阅读中期测试
Passage One
ARCHITECTURE - Reaching for the Sky
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A building reflects the scientific and technological achievements of the age as well as the ideas and aspirations of the designer and client. The appearance of individual buildings, however, is often controversial.
The use of an architectural style cannot be said to start or finish on a specific date. Neither is it possible to say exactly what characterizes a particular movement. But the origins of what is now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to the social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Instead of using timber, stone and traditional building techniques, architects began to explore ways of creating buildings by using the latest technology and materials such as steel, glass and concrete strengthened steel bars, known as reinforced concrete. Technological advances also helped bring about the decline of rural industries and an increase in urban populations as people moved to the towns to work in the new factories. Such rapid and uncontrolled growth helped to turn parts of cities into slums.
By the 1920s architects throughout Europe were reacting against the conditions created by industrialisation. A new style of architecture emerged to reflect more idealistic notions for the future. It was made possible by new materials and construction techniques and was known as Modernism.
By the 1930s many buildings emerging from this movement were designed in the International Style. This was largely characterized by the bold use of new materials and simple, geometric forms, often with white walls supported by stilt like pillars. These were stripped of unnecessary decoration that would detract from their primary purpose . to be used or lived in.
Walter Gropius, Charles Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier) and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were among the most influential of the many architects who contributed to the development of Modernism in the first half of the century. But the economic depression of the 1930s and the Second World War (1939-45) prevented their ideas from being widely realized until the economic conditions improved and war-torn cities had to be rebuilt. By the 1950s, the International Style had developed into a universal approach to building, which standardized the appearance of new buildings in cities across the world.
Unfortunately, this Modernist interest in geometric simplicity and function became exploited for profit. The rediscovery of quick-and-easy-to-handle reinforced concrete and an improved ability to prefabricate building sections meant that builders could meet the budgets of commissioning authorities and handle a renewed demand for development quickly and cheaply. But this led to many badly designed buildings, which discredited the original aims of Modernism.
Influenced by Le Corbusier.s ideas on town planning, every large British city built multi-storey housing estates in the 1960s. Mass-produced, low-cost high-rises seemed to offer a solution to the problem of housing a growing inner-city population. But far from meeting human needs, the new estates often proved to be windswept deserts lacking essential social facilities and services. Many of these buildings were poorly designed and constructed and have since been demolished.
By the 1970s, a new respect for the place of buildings within the existing townscape arose.
also began to make more use of building styles and materials that were traditional to the area. The architectural style usually referred to as High Tech was also emerging. It celebrated scientific and engineering achievements by openly parading the sophisticated techniques used in construction. Such buildings are commonly made of metal and glass; examples are Stansted airport and the Lloyd’s building in London.
Disillusionment at the failure of many of the poor imitations of Modernist architecture led to interest in various styles and ideas from the past and present. By the 1980s the coexistence of different styles of architecture in the same building became known as Post Modern. Other architects looked back to the classical tradition. The trend in architecture now favors smaller scale building design that reflects a growing public awareness of environmental issues such as energy efficiency. Like the Modernists, people today recognize that a well designed environment improves the quality of life but is not necessarily achieved by adopting one well defined style of architecture.
Twentieth century architecture will mainly be remembered for its tall buildings. They have been made possible by the development of light steel frames and safe passenger lifts. They originated in the US over a century ago to help meet the demand for more economical use of land. As construction techniques improved, the skyscraper became a reality.
Questions 1-7
Complete the table below using information from Reading Passage 2. Write NO MORE THAN
Answers:
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
4. _____________________
5. _____________________
6. _____________________
7. _____________________
Passage Two
A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to life
The control of fire was the first and perhaps greatest of humanity’s steps towards a
-enhancing technology.
To early man, fire was a divine gift randomly delivered in the form of lightning, forest fire or burning lava. Unable to make lame for themselves, the earliest peoples probably stored fire by keeping slow burning logs alight or by carrying charcoal in pots.
How and where man learnt how to produce flame at will is unknown. It was probably a secondary invention, accidentally made during tool-making operations with wood or stone. Studies of primitive societies suggest that the earliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms This process could be speeded up by wrapping a cord around the drill and pulling on each end.
The Ancient Greeks used lenses or concave mirrors to concentrate the sun’s rays and burning glasses were also used by Mexican Aztecs and the Chinese.
Percussion methods of fire lighting date back to Paleolithic times, when some Stone Age tool-makers discovered that chipping flints produced sparks. The technique became more efficient after the discovery of iron, about 5000 years ago In Arctic North America, the Eskimos produced a slow-burning spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound that contains sulphur. The Chinese lit their fires by striking porcelain with bamboo. In Europe, the combination of steel, flint and tinder remained the main method of fire lighting until the mid 19th century.
Fire-lighting was revolutionized by the discovery of phosphorus, isolated in 1669 by a German alchemist trying to transmute silver into gold. Impressed by the element’s combustibil ity, several 17th century chemists used it to manufacture fire-lighting devices, but the results were dangerously inflammable. With phosphorus costing the equivalent of several hundred pounds per ounce, the hurts matches were expensive.
The quest for a practical match really began after 1781 when a group of French chemists came up with the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus. When the tube was broken, air rushed in, causing the phosphorus to selfcombust. An even more hazardous device, popular in America, was the Instantaneous Light Box — a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped.
The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congreve. Costing a shilling a box, Congreves were splints coated with sulphur and tipped with potassium chlorate. To light them, the user drew them quickly through folded glass paper.
Walker never patented his invention, and three years later it was copied by a Samuel Jones, who marketed his product as Lucifers. About the same time, a French chemistry student called Charles Sauria produced the first “strik e-anywhere” match by substituting white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate in the Walker formula. However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1845 match-makers exposed to its fumes succumbed to necrosis, a disease that eats away jaw-bones. It wasn’t until 1906 that the substance was eventually banned.
That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red or amorphous phosphorus, a development exploited commercially by Pasch’s compatriot JE Lundstrom in 1885. Lun dstrom’s safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was non-toxic; it was painted on to the striking surface instead of the match tip, which contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature of 182 degrees centigrade.
Americ a lagged behind Europe in match technology and safety standards. It wasn’t until
—but the formula did not work properly in the different climatic conditions prevailing in America and it was another 11 years before scientists finally adapted the French patent for the US.
The Americans, however, can claim several “firsts” in match technology and marketing. In 1892 the Diamond Match Company pioneered book matches. The innovation did n’t catch on until after 1896, when a brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books. Today book matches are the most widely used type in the US, with 90 percent handed out free by hotels, restaurants and others.
Other American innovations include an antiafterglow solution to prevent the match from smouldering after it has been blown out; and the waterproof match, which lights after eight hours in water.
Questions 1-8
Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write them in boxes 1 8 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all. You may use any of the words more than once.
EARLY FIRE-LIGHTING METHODS
Primitive societies saw fire as a ... heavenly... gift. They tried to (1) ... ... ... ... burning logs or charcoal (2) ... ... ... ...that they could create fire themselves. It is suspected that the first man-made flames were produced by (3) ... ... ... ...
The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of (4) ... ... ... ...by, for example, rapidly (5) ... ... ... ...a wooden stick in a round hole. The use of(6) ... ... ... .... or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe and among other peoples such as the Chinese and (7) ... ... ... ... . European practice of this method continued until the 1850s (8) ... ... ... ...the discovery of phosphorus some years earlier.
List of Words
Mexicans random rotating despite preserve realizing sunlight lacking heavenly percussion chance friction unaware without make heating Eskimos surprised smoke
Questions 9-15
Look at the following notes that have been made about the matches described in Reading Passage Two. Decide which type of match (A-H) corresponds with each description and write your answers in boxes 9-15 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more matches than descriptions so you will not use them all. You may use any match more than once.
NOTES
9 [ ]made using a less poisonous type of phosphorus
10[ ] identical to a previous type of match
11 [ ]caused a deadly illness
12 [ ]first to look like modern matches
13 [ ]first matches used for advertising
14 [ ]relied on an airtight glass container
15 [ ]made with the help of an army design
一、时间永远是您最大的敌人 在 IELTS 阅读测试中, TIME 对绝大部分学生, 特别是英文阅读水平相对一般的学生来说,更尤为至关重要。即使是英语为母语的人(NA TIVE-ENGLISH SPEAKER 也无法在 IELTS 测试规定的时间内完全理解所有的词汇。因此,一定控制好 TIME 。 二、所问所答 IELTS 测试的金玉良言就是:" 所问所答 " 。首先,要完全了解问题的类型,及根据所提供的信息,再去回答问题。有的学生在参加完 IELTS 测试后总感觉所得分数与自己估算的分数相差甚远,原因无它,就在于对问题理解不够彻底,因此, 也就无法对所提问题做到精确回答。 三、系统地制定学习计划 大部分参加(GENERAL MODULE 普通类测试的考生都已离开学校多年,甚至很长时间没有继续英文方面的学习。因此,必须尽量每天安排一定的时间,比如说每天一小时, 并根据自身英文情况制定一个学习计划,稳步、系统地学习。 阅读训练:争取每天阅读一定量的原版英文报刊、书籍, 并非要读懂每一个字,或完全理解,只要能理解其中大至含义既可。可采取 3:1的比例进行泛读与精读。 四、增加阅读速度 要增加英语阅读的速度, 当然并非一朝一日即可达到。通常需要相当长一段时间的学习及训练。但无论如何,应加强英文基础训练, 掌握必要的测试技巧,从而在现有的英文基础之上取得最好的成绩。 总之,付出越多,收获越大。 五、改进句子阅读速度
阅读的速度越快、越精确,回答的问题也就越多。在 IELTS 所有测试中, 应尽可能快速阅读所给“ 指引” (DIRECTION , “ 例句” (EXAMPLE ,及“ 问题” (QUESTION 三个部分,并准确理解,从而争取到更多时间来答题。 应学会词汇组合(GROUPS OF WORDS阅读,如: Australia has been a popular choice for thousands of international students over many years. 1. Australia has been a popular choice (What and Where 2. ...... for thousands of international students (For whom 3. Over many years (How long 在阅读上面词汇组合过程中应迅速联想到 wh/how所提问题。 逐词阅读,一方面速度太慢,又容易引起误解。 在阅读过程中还应学会找出句子逻辑划分,开头与结尾。 六、控制答题时间 在 IELTS 测试过程中,每组题都给有答题参考时间,当所给时间结束时, 就一定要停下来, 即使这组题没有做完也要开始回答下一组题, 否则所能完成的题数就会减少, 从而影响 IELTS 的得分。 七、仔细查看指引部分 切记不可为了节省时间而忽视查看指引部分, 因为指引部分包含了理解题型、回答问题过程中至关重要的信息: 1. 可以预先得知所要阅读文章的内容。 2. 回答什么问题,及何种问题。
2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti- globalisers’favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing https://www.doczj.com/doc/907217059.html,st year European sales increased by 5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years.Europe accounted for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being American.Mr Hennequin says
1100个雅思阅读必备词汇表下载abandon aboriginal absenteeism absorb absorption abuse academic accelerate access accessible accessory accidentally acclaim accommodation accompany accomplish account for
accumulation accurate achieve acquire acumen adapt adaptable adjust administration adolescence adopt advanced adverse advocate affordable agenda aggressive aid
alert alienation allergy alternative amateur amaze ambiguity ambiguous ambitious amorphous amphibian amphibious an array of analogous analogy analysis ancient
anesthetic annual anthropology anticipate apparatus appliance applicant apply appreciable appreciate approach appropriate approximately aptitude archaeological architecture archive
【点课台课堂】雅思阅读表格填空题讲解--Alternative Medicine in Australia 点课台独家，雅思阅读机经真题解析。一切患有雅思阅读刷题强迫症的烤鸭，请看这里。点课台精心整理了一批雅思阅读机经真题。如果你的剑桥雅思阅读已是烂熟于心，那么这一系列的雅思阅读机经真题真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么! Alternative Medicine in Australia The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment. Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’ In many other industrialized countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of
雅思阅读图表题实例分析 雅思阅读图表题一般难度不大，但是想要轻松拿到满分却也不容易。希望下面的这篇雅思阅读图表题实例分析可以帮助大家更好地备考雅思阅读图表题。 一、图表题简介 图表题主要考察生快速寻读定位，并理解细节信息的阅读能力。一般来说，图表题常见的有三种形式： 统计表(Table)——文章中会有很明显的时间标志，主要以表格的形式出现;原理图(Diagram)——在文章的某段或者某几段之间，会有一个详细地对于该物体的结构的介绍;流程图(Flow Chart)——一个物体的制作过程或者一种动植物的生长周期过程，需要你填写其中的某几个过程。 二、图表题的做题方法 1. 注意题目要求 因为这类填空题中一般都会出现“…NO MORE THAN * WORDS…”, 大家要注意具体不超过几个字。 2. 浏览图表，找到关键词 大家一看到图表题，就会将目光自动聚焦到图表上，希望能尽快找到有用信息帮助定位。举个例子吧：
这是剑8 Test 4 Passage 3的最后一个题型。我们可以看到，除了空格之外，有用的信息就只有one method of collecting ants 和funnel。因为这是最后一道题，通过前面的做题过程我们可以迅速排除前两种采集蚂蚁的办法，然后根据funnel可以定位到第三种采集方法，也就是原文第四段： ……One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas…… 3. 将原文和题目仔细比较，找到答案
2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案 人的知识和人的力量这两件东西是结合为一体的;工作的失败都起于对因果关系的无知。以下是小编为大家搜索整理2017年雅思考试阅读练习试题附答案，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Volatility Kills You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below. A Despite gun battles in the capital of Chad, rioting in Kenya and galloping inflation in Zimbabwe, the economics of sub-Saharan Africa arc, as a whole, in better shape than they were a few years ago. The World Bank has reported recently that this part of the continent experienced a respectable growth rate of 5.6 percent in 2006 and a higher rate from 1995 to 2005 than in previous decades. The bank has given a cautious assessment that the region may have reached a turning point. An overriding question for developmental economists remains whether the upswing will continue so Africans can grow their way out of a poverty that relegates some 40 percent of the nearly 744 million in that region to living on less than a dollar a day. The optimism, when inspected more closely, may be short-lived because of the persistence of a devastating pattern of economic volatility that has lingered for decades. B “In reality, African countries grow as fast as Asian countries and other developing countries during the good times, but afterward they see growth collapses,” comments Jorge Arbache, a senior World Bank economist. “How to prevent collapses may be as important as promoting growth.” If these collapses had not occurred, he observes, the level of gross domestic product for each citizen of the 48 nations of sub-Saharan Africa would have been a third higher. C The prerequisite to prevent the next crash are not in place, according to a World Bank study issued in January. Is Africa's Recent Growth Robust? The growth period that began in 1995, driven by a commodities boom spurred in particular by demand from China, may not be sustainable, because the economic fundamentals—new investment and the ability to stave off inflation, among other factors—are absent. The region lacks the necessary infrastructure that would encourage investors to look to Africa to find the next Bengaluru (Bangalore) or Shenzhen, a November report from the bank concludes. For sub-Saharan countries rich in oil and other resources, a boom period may even undermine efforts to institute sound economic practices. From 1996 to 2005, with growth accelerating, measures of governance—factors such as political stability, rule of law, and control of corruption—actually worsened, especially for countries endowed with abundant mineral resources, the January report notes. D Perhaps the most incisive analysis of the volatility question comes from Paul Collier, a longtime specialist in African economics at the University of Oxford and author of the recent book The Bottom Billion. He advocates a range of options that the U.S. and other nations could adopt when formulating policy toward African countries. They include revamped trade measures, better-apportioned aid and sustained military intervention in certain instances, to avert what he sees as a rapidly accelerating divergence of the world’s poorest, primarily in Africa, from the rest
1月9日雅思阅读真题 一、考试概述：本次新年的第一场考试又是AB卷。A卷第一篇话题讲了生物的生存不确定性，第二篇介绍了音乐的力量，第三篇讲了课堂大小对于学习效果的影响。的话题是两新一旧，第一篇内容为古生物化石，第二篇是情绪影响人的行为，第三篇是儿童文学 二、具体题目分析 A卷Passage 1：题目：Living with uncertainty 题型：判断7+简答6 题号：新题 答案：1-7 判断题1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 NOT GIVEN6 FALSE7 TRUE 8-13简答题 8 lit fires9 saltbush10 European farming11 wheat12 pear13 Tellers (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) Passage 2： 题目：The power of music 题型：段落信息匹配5+Summary 4+人名配理论4 文章大意：待补充 答案：14-18信息配段落14. D15. I16. C17. F18. E 19-22 Summary without word list 19 physical health20 disabled21 brain scans
22 walking 23-26人名配理论23 C24 B25 A26 A (答案仅供参考) Passage 3： 题名：Does class size matter? 题型：段落信息匹配5+分类配对9 文章大意：待补充 答案：27-31 段落信息匹配27 D28 E29 A30 C 31 B 32-40 Classification32 A33 C34 B35 C36 A37 C38 A39 B40 A (目前无明确回忆，答案仅供参考) B卷Passage 1： 题目：The History of building telegraph lines 题型：判断6+简答7 文章大意：电报的发展史 相似文章： A The idea of electrical communication seems to have begun as long ago as 1746, when about 200 monks at monastery in Paris arranged themselves in a line over a mile long, each holding ends of 25 ft iron wires. The abbot, also a scientist, discharged a primitive electrical battery into the wire, giving all the monks a simultaneous electrical shock. “This
雅思阅读高频词汇 雅思阅读高频词汇表（一）138个 accessible 易于得到的accompany 伴随accurate准确的activate 使活动，刺激adapt 适应adequate充足的affect 影响 alter 改变altitude 高地analyse 分析 anticipate预感，预期apparent明显的approach接近，方法appropriate 恰当的arise 出现，升起 arrange 整理，安排artificial 人造的assess 估计，评定assign指派，指定 attribute 把..归因于，属性authority 权力 available 可用的behave 举止，表现breed 繁殖，引起budget 预算 bully 恐吓burst 爆炸calendar 日历campaign 运动capable 能够的 capacity 容量capture 捕获cargo 货物 chronic 慢性的circumstance 环境，遭遇civil 文明的，民事的，国民的code 代码，法典communal 公用 的community 社会，社区component 元件constant 不断的，永恒的consult 商量，咨询contrast对比core 核心 corporate 全体的，社团的counterpart 与对方地位相当的 人 cure治愈curriculum 课程deduce 演绎，推断depict 描绘derive 得到，起源于 descend 下降，传下来despite 尽管，轻蔑discipline 训练，处罚，纪律distribute 分发dramatic 戏剧的，引人注目的 dynamic 动态的，有生气的ease 安逸，缓和efficient 有能力的element 要素 eliminate 消灭emphasize 强调engage 从事，占用enhance 提高entitle 给予权利，给题名 equivalent 相等的，等价物 evaluate 评价exceed 超过expand 扩张，延伸expose 暴露，揭露external 外面的extract 提 取，摘录 faculty 能力，院系，全体教职员forage 到处搜寻foundation 创办，基础fragile脆弱的fundamental 基本的
雅思图表题常用句型 雅思图表题数字对比是很多考生都很头痛的事情，一旦没有掌握好顺序，就有可能是整个描写都混乱起来，所以大家掌握一些关于数字对比的雅思图表题常用套句是非常必要的，也是非常有好处的。 下面哥为大家整理了雅思图表题数字对比常用套句，供童鞋们参考，以下是详细内容。There was a (very) sudden/rapid/dramatic/significant/sharp/steep/steady/gradual/slow/slight+increase/jump/ri se/decrease/drop/fall/fluctuation 注意：上述很多词不可用于修饰fluctuation+in the number of XXX from 第一时间to 第二时间/ between 第一时间and 第二时间 描述稳定的data The number of XXX remained steady/stable from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) The number of XXX stayed the same from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) There was little change / hardly any change / no change in the number of XXX from from (第一时间) to (第二时间) / between (第一时间) and (第二时间) 描述不同状态的data Noun form: steady drop / sharp rise peak / dramatic fall / sharp drop Verbal form: (to) bottom out / (to) reach the bottom / (to) increase gradually / (to) reach a plateau / (to) remain steady 描述the highest point以及the lowest point 高点极值 The monthly prof it / The figures / The situation ... +peaked in (月份/年) <准确时间点用at XXX> at XXX% / XXX(极点data)或者reached a peak / a high point at XXX% / XXX(极点data) 低点极值 XXX bottomed out / reached+rock / the bottom / a low point或者hit a trough 此外，在描述过程中还有很多的conjunctional words/sentences，最常用的固定搭配如下： 并列：as well as(句首/中), also, as well(句尾), either, neither, too, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, besides, what’s more, apart from ..
雅思阅读高频词汇 1 state n. 情形, 状态, 国家, 政府, 州vt.声明, 陈述, 规定For the century before Johnson ’s Dictionary was published in 1775 there had been concern about the state of the English language. statement n.声明, 陈述, 综述 2 special adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的 especially adv.尤其，特别specialization n.特殊化, 专门化 specialise v.专业化，专门研究 specialised adj. 专门的, 专科的 In the 19th century, new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. specialist n. 专家 speciality n.特性, 特质, 专业 specify vt.指定, 详细说明specific adj.详 细而精确的, 明确的 An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. specifically adv.特定的, 明确的 species n.种类 Extinct species are being replaced by new species. 3 differ vi.不同 In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. difference n.差异, 差别 different adj.不同的 Different groups of researchersattacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways. differentiate v.区 别, 区分 4 appropriate adj.适当的 inappropriate adj.不适当的 5 staff n. 全体职员 6 contradict vt.同...矛盾 contradiction n.反驳, 矛盾 contrary adj.相反的, 逆的 contrastvt.使与...对比n.对比, 对照 7 claim n.(根据权利提出)要求, 主张vt.(根据权利)要求, 主张
智课网 IELTS 备考资料 雅思写作图表题解题思路 摘要:雅思写作图表题的解题思路有哪些 ? 无论什么样的考试,事先了解考试的范围内容,以及解题思路就会给考生带来很大的帮助,这也是取得好成绩的重要条件,下面小马过河就帮帮助大家进行详细的讲解雅思写作图表题的解题思路。 第一步:雅思写作改写题目 在考场上,时间是最宝贵的,当考生拿到作文题目,首先通过改写题目完成作文的第一段, “ 同义转换” 是其核心方法,包括两个步骤,第一同义词置换,第二句式变换,也就是说用不同的词、不同的句式表达相同的意思。 第二步:分析时态 1. 图表小作文大部分时候使用过去时态,因为出现的数据一般都是以往的统计数据,过去的情形和现在的情形很有可能完全不一样,因此用过去时态比较恰当。 2. 如果图表里没有出现明显的时间标志,那么用一般现在时态就可以了。 3. 某些情况下,图表作文也会出现将来时间,这个时候用将来时态。 第三步:分析图中数字的含义以及单位 很多同学由于急于完成文章,所以忽略了对图中数据的分析,比如说,有些题目中会在角落里标明百分号和单位,很多同学没有注意到,就认为图中的数字是表示个数或者弄错单位,这样整篇文章的分数就会受到很大的影响。因此先不要急于动笔写,先分析好了,再动笔也不迟。更加值得注意的是,小作文也会走题。 第四步:分析图表
一个图表包含的数据非常多,不能够把每一个数据都列出来,而要描述关键的数据,题目中要求总结,因此作文中必须包含概括性,总结性的语句,除了 specific information,更加需要加入 general information. 通过这四个雅思写作图表题解题步骤,考生可以轻松地在 20分钟内完成小作文,也可以避免出现时态、走题等重大错误。从容的面对小作文,顺利地在 20分钟内完成高质量的小作文是取得雅思写作高分的关键。 相关字搜索:雅思写作
雅思测试阅读模拟考题和答案(四) The Triumph of Unreason A.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”，in economist-speak) from any situation.Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved. B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense.For situations met frequently in the past，such as obtaining food and mates，and confronting or fleeing from threats，the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome.Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes，evolutionary and economic theory predict the
雅思英语阅读练习题及答案：第一篇 内容摘要：The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. ★Why did a promising heart drug fail? Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol. 1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of 'good' cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease. 2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone. 3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. "There have been no red flags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. "This cancellation came as a complete shock." 4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-density lipoproteins. Under pressure 5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall. 6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible