1.................Father of American Literature: Irving
Father of the American novel: Cooper
Inventor of the American Short Story: Poe
▲▲▲▲▲▲Washington Irving 华盛顿?欧文
1.地位：Father of American literature▲▲▲
1. the first American (true) literary writer
2. the first American man of letters
3. America’s first genuine internationally best-selling author
4. the first belletrist in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes
注意Mark Twain also is called the Father of American Literature ，the true Father of American Literature。
2In 1820, Irving published The Sketch Book under the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon. 代表作▲▲▲
The hit book made Irving the first American author to gain real fame in Europe.
The stories (including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”) appeared serially in 1819–20.
3作品
(1) A History of New York
(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (This gives him international recognition.)
(3) The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus
(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
(5) The Alhambra
4文学成就
1. short story
2. “Rip Van Winkle”
3. “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
Poe first theorized on the structure and purpose of the short story.
5“Rip Van Winkle”similar to a 3rd-century Chinese tale of Ranka (烂柯)
retold in Lionel Giles in A Gallery of Chinese Immortals
part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
Rip Van Winkle: the protagonist主要人物a villager of Dutch descent
lives in a nice village at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains
an amiable man whose home and farm suffer from his lazy neglect
he is loved by all but his wife
6The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
the longest tale in the collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
written while he was living in Birmingham, England.
人物：
Ichabod Crane: a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster
Abraham “Brom Bones”Van Brunt: the town rowdy (无赖, 流氓)
Katrina Van Tassel: the sole child of a wealthy farmer
题目：14. _____ which contains stories like “Rip Van Winkle”and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”was a great success and won ________ a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
( ) 9. "Diedrich Knickerbocker" is the pseudonym of for his works which combines European legends with New England reality.
A. Cooper
B. Washington Irving
C. Nathaniel Hawthorne
D. Philip Frenau
2.▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。。。。。Edgar Allan Poe埃德加?艾伦?坡
1地位：▲▲▲▲Founder of detective story / novel
One of the founders of short story as a literary form
representatives of Symbolism
representatives of Aestheticism
masters of American Renaissance
2Published in 1827 his first pamphlet of Tamerlane and Other Poems
3He died on Sunday October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning His last words were: “Lord help my poor soul.”
4Two factors greatly influenced his writing
1. Empiricism经验主义
2. Transcendentalism▲▲▲▲
5风格：▲▲▲▲
gothic: horrifying
romantic
symbolic
traditional but not easy to read
6作品：Genres:
1.short stories (1) ratiocinative (推理的) stories
a. The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街谋杀案》
b. The Purloined Letter《窃信案》
(2)revenge + death + rebirth ↓
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 《述异集》
The Fall of the House of Usher 《鄂榭堡的倒塌》
The Masque of the Red Death 《红死魔的面具》
The Black Cat 《黑猫》
The Gold-Bug《金甲虫》
The Tell-Tale Heart《泄密的心》
The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》
2.Poem1. Annabel Lee
2. To Helen
3. The Fall of the House of Usher
4. The Ravens
3.Criticism
7 Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔?李》
his last complete poem
It follows Poe’s favorite theme: the death of a beautiful woman, which Poe called “the most
poetical topic in the world.”
T he Real Annabel Lee probably Poe’s wife, Virginia Clemm, whom he married when she was only 13
8《致海伦》15 lines
written in honor of the mother of a childhood friend
celebrated the nurturing power of woman
9The Fall of the House of Usher a short story in a collection of his fiction entitled Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque in 1840 人物：Roderick Usher, the brother
Madeline Usher, the sister
The unnamed narrator
主题：Gothic
Madness
Fear
Identity
Family
Friendship
Sanity--Insanity
Allan Poe was one of the most famous writers of Gothic fiction.
16. _____ had long been a highly controversial figure in American Renaissance, whose poetic theories are best expressed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”.
17. Write down the writers:
The Fall of the House of Usher
The Catcher in the Rye
Tamburlaine
Gulliver’s Travels
The Importance of Being Earnest
A Portraits of the Artist as a Young Man
Lolita
3.▲▲▲▲▲▲Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生
1▲▲地位：Father and the center of American Transcendentalism
the Sage of Concord
advocator of American intellectual independence
2引言：“To be great is to be misunderstood”
“The civilized man has built a coach, but has lost t he use of his feet.”
3writes his first important work Nature which describes how humans find God within nature: “In the woods is perpetual youth… In the woods we return to reason and faith.”
4▲▲▲▲American Transcendentalism （美国超验主义）定义：
a philosophical & literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th Century
a philosophy associated with Kant
the leader in America: Emerson
main idea：one must transcend empiricism or what is experienced in order to ascertain the a prior principles of all knowledge.
5三个核心信仰：
(1) The universe is connected to the individual through nature
(2) By contemplating nature, one can transcend the world and be united with the “Over-Soul”（超灵）▲
(3) One must follow his own intuition and beliefs.
6作品：▲
1. Nature
2. “The American Scholar”
3. “Self-Reliance”
4. The Conduct of Life (1860)
his most mature work
reveals a developed humanism and a full awareness of human limitations
5. Poems (1847) and May-Day (1867):
established his reputation as a major poet
7Nature The Bible / manifesto of the American Transcendentalism
an essay that the foundation of transcendentalism is put forth
主题：a. the love of nature
b. the uses of nature
c. the idealist philosophy in relation to nature
d. evidences of spirit in the material universe
e. the potential expansion of human souls and works ▲▲▲▲
注：In expressing his belief in the mystical “unity of nature”, Emerson develops his concept of the “Over- Soul”or “Universal Mind”.
Question: What is Emerson’s view on nature？
Emerson’s nature:emblematic of the spiritual world a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul alive with God’s overwhel ming presence exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human mind
8“The American Scholar”《美国学者》▲▲▲▲
regarded as the Declaration of Intellectual Independence ---------Oliver Wendell Holmes America’s Literary Declaration of Independence
15. Emerson’s leading role has made the _______ of which he was spokesman central. It was one of many movements in the air at a point when sect and schisms, religious and philosophical tendencies, stirred New England life and spread abroad to the nation.
10. Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the greatest American litterateurs whose call for an independent American culture played a crucial part in the American intellectual history.
The following works are all his except .
A. Nature
B. "The Poet"
C. "The American Scholar"
D. Walden
4.▲▲▲▲。。。。。。。。。。Henry David Thoreau亨利?戴维?梭罗
1地位：one of the most influential figures in American thought and literature
one of the major figures of the New England Renaissance
a supreme individualist
sometimes cited as an individualist anarchist (个体至上的无政府主义者)
“I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government” ----Thoreau
2One of his first memories: staying awake at night “looking through the stars to see if I could
see God behind them.”
3Major Works
1. Walden; or, Life in the Woods, 《瓦尔登，或林中生活》, 1854
2. Civil Disobedience,1849
4Walden; or, Life in the Woods It details Thoreau’s sojourn in the cabin near Walden Pond. one of the best-known non-fiction books written by an American.
主题：Unity self-reliance solitude contemplation closeness to nature
5Civil Disobedience 《非暴力反抗；温和抵抗；论公民有不服从（政府）之权利》originally titled “Resistance to Civil Government” one of the primary methods of nonviolent resistance.
主题：a. Citizens of good conscience should actively oppose unjust government policies through nonviolent resistance, such as refusal to pay taxes.
b. Slavery is an evil institution that must be abolished.
c. The Mexican War is an unjust conflict because it is being fought to acquire new territory in which to establish slavery.
d. Talk means little unless action backs it up. Saying you are against an unjust government policy does nothing to eliminate that policy.
e. Citizens must oppose efforts by groups that promote their own selfish interests at the expense of morality，ethics，individual rights
6Love Your Life by Henry David Thoreau
However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are.
不论你的生活如何卑贱，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。它不像你那样坏。
题目：11.The author of “Civil Disobedience”is ----------
Benjamin franklin Henry David Thoreau James Fenimore Cooper Frank Norris 5.▲▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。。。。。。。。。Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔?霍桑
1best-known work: The Scarlet Letter (1850)
one of the first American writers to explore the hidden motivations of his characters.
2Emerson described his life with the words “painful solitude.”
3Hawthorne’s first novel, Fanshawe (1828)
4Hawthorne’s second, expanded edition of Twice-told Tales (1837), was praised by Edgar Allan Poe.
5Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850.
One of the first mass-produced books in America
6Influences on Hawthorne：1. Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House
2. Puritan family background
3. Belief in the existence of the devil
4. Belief in determinism
7▲▲Major Themes：1. sin2. the Puritan guilt3. punishment4. atonement5. alienation
8Famous short stories：“Young Goodman Brown”: 《好小伙布朗》,Mosses from an Old Manse
“The Minister’s Black Veil”: 《教长的黑面纱》,Twice-Told Tales 9小说The Scarlet Letter《红字》, 1850
The House of the Seven Gables 《七角楼房》,1851
The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》,1852
The Marble Faun《玉石人像》,1860
10▲▲▲▲Style：(1) the use of symbols
A black veil represents the wickedness of mankind.
The letter A in The Scarlet Letter takes on different layers of symbolic meanings as the plot develops.
(2) revelation of characters’ psychology
(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual
(4) his stories are parable
11The Scarlet Letter
1. 17th century
2.人物：(1) Hester Prynne (2) Arthur Dimmesdale (3) Roger Chillingworth (4) Pearl
3.Detailed Character Analysis of Hester At the trialproud。strong-willed。Sinless。Motherhood。youthful & beautiful。passionate & spirited The major changes after the trial (1) sinner(2) mother(3) lover(4) ex-wife(5) member of the community(1) as a sinner penitent (['penit?nt]悔罪的) no woman any more social outcast stronger
a thinker
(2) as a lover faithful selfless
(3) as an ex-wife a woman who keeps her words never harbors any malice (恶意) towards Chillingworth whom she considers responsible for her defamation
(4) as a mother loving and selfless dressing Pearl with the brightest colors suffering from the impishness of her daughter
4.The letter A
the most important symbol
a variety of meanings
originally standing for the sin of adultery
different meanings for each character
5.Themes
sin, rejection, and redemption (补偿)
the nature of evil
revenge
self-respect
good from evil
hypocrisy and cowardice
the rational vs. the supernatural
题目：
use ofTrue and False
6.The House of the Seven Gables deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history. The author is Henry David Thoreau. ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of view
6.▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。。Herman Melville赫尔曼?梅尔维尔
1masterpiece: Moby Dick,《白鲸》
2His first book, Typee, was based on his time spent among the supposedly cannibalistic (食人的) but hospitable tribe of the Taipis in the Marquesas Islands of the South Pacific.
3 Point of view (1) He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay”(negative attitude towards life).(2) One of his major themes is alienation (疏离, far away from each other)
4 Style ▲▲▲(1) the effect of ambiguity (歧义) through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.
(2) periodic chapters(3) rich rhythmical prose(4) poetic power(5) symbolic & metaphorical (含有大量隐喻的)(6) non-narrative chapters of factual background
5Major Works Typee,《泰皮》, (1846)most popular book during his lifetime
Omoo,《欧穆》, (1847)
Mardi,《玛蒂》, (1849)
Redburn,《雷德本》, (1849)
White-Jacket,《白夹克》, (1850)
Moby-Dick,《白鲸》, (1851)his masterpiece & most important work
Billy Budd,《比利?巴德》, (posthumous, 1924)
6Moby-Dick,《白鲸》regarded as the first American prose epic presented in the form of novel▲▲▲▲
now often referred to as “The Great American Novel”
The Main Characters：1. Ishmael ['i?mei?l] 2. Captain Ahab['eih?b] 3. Moby Dick 4. Queequeg 5. Starbuck
题目：17. Greatly influenced by Hawthorne’s black vision regarding the evil of human beings, ___Melville____ produced the first American prose epic - _____Moby-Dick______ which appears to be a whaling tale or sea adventure.
写作者Billy Budd
Herman Melville的代表作
Moby-Dick,《白鲸》1. Read the novel, English or Chinese version.
2. Find more symbols in the novel.
3. Write a short article on the theme of the novel.
The symbols in Moby-Dick：Major symbols:(1) the voyage(2) the whale (3) the Pequod (4) Queequeg’s Coffin(5) Rachel
(1) the voyage the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe
(2) the whale an Undefinable Figure a Symbol of Unparalleled Greatness as a Part of Ahab
(3) The Pequod a symbol of doom named after a Native American tribe that did not long survive the arrival of white men.
memorializing an extinction
(4) Queequeg’s Coffin alternately symbolizes life and death. Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill. But when he recovers, it becomes an emblem of his will to live.
(5) Rachel one of the patriarch Jacob's wives the name of the boat that rescues Ishmael at book's end.
The Themes: MAN GOD NATURE
the quest for knowledge
the limits of Knowledge
the quest for death
the unconquerable nature
the destructive nature
the deceptiveness of Fate
7.▲▲▲▲▲...................Walt Whitman沃尔特?惠特曼
1American national poet
America’s Bard of Democracy
The American poet of Common people
Representative of everyman
The greatest poet in the 19th century USA.
2作品Leaves of Grass
3Influences on Whitman a. Enlightenment
b. Idealism
c. Transcendentalism
d. evolution ideas
e. western frontier spirits
f. Jefferson’s individualism
g. American Civil War
h. Orientalism
4重点Style & Language▲▲▲
a. the poetic “I”
b. free verse
c. parallelism
d. phonetic recurrence
e. colorful words
f. vivid images
5Free verse重点▲▲▲▲▲
also known as “open form” verse, is the verse without regular meter line length rhyme(scheme) stanza form
depending on natural speech rhythms related to the actual cadence (n. 节奏,韵律) of the poet expressing himself.
6 Characteristics rhyme or scheme: not fixed
parallelism, a rhythm of thought
phonetic recurrence(重复，反复)
the habit of using snapshots
7Major themes
He extols (赞颂) the ideals of equality And democracy
celebrates the dignity，the self-reliant spirit ，the joy of the common man
8引言“Nothing can happen more beautiful than death.”
“To die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier.”
9Song of Myself the longest poem with 1336 lines
one of the best-known poems in the book
“Song of Myself”is saturated with the pride of the persona himself ，the vehemence of the audacity of freedom
the persona, that is, the “I” in the poem, should not be limited to or confused with the person of the historical Walt Whitman:
Walt Whitman
↓
every American
↓
every human being
8.。。。。。▲▲▲▲▲▲。。Emily Dickinson埃米莉?迪金森
1. Preview “I heard a Fly buzz” and “Because I could not stop for death”.
2. What is the symbolic meaning of the fly?
3. How does she feel when dying?
4. What is the theme of the poem?
5. What do the carriage and drive symbolize? Who is “He”? What is he like?
6. What is the theme of the poem?
7. What are the features of Emily’s poem?
1Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concerned the whole human beings, which include
religion
death
immortality
love
Nature
2Themes A few universal themes occupied the poet: love, nature, doubt and faith, suffering, death, immortality.
these John Donne has called the great granite(坚韧的) obsessions(困扰、迷念) of humankind.
3 Style Regular meter
Common meter
Short meter (4.3.4.3)
4The Characteristics of Her Verse 1. Highly compressed, compact, shy of (缺少) being exposed. 2. Her style is elliptical (含蓄的)
3. Her lyrics are her highly subjective. One-fifth of them begin with "I" - she knows no other consciousness.
4. Ambiguity of meaning and syntax.
5. Concreteness
6. Use of poetic forms such as alliteration, assonance, & consonance Obscurity
5Her attitude toward immortality was contradictory.
6作品(1) My Life Closed Twice before Its Close
(2) Because I Can’t Stop for Death
(3) I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died
(4) Wild Nights – Wild Nights
7Discuss the differences in themes between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
(1) Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion。individualism 。Americanness
their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”
(2) Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by
breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter
exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before
they were pioneers in American poetry
不同：(1) Whitman: seems to keep his eye on society at large
Dickinson: explores the inner life of the individual
(2) Whitman: “national”
Di ckinson: “regional”
9.。。。。▲▲▲▲▲。。。。Mark Twain马克?吐温
1H. L. Mencken: “(Twain) the true father of our national literature”
2The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
《卡拉维拉斯县著名的跳蛙》, 1865
The Innocents Abroad
《傻瓜出国记》,1869
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
《汤姆?索耶历险记》,1876
The Prince and Pauper
《王子与贫儿》, 1881
Life on the Mississippi
《密西西比河上》, 1881
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
《哈克贝里?费恩历险记》,1885
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
《亚瑟王朝里来自康涅狄格州的美国佬》, 1889
Pudd’s Head Wilson
《傻瓜威尔逊》, 1894
Following the Equator
《赤道行》, 1897
The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg
《败坏哈德莱堡的人》,1900
What is Man?
《人是什么？》, 1906
The Mysterious Stranger
《陌生来客》,1916
3风格：1. language:
colloquial, vernacular, dialects
Before him there had been only American dialect; after him there was an American language. 2Huck Finn3. syntactic feature(句法):
sentences:
simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical
diction:
simple and plain, precise, direct4. humour
5. tall tales: highly exaggerated
6. local colour
7. social criticism
satire on the different ugly things in society
4Huck Finn
the climax of Twain’s literary creativity
the best book that Twain ever produced
first published in England in 1884
taken as a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Considered as one of the Great American Novels
5主题search for freedom
humanism
serious social problems
racism and slavery
social satire
search for freedom
humanism
serious social problems
racism and slavery
social satire
题目：定义American Realism
18. The three dominant figures of the Age of Realism are William Dean Howells, ______, and ______, who differed in their understanding of the “truth”. While ______ and Howells shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, ______ had apparently laid a greater emphasis on “the inner world” of man.
9. ’s first book, Jumping Frog, appeared in 1865. Assignments as a traveling reporter brought him success as public lecturer and also material for his first major literary success, Innocents Abroad.
11. The term of "the gilded age" comes from \'s work with the same name.
A. F. S. Fitzgerald
B. William Faulkner
C. Mark Twain
D. James Joyce
( ) 15. Mark Twain\'s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that his works reflect the keynote of localism at
A. the Romantic Age
B. the Age of Modernism
C. the Age of Realism
D. the Jazz Age
10. 。。。。。。。▲▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。。。Henry James亨利詹姆斯
1a master of the psychological novel
an innovator in technique
one of the most distinctive prose stylists in English
2第一阶段It was in Europe that he wrote
The American (1877)
Europeans (1878)
Daisy Miller (1879)
The Portrait of a Lady: his first acknowledged masterpiece (1881)
James’ major themes:
(1) international themes
(2) the entanglements of love
第二阶段Daisy Miller (play)
The Bostonians (1886)
The Princess Casamassima (1886)
The Tragic Muse (1890)
第三阶段The Ambassadors,《遣使记/大使》
The Wings of the Dove,《鸽翼》
The Golden Bowl,《金碗》
3Jamesian style
subtleties of literary form
extremely complex and refined prose
profound psychological insight（深刻的心理洞察力）
4The Portrait of A Lady《贵妇人画像》，《淑女本色》
one of James’ finest and most popular nov els
generally considered to be his masterpiece
主题independence
identity
contrasting regions
women and femininity
Possession
pride
wealth
love
lies and deceit
题目：填空：
5. Caspar Goodwood is a character in _______ written by ______.
6. Daisy is a character in _______ written by ______.
1. Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (8 points)
a. _______ Pardoner’s Tale
b. _______ Lords of the Flies
c. _______ The Rainbow
d. _______ Essay on Criticism
e. _______ The Naked and the Dead
f. _______ Ambassador
g. _______ Lolita
h. _______ The Sun Also Rises
True or False
8. Henry James’ greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. Our familiar The Portrait of A Lady is one of his novels.
11。。。。。。。。。▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。Theodore Dreiser
西奥多?德莱塞(1871-1945)
1Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie
德莱塞：《嘉莉妹妹》
2He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless, survi ve.
3作品Sister Carrie, 1900《嘉丽妹妹》his first novel
Jennie Gerhardt, 1911《珍妮姑娘》his 2nd novel
“Trilogy of Desire”:
The Financier, 1912《金融家》
The Titan, 1914《巨人》
The Stoic, 1947《斯多噶》
The Genius, 《天才》
An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国的悲剧》his masterpiecethe finest of Dreiser's bookshis first commercial success
4 Sister Carrie 人物Caroline Meeber: a young woman from rural Wisconsin; the protagonist. George W. Hurstwood: a well-to-do, sophisticated man
主题1) the social Darwinism:
the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society
2) American Dream
Each of Dreiser’s characters in Sister Carrie search for their own “American Dreams”
3) Materialism, including the desire for money
4) Success and failure
5) Loss of morality
6) The Morals of Money
7) Cost of Living
8) Betrayal
分析The character analysis of Carrie
She follows the right direction to
a pursuit of the American dream
the circumstances
her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal
But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely.
In essence, she is
a product of the society
a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest
分析The character analysis of Hurstwood
He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest:
He is still conventional.
He can not throw away the social morals.
He is not fitted to live in New York.
5An American Tragedy a realist epic of 1925
his greatest, best known work
hero: Clyde Griffiths
主题：1. Social Darwinism: 2. Desire: 3. The American Dream as Illusion 3. The American Dream as Illusion
The effect of Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest” was shattering.
题目：( ) 13. The novel describes the struggle of a young country girl, half aware of her powers, to protect herself against the cunning wiles of the capitalist society.
A. Tess of the D'Urbervilles
B. Pride and Prejudice
C. The Purple Color
D. Sister Carrie
19. ______ was the great original of modern American naturalism, and his work _____ published
appropriately as the century turned, is an ambitious novel that merged American innocence and deep social experience.
12.。。。。。。▲▲▲▲▲▲。。。。Ezra Pound艾兹拉?庞德
1Imagism意象派a movement in early 20th-century
Anglo-American poetry that favored
precision of imagery
clear, sharp language
the first organized Modernist English language literary movement or group
2often called “the poet’s poet”
3作品 1. Cathay 《华夏/神州曲》
2. Cantos 《诗章/华章》
3. Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 《休?塞尔温?莫波利》
4The Cantos Ezra Pound’s mos t significant contribution to world literature
( ) 17. The title of the following poem "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/ Petals on a wet, black bough.” is
A. "The Waste Land"
B. "In a Station of the Metro"
C. "The Road not Taken"
D. "The Negro Speaks of Rivers
22. Ezra Pound’ artistic talents are on full display in the history of the ______ movement, which flourished from 1907 to 1917 and advanced modernism in arts
23. 18.The Cantos consists of _____ poems.
108 110 117 118
13。。。▲▲▲▲▲▲。。。。。。Robert Frost罗伯特。弗罗斯特
1“America’s Poet”
the most popular American poet of 20th century
Famous for his realistic depictions of rural life
his command of American colloquial speech
2 Features of his poems (1) the setting: New England
the subjects: daily life of ordinary people, such as “mending wall”, “picking apples”.
(2) the topics: landscape and people
the loneliness and poverty of isolated farmers
beauty, terror and tragedy in nature
(3) Frost took no part in the literary movement in the 20th century.
He didn’t experiment like other modern poets.
3Major Works
A Boy’s Will,1913
North of Boston,1914
Mountain Interval,1916
New Hampshire,1923
West-Running Brook,1928
A Witness Tree, 1942 becoming the first person to receive the Prize four times
4作品赏析：The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
5Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Whose woods these are I think I know,
His house is in the village though.
He will not see me stopping here,
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer,
To stop without a farmhouse near,
Between the woods and frozen lake,
The darkest evening of the year.
Whose woods these are I think I know,
His house is in the village though.
He will not see me stopping here,
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer,
To stop without a farmhouse near,
Between the woods and frozen lake,
The darkest evening of the year.
题目
13. Robert Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”: title, author, comment (20 points)
In reality, it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life, when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another.Then, whatever the outcome, one must accept the consequences of one’s choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.
14.。。。。。。。。。。。。Thomas Stearns Eliot 艾略特
1.a major innovator in modern English poetry
a leader of the modernist movement
famous above all for his revolutionary poem The Waste Land (《荒原》,1922)
2“Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go. ”
---- T. S. Eliot.
3Prufrock and Other Observations his first book of poems
4Aesthetic views：1. A poem should be an organic thing in itself.
2. Modern life is chaotic, futile, fragmentary, so poetry should reflect this fragmentary nature of life，this kind nature of life should be projected, not analyzed。
3. The poet should draw upon tradition:use the past to serve the resent and future，borrow from authors remote in time, alien in language, diverse in interest，use the past to underscore what is missing from the present。
5 Techniques：
Use of
1. disconnected images/symbols
2. literary allusions/references
3. highly expressive meter and rhythm of free verses
4. metaphysical whimsical images/whims
5. flexible tone
6主要诗作：The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 阿尔弗雷德?普鲁弗洛克的情歌, 1915 The Waste Land, 荒原, 1922
The Hollow Men, 空心人, 1925
Ash Wednesday, 圣灰星期三, 1930
Four Quartets, 四个四重奏, 1944
7.The Waste Land
his most famous work
The Waste Land, Eliot’s most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads.
The poem is 433 lines long and is divided into 5 sections, which are not logically constructed or connected.
Section I. The Burial of the Dead
Section II. A Game of Chess
Section III. The Fire Sermon
Section IV. Death by Water
Section V. What the Thunder Said
主题：(1) presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society (2) reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post war generation, anguish, menace, sterility had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation.
(3) concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning
(4) reflects the 20th century people’s disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring world 象征意义：The “waste land”in the poem as
1. modern culture having drifted away from its spiritual roots
2. trope(比喻) of destructive repetition controlling human history
3. loss of touch with cycles of life and nature
4. images of
desolation
sterility
dryness
waste
5. image of a society that feeds upon itself and also lies mired in its own waste. 15......F. Scott Fitzgerald弗?司各特?菲茨杰拉德
名言：So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.
于是我们奋力向前划，逆流向上的小舟，不停地倒退，进入过去。
主要作品：This Side of Paradise, 《人间天堂》,1920
The Beautiful and the Damned, 《美丽与毁灭/漂亮冤家》, 1922
Tales of the Jazz Age, 《爵士时代的故事》1922
The Great Gatsby,《了不起的盖茨比》，1925 [代表作]
All the Sad Young Men, 《所有悲伤的年轻人》1926
Tender is the Night, 《夜色温柔》,1934
The Last Tycoon 《最后一个巨商》, (unfinished), 1941
主题：
His themes combine the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the never-ending dream of love, splendor, and glory.
His ideas of “American Dream”：It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.
风格：smooth
sensitive
simplicity
gracefulness
completely original in its diction and metaphors
its skill in manipulating the relation between the general and the specific
Fitzgerald’s clear, lyrical, colorful, witty style evoked the emotions associated with time and place. The chief theme of Fitzgerald’s work is aspiration of the idealism he regarded as defining American character and mutability (易变性) or loss
As a social historian Fitzgerald became identified with the Jazz Age:
“It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire.” he wrote in “Echoes of the Jazz Age.”
作品：
The Great Gatsby：代表作
1 often referred to as “The Great American Novel”，One of the best novel to deal with the “American Dream”，the quintessential work which captures the mood of the “Jazz Age”。
2作品类型：
a novel of tragedy
a tragedy:In classic literature it involved the downfall of a noble character with a tragic flaw (called hamartia).
The Great Gatsby records the downfall of two characters with at least some noble characteristics: Gatsby and American society.
3主要主题：The Death of a Dream
The Death of an Ideal
Corruption in Capitalist America
What Money Cannot Buy: Happiness
Irresponsibility
Bigotry
4The Death of a Dream: the American Dream
His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream.
The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article.
5主要人物：(1) Jay Gatsby
(2) Nick Carraway
(3) Daisy Fay Buchanan
(4) Tom Buchanan
课后题：( ) 14. “The Lost generation”refers to the young who experienced the disillusion after WWI. One of its representative writers is
A. William Faulkner
B. F. S. Fitzgerald
C. Langston Hughes
D. Vladimir Nabokov
名词解释：. The Jazz Age：also known as the Golden Twenties，the Roaring Twenties，the Dollar Decade，The era is known as the Jazz Age when the music called jazz, promoted by such recent inventions as the phonograph and the radio, swept up from New Orleans to capture the national imagination.
Write down the writers:
Tender Is the Night F. S. Fitzgerald
Name a masterpiece of each of the following authors (10 points)
F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby
16.........The Lost Generation 迷惘的一代：Term used to describe the generation of writers active immediately after World War I. referred to younger literary modernists who were looking for freedom of thought and action. （首先是Gertrude Stein和海明威交谈时提到的，后被海明威沿用。）The phrase signifies a disillusioned postwar generation characterized by lost values，lost belief in the idea of human progress，a mood of futility and despair leading to hedonism ([lhi:d?niz?m] n. 享乐主义)。
Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets
Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特?海明威
F. Scott Fitzgerald弗?司各特?菲茨杰拉德
Ezra Pound
John Dos Passos
Thomas Wolfe
注：Hemingway used the phrase “You are all a lost generation”as the epigraph to his first novel The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》.
16Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特?海明威
写作风格：
It is here that the seeds of his unmistakable staccato writing style were planted as he followed the rules of the Star’s stylebook exactly:
Use short sentences.
Use short first paragraphs.
Use vigorous (有力的)English, not forgetting to strive for smoothness.
Be positive, not negative.
观点：
1. He felt that WWI had broken America’s culture and traditions, and separated from its roots.
2. Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. He holds a black, naturalistic view of the world and sees it as “all a nothing”、“all nada”。
主题：
failure and lost
death
grace under pressure
Sterility（内容贫乏）in the post World War I society
注意：In the general situation of his novels:
life is full of tension and battles
the world is in chaos
man is always fighting desperately a losing battle
风格：
Hemingway’s distinctive writing style is in contrast to the style of his literary rival William Faulkner。海明威与众不同的写作风格与他文学竞争者威廉福克纳形成鲜明的对比。
(1) simple and natural
(2) direct, clear and fresh
(3) lean and economical
(4) simple, conversational, common found, fundamental words
(5) simple sentences
(6) Iceberg principle: understatement, implied things
(7) Symbolism
主要作品：
In Our Time, 《我们的时代》, 1925
The Torrents of Spring, 《春天的激流》, 1926
The Sun Also Rises, 1926《太阳照常生起\妾似朝阳又照君》迷惘的一代的代表作
A Farewell to Arms, 1929 ,《永别了武器》
Death in the Afternoon, 1932 《午后之死》
Green Hills of Africa, 1935 《非洲青山》
To Have and Have Not, 1937 《有的和没有的》
For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940 《丧钟为谁而鸣、战地钟声》
Across the River and Into the Trees, 1950 《过河入林》
The Old Man and the Sea, 1952 《老人与海》
作品简介：
The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》人物列表：Jake Barnes Lady Brett Ashley Robert Cohn
A Farewell To Arms 《永别了，武器》：The novel describes an American lieutenant（中尉）fighting in Italy （意大利）in the First World War.
主题：The Grim Reality of War
The Relationship between Love and Pain
Masculinity
Loyalty versus Abandonment
Illusions and Fantasies
象征：Rain: a potent symbol of the inevitable disintegration of happiness in life.
Catherine's Hair: the harsh lesson that love, in the face of life's cruel reality, is as fragile and ephemeral as hair.
For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣、战地钟声》
主要片段：No man is an island,
entire of itself;
every man is a piece of the continent,
a part of the main;
if a clod be washed away by the sea,
Europe is the less,
as well as if a promontory were,
as well as if a manor of thy friend’s or of thine own were:
any man's death diminishes me,
because I am involved in mankind,
and therefore,
never send to know for whom the bell tolls;
it tolls for thee.
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》
主要人物：Santiago: 圣地亚哥
A proud old fisherman who refuses to yield to old age and bad luck. He is an expert fisherman who knows well the sea and its creatures.
Manolin:
A boy who loves the old man and never loses his faith in him.
写作风格：
straightforward
simple and compact, with short sentences and paragraphs
In the The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway uses the third-person-limited point of view in some sections and third-person omniscient in others.
主题：
1. Unity
2. Heroism
3. Manhood
4. Pride
5. Success
6. Worthiness
象征：
(1) The sea: a challenge, the universe;
(2) the lions: youth, virility男子气, power, the promise of a better future;
(3) the mast桅杆: the cross of Christ救世主的十字架;
(4) the marlin: a noble foe;
(5) Manolin: faith, hope, love, loyalty;
(6) the sharks: the cruel vicissitudes of life;
(7) the lost harpoon: the loss of power, strength, virility.
题目：
1. Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (8 points)
_Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises
2.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, three years later, _Ernest Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”
3. An American woman writer named _Ernest Hemingway who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon, and gave them a name “the Lost
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
第13章美国犹太作家 Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks. Saul Bellow’s first novel was_____written in1944. 【答案】Dangling man 【解析】索尔·贝娄的第一部长篇小说《晃来晃去的人》（Dangling man）1944年问世。 Ⅱ.Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a southern writer in the USA? A.Saul Bellow B.Tennessee Williams C.Eudora Welty D.Flannery O’Connor 【答案】A 【解析】索尔·贝娄是著名的犹太作家，他出生于加拿大，在芝加哥长大，因而不是南方作家。 2.Which of the following is NOT a Jewish Nobel Prize writer? A.Saul Bellow B.Joseph Brodsky C.Isaac Bashevis Singer D.Ralph Waldo Ellison
【答案】D 【解析】索尔·贝娄、艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格和约瑟夫·布罗茨基均为著名的美国犹太作家，曾获得诺贝尔文学奖。拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森为非裔美国作家，其代表作为《看不到的人》。 Ⅲ.Explain the following term. Modernism Key:It’s a general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early20th century,including Symbolism, Futurism,Expressionism,Imagism,Vorticism,Dada,and Surrealism.Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of19th century traditions:the conventions of realism,for instance,were abandoned by Franz Kafka and other novelists,and by expressionist drama,while several poets rejected traditional meters in favor of free verse.Modernist writers tended to see themselves as an avant-garde disengaged from bourgeois values,and disturbed their readers by adopting complex and difficult new forms and styles.In fiction,the accepted continuity of chronological development was upset by Joseph Conrad,and William Faulkner,while James Joyce and Virginia Woolf attempted new ways of tracing the flow of characters’thoughts in their stream-of-consciousness styles.In poetry, Ezra Pound and T.S.Eliot replaced the logical exposition of thoughts with collages of fragmentary images and complex allusions.Modernist writing is predominantly cosmopolitan,and often expresses a sense of urban cultural dislocation,along with an awareness of new anthropological and psychological theories.Its favored
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
美国文学（本科）试题5 I. Complete each of the following statements with proper words or phrases and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 1 point for each) 1. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in . 2. became the first American writer. 3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the values that dominated much of the early American writing. 4. In American literature, the 18th century was an age of and Revolution. 5. Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece . 6. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet appeared. 7. The signing of symbolized the birth of an independent American nation. 8. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was . 9. Washington Irving’s became the first work by an American writer to win international fame. 10. is the summit of American Romanticism. 11. With the publication of Emerson’s in 1836,American Romanticism reached its summit. 12. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel . 13.Henry James’ major fictional theme is . 14. brought the Romantic period to an end. So the age of Realism came into existence. 15. The Poetic style invented by Whitman is now called . 16. “Because I could not stop for Death---” is written by . 17. The term The Gilded Age is given by to describe the post-civil war years. 18. Theodore Dreiser’s first novel is . 19. The leader of the literary movement Imagism is . 20. is the spokesman for Lost Generation. II. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers or completions. Choose the one that is the best in each case and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 1 point for each) 1. The first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity was . A. Bret Harte B. Mark Twain C. Henry James D. William Dean Howells 2. Which of the following is the masterpiece of Mark Twain? A. The Gilded Age B. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer C. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn D. Jumping Frog 3. Which writer has no naturalist tendency? A. Mark Twain B. Jack London C. Theodore Dreiser D. Frank Norris 4. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in and Thoreau. A. Jefferson B. Emerson C. Freneau D. Oversoul 5. Which of the following doesn’t belong to Dreiser’s “Trilogy of Desire”? A. The Financier B. The Titan C. The Stoic D. An American Tragedy
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 1. 2. 6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. .Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At th century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well
美国文学研究 一、作者及其主要作品 梭罗《瓦尔登，或林中生活》 霍桑《红字》短篇小说如《教长的黑面纱》《小伙子布朗》等 麦尔维尔《白鲸》 爱伦·坡《怪诞故事集》 惠特曼《草叶集》 亨利·詹姆斯《一位女士的画像》 马克·吐温《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《神秘的陌生人》 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》 杰克·伦敦《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》 T·S·艾略特《荒原》（诗歌） 菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》 海明威《太阳照常升起》 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》 尤今·奥尼尔《毛猿》《琼斯皇》《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》（戏剧）斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》 索尔·贝娄《洪堡的礼物》、《挂起来的人》 诺曼·梅勒《裸者与死者》 塞林格《麦田里的守望者》 厄普代克《兔子，跑吧》（“兔子四部曲”） 海勒《第二十二条军规》 纳博科夫《洛丽塔》 凯鲁亚克《在路上》 威廉斯《玻璃动物园》（戏剧） 米勒《推销员之死》（戏剧） 拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》 托尼·莫里森《所罗门之歌》 爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》 谭恩美《喜福会》 独立战争前后的文学 富兰克林《自传》《穷查理历书》《致富之路》 托马斯·潘恩《常识》《人的权利》《理性的时代》 托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》 克里夫古尔《一个美国农夫的信》
弗瑞诺《野忍冬花》《印第安人墓地》《纪念英勇的美国人》 查尔斯·布罗克丹·布朗《韦兰德》 二、简答题+论述题 1.美国文学的诞生及一般特色 1)历史背景：1775-81年的北美独立战争；1783年美利坚合众国的成 立；1861-65年的南北战争。独立战争以后，特别是进入19世纪之 后，独立的美国文学开始诞生。 2)美国文学的一般特色： A.早期人少地多，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的空间和可能性， 因此美国文学富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念 较为强烈； B.这是一个由各国移民组成的国家，所以文学的内容、思想倾向和 艺术风格都呈现出多样性、庞杂性； C.许多作家直接来自社会下层，使得文学的生活气息浓郁，平民色 彩鲜明，具有开朗、豪放的特点； D.由于美国作家的敏感、好奇，使得美国文学浪潮迭起，日新月异， 瞬息万变。 3)它是一种个人主义和冒险精神的文学，一种扩张和探索的文学，一 种种族冲突和帝国征服的文学，一种大规模移民和种族关系紧张的 文学，一种资产阶级家庭生活和个人自由与社会限制不断斗争的文 学······最后，这是一种始终由于有关身份的双重焦点而著称的文 学：一方面它把这个国家奉为未来的土地，“明天之国”，试图制造 一种关于“美国”的救世神话；另一方面它又进行自我折磨，对于 身为“美国人”意味着什么怀着一种极其痛苦的焦虑。 ——《剑桥美国文学史》2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学 1)浪漫主义产生的背景： A.独立战争的胜利、美国的独立发展 B.欧洲浪漫主义运动的盛行 C.美国大陆新的自然和社会风貌 2)前后两代浪漫主义： 前期：以纽约为根据地的作家，如欧文、库柏 后期：以波士顿为中心的新英格兰文化圈 3.早期浪漫主义文学（30年代以前）