generates so much heat that the rod fuses. The coating flow on the external side of the rod will then produce CO2 to protect the weld area, while the fusedelectrode core will become the weld metal to put the base materials together. And the weld metal will be covered with a layer of solidified slag, which should be removed with a hammer when it cools down.1. Coating Flow2.Rod3.Shield Gas4.Fusion5.Base Material6. Weld Metal7.Solidified SlagFigure 1 The SMAW processThe process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making it well suited to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding. Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and other metals.Figure 2 A worker carrying out the SMAW processFigure 2 shows a worker carrying out the SMAW process. We can see that he is wearing a helmet, a pair of thick gloves and a protection suit. And these will also be what you are supposed to be wearing when you are taking the training practice. During the process, there will be very strong lights that may make you feel dizzy and lose your sight for a while if you watch the light directly. So the helmet is used to protect your eyes from the strong light. Also, there will be quite a lot of sparks, the protection suit and gloves will protect you from being burnt.4. Training PracticeIn this training course, you are supposed to use SMAW to weld two separate iron plates together. First the teacher will give you a demonstration, you should watch carefully and pay attention to the details. Then each student will have to take the welding practice. Your scores will be given according to the quality of the weld joint.5. Safety Rules(1) Do remember to wear the helmet, gloves and the protection suit before you startwelding.(2) Keep the helmet always on when welding, do not use your eyes to look at thelights directly.(3) There is electricity in both the rod and the workbench, so do not use your barehand to touch either of them.(4) Do not point the rod to others or sway the rod around in case you or other peopleget hurt.。

铸造部分目录第一节铸造基础知识 (指导人员用) (3)一、铸造生产概述 (3)二、铸造生产常规工艺流程 (3)第二节砂型铸造工艺 (4)一、型砂和芯砂的制备 (4)二、型砂的性能 (4)三、铸型的组成 (5)四、浇冒口系统 (5)五、模样和芯盒的制造 (6)第三节合金的熔炼 (8)一、铝合金的熔炼 (8)二、铸铁的熔炼 (9)第四节造型 (实践操作用) (11)一、手工造型 (11)二、制芯 (14)三、合型 (15)四、造型的基本操作 (15)五、合金的浇注 (17)六、机器造型 (18)第五节铸造工艺设计 (20)一、分型面 (20)二、型芯 (21)三、铸造工艺参数 (21)四、模样的结构特点 (21)第六节铸件常见缺陷的分析 (23)铸工实习安全技术守则 (24)第七节铸工概论(金工老师用) (25)一、铸造的辉煌历史 (25)二、铸造的分类 (25)第八节特种铸造 (26)一、压力铸造 (26)二、实型铸造 (27)三、离心铸造 (27)四、低压铸造 (28)五、熔模铸造 (29)六、垂直分型无箱射压造型 (30)七、金属型铸造 (30)八、多触头高压造型 (31)九、真空密封造型 (32)第九节铸造工艺图的绘制 (33)一、铸造工艺图 (33)二、浇注位置 (33)三、分型面 (33)四、机械加工余量和铸孔 (33)五、拔模斜度 (34)六、铸造圆角 (34)七、型芯、芯头及芯座 (34)八、铸造收缩率 (34)九、铸造工艺图的绘制 (34)十、模样图的绘制 (34)十一、铸型装配图的绘制 (35)十二、铸件图的绘制 (36)十三、模样、型腔、铸件和零件之间的尺寸与空间的关系 (36)十四、铸造技术的发展趋势 (36)第一节铸造基础知识（指导人员用）一、铸造生产概述铸造是熔炼金属，制造铸型，并将熔融金属浇入铸型，凝固后获得一定形状和性能铸件的成形方法。

铸件一般是毛坯，经切削加工等才成为零件。

IntroductionThis report aims to document my experiences during the Golden Workshop internship, which provided me with hands-on training in various metalworking techniques. The internship took place at [Company Name], a renowned institution for metalworking and engineering education. Through this internship, I gained valuable skills, insights, and a deeper understanding of the metalworking industry.Objective of the InternshipThe primary objective of my internship was to:1. Learn and apply fundamental metalworking techniques.2. Gain practical experience in the manufacturing process.3. Understand the importance of precision, safety, and quality in metalworking.4. Develop problem-solving and teamwork skills.Internship Duration and LocationThe internship lasted for [duration] weeks, from [start date] to [end date]. It was conducted at [Company Name], located at [Company Address].Daily RoutineMy daily routine during the internship involved the following activities:1. Morning Meeting: A brief meeting with the workshop instructor to discuss the day's tasks and any safety precautions.2. Lecture: A theoretical session on the topic of the day, covering concepts, principles, and safety guidelines.3. Hands-On Training: Practical application of the learned techniques under the supervision of experienced instructors.4. Lunch Break: A break to relax and rejuvenate.5. Afternoon Work: Continuation of hands-on training and problem-solving activities.6. Reflection and Documentation: Writing down observations, experiences, and reflections at the end of the day.Learning and Skills GainedDuring the internship, I learned and honed the following skills:1. Basic Metalworking Techniques: I gained proficiency in basic metalworking techniques such as sawing, filing, grinding, bending, and welding.2. Precision Measurement: I learned how to use various measuring tools like calipers, micrometers, and rulers to ensure precision in my work.3. Safety Protocols: I was trained in safety protocols to ensure a safe working environment, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).4. Problem-Solving: I developed problem-solving skills by identifying and addressing issues that arose during the manufacturing process.5. Teamwork: I collaborated with my peers to complete tasks efficiently and effectively.Key Projects and ActivitiesHere are some of the key projects and activities I participated in during the internship:1. Manufacturing a Metal Frame: I was responsible for designing and manufacturing a metal frame using welding and bending techniques.2. Creating Metal Components: I created various metal components for a prototype, including bolts, nuts, and brackets.3. Assembling a Metal Structure: I assembled a metal structure using焊接 and riveting techniques.4. Participation in a Team Project: I worked with a team to design and manufacture a metal gadget, which required coordination and effective communication.Reflections and InsightsThe internship has been a transformative experience for me. Here are some of my reflections and insights:1. Appreciation for Precision: I realized the importance of precision in metalworking and how it directly impacts the quality of the final product.2. Safety is Non-Negotiable: The emphasis on safety during theinternship reinforced the idea that safety should always be a toppriority in any workplace.3. Problem-Solving Skills: The challenges I faced during the internship helped me develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.4. Value of Teamwork: Working in a team taught me the importance of collaboration and communication in achieving common goals.ConclusionIn conclusion, my internship at [Company Name] has been an invaluable learning experience. It has equipped me with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in the field of metalworking. I am grateful for the opportunity to have gained practical experience and for the guidance and support provided by the instructors and my peers. I look forward to applying the skills and insights gained during the internship in my future endeavors.References- [Company Name]. (Year). [Company Name Manual]. [Location].- [Instructor Name]. (Year). [Lecture Notes on Metalworking Techniques]. [Location].- [Textbook Author]. (Year). [Textbook Title]. [Publisher].Appendices- Photos of the metalwork projects completed during the internship. - Diagrams of the metal components designed and manufactured.- Reflections and self-assessment of the skills acquired during the internship.。

Mechanical Engineering Training Forging and PressingName:Student NO.:Date:Forging and Pressing1. Introduction to Forging and PressingForging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. The blows are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die. Forging is often classified according to the temperature at which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working), warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working). For the latter two, the metal is heated, usually in a forge. Forged parts can range in weight from less than a kilogram to hundreds of metric tons. Forging has been done by smiths for millennia; the traditional products were kitchenware, hardware, hand tools, edged weapons, and jewelry. Since the Industrial Revolution, forged parts are widely used in mechanisms and machines wherever a component requires high strength; such forgings usually require further processing (such as machining) to achieve a finished part. Today, forging is a major worldwide industry.Stamping (also known as pressing) is the process of placing flat sheet metal in either blank or coil form into a stamping press where a tool and die surface forms the metal into a net shape. Stamping includes a variety of sheet-metal forming manufacturing processes, such as punching using a machine press or stamping press, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining. This could be a single stage operation where every stroke of the press produces the desired form on the sheet metal part, or could occur through a series of stages. The process is usually carried out on sheet metal, but can also be used on other materials, such as polystyrene. Stamping is usually done on cold metal sheet. See Forging for hot metal forming operations.This training course will be divided into two parts. In the first part, you will learn about the working principle of Numerical Control (NC) Pressing Machines and learn to program with G-code that drives the machine to work. Then you are supposed to design a drawing yourself and write down the G-code according to the coordinates of the drawing so that the pressing machine can work out the drawing on a sheet metal following the G-code. In the second part, you will learn about the most traditional forging method, namely the open-die forging, in which you will be grouped in pairs to work out a workpiece following the guidance of the teacher.2. Types of Forging ProcessMetal casting is one of the most common casting processes. Metal patterns are more expensive but are more dimensionally stable and durable. Metallic patterns are used where repetitive production of castings is required in large quantities. Common metal casting methods include Sand Casting, Die Casting and Evaporative-pattern Casting. Drop ForgingDrop forging is a forging process where a hammer is raised and then "dropped" onto the workpiece to deform it according to the shape of the die. There are two types of drop forging: open-die drop forging and closed-die drop forging. As the names imply, the difference is in the shape of the die, with the former not fully enclosing the workpiece, while the latter does.Open-die drop forgingOpen-die forging is also known as smith forging. In open-die forging, a hammer strikes and deforms the workpiece, which is placed on a stationary anvil. Open-die forging gets its name from the fact that the dies (the surfaces that are in contact with the workpiece) do not enclose the workpiece, allowing it to flow except where contacted by the dies. Therefore the operator, or a robot, needs to orient and position the workpiece to get the desired shape. The dies are usually flat in shape, but some have a specially shaped surface for specialized operations.Open-die forgings can be worked into shapes which include discs, hubs, blocks, shafts (including step shafts or with flanges), sleeves, cylinders, flats, hexes, rounds, plate, and some custom shapes. Open-die forging lends itself to short runs and is appropriate for art smithing and custom work. A demonstration of open die forging is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 Open-die ForgingImpression-die forgingImpression-die forging is also called closed-die forging. In impression-die forging, the metal is placed in a die resembling a mold, which is attached to the anvil. Usually, the hammer die is shaped as well. The hammer is then dropped on the workpiece, causing the metal to flow and fill the die cavities. The hammer is generally in contact with the workpiece on the scale of milliseconds. Depending on the size and complexity of the part, the hammer may be dropped multiple times in quick succession. Excess metal is squeezed out of the die cavities, forming what is referred to as flash. The flash cools more rapidly than the rest of the material; this cool metal is stronger than the metal in the die, so it helps prevent more flash from forming. This also forces the metal to completely fill the die cavity. After forging, the flash is removed. A demonstration of impression die forging is shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Impression-die forgingPress forgingPress forging works by slowly applying a continuous pressure or force, which differs from the near-instantaneous impact of drop-hammer forging. The amount of time the dies are in contact with the workpiece is measured in seconds (as compared to the milliseconds of drop-hammer forges). The press forging operation can be done either cold or hot.Press forging can be used to perform all types of forging, including open-die and impression-die forging. Impression-die press forging usually requires less draft than drop forging and has better dimensional accuracy. Also, press forgings can often be done in one closing of the dies, allowing for easy automation.Roll forgingRoll forging is a process where round or flat bar stock is reduced in thickness and increased in length. Roll forging is performed using two cylindrical or semi-cylindrical rolls, each containing one or more shaped grooves. A heated bar is inserted into the rolls and when it hits a stop the rolls rotate and the bar is progressively shaped as it is rolled through the machine. The piece is then transferred to the next set of grooves or turned around and reinserted into the same grooves. This continues until the desired shape and size is achieved. The advantage of this process is there is no flash and it imparts a favorable grain structure into the workpiece.Examples of products produced using this method include axles, tapered levers and leaf springs.3. G-code programmingIn this part of training, you are supposed to design a drawing yourself and learn to use G-code to program the path of the drawing so that the pressing machine could follow the G-code to work out the drawing on a sheet metal.G-code (also RS-274), which has many variants, is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. It is used mainly in computer-aided manufacturing for controlling automated machine tools. G-code is sometimes called G programming language.In fundamental terms, G-code is a language in which people tell computerized machine tools how to make something. The how is defined by instructions on where to move, how fast to move, and through what path to move. The most common situation isthat, within a machine tool, a cutting tool is moved according to these instructions through a toolpath, cutting away excess material to leave only the finished workpiece. The same concept also extends to noncutting tools such as forming or burnishing tools, photo-plotting, additive methods such as 3D printing, and measuring instruments.In the following, we will talk about the grammar of the G-code programming language. The code is composed of a series of variables specifying the commands to be executed and numbers specifying the coordinates, lengths or diameters. Table 1 and Table 2 shows the meanings of variables in G-code and some common used G-code commands.An example of G-code ProgrammingFigure 3 A complete G-code commandFigure 3 shows a complete G-code command. In this command, I, J and K are used specially in G02 and G03 commands to signify the incremental coordinate of arc center relative to the starting point of the arc.Figure 4 An exemplary drawingAs said above, you have to design a drawing yourself. The drawing could be drawn on a coordinate paper, which you can buy at the supermarket near the gate of the campus. The drawing you design should be better a simple one with only straight lines, circles or arcs, so that you can write the G-code easily. Other shapes like curves, splines are very difficult for manual programming. Figure 4 shows an exemplary drawing composed of two straight lines and two semi-circles.Before programming, you have to identify the coordinates of some main points on the drawing. In the example, six points are identified, in which A, B, C and D are the ends of the two straight lines while E and F are the centers of the semi-circles. Suppose we start from point C and set C as the origin, the coordinates of all the other points could be determined.Figure 5 shows the G-code for the exemplary drawing. Following the instructions, you can write the G-code for your own drawing.4. Open-die forging trainingIn the second part of this training course, you are supposed to take the open-die forging training. You must have seen from movies what a smith do in old times. In order to make swords or arrows, they put raw iron materials into a furnace with high temperature until the iron becomes very hot and turns soft. Then they take the glowing iron out with a clamp and use hammers to punch the iron to change its size and shape until it finally has the shape of what they want. And what you are going to do is very similar to that.By the time, all of you will be divided into small groups, with three students in each group. One student will be watching the furnace to see if the iron is hot enough to be takenout, another student will be working with the hammer to punch the iron while the last student will be stabilizing the iron with the clamp and checking the shape of the iron. Since the iron will become hard if it cools down, you have to pay attention if the iron is still glowing, if not, put it back in the furnace and repeat the process when it glows again.5. Safety Rules(1) Remember to wear gloves when working the hammer and clamp.(2) The furnace is very hot, so the student beside the furnace must wear protectionsuits to avoid injury.(3) Do not play with the hammer or use the hammer to hurt people around.(4) Students working with the clamp should hold the clamp at its end instead of themiddle, so that the iron could be stabilized and you won’t get hurt.。

SAND CASTINGMost metal castings are made by pouring molten metal into a prepared cavity and allowing it to solidify. The process dates from antiquity. The largest bronze statue in existence today is the great Sun Buddha in Nara, Japan. Cast in the eighth century, it weighs 551 tons (500 metric tons) and is more than 71 ft (21m) high. Artisans of the Shang Dynasty in China (1766 - 1222B.C.) created art works of bronze with delicate filigree as sophisticated as anything that is designed and produced today.There are many casting processes available today, and selecting the best one to produce a particular part depends on several basic factors, such as cost, size, production rate, finish ,tolerance, section thickness, physical-mechanical properties, intricacy of design, machinability, and weldability.Sand casting, the oldest and still the most widely used casting process, will be presented in more detail than the other processes since many of the concepts carry over into those processes as well.Green SandGreen sand generally consists of silica sand and additives coated by rubbing the sand grains together with clay uniformly wetted with water. More stable and refractory sands have been developed, such as fused silica, zircon, and mullite, which replace lower-cost silica sand and have only 2% linear expansion at ferrous metal temperatures. Also, relatively unstable water and clay bonds are being replaced with synthetic resins, which are much more stable at elevated temperatures.Green sand molding is used to produce a wide variety of castings in sizes of less than a pound to as large as several tons. This versatile process is applicable to both ferrous and nonferrous materials.Green sand can be used to produce intricate molds since it provides for rapid collapsibility; that is, the mold is much less resistant to the contraction of the casting as it solidifies than are other molding processes. This results in less stress and strain in the casting.The sand is rammed or compacted around the pattern by a variety of methods, including hand or pneumatic-tool ramming, jolting (abrupt mechanical shaking),squeezing (compressing the top and bottom mold surfaces), and driving the sand into the mold at high velocities (sand slinging). Sand slingers are usually reserved for use in making very large stings where great volumes of sand are handled.For smaller castings，a two-part metal box or flask referred to as a cope and drag is used. First the pattern is positioned on a mold board, and the drag or lower half of the flask is positioned over it. Parting powder is sprinkled on the pattern and the box is filled with sand. A jolt squeeze machine quickly compacts the sand. The flask is then turned over and again parting powder is dusted on it. The cope is then positioned on the top half of the flask and is filled with sand, and the two-part mold with the pattern board sandwiched in between is squeezed.PatternsPatterns for sand casting have traditionally been made of wood or metal. However, it has been found that wood patterns change as much as 3% due to heat and moisture. This factor alone would put many castings out of acceptable tolerance for more exacting specifications. Now, patterns are often made from epoxies and from cold-setting rubber with stabilizing inserts. Patterns of simple design, with one or more flat surface, can be molded in one piece, provided that they can be withdrawn without disturbing the compacted sand. Other patterns may be split into two or more parts to facilitate their removal from the sand when using two-part flasks. The pattern must be tapered to permit easy removal from the sand. The taper is referred to as draft. When a part does not have some natural draft, it must be added. A more recent innovation in patterns for sand casting has been to make them out of foamed polystyrene that is vaporized by the molten metal. This type of casting, known as the full-mold process, does not require pattern draft.Sprues, Runners, and Gates.Access to the mold cavity for entry of the molten metal is provided by sprues, runners, and gates, as shown in Fig.7-1. A pouring basin can be carved in the sand at the top of the sprue, or a pour box, which provides a large opening, may be laid over the sprue to facilitate pouring. After the metal is poured, it cools most rapidly in the sand mold. Thus the outer surface forms a shell that permits the still molten metal nearthe center to flow toward it. As a result, the last portion of the casting to freeze will be deficient in metal and, in the absence of a supplemental metal-feed source, will result in some form of shrinkage. This shrinkage may take the form of l shrinkage (large cavities) or the more subtle microshrinkage (finely dispersed porosity). These porous spots can be avoided by the use of risers，as shown in Fig.7-1，which Provide molten metal to make up for shrinkage losses.Fig.7-1 Sectional view of a casting moldCoresCores are placed in molds wherever it is necessary to preserve the space it occupies in the mold as a void in the resulting castings. As shown in Fig.7-11 the core will be put in place after the pattern is removed. To ensure its proper location, the pattern has extensions known as core prints that leave cavities in the mold into which the core is seated. Sometimes the core may be molded integrally with the green sand and is then referred to as a green-sand core. Generally, the core is made of sand bonded with core oil, some organic bonding materials, and water. These materials are thoroughly blended and placed in a mold or core box. After forming, they are removed and baked at 350°to 450°F (177°to 232°C). Cores that consist of two or more parts are pasted together after baking.CO2 CoresCO2 cores are made by ramming up moist sand in a core box. Sodium silicate is used as a binder, which is quickly hardened by blowing CO2 gas over it. The CO2 system has the advantage of making the cores immediately available.Pouring the MetalSeveral types of containers are used to move the molten metal from the furnace tothe pouring area. Large castings of the floor-and-pit type are poured with a ladle that has a plug in the bottom, or, as it is called, a bottom-pouring ladle. It is also employed in mechanized operations where the molds are moved along a line and each is poured as it is momentarily stopped beneath the large bottom-pour ladle.Ladles used for pouring ferrous metals are lined with a high alumina-content refractory. After long use and oxidation, it can be broken out and replaced. Ladles used in handling ferrous metals must be preheated with gas flames to approximately 2600° to 2700°F (1427° to 1482 °C) before filling. Once the ladle is filled, it is used constantly until it has been emptied.For nonferrous metals, simple clay-graphite crucibles are used. While they are quite susceptible breakage, they are very resistant to the metal and will hold up a long time under normal conditions. They usually do not require preheating, although care must be taken to avoid moisture pickup. For this reason they are sometimes baked out to assure dryness.The pouring process must be carefully controlled, since the temperature of the melt greatly affects the degree of liquid contraction before solidification, the rate of solidification, which in turn affects the amount of columnar growth present at the mold wall, the extent and nature of the dendritic growth, the degree of alloy burnout, and the feeding characteristics of the risering system.Finishing OperationsAfter the castings have solidified and cooled somewhat, they are placed on a shakeout table or grating on which the sand mold is broken up, leaving the casting free to be picked out. The casting is then taken to the finishing room where the gates and risers are removed. Small gates and risers may be broken off with a hammer if the material is brittle. Larger ones require sawing, cutting with a torch, or shearing. Unwanted metal protrusions such as fins, bosses, and small portions of gates and risers need to be smoothed off to blend with the surface. Most of this work is done with a heavy-duty grinder and the process is known as snagging or snag grinding. On large castings it is easier to move the grinder than the work, so swing-type grinders are used. Smaller castings are brought to stand- or bench-type grinders. Hand and pneumaticchisels are also used to trim castings. A more recent method of removing excess metal from ferrous castings is with a carbon-air torch. This consists of a carbon rod and high-amperage current with a stream of compressed air blowing at the base of it. This oxidizes and removes the metal as soon as it is molten. In many foundries this method has replaced nearly all chipping and grinding operations.New Wordscasting n.铸造，铸件cavity n.空腔，型腔solidify vt.凝固antiquity n.古代Buddha n.佛Nara n.奈良市artisan n.工匠filigree n.精细之作finish n.光洁度tolerance n.公差intricacy n.复杂machinability n.(可)切削性weldability n.(可）焊接性silica n.石英additive n.添加剂clay n.粘土refractory a.难熔的，耐火的fuse vt.使熔化zircon n.锆石mullite n.富铝红柱石ferrous a.铁的resin n.树脂，松香molding n.铸型，造型nonferrous a.非铁的intricate a.复杂的collapsibility n.退让性contraction n.收缩ram vt.夯实pattern n.模型，木模pneumatic a.气动的jolt vi.振动，摇动sling n.抛（砂）flask n.砂箱cope n.上砂箱drag n.下砂箱sprinkle vt.撒epoxy n.环氧树脂（胶）taper n.锥度，起模斜度draft n.起模斜度foamed a.泡沫的polystyrene n.聚苯乙烯sprue n.直浇口runner n.内浇口，横浇口basin n.浇口杯deficient a.不足的，缺乏的shrinkage n.收缩subtle a.细微的porosity n.多孔，缩松porous a.多孔的void n.空间integrally ad.整体地bonding n.粘结剂sodium n.钠silicate n.硅酸盐plug n.塞ladle n.浇勺，铁水包alumina n.氧化铝line v.做内衬susceptible a.容易的columnar a.柱状的dendritic a.树枝状的burnout n.熔蚀risering n.冒口protrusion n.凸出物fin n.周缘翅边boss n.表面凸出部分snag n.毛刺，凸出物；vt.清除（毛刺，浇口等）chisel n.凿子，凿刀chipping n.修整，清理Phrases and Expressionsbe applicable to (sb/sth)适用于be referred to as被称为gross shrinkage缩孔make up for 补偿be put in place放置在该放的位置上be susceptible to易于Notes1.Green sand generally consists of silica sand and additives coated by rubbing the sand grains together with clay uniformly wetted with water.型砂通常含有石英砂和添加剂，通过砂粒与用水均匀溅湿的粘土的搅拌，使砂粒及添加剂表面包复一层粘结薄膜。