middle class中产阶级

奥巴马演讲呼吁社会各界为中产阶级减税而努力Hi, everybody.Four years after the worst economic crisis of our lifetimes, our economy is growing again and creating jobs. But we have much more to do. Our task now is to build on that progress.Because this nation only succeeds when we've got a growing, thriving middle class. That's what drives me. That's what I campaigned on for the past year. That's what will guide me in our work over the next four years. And I'm willing to work with anyone of any party to move this country forward.Because soon, we face a very clear deadline that requires us to make some big decisions on jobs and taxes; on investments and deficits. Both parties voted to set this deadline.And I believe both parties can work together to make these decisions in a balanced and responsible way. When it comes to taxes, for example, there are two pathways available.One says, if Congress fails to act by the end of the year, then everybody's taxes automatically go up—including the 98% of Americans who make less than $250,000 a year. Our economy can't afford that right now.You can't afford that right now. And nobody wants that to happen.The other path is for Congress to pass a law right away to prevent a tax hike on the first $250,000 of anyone's income. That means all Americans—including the wealthiest Americans—get a tax cut. And 98 percent of Americans, and 97 percent of all small business owners, won't see their income taxes go upa single dime.The Senate has already passed a bill like this. Democrats in the House are ready to pass one, too. All we need is for Republicans in the House to come on board.We shouldn't hold the middle class hostage while Congress debates tax cuts for the wealthy.Let's begin our work by actually doing what we all agree on. Let's keep taxes low for the middle class. And let's get it done soon—so we can give families and businesses some good news going into the holiday season.I know these challenges won't be easy to solve. But we can do it if we work together. That's why on Friday I sat down with Congressional leaders to discuss how we can reduce our deficit in a way that strengthens our economy and protects our middle class.It was a constructive meeting. And everyone agreed that while we may have our differences, we need to come together, find solutions and take action as soon as possible. Because if anything, that's the message I heard loud and clear in the election. Work as hard as you can to make our lives better. And do it together. Don't worry about the politics. Just get the job done.Everywhere I went in that campaign—from farms in Iowa to the Vegas strip; from Colorado's Rockies to the Florida coast—I was inspired by the grit and resilience of the American people, by your hard work and sense of decency. And it makes me want to work even harder for you.I saw it again this week in New York, where our fellow citizens are going through a really tough time, but are helping each other through it. And we're going to be there to help them rebuild. Every single day, the good people of this country work as hard as you can to meet your responsibilities. Those of us you sent to Washington are going to do the same.Thanks and have a great weekend.原文来自必克英语/intensivereading-detail/intensivereading/44557775.html。

英语口语练习短文（4篇）第一篇：英语口语练习短文(4篇)英语口语练习短文（4篇）1、跑步有助于健康We all know that exercise is good for your health.But some kinds of exercise may be better than others.Running, for example, may help to protect against heart disease and other health problems.Running may also help you live longer.Researchers say it is not important how far you run.It also does not matter how fast or even how often you run.As advertisements for the running shoe Nike say, “just do it.”[参考译文] 我们都知道运动对健康有益。

但有些运动可能比其它运动效果更好。

例如跑步可以帮助防止心脏病和其它疾病。

跑步还可能有助于长寿。

研究人员表示，跑多远并不重要。

甚至跑多快或跑多频繁都没关系。

正如耐克跑鞋的广告所言：“只管去做。

”2、面试中常见的问题Every interviewer, whether directly or indirectly, will expect you to be able to answer questions like: Why do you want a position in this company? What can you do for my company? There are a few of the more popular interview questions.Take some time to think about the answers, and you'll be much more prepared to make a great impression.At a job interview, your employers will probably ask the following: ·What jobs have you liked the most? The least? ·Can you tell me about your present job?·What do you expect to be doing five years from now? ·Why do you want to work for our company? ·What are your strengths? Your weaknesses? ·What do you know about our company? ·Can you give me a reason to hire you? ·What was your best subject inschool? Your worst? ·What makes you qualified for this job? ·Can you tell me about the best day you've ever spent on a job? Your worst? ·How do you define success? ·Are you able to travel? Relocate? ·Can you tell me about your skills? ·Are you able to use a computer? ·Can you describe your ideal supervisor? ·Why did you apply for this job? ·How do you use this specific computer application to solve a job-related program? ·Do you have any samples of your work?(This is where that portfolio comes in handy!)And you're supposed to dress properly.A suit, dress shirt and tie are usually required for men.Women should wear either a suit or a dress with a complementary jacket.They are ALWAYS acceptable.Those men with more limited wardrobes should wear a nice sports coat with coordinated slacks and shirt.Women should wear a nice jacket with coordinated skirt or slacks.You should always avoid wearing sneakers to interviews.3、双十一引爆的全球最大网购节What's the biggest online shopping day in the world? Not Valentine's Day.Not Cyber Monday or Black Friday.They are the days that follow Thanksgiving in the US and usher in the start of the holiday shopping season.The winner is China's Singles' Day, celebrated November 11, or 11.11.Singles' Day began as a day for unmarried or uncoupled people to celebrate their lives.Single students, looking for an excuse to buy themselves presents, started it on November 11, 1993, reported The Guardian.It is symbolized by the four number ones in the date of November 11 ? 11.11— and is also called Double Eleven, in reference to the day it was started, said the BBC.[参考译文] 全球最大的网购日是什么时候？不是情人节。

精英理论资料精英理论是指对社会中的精英群体进行研究和分析的一种理论框架。

它主要关注社会中相对少数的具有权力、地位和资源的人群，并试图解释他们对社会结构和政治决策的影响。

以下是一些与精英理论相关的资料，旨在深入了解该理论以及其在社会科学中的应用。

1.《精英统治》（The Power Elite）——C. Wright Mills该书是精英理论的奠基之作，由美国社会学家C. Wright Mills于1956年出版。

他在书中提出了精英统治的概念，并分析了美国社会中政治、军事和经济精英群体的相互关系，以及他们对政策制定和社会运行的影响。

这本书为精英理论的发展和研究提供了重要的理论基础。

2.《精英权力》（Elites in Power）——Floyd Hunter该书由美国社会学家Floyd Hunter于1953年出版。

他通过对亚特兰大市的调查研究，探讨了社会中的精英群体如何获得和行使权力，以及他们与其他社会阶层的互动关系。

这本书提供了一个实证性的案例研究，对精英理论的深入解析和理解具有重要价值。

3.《精英和政策制定》（Elites and Policy Making）——G. William Domhoff该书由美国社会学家G. William Domhoff于1983年出版。

他从制度化的角度出发，研究了精英群体在政策制定中的作用和影响。

他认为精英群体通过组织和利益集团等方式来参与政策制定，并通过这些机制来维护自身的权益和利益。

这本书通过对政策制定过程中的具体案例的分析，对精英理论的实证研究做出了重要贡献。

4.《经济精英》（The Economic Elite）——Annette Lareau该书由美国社会学家Annette Lareau于2011年出版。

她通过对美国社会中经济精英的研究，提出了一种不同于传统精英理论的观点。

她认为在全球化和信息社会的背景下，经济精英的特点和作用发生了变化，他们更倾向于通过经济手段来实现自身的权力和利益。

新视野第三版选词填空及翻译(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--in the Maldives; every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.在马尔代夫，每年有许多来自世界各地的游客在那里度假.。

6. Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and (simultaneous)同时发生的 translation systems.6。

本世纪以来，中国已建造地下停车场很多现代化的会议中心，空调（同时）同时发生的翻译系统。

7. While advertising offers a stimulus (刺激) to buy, sales promotion offers a(n) (incentive) to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.7。

而广告提供了一个刺激（刺激）购买，销售促进提供了一个（n）（激励）购买，但消费者必须购买自己的原因。

8. In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more (prone) 易于to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.8。

总的来说，生活在城市中的吸烟者更（容易）易于肺癌比吸烟的人生活在这个国家。

9. A large proportion of important (innovations) 创新are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions. 9。

2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析最新一期的托福考试已经圆满结束，这次的考试引发了大家的热议。

今天就和一起看看2019年5月26日托福阅读考试真题及解析。

Passage1 Isolation and Diversification in the Tropical Rainforest热带雨林物种隔离与多样性（重复2016.07.10）热带雨林物种多，那里的植被超过1000种，欧洲有40种。

由于大平原的动物要走很久才能寻找到合适的生活地点，热带雨林的动物不能，他们被限制在有限的空间内，所以热带雨林物种很多。

热带雨林里的屏障阻碍动物们的扩散，描述了如何阻碍。

树冠（canopy）是热带雨树中浓密的树叶和枝干各种交织形成的，动物们很难突破这层canopy，只能在最高层的这层canopy之下活动，所以无法扩散到外界。

所以限制在内的植物们就多样化（diversify）。

50-70米是超级高的且喜阳光的树种们为了晒太阳浴而拼命生长突破最高canopy形成的。

因此有种s鸟就生活在这里，他们可以去任何地方，所以列举了三个州有这种鸟，而且种类较少，他们俯瞰着森林。

紧接着讲k这种树，因为突破canopy长得高，可以将种子散播更远，于是south American都有这种树。

Passage 2 The Theories of Megafauna Extinction大型动物灭绝理论（重复2018.08.26，2017.01.07）讲的是某一时期哺乳动物大范围灭绝的原因：先说可能是由于气候变化，但是文章后面进行了否定，因为之前也有气候变化，但是也没有灭绝。

然后猜测和人类捕杀有关，但澳洲等一些地方的考古证明一些灭绝的动物已经和人类和平共处了上千年，而且一些人类更爱捕杀的动物如reindeer反而没有灭绝。

最后说人类活动间接导致了这些动物的灭绝。

Passage 3 Flightless Bird不会飞的鸟（重复2019.01.26，2018.03.10）岛屿上退化掉飞行能力的鸟。

‘齐齐哈尔大学学报“(哲学社会科学版)2019年9月Journal of Qiqihar University(Phi&Soc Sci) Sep.2019　 收稿日期:2019-06-02 作者简介:李春风(1973-),女,讲师,硕士㊂主要从事英美文学研究㊂ 基金项目:浙江省教育厅项目:劳伦斯小说的空间书写研究(Y201840272)□文学研究‘儿子与情人“中的阶级表征李春风(台州学院外国语学院,浙江临海317000)摘　要:阶级意识充斥着‘儿子与情人“这部小说㊂莫雷尔太太的中产阶级意识对两个儿子威廉和保罗的影响是根深蒂固的㊂威廉对中产阶级的向往和追求以他成功后的死亡而告终;而保罗受到母亲的中产阶级影响蔑视工人阶级的父亲,但是又同时被父亲那生机勃勃以及对自由自在生活的本能所影响而成为了一个无阶级的人,出现了阶级认同危机㊂关键词:‘儿子与情人“;阶级;阶级认同危机中图分类号:I106.4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-2638(2019)09-0124-04On Class Representation in Sons and LoversLI Chun -feng(School of Foreign Language,Taizhu College,Linhai Zhejiang,317000) Abstract :The novel Sons and Lovers is abundant with class awareness.Mrs.Morel’s awareness of Middle-class has a very pro⁃found influence on her two sons Willian and Paul.William’s desire for and pursuit of being Middle-class ends with his death after a⁃chieving success;while Paul disdains his working class father because of the influence of Middle-class awareness from his mother,but at the same time he is also impacted by his father’s lively and free life,which results in his being a person without class,and thus classidentity crisis appears in him. Key words :Sons and Lovers;class;class identity crisis 英国是第一个进行工业革命的国家㊂工业革命的蓬勃发展不仅给英国带来社会财富的大量增加,同时也对社会结构和阶级结构带来了剧烈的变革,各个阶层开始自由的流动,阶级边界更趋模糊㊂产业结构的调整,社会保障制度的建立和完善以及英国教育的普及都大大促进了中产阶级的发展壮大㊂中产阶级指的是那些从事非体力劳动㊁有着稳定的收入和生活体面的社会群体㊂劳伦斯在‘我算哪个阶级“一文中曾大胆地指出: 今天,全世界只有两个阶级:中产阶级和劳动阶级㊂”[1]51这话虽然有失偏颇,但不可否认的是,工业革命进程中的英国阶级结构主要就是由中产阶级和劳动阶级组成㊂一般认为,‘儿子与情人“是一部保罗的成长小说,但通过保罗形象,读者可以体会到劳伦斯自己的阶级冲突与认同危机㊂ 可我现在和过去一样无所归属,简直边缘得没边儿了 我进不到中产阶级的世界里去㊂我实际上脱离了劳动阶级的圈子,因此我就没有圈子可言了㊂”[1]55细读文本,我们可以深深感受到小说中的人物威廉和保罗在其母亲莫雷尔太太的影响下都囿于阶级的向往和追求中㊂威廉通过自己的种种努力跻身于中产阶级的行列却英年早逝,而保罗从一开始对中产阶级的向往和追求蜕变成一个无阶级的人,出现了阶级认同危机㊂一㊁莫雷尔太太的阶级意识莫雷尔太太是小说中的核心人物,她对儿子们的一言一行都起了至关重要的作用㊂她以自己的教养和趣味在家庭中营造了一种中产阶级的生活氛围,鼓励孩子们追求知识和教养㊂出生于市井家庭并接受了中产阶级教育的莫雷尔太太,即使因为 意外”嫁给了劳动阶级出身且没受过教育的莫雷尔,自始至终秉承着中产阶级的价值观㊂她坚持不懈地㊁力所能及地给儿子们创造了她所渴望的中产阶级的 优雅生活”,虽然因为经济的原因,这种生活与真正的中产阶级生活相去甚远,但是这种价值观的影响却是根深蒂固的㊂可以说,她自己给儿子们树立了一个中产阶级者该有的行为风范,她殷切希望儿子们跻身于中产阶级的圈子,她那种中产阶级意识一直伴随着她到死㊂ 莫雷尔太太出身于一个古老的市民家庭,祖上是有名的独立派,跟着哈钦森上校打过仗,一直都是坚定的公理会教徒”[2]10 一双漂亮的手一看就知道是葛都德家的人㊂衣着总是素雅宜人㊂她穿着藏青色的绸衣,加上一条独特的海扇贝形银链,还有一只沉甸甸的螺旋形金扣花 她跟他说话带着南方口音,而且是一口纯正的英语㊂”这里的描写:漂亮的手㊁绸衣㊁银链㊁金扣花以及纯正的英语明白无误地告诉读者莫雷尔太太结婚前是一个受过教育的㊁未干过重活的中产阶级出生的女孩㊂在19世纪的英国, 领结㊁套装和柔软而干净的手成为比工资更为微妙地表明阶级区别的标志㊂”[3]68虽然祖父做花边买卖破了产,当工程师的父亲穷困潦倒,但是莫雷尔太太却遗传了家族的 高傲㊁不屈服(proud and unyielding)”[2]10的性格㊂正是因为这个性格使得她能在困境中依然保持那种 优雅”的生活,那种小姐气派 虽然 莫雷尔的母亲和姐妹常爱取消她那种小姐气派㊂”她如此高傲以至于 跟左邻右舍的那些女人都没什么来往”,[2]15并且 情愿饿死,也不愿为了挣两个半便士坐在那儿缝24只长袜子㊂”[2]35莫雷尔一家生活在矿区的住宅区 洼地区”和 地狱街”㊂( the Bottoms”and Hell Row”)光从小说开头出现的这两个词就可以看出居住条件的极度之差,同时也给全篇小说定下了悲剧的主色调㊂这两个词也与莫雷尔太太曾经的生活形成了鲜明的对比㊂且看她如何在 洼地区”和 地狱街”来彰显她的阶级优越感㊂在第一章的开始两页里,读者可以了解到 她住的是上面一排的末了一家,因此,只有一家邻居;在房子的另一边还比人家多着一块长条形的院子㊂而且,住在末了一家,跟住在那些 中间’房子里的女人相比,她身上仿佛还有了一种贵族气派,因为她每星期要付五先令六便士房租,而她们只付五先令㊂”[2]519世纪的中产阶级强调家庭的隐私性,喜欢隔离而舒适的居住条件㊂莫雷尔太太因为经济条件的有限,即使做不到隔离而舒适的居住条件,但是在有限的资源下,她也争取做到了半隔离,至少有一边比别的家庭多了一块长方形的院子㊂莫雷尔太太因为受过良好的教育,喜欢 跟一些有学识的人辩论有关宗教㊁哲学或政治的问题”[2]12,所以,当他听够了莫雷尔的情话,也想和他探讨这些高深的问题时, 她看出他是在十分尊重地听着,但是却听不懂”㊂[2]15内心的崩溃让她转向公理会的牧师希顿先生㊂希顿先生是 剑桥大学文学士”[2]39,自然受教育程度非常之高;同时因为 小镇上地位最高的是牧师”[2]62,莫雷尔太太喜欢他,跟他 一谈就是几个钟头”,并让 他做了这孩子的教父”㊂[2]39除了和牧师讨论布道等方面的中交问题外,莫雷尔太太也偶尔会邀请牧师到家里喝下午茶㊂在那种时刻, 她就趁早铺上桌布,拿出她最好的细绿边杯子,心里希望莫雷尔别太早回来㊂”[2]39喝下午茶以及精致的茶具和桌布就是典型的中产阶级妇女的一种休闲生活方式㊂保罗㊃福赛尔指出: 生活品味和格调决定了人民所属的社会阶层,而这些品味格调只能从人的日常生活中表现出来㊂”[4]3在日常生活中,莫雷尔太太时时处处都表现出了中产阶级的生活品味和格调㊂即使生活很拮据,莫雷尔太太还是想方设法挤出一点钱来让自己阴郁的生活充满一点小资的情调㊂去市场买陶器和花的场景充分说明了这一点㊂陶器和花并不是生活必需品,并且 正巧这个星期钱不够用”的情况下,她还是花了五便士买了一只小盘子,因为她 被盘子上矢车菊图案所驱使 或者说所吸引”㊂最后,她还花了四便士买了 几株紫罗兰和深红的雏菊”㊂[2]86当时,莫雷尔太太每星期从她丈夫那儿得到的钱在25-35先令, 用来养家糊口 付房租,买粮食,做衣服,付俱乐部的会费㊁保险费和医疗费㊂”从中可以看出,即使费用有限,莫雷尔太太享受 优雅生活”的意识还是一直存在㊂同时, 她对卖杂货的态度冷淡”[2]85, 冷冷地付给他五个便士”[2]87更是进一步说明了莫雷尔太太的中产阶级意识在作祟,在内心里,她始终觉得自己高人一等,有着强烈的阶级优越感㊂她的阶级优越感更是表现在和莫雷尔的婚姻生活中㊂莫雷尔出身于工人阶级,没有接受过教育,自然就没有一套中产阶级的价值标准,行为处事会按照自己的阶级价值观来进行㊂他是凭感官行事的, 他的天性完全是要感官上的享受”㊂[2]18他喜欢酗酒㊁跳舞㊁行为粗俗㊂比如他经常当着大家的面在火炉边换衣服,也从不在意是否有外人在㊂当威廉做错事情的时候,莫雷尔简单粗暴要揍孩子,要 揍得他骨头散架”[2]58;而莫雷尔太太却凭着中产阶级的教育希望同孩子讲道理让他认识到自己的不对㊂总之,生活中的不拘小节恰恰是中产阶级家庭出身的莫雷尔太太所不能容忍的,是不符合她所接受的礼仪规范的㊂甚至莫雷尔累得精疲力竭回家喝杯茶,莫雷尔太太还要指责他弄脏了她的桌布㊂在她的眼中,桌布就是品味的象征,它比莫雷尔更重要㊂在他们的婚姻生活中,他们一直斗, 她斗争是要让他承担起他的责任 硬要他讲道德,信宗教 他受不了 他简直被逼得要发疯了㊂”[2]18改造丈夫的希望破灭后, 她的心不放在做父亲的身上,而是放到孩子身上去了㊂”[2]18,丈夫成了她所鄙视的但又要靠他生活的这么一个最熟悉的陌生人㊂当她的两个儿子威廉和保罗走上社会并且获得不错的职位时,她感觉自己的生活充满了希望, 总算没有白白奋斗啊㊂”[2]216从此她有两个地方伦敦和诺丁汉可以想念,并且这两个都是大工业中心㊂她想到自己给两大工业中心各添了一个她深爱的男子汉,而这两个男子汉做出了她所期望的成就:威廉成功跻身于中产阶级,而保罗的画获得了两个一等奖,这一切都让莫雷尔太太扬扬得意,觉得自己 简直是全诺丁汉最自豪的一位小妇人㊂”[2]216二、威廉对中产阶级的追求威廉是家里的第一个孩子㊂ 他生下来正是她自己幻想破灭,伤心得日子过不下去的时候,也是她对做人的信念动摇,心灵感到寂寞而凄凉的时候㊂”[2]18结婚后的令人失望至极的现实生活让莫雷尔太太把所有的心思都放到了威廉身上了㊂她寄希望于威廉来改变目前那种 像是给人活埋了”的境况㊂[2]8孩子非常漂亮,长着一双深蓝色的眼睛和一头金黄色的卷发㊂她先从穿着上打造威廉,把他打扮成一个小绅士的模样: 孩子头戴小白帽,帽上摇曳生姿插着根鸵鸟毛,身穿白上衣,满头卷发”㊂[2]19孩子的打扮寄予了她自己未能实现的期望:跻身于中产阶级生活圈子㊂莫雷尔太太参加了妇女协会 一个小型妇女俱乐部㊂在那里可以讨论一些521　第9期‘儿子与情人“中的阶级表征社会问题,还可以看看报纸㊂这样一来莫雷尔太太就装了好多新闻可以告诉威廉,帮助他了解好多事情㊂除此,她还在威廉13岁的时候帮他在合作社办事处找了个工作㊂虽然莫雷尔想让威廉下矿挣钱, 叫他跟我下井去,一开头他就可以稳拿十先令一星期 ”㊂但是莫雷尔太太态度非常坚决,你妈让你十二岁就下井,我可不能凭这条理叫我的孩子也跟你一样㊂” 他不下井,这事就别再提啦㊂”[2]61㊂莫雷尔太太的这些举动目的就是有意识的培养威廉,让威廉脱离他父亲的工人阶级走出了第一步㊂母亲 对他抱有多大的希望啊㊂”[2]65对于下层阶层的人来说,要跻身中产阶级,最方便和最主要的途径就是通过接受教育㊂个人社会地位的获得,凭借的不是门第等先赋性因素,也不是投机取巧等非法手段,而是个人的勤奋努力㊁刻苦好学㊁良好教育㊁积累的文化资本㊂从小耳濡目染母亲的行为,受母亲价值观的影响,威廉也恨工人阶级出身的父亲,觉得他太过粗俗㊂在母亲帮他追求中产阶级的路上走出来第一步后,威廉 开始有了抱负㊂”[2]61他上夜校,学会了速记㊂在他16岁的时候,他就已经是当地 数一数二的速记员兼簿记员了㊂”[2]61后来他还在夜校当了老师㊂莫雷尔太太对这个儿子非常引以为傲㊂ 凡是男子汉做的事 正经事 威廉都会㊂”[2]61他开始参加各种各样的活动:跳舞会㊁运动会㊁打弹子㊂同时他也开始和当地的中产阶级来往㊂威廉的成长路上莫雷尔太太起到了监督作用,当威廉要到下等城镇参加化装舞会时,她极力阻止㊂有着中产阶级意识的莫雷尔太太认为那些地方适合下层阶级的人去的㊂ 她怕儿子跟他父亲走上同样的道路㊂”[2]63在母亲的监督㊁影响和他自己的努力下,威廉在中产阶级追求的道路上越走越顺㊂ 他简直像是她的骑士,佩戴着代表她的纹章上战场”[2]9119岁那年在诺丁汉找了一份工作,从过去的每星期18先令涨到了30个先令㊂ 一时间他似乎快飞黄腾达起来了㊂” 他仍然出去参加一些舞会和河滨的游宴 他晚上很晚才回来,还要坐着学习到深夜㊂”[2]64通过自己不懈的努力,刻苦好学,他很快就在伦敦找了个工作,年薪达到了一百二十英镑㊂这个数目对于莫雷尔一家来说简直就是笔巨款㊂对于儿子的发迹,莫雷尔太太 搞不清应该高兴还是伤心了㊂”儿子的成功固然令人高兴,可是这么多年来, 她几乎是靠他过日子”但是 她感到他似乎要离开她的心”,[2]65这是最令她悲痛的㊂自从心里有了抱负,威廉更是努力在这个道路上探索前行㊂到了伦敦之后,虽然他对于 自己不费吹灰之力就成了上等人”[2]104而感到有点出乎意料,但是他并没有就此而停滞不前㊂相反,他为了在伦敦站稳脚跟而继续提高自己的各种素质:结交比倍斯特伍德的朋友 地位高得多的人”并且在那些人家里 出入做客”[2]104,跟一个法国人互教互学,跳舞,看戏,在河上划船,还跟朋友们一起出门去㊂在当时的英国,丰富多彩的娱乐活动和体育运动等休闲生活成为中产阶级具有代表性的生活方式㊂威廉沉溺在伦敦的社交活动之中㊂在社交过后,他会 坐在冰冷的卧室里,苦苦攻读拉丁文,因为他想在办公室里出人头地,还想尽量在法律界出人头地㊂”[2]104除了提高自己的修养外,威廉也开始对自己的穿着讲究起来,绅士的派头还是需要靠服装来展示㊂服装是品味㊁理性㊁财富的证明㊂他的花销越来越大, 仅有的收入全都用在自己身上了㊂”[2]104虽然他刚去伦敦的时候还有一两回给家里寄上十先令的钱缓解极力拮据的状况㊂就这样,在伦敦的威廉已经完全融入到上等人的生活中并且成了其中的一份子㊂当他回家的时候,大家都看到他已经脱胎换骨, 穿着大礼服,戴着大礼帽”,[2]137都赞叹 乖乖,好一副绅士气派,真是一表人才㊂”[2]95绅士的威廉送给母亲一把伞, 淡色伞柄上镶着金”[2]95要知道,精巧的太阳伞可是当时中产阶级妇女必备品之一㊂这个礼物进一步暗示了威廉在心里也是认为母亲是属于中产阶级妇女的,当然,这更是说明威廉对自己成为上等人的一个印证㊂费尔南㊃布罗代尔曾说; 19世纪英国中产阶级在物质生活方面虽不过分追求享受,但他们注重体面㊂体面是中产阶级生活方式的关键词㊂”[7]312从修养㊁穿着上全面包装自己,让自己成为一个 体面”的人之后,威廉和一个 一大帮子男人拼命追求她”的漂亮姑娘定了婚㊂[2]104他骄傲地告诉母亲 她的衣着比得过伦敦任何一个女人㊂她陪着你儿子走在皮卡迪利的时候,他不会抬不起头来的㊂”[2]105从此,威廉的生活从令父母洋洋得意的状态开始转入悲惨的结局㊂他的生活除了上班工作,就是没完没了地 跟未婚妻去参加舞会 或者打扮得像头面人物一样上戏院去㊂”[2]133种种的一切需要财力来支撑㊂威廉刚刚进入这个 上流”的圈子,收入毕竟有限,以至于 他全部精力和金钱都用来伺候这个姑娘㊂回到家来连带母亲上诺丁汉去一次的钱都没有㊂”[2]140为了满足未婚妻的社交和虚荣,为了维持体面,威廉不得不加班加点干活,最后终于得了肺炎和特殊的丹毒而过早的离开了人世㊂虽然通过自己的努力和奋斗进入到了母亲所企盼的中产阶级圈子,可是由于没有站稳脚跟,由于 被新生活的激流转得晕头转向”而 迷失了方向”[2]104,威廉对中产阶级的向往和追求以死而告终㊂三、保罗的阶级认同危机保罗是家里的第二个儿子㊂他的出生并没有给父母带来惊喜,相反,对莫雷尔来说 算不上什么”,[2]38对莫雷尔太太来说却是被当做 洪水猛兽”㊂[2]43保罗的长相也并不像威廉那样讨人喜,他 奇怪地皱着眉头,眼睛也特别忧郁,仿佛他正在努力领会痛苦的滋味㊂”[2]43保罗喜欢跟在母亲后面, 就像她的影子一样”[2]56对于从小生活在父母不同价值观冲突下的家里,保罗尤其不喜欢父亲莫雷尔,生病时父亲呆在他身边 似乎更加加重了他那种病人的烦躁不宁”[2]78;他甚至非常痛恨父亲,因为莫雷尔粗俗㊁爱欺侮母亲,爱喝酒,所以他坚定地站在母亲一边㊂母亲就是他的偶像㊂当母亲在妇女协会里写字㊁看报,查查书时,他 总对她怀着深深的敬意㊂”[2]60在保罗的眼里, 她的任何动作,她做任何事,都挑不出毛病来㊂” 看着她干活是一种乐趣㊂”[2]77 断言她跟莫尔顿少校夫人不相上下,而且大大胜过人家㊂”[2]302同样,母亲也是从孩子一出生她就在暗自想 他会成为什么样的人?”[2]44㊂毫无疑问,她寄予了对于威廉一样的希望:脱离莫雷尔的工人阶级进入到中产阶级的行列中去㊂孩子的名字保罗就充分说明了她的心思㊂圣徒保罗是耶稣的传道主力㊂传道者是一个地位比较高的人㊂这个名字希冀儿子保621齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)　罗长大后成为高尚的㊁和圣徒保罗一样地位高的人㊂接着,莫雷尔太太就请当地地位最高的牧师希顿先生做保罗的教父,教保罗法语和德语和算术,同时也可以从这位剑桥文学士身上熏陶一些上等人的礼仪规范㊂母亲的一言一行给了保罗和父亲不一样的行为准则和规范㊂比如上文提到的莫雷尔太太买陶瓷和花的场景对保罗来说就是一个有关品味和格调的榜样㊂工人阶级的父亲有钱是去酒馆喝酒,而有着中产阶级意识的母亲则是买不是必需品的花来点缀幽暗的人生㊂从保罗去领工钱这个小事就可以看出保罗从小接受的是母亲的中产阶级的价值观,这次经历对于他来说宛如一场噩梦㊂他对矿工们粗俗玩笑和高声喧哗极不适应,挤在其中如芒刺在背㊂好不容易受完 酷刑”,回家后对母亲说宁可不要每月的零花钱,也不愿去带领父亲的工资了㊂ 我再也不到办事处去了”, 我不去领工资了”, 他们真可恶,又俗气,又可恶,因此我再也不去了㊂布雷思韦特先生连 赫’的字音都发不出,温特博特姆先生说话语法也不通㊂”[2]83-84对于工人阶级不能说标准纯正的英语,保罗竟然如此反感,可见他多么痛恨工人阶级的出生㊂ 孩子们越恨莫雷尔这一套,他就越是坚持自己的一套㊂” 为了维护他的不受旁人左右,才死抱着自己那套肮脏而讨厌的行为方式㊂他们都痛恨他㊂”[2]132这里的叙述隐晦地说明了孩子们从小受到母亲那种 处处高人一等”[2]18的行为规范的熏陶和影响,对父亲工人阶级的那种行为方式充满了蔑视和痛恨的态度,连带着就痛恨他们的父亲㊂对他们来说,莫雷尔 那些习惯简直令人作呕”, 父亲的行为对他们的心灵是一种丑恶的刺激㊂”[2]131莫雷尔太太对保罗的影响可谓是根深蒂固的㊂此外,威廉的成功同时也在刺激和激励着他㊂比如当威廉第一次从伦敦回家,保罗和安妮去车站接他㊂ 保罗巴不得让这人知道,他们是在接从伦敦乘火车来的人㊂这话听上去多么了不起啊㊂”[2]93面对着威廉从伦敦带回来的那些第一次见到㊁叫不出名的甜食,在他的心目中,这类东西非常了不起,只有伦敦才有㊂他禁不住向别人夸耀: 真正的菠萝,切成一片片,再做成蜜饯,美极了㊂”[2]95固然保罗的行为有着虚荣的成分,但是这些在他的潜意识里应该就是他所向往的东西和生活㊂他渴望和威廉一样成功出入上流社会,让莫雷尔太太像以威廉为骄傲一样以自己为傲㊂虽然受到母亲的行为规范的影响,但是同时保罗也是工人阶级的儿子㊂即使他有多么的痛恨工人阶级父亲那粗俗的行为习惯,但是莫雷尔那种自然流露出来的勃勃生机和享受自由自在生活的本能或多或少对保罗产生了一些影响㊂保罗喜欢看书㊁画画,尤其擅长画画,内心里觉得自己 也可能成为一个画家,地地道道的画家㊂”[2]175母亲虽然也赞成㊁支持保罗画画,但是她并不关心他的艺术,而是关心他能否取得成就㊂从这个方面来说,母亲的影响就是促使他下定决心,坚持不懈地朝目标而努力㊂当莫雷尔太太要求保罗去报上看广告找个工作时,保罗的心沉下去了,感觉 这种自由自在的日子结束了㊂”,感觉自己 已经成了工业社会制度的一名俘虏了㊂”[2]103这些叙述从另一个侧面让读者了解到他矛盾的另一面:虽然向往中产阶级的生活,但是内心里同时也有点渴望无拘无束的像画家那样的生活,无需为了追逐金钱和名利而奔波㊂ 他的野心无非是在离家近点的地方,安安分分地干活,一星期挣上三十到三十五先令,等父亲过世以后,就跟母亲同住一所小屋,高兴时画上几笔,或者出外走走,快快活活地过日子㊂”[2]103在米丽安不断的鼓励和母亲的支持下,保罗边在乔丹工厂里上班,边学画画,终于在城堡里举行的秋季学生作品展览会上获得了两个一等奖㊂紧接着保罗23岁时参加诺丁汉城堡冬季画展中,他的风景画得了一等奖, 还卖了二十个金币㊂”[2]298他的努力回报了他, 如今他可出头了㊂”[2]301成功后的他被乔丹小姐邀请去家里吃饭并让他结识其他一些名流㊂母亲也真诚地希望他借此机会跻身中产阶级, 娶上个名门淑女㊂”[2]302可是保罗却对母亲说不想属于富裕的中产阶级,他认为自己属于老百姓㊂从他自己的阶级出生,他的教育以及举止来看他都还不能和绅士平起平坐㊂当然,他也认为 人的差别不在阶级,而在于本身㊂只是从中产阶级那儿你得到思想,而从老百姓那儿 你能得到生活㊁温暖㊂你感受到他们的爱和恨㊂”[2]302这些话进一步印证了保罗矛盾的阶级观,也说明了他前后所交的两个女朋友都是那些 换了思想,变得像中产阶级的人㊂”[2]302保罗的阶级认同危机就是劳伦斯的阶级认同危机㊂劳伦斯曾在 我属于哪个阶级”一文中谈到: 我自己就永远也不会回到劳动阶级中去了 但我也不能顺应中产阶级 ”[1]56正如小说的开头两个词 洼地区”和 地狱街”所暗示的一样,一味追求和向往中产阶级并不会给人带来任何快乐,相反就如同生活在地狱中一般㊂威廉进了地狱,而保罗也成了一个无阶级的人,既进不了地狱也进不了天堂,他的灵魂只能在凡间飘荡㊂ 参考文献: [1]劳伦斯.劳伦斯散文随笔集[M ].毕冰宾,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2014.[2]劳伦斯.儿子与情人[M ].毕冰宾,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2014.[3][美]约翰㊃巴克勒,贝内特㊃希尔,约翰㊃麦凯.西方社会史[M ].霍文利,等译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005.[4][美]保罗㊃福赛尔.格调:社会等级与生活品味[M ].梁丽真,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.(责任编辑　吴明东)721　第9期‘儿子与情人“中的阶级表征。

08年1月6级真题Passage TwoWhat's hot for 2007 among the very rich? A ＄ 7.3 million diamond ring.A trip to Tanzania to hunt wild animals. Oh, and income inequality,Sure, some leftish billionaires like George Soros have been railing against income inequality for years. But increasingly, centrist and right-wing billionaires are starting to worry about income inequality and the fate of the middle class.In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S. News & World Report, which he owns. "Our nation's core bargain with the middle class is disintegrating," lamented (哀叹) the 117th-riehest main in America. "Most of our economic gains have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row." He noted that "Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy."Wilbur Ross Jr. has echoed Zuckerman's anger over the bitter struggles faced by middle-class Americans. "It's an outrage that any American's life expectancy should be shortened simply because the company they worked for went bankrupt and ended health-care coverage," said the former chairman of the International Steel Group.What's happening? The very rich are just as trendy as you and I, and can be so when it comes to politics and policy. Given the recent change of control in Congress, the popularity of measures like increasing the minimum wage, and efforts by California's governor to offer universal health care, these guys don't need their own personal weathermen to know which way the wind blows.It's possible that plutocrats (有钱有势的人) are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory (没收性的) tax policies. But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn't keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.In other words, if middle-class Americans continue to struggle financially as the ultrawealthy grow ever wealthier, it will be increasingly difficult to maintain political support for the free flow of goods, services, and capital across borders. And when the United States places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods, it's likely to encourage reciprocal action abroad. For people who buy and sell companies, or who allocate capital to markets all around the world, that's the real nightmare.57. What is the current topic of common interest among the very rich in America?A) The fate of the ultrawealthy people.B) The disintegration of the middle class.C) The inequality in the distribution of wealth.D) The conflict between the left and the right wing.58. What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman's lamentation?A) Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare.B) The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt.C) The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.D) The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation's growing wealth.59. From the fifth paragraph we can learn that ______.A) the very rich are fashion-consciousB) the very rich are politically sensitiveC) universal health care is to be implemented throughout AmericaD) Congress has gained popularity by increasing the minimum wage60. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?A) They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.B) They know that the middle class contributes most to society.C) They want to gain support for global economic integration.D) They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.61. What may happen if the United Stated places obstacles in the way of foreign investors and foreign goods?A) The prices of imported goods will inevitably soar beyond control.B) The investors will have to make great efforts to re-allocate capital.C) The wealthy will attempt to buy foreign companies across borders.D) Foreign countries will place the same economic barriers in return. Passage Two[答案与解析]57．本题是主旨题，问“美国首富当前共同关心的问题是什么”。

A Horneyan Interpretation of Characters’Anxiety in Howards EndA Thesis Submitted to Chongqing Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for theMaster‟s Degree of ArtsByZhang JieSupervised by Asso. Prof. Li JingSpecialty：English Language and LiteratureSchool of Languages and Cultures ofChongqing University, Chongqing, ChinaApril, 2014摘要E. M. 福斯特(Edward Morgan Forster，1879－1970) 是英国文学史上著名的作家，他同乔伊斯、劳伦斯和伍尔夫一起被称为20世纪英国最伟大的小说家。

《霍华德庄园》作为他的代表作之一，自1910年发表以来赢得了广泛的关注。

作为一部典型的英国社会小说，《霍华德庄园》揭示了爱德华时代社会的深刻变动给人们生活上所带来的广泛影响，特别是对中产阶级产生的精神上的冲击。

本文运用新精神分析学家霍妮的焦虑理论来探讨《霍华德庄园》中主要人物的焦虑，以人物的焦虑心理为切入点，通过运用霍妮的焦虑理论和文本细读的方法，来分析福斯特对爱德华时代人物内心状况的关注和探索。

通过对小说中四个人物内心焦虑的表现、焦虑产生的原因、应对焦虑的防御策略以及由此导致的后果，揭示出爱德华时代的文化环境是个体焦虑产生的重要原因，并指出只有通过灵活运用霍妮提出的三种防御策略才能有效地对抗焦虑。

该研究是对《霍华德庄园》的一种全新解读，试图为研究福斯特的作品提供一种新的视角。

《霍华兹庄园》描述了爱德华时代的英国中产阶级三类人物的焦虑状态，而这种焦虑正是爱德华时代的社会文化环境和个人成长经历共同作用的结果。

中职英语美文十篇翻译第一篇What is the secret ingredient of tough people that enanble them to succeed?Why do they survive the tough times when others are overcome by them?why do they win when others lose,why do they soar when others sink?The answer is very simple.It is all in how they perceive their problems.Yes,every living person has problems.A problem-free life is an illsion-a mirage in the desert.Accept that fact.Every mountain has a peak.Every valley has its low point.Life has its ups and downs,its peaks and its valleys.No one is up all the time,nor are they down all the time.Problems do end,they are all resolved in time.You may not be able to control the times,but you can compose your response.You can turn your pain into provanity or into poetry.The choice is up to you.You may not have chosen your tough time,but you can choose how you will react to it.For instance,what is the positive reaction to a terrible financial setback?Would it be a positive reaction to cop out or run away?Escape through alcohol?No!Such negative reactions only produce greater problems by promising a temporary"solution"tothe pressing problem.The positve solution to a problem may require courage to initiate it.When you control your reaction to the seemingly uncontrolable problem of life,then in fact you do control the problem's effect on you.Your reaction to the problem is the last word!That is bottom line.What will you let this problem do to you?It can make you tender or tough.It can make you better or bitter.It all depends on you.In the final analysis,tough people who survive the tough times do so because they have chosen to react positvely to their predicament.Tough times never last,but tough people do.Tough people stick it out.History teach us that each problem has a lifespan.No problem is permanent.Storms always give way to the sun.Winters always thaws into springtime.Your storm will pass.Your winter will thaw.Your problem would be solved.译文：坚韧不拔的人成功的秘诀是什么？他们为什么能挺过艰难的时刻，而其他人却被困难所压倒？为什么成功的是他们而失败的人是其他人？为什么他们一飞冲天，而其他人却深陷泥沼？答案很简单，全看他们是如何看待自己面临的难题的。

/english/zhicheng/ziliao/ zh/2012年职称英语综合类教材新增内容：阅读理解篇1第一篇Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce，have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies，but they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently，though，the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses，these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person，not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write.词汇：backdrop /'bæk,drɔp/ n. 背景interchangeable /intə 'tʃendʒəbl/ adj. 可转换的注释：1. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 就像本杰明•富兰克林和海伦•凯勒一样，各种各样的人们已经写了自传。