internal environment内环境homeostasis稳态
negative feedback负反馈
positive feedback正反馈
simple diffusion单纯扩散facilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散facilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散primary active transport原发性主动转运secondary active transport继发性主动转运exocytosis出胞endocytosis入胞
resting potential静息电位hyperpolarization超极化polarization极化depolarization去极化overshoot超射repolarization复极
spike potential锋电位threshold阈值
salutatory conduction跳跃式传导threshold potential阈电位
local potential局部电位spatial summation空间总和temporal summation时间总和excitation兴奋excitability兴奋性excitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联absolute refractory period绝对不应期relative refractory period相对不应期supranormal period超常期subnormal period低常期
end-plate potential终板电位calcium induced Ca release钙触发钙释放performance of contraction收缩效能isometric contraction等长收缩isotonic contraction等张收缩preload前负荷
initial length初长度
optimal initial length最适初长度afterload后负荷contractility肌肉收缩能力tetanus强直收缩cardiac cycle心动周期period of isovolumic contraction等容收缩期end-diastolic volume舒张末期容积
ejection fraction射血分数
cardiac output心输出量
cardiac index心指数
stroke work每搏功heterometric regulation异长调节ventricular compliance心室顺应性homometric regulation 等长调节
cardiac reserve心力储备autorhythmicity自动节律性
inward rectifier K+ channel内向整流钾通道transient outward current一过性外向电流plateau平台期
delayed rectifier K+ current延迟整流钾流myocardial contractility心肌收缩能力maximal repolarization potential最大复极电位pacemaker current起搏电流
latent pacemaker潜在起搏点conductivity传导性
preferential pathway优势传导通路atrioventricular delay房-室延搁electrocardiogram心电图
mean circulatory filling pressure循环系统平均充盈压peripheral resistance 外周阻力
systolic pressure收缩压
diastolic pressure 舒张压
central venous pressure中心静脉压transmural pressure跨壁压microcirculation微循环
effective filtration pressure有效滤过压
positive chronotropic action正性变时作用negative dromotropic action负性变传导作用positive inotropic action 正性变力作用cardiac vagal tone 心迷走紧张sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone交感缩血管紧张cardiovascular center心血管中枢baroreceptor reflex压力感受性反射buffer nerve缓冲神经chemoreceptor化学感受器
renin-angiotensin system肾素-血管紧张素系统epinephrine, adrenaline肾上腺素
interstitial fluid组织液
coronary circulation冠脉循环compensatory pause代偿间歇
premature systole (extrasystole)期前收缩
arterial pulse动脉脉搏
overdrive suppression超速驱动压抑hemodynamics血流动力学arteriovenous shunt短路血管（动-静脉短
路）
bradykinin缓激肽
respiration呼吸
pulmonary ventilation肺通气
inspiration吸气
expiration呼气
eupnea平静呼吸
dyspnea呼吸困难abdominal breathing腹式呼吸
thoracic breathing胸式呼吸pneumothorax气胸
specific compliance比顺应性intrapleural pressure胸膜腔内压
elastic resistance弹性阻力
surfactant表面活性物质alveolar ventilation肺泡通气量intrapulmonary pressure肺内压
tidal volume潮气量
vital capacity肺活量
minute ventilation volume每分通气量
forced vital capacity用力肺活量physiological dead space生理无效腔ventilation/perfusion ratio通气/血流比值oxygen capacity氧容量
oxygen content氧含量
oxygen dissociation curve氧离曲线carbaminohemoglobin氨基甲酸血红蛋白Bohr effect波尔效应
oxygen saturation氧饱和度
carbonic anhydrase碳酸酐酶respiratory center呼吸中枢pneumotaxic center呼吸调整中枢pulmonary stretch reflex肺牵张反射digestion消化
mechanical digestion机械性消化
chemical digestion化学性消化
absorption吸收
slow wave慢波
basic electrical rhythm，BER基本电节律intrinsic nervous system内在神经系统extrinsic nervous system外来神经系统gastrointestinal hormone（gut hormone）胃肠激素pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原gastric mucosal barrier胃黏膜屏障intrinsic factor内因子
gastrin胃泌素receptive relaxation容受性舒张gastric emptying胃的排空migrating motor complex，MMC移行性复合运动segmental motility分节运动enterogastric reflex肠胃反射peristalsis蠕动
trophic action营养作用energy metabolism能量代谢thermal equivalent of food食物的热价
thermal equivalent of oxygen食物的氧热价respiratory quotient， RQ呼吸商
non-protein respiratory quotient， NPRQ非蛋白呼吸商specific dynamic effect特殊动力效应basal metabolism rate， BMR基础代谢率body temperature体温
set point调顶点nephron肾单位juxtaglomerular apparatus球旁器
macula densa致密斑tubuloglomerular feedback管－球反馈glomerulotubular balance球－管平衡glomerular filtration rate， GFR肾小球滤过率filtration fraction， FF滤过分数filtration equilibrium滤过平衡
renal threshold for glucose肾糖阈osmotic diuresis渗透性利尿water diuresis水利尿clearance清除率reabsorption重吸收
renal plasma flow，RPF肾血浆流量vasa recta U直小血管
receptor感受器
adequate stimulus适宜刺激
receptor potencial感受器电位reduced eye简化眼
visual acuity视敏度
near point of vision近点
myopia近视
hyperopia远视
astigmatism散光
rod cell视杆细胞
cone cell视锥细胞
dark adaptation暗适应
light adaptation明适应
visual field视野
Cochlear micro-phonic potential耳蜗微音器电位trophic action神经的营养性作用functional action神经的功能性作用axoplasmic transport轴浆运输Postsynaptic potential突触后电位Excitatory postsynaptic potential兴奋性突触后电位Inhibitory postsynaptic potential抑制性突触后电位postsynaptic inhibition突触后抑制presynaptic inhibition突触前抑制Afferent collateral inhibition传入侧支性抑制Recurrent inhibition回返性抑制varicosity)曲张体neurotransmitter神经递质neuromodulator神经调质receptor受体
one way conduction单向传播
central delay中枢延搁Sensory Projection System感觉投射系统Specific Projection System特异性投射系统Non-specific Projection System非特异性投射系统
Ascending reticular activating system 脑干网状结构上行激动系统
sensory column感觉柱referred pain牵涉痛cortical evoked potential皮层诱发电位Electroencephalogram脑电图electrocorticogram皮层电图slow wave sleep慢波睡眠
fast wave sleep快波睡眠motor unit运动单位stretch reflex牵张反射
muscle tonus肌紧张
tendon reflex腱反射
muscle spindle 肌梭
tendon organ腱器官
moter column运动柱
spinal shock脊休克
spinal animal脊动物decerebrate animal去大脑动物decerebrate rigidity去大脑僵直vestibulocerebellum前庭小脑spinocerebellum脊髓小脑cerebrocerebellum皮层小脑intention tremor意向性震颤static tremor 静止性震颤biorhythm生物节律defense reaction防御反应
loss of mrmory遗忘
feeding center摄食中枢satiety center饱中枢
endocrine内分泌permissiveness action允许作用hypothalamic regulatory peptides下丘脑调节肽human growth hormone生长激素
thyroid hormones甲状腺激素parathyroid hormone甲状旁腺激素calcitonin降钙素
insulin胰岛素glucocorticoids糖皮质激素cortisol皮质醇
stress应激somatomedin生长素介质prolactin催乳素
oxytocin缩宫素
insulin－like growth factor胰岛素样生长因子