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2014年初中毕业升学考试(四川德阳卷)生物(含详细答案)

2014年初中毕业升学考试(四川德阳卷)生物(带

解析)

1、占人体体重最多的物质是

A.水B.蛋白质C.糖类D.脂肪

【答案】A

【解析】

试题分析:食物所含的六类营养物质中,能为人体提供能量的是糖类、脂肪和蛋白质.脂肪是人体内备用的能源物质,糖类是人体进行生理活动的主要供能物质.蛋白质主要是构成人体细胞的基本物质也能提供能,人体的生长发育、组织的更新等都离不开蛋白质.维生素既不是构成组织的主要原料,也不是供应能量的物质,促进人体的正常的生长发育,人体需要量很少.水是组成细胞的主要物质,约占60%-70%,人体的各项生命活动都离不开水,人体内的营养物质和废物都必须溶解在水里才能进行运输。故选:A

考点:本题考查食物中的营养成分,意在考查考生认识各类营养成分主要作用的能力。

2、血液流经下列那个部位后静脉血变为动脉血

A.全身血管B.肺静脉

C.组织细胞间的毛细血管D.肺泡周围的毛细血管

【答案】D

【解析】

试题分析:体循环:左心室→主动脉→全身各级动脉→全身各处毛细血管→全身各级静脉→上、下腔静脉→右心房.通过体循环,将富含养料和氧的血液送到身体各部分的毛细血管网,与组织细胞进行物质交换,将运来的养料和氧供细胞利用,同时,把细胞产生的二氧化碳等代谢废物运走.这样,血液就由含氧丰富、颜色鲜红的动脉血变成了含氧较少、颜色暗红的静脉血;肺循环:右心室→肺动脉→肺部毛细血管→肺静脉→左心房.在肺循环中,血液流经肺部毛细血管网时,与肺泡进行气体交换,血液中的二氧化碳进入肺泡,肺泡内的氧进入血液.这样,静脉血就变成了动脉血。故选:D

考点:本题考查的是血液循环的途径,首先明确血液循环途径包括:体循环和肺循环。

3、将甲、乙、丙三支试管按要求处理(加入馒头是等量的)后放入37℃的左右温水中,5——10分钟后各滴入2毫升碘液,其结果分析正确的是

A.三支试管均变为蓝色

B.三支试管均不变色

C.甲试管变蓝色,乙试管变浅蓝色,丙试管不变色

D.甲试管变蓝色,乙试管和丙试管不变色

【答案】C

【解析】

试题分析:食物的消化包括物理性消化和化学性消化,物理性消化能够使食物与消化液充分混合,促进化学性消化的进行。丙试管中加入的是唾液,而且进行和充分的搅拌,淀粉被唾液淀粉酶分解了,因此滴加碘液后不变蓝;乙试管中加入了唾液,但馒头没有充分搅拌,也没有捣碎,馒头与消化液的混合不充分,淀粉没有被充分消化,因此部分变蓝色或浅蓝色;甲试管中加入的是清水,清水对淀粉没有消化作用,因此滴加碘液后变蓝色。故选:C

考点:此题考查的是探究发生在口腔内的化学消化。

4、根据下表数据,分析下列说法正确的是

A.环境中氧气量最多

B.环境中二氧化碳少,是人体呼出的二氧化碳少

C.人体是吸入气体中氧气量最多,呼出的二氧化碳量较多

D.人体是吸入气体中二氧化碳量较少,呼出的氧气量较多

【答案】C

【解析】

试题分析:呼出的气体与吸入的气体相比较,二氧化碳增多了,氧减少了.其根本原因就是在人体内发生了气体交换.人呼出的气体中氧减少的根本原因是被组织细胞呼吸作用所利用消耗掉了,同时组织细胞呼吸作用产生了大量的二氧化碳,导致呼出的气体二氧化碳含量增加.同时呼气时还能排出少量的水蒸气,但是含量变化较小.因此人体吸入的气体与呼出的气体通过下表相比较,含量有明显变化的是氧气、二氧化碳,吸入气体中氧气含量高,呼出气体中二氧化碳含量高。故选:B

考点:此题考查了人体呼吸时气体成分的变化。

5、在抽血或输液时,要在针刺入的部位的上方(近心端)用橡皮管捆扎紧起来,其原因是

A.捆扎紧起来后分布较深的动脉才能鼓胀起来,便于针刺入

B.减缓或暂时阻止血液向心流动,让静脉鼓胀起来,便于针刺入

C.减缓或暂时阻止血液向针刺部位的下方(近心端)流动

D.减缓或暂时阻止血液向心流动,让动脉鼓胀起来,便于针刺入

【答案】B

【解析】

试题分析:血管的类型和功能是

在静脉血管内,血液是从远心端流向近心端的,因此用乳胶管扎紧上臂后,在结扎处的远心端的静脉会因血液滞留而膨大,同时,又因静脉内具有防止血液倒流的静脉瓣,所以血液不会倒流而会出现结状突起.所以抽血或者输血时,要用橡皮管捆扎针刺入部位的上方(近心端),这主要是因为让静脉积血膨胀,便于寻找。故选:B

考点:本题考查的是血管的结构和功能,血管包括动脉血管、静脉血管、毛细血管。

6、能引起血糖增加、患糖尿病,是下列哪种激素分泌不足造成的

A.甲状腺激素B.生长激素C.胰岛素D.肾上腺皮质激素【答案】C

【解析】

试题分析:A、甲状腺激素的作用是促进新陈代谢,促进生长发育,提高神经系统的兴奋性,A错误;B、生长激素的主要作用是调节生长发育,B错误;C、胰岛素的主要作用是调节糖的代谢,具体说,它能促进血糖合成糖元,加速血糖分解,从而降低血糖浓度,如分泌不足易得糖尿病,C正确;D、肾上腺皮质激素是肾上腺皮质合成和分泌的一类甾体化合物,主要功能是调节动物体内的水盐代谢和糖代谢,D错误。故选:C.

考点:此题考查胰岛素的作用及其内分泌腺分泌异常时的症状。

7、下列有关遗传说法正确的是

A.豌豆的圆粒和高茎是相对性状

B.生物的性状是通过生殖方式传给下一代

C.同种生物的不同个体,其遗传基因是相同的

D.一对夫妇第一胎生了个女孩,第二胎生男孩的概率比生女孩概率大

【答案】B

【解析】

试题分析:A、豌豆的圆粒和高茎,是豌豆的粒形和茎的高矮,是两种性状,不

是相对性状;如豌豆的圆粒和圆粒,或豌豆的高茎和矮茎,都是相对性状,故不符合题意;B、基因指的是DNA上与遗传有关的片段.不同的基因储存着不同的遗传信息,也就是说生物表现出来的不同特征是由不同的基因控制的.在生殖过程中,父亲产生精子,母亲产生卵细胞,精子和卵细胞内分别具有父亲和母亲的基因,然后精子和卵细胞结合形成受精卵,受精卵逐渐发育成新的个体即后代,所以,高等动物的上一代把遗传物质传给下一代是通过精子和卵细胞,故符合题意;C、生物多样性通常有三个主要的内涵,即生物种类的多样性、基因(遗传)的多样性和生态系统的多样性.生物种类的多样性是指一定区域内生物钟类(包括动物、植物、微生物)的丰富性,如我国已知鸟类就有1244种之多,被子植物有3000种,即物种水平的生物多样性及其变化.基因的多样性是指物种的种内个体或种群间的基因变化,生物的性状是由基因决定的,不同生物的性状千差万别,表明有成千上万的基因.不同物种(兔和小麦)之间基因组成差别很大,同种生物如兔之间(有白的、黑的、灰的等)基因也有差别,每个物种都是一个独特的基因库.可见同种生物的个体之间基因组成是不完全相同的,故不符合题意;D、在亲代的生殖细胞形成过程中,经过减数分裂,两条性染色体彼此分离,男性产生两种类型的精子--含X染色体的精子和含Y染色体的精子.女性则只产一种含X染色体的卵细胞.受精时,如果是含X的精子与卵子结合,就产生具有XX的受精卵并发育成女性;如果是含Y的精子与卵子结合,就产生具有XY的受精卵并发育成为男性.这说明男女的性别在受精卵形成时就已确定.由于男性可产生数量相等的X精子与Y精子,加之它们与卵子结合的机会相等,所以每次生男生女的概率是相等的.在整个人群中男女性别之比大致1:1.人的性别遗传如图:

从图中也可以看出每次生男生女的概率是相等的.因此一对夫妇生育了一个女孩,如果他们再生育一个孩子,为男孩的可能性是50%,故不符合题意。故选:B

考点:此题考查的是此题考查的是性染色体、染色体在亲子代之间的传递以及染色体和基因的关系。

8、面颊上有酒窝与无酒窝是一对相对性状,有酒窝基因(B)是显性,无酒窝基因(b)是隐性。一对有酒窝的夫妇生育了一个无酒窝的小孩,则这对夫妇的基因组成是

A.Bb和Bb B. BB和bb C.BB和BB D.bb和bb

【答案】A

【解析】

试题分析:由“一对有酒窝的夫妇生育了一个无酒窝的小孩”可知:有酒窝是显性性状,无酒窝是隐性性状;父母的基因组成是杂合的,如图所示:

即这对夫妇的基因组成都是Bb。故选:A

考点:此题考查的是基因的显性和隐性以及它们与性状表现之间的关系。

9、下列变异不能遗传的是

A.化学药剂处理甜菜幼苗,使细胞内的染色体数加倍,含糖量增加

B.大花生的种子种在贫瘠的土壤中,后代得到“小花生”的种子

C.高产倒伏小麦与低产抗倒伏小麦杂交,后代得到高产抗倒伏小麦

D.普通甜椒种子经过卫星搭载后播下,经选择培育成太空椒

【答案】B

【解析】

试题分析:变异是指子代与亲代之间的差异,子代个体之间的差异的现象。①按照变异对生物是否有利分为有利变异和不利变异.有利变异对生物生存是有利的,不利变异对生物生存是不利的;②按照变异的原因可以分为可遗传的变异和不遗传的变异,可遗传的变异是由遗传物质改变引起的,可以遗传给后代;由环境改变引起的变异,是不遗传的变异,不能遗传给后代。A、用一种化学药剂处理甜菜的幼苗,能使细胞内染色体数加倍,这样的甜菜含糖量高.这种变异是由遗传物质改变引起的属于遗传的变异,能遗传给后代;B、大花生的种子种在贫瘠的土壤中,后代得到“小花生”的种子,最终变异仅是由环境因素导致的,没有遗传物质的改变,因而不能遗传给后代,属于不遗传的变异;

C、让高产倒伏小麦与低产抗倒伏小麦杂交,目的是通过杂交,低产抗倒伏小麦把抗倒伏的基因传给了高产不抗倒伏的小麦,抗倒伏基因与高产基因组合到一起,从而获得高产抗倒伏的小麦新品种.因此科技人员用高产倒伏小麦和低产抗倒伏小麦培育出高产抗倒伏小麦,这说明可以利用遗传变异原理来科学育种.基因决定生物的性状,由遗传物质基因控制的显性性状和隐性形状都是可以遗传的,而受环境影响形成的性状不能遗传如人工割的双眼皮;

D、普通甜椒的种子经过卫星搭载后,在通过强辐射,微重力和高真空等太空综合环境因素诱发植物种子的基因变异,经选择培育成太空椒.因此是遗传物质改变引起的变异适于可遗传的变异。故选:B

考点:此题考查的是变异的类型,解答时可以从变异的类型和原因方面来切入。

10、接种过水痘疫苗或出过水痘的人能抵抗水痘病毒的侵袭的原因是

A.该人体内产生了能抵抗水痘病毒的抗体

B.该人体内产生了能抵抗水痘病毒的抗原

C.该人体已获得了非特异性免疫的能力

D.水痘病毒已不能再侵袭该人体体内

【答案】A

【解析】

试题分析:疫苗是由低毒的、灭活的病原体制成的生物制品,接种疫苗能产生免疫力,有效的预防某种传染病,只不过经过处理之后,其毒性减少或失去了活性,但依然是病原体,进入人体后不会使人得病,但能刺激免疫细胞产生相应的特殊的蛋白质即抗体,则这种疫苗相当于抗原,其产生的抗体只对天花病毒起作用,属于特异性免疫,因此接种水痘后,在人体内产生的是抗体。故选:A

考点:此题考查的是抗体和抗原。

11、下图是人体反射弧示意图,请回答下列问题:

(1)图中⑤是一个神经元中的;从图中分析该反射弧至少

有个神经元组成。

(2)图中⑥是,它在感受外界刺激后,能够产生。

(3)图中③是,在完成反射活动的同时,它其中的神经元还会将冲动传到。若是一个针刺手指的反射活动,是缩手在先还是痛觉在先?在先。

(4)用图中番号(文字不给分)写出该反射弧产生简单反射活动途径的五个环节:,例如:等等(最少举二个)就是这类简单反射。另一类反射活动是人通过长期生活经验的积累,形成的复杂反射活动,例如等(举一个)。

【答案】(1)细胞核 3 (2)感受器神经冲动(3)神经中枢大脑缩手反射(4)⑥→④→③→②→①缩手反射排尿反射听到铃声回到教室【解析】

试题分析:(1)神经元由胞体和突起两部分构成,突起分为树突和轴突,细胞核位于胞体内,图中⑤表示的是细胞核,图示所示反射弧中含有3个神经元。(2)图示所示反射弧中⑥表示的是感受器,具有接受刺激产生兴奋(神经冲动)的特点。(3)图中3是反射弧的神经中枢部分,反射中枢的神经元会将冲动传递到大脑,受到大脑皮层的控制,一个针刺手指的反射活动中,缩手反射的神经中枢位于脊髓,属于低级神经中枢,所以在此反射活动中,缩手反射在先,后感觉到痛觉。(4)反射活动依次经过的结构是感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经和效应器,反射活动可以分为先天性反射,如缩手反射和排尿

反射,后天性反射。例如听到铃声回到教室等。

考点:此题主要考查反射的产生和传到以及反射弧的结构和功能。

2014年高考全国2卷文科数学试题(含解析)

绝密★启用前 2014年高考全国2卷文科数学试题 注意事项: 1.答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息 2.请将答案正确填写在答题卡上 第I 卷(选择题) 请点击修改第I 卷的文字说明 评卷人 得分 一、选择题(题型注释) 1.设集合2 {2,0,2},{|20}A B x x x =-=--=,则A B =I ( ) A .? B .{}2 C .{0} D .{2}- 2. 131i i +=-( ) A .12i + B .12i -+ C .12i - D .12i -- 3.函数()f x 在0x x =处导数存在,若0:()0p f x =;0:q x x =是()f x 的极值点,则( ) A .p 是q 的充分必要条件 B .p 是q 的充分条件,但不是q 的必要条件 C .p 是q 的必要条件,但不是q 的充分条件 D .p 既不是q 的充分条件,也不是q 的必要条件 4.设向量b a ρρ,满足10||=+b a ρρ,6||=-b a ρ ρ,则=?b a ρρ( ) A .1 B .2 C .3 D .5 5.等差数列{}n a 的公差是2,若248,,a a a 成等比数列,则{}n a 的前n 项和n S =( ) A .(1)n n + B .(1)n n - C . (1)2n n + D .(1) 2 n n - 6.如图,网格纸上正方形小格的边长为1(表示1cm ),图中粗线画出的是某零件的三视图,该零件 由一个底面半径为3cm ,高为6cm 的圆柱体毛坯切削得到,则切削的部分的体积和原来毛坯体积的比值为( ) A . 2717 B .95 C .2710 D .3 1 7.正三棱柱111ABC A B C -的底面边长为23,D 为BC 中点,则三棱锥11A B DC -的体积为 (A )3 (B ) 3 2 (C )1 (D 3 D 1 1 A B 1 8.执行右面的程序框图,如果输入的x ,t 均为2,则输出的S =( )

2014年高考英语试题及答案全国卷2

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2014年四川省高考英语试卷 第一节单项填空从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.(共10小题;每小题1分,共10分) 1. She'd lived in London and Manchester,but she liked______ and moved to Cambridge.() A.neither B.both C.either D.none 2. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said,"That's ______ I was born."() A.how B.when C.where D.why 3. Was it because Jack came late for school ______ Mr.Smith got angry?() A.who B.why C.that D.where 4. Uutil now,we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,______ is quite unexpected.() A.which B.that C.who D.it 5. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ after great effort.() A.to develop B.having developed C.develop D.developed 6. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ________ take me to Disneyland at weekends.() A.must B.might C.should D.would 7. -I hope to take the computer course. -Good idea.____ more about it,visit this website.() A.Finding out B.To find out C.Having found out D.To be finding out 8. I'll be out for some time.______ anything important happens,call me up immediately.() A.As if B.In case C.Even though D.Now that 9. She ______ someone,so I nodded to her and went away.() A.had phoned B.phoned C.was phoning D.has phoned 10. -How about dinner tonight?It's on me. -______.() A.Oh,I'd like to B.You are welcome C.Well,I'm afraid so D.That's all right 第二节完形填空阅读后面的短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中,选出可以填入空白处 的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑.(共1小题;每小题1.5分,共30分) 11. My husband, Tom, has always been good with animals, but I was still amazed when he befriended a female gro use (松鸡).It's (1)________ for a grouse to have any contact (接 触) with people.In fact, they're hard to spot, (2) ________ they usually fly off when they hear humans approaching. This grouse came into our lives in (3)________Tom was working out in the field when he (4) ________her walking around at the edge of the fiel d.She was (5)________ unafraid and seemed to be(6) ________about what he was doing. Tom saw the(7)________ bird several times, and she got more comfortable around him.We quickly grew(8)________ of the bird and decided to call her Mildre d. One day, as Tom was working, Mildred camc within a few feet of him to watch.Tom(9) ________he didn't see her and kept working to see what she would do next. Apparently, she didn't like to be (10)________.She'd run up and peck (啄) at Tom's hands, then(11) ________ off to see what he would do.This went on for about 20minutes, until Mildred became tired of the(12)________ and left. As spring went and summer came, Mildred started to (13)________ more and more often.(14) ________Mildred felt comfortable enough to jump up on Tom's leg and stay long enough for me to get a (15) ________ of the two of them together.This friendly grouse soon felt (16) ________ not just with our family, but with anybody who walked or drove by. When hunting season opened, we put a (17)________ at the end of our driveway asking (18) ________not to shoot our pet grouse.My father, who lived down the road, (19) ________warned people not to shoot her.(20) ________.hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her. (1) A.reasonable B.interesting C.impossible D.unusual (2) A.because B.though C.unless D.until (3) A.summer B.spring C.autumn D.winter

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