四级语法辅导
倒装
㈠．英语句子的语序
英语句子通常有两种语序。一种是主语在前，谓语在后，称为自然语序（Natural order）.大部分的句子都采用自然语序。另一种则相反，谓语在前，主语在后，称为倒装语序（Inverted order）.倒装语序又分为两类：
1．全部倒装（Whole Inversion）:
指包括表语或状语在内的整个谓语放在主语之前，它的语序是：表语或状语+谓语动词+主语。
2．部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
指谓语中的一部分，如助动词do,does,did,情态动词can,may,should,ought to,must 等，“有”动词have, 系动词be等放在主语之前，其余部分包括谓语动词仍在主语之后。
㈡．分类与应用
1．疑问倒装
英语的疑问句一般采用倒装。
e.g. Has he left me a book?
注：疑问词作主语或修饰主语时，句子不必倒装。
e.g. What makes him think so?
2.惊叹倒装
在由what和how引起的感叹句中，表语常常放在主语之前；在旧式文学体裁的陈述句中常出现主谓部分倒装表示惊叹：在美国英语中，有时用疑问句的倒装形式表示感叹。如：
e.g. What a wide river it is!
Did he look annoyed!
3.假设倒装
在非真实条件句中，如if被省略,had,were,should需与主语倒装。如：
Had you(=If you had) asked me, I would have told you the answer.( 与过去事实相反) 4．副词倒装
⑴．全部倒装
a. here, there, now, then 置于句首而主语不是人称代词时。
e.g. Then came a girl.
比较：Then she came.
b. 小品词（如out,in,away,off等）或拟声词置于句首时。
e.g. In came the girls talking and laughing.
⑵.部分倒装
a. 方式副词或often, many a time频度副词置于句首时。
e.g. Often do we go shopping together.
b. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句置于句首时。
注：only+名词置于句首时不能倒装。
e.g. Only slowly did I understood her words.
Only by working hard can we pass the exam.
Only when one loses freedomdoes one know its value.
c. so+a./a
d. 置于句首时。
e.g. So much does he worry about the college entrance examination that he can’t sleep well at night.
5.强调倒装
a.主要应用与全部倒装。句子主语不长，为了强调句中某部分，就把该部分提到句首。E.g. on the bed lay an old man.
b.有时，句子的主语后面紧接着较长的修饰语或一个句子出现几个并列主语，这时主语部分显得太长，给人一种头重脚轻的感觉，采用全部倒装后便能平衡句子结构,也可认为是强调倒装。
e.g. Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest and tallest men I had ever seen.
d. 介词短语开头时：to such lengths, to such a degree, to such an extent, with good
reason等。
e.g. To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night.
6.否定倒装
句首为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，句子常用部分倒装，常用于这一结构的常见词语有：at no time, by no means, few, hardly/scarcely, hardly/scarcely…when, in/under no circumstance, in no way, in vain, little, less, much/even/still less,never, no longer, nowhere, not a single word, not a soul, not once, not only, not often, sooner…than, not until, rarely, seldom, on no account, no sooner…than,etc.
注：a.not only置于句首时，主谓也倒装，但but(also) 后的主谓部分则不倒装。
e.g. Not only did he complain about the food, but he also refused to pay for it.(主语在but后须重复)
=He not only complained about the food but also refused to pay for it.(在此句中因第一部分主谓不倒装，故but后相同主语便不重复。)
c. not until置于句首时，连词until引导的从句中主谓不倒装，但主句的主谓
结构必须倒装，同only when置于句首时一样。
E,g, Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
7.比较倒装
在比较和方式副词从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常可在主语前添用助动词do以代替前面已出现过的动词；在“the…the…”句型中也常出现倒装。
e.g. I spend more than do my friends.
The more grain we produce, the greater will be our achievement.生产的粮食越多，我们的成就就越大。
8．让步倒装
某些让步状语从局往往采用倒装语序的办法表示。
e.g. a. All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
所有磁体，不论大小，其性质都一样。
b. Child as he is, he knows a lot.
9.固定倒装
由so,neither,nor,the same引出的省略句要倒装，这一结构已是固定句式。
e.g. ①.A: I don’t like apple.
B: Nor/Neither do I .
注：若B中用either,则不需要倒装。
I don’t, either.
②. A: she plays the piano.
B: So does her mother.
注：若B: So she does.表示认可，与A指同一人。
10．祝愿倒装
某些表示祝愿的句子也采用倒装结构。
e.g. a. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
中华人民共和国万岁！
b. May you succeed!祝你成功！
11．“There be”倒装
由引导词there引起的句子，是倒装句。
虚拟语气
㈠．何谓虚拟语气
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
㈡．虚拟语气在条件句中的应用。
虚拟语气用于非真实条件句，可表示现在，过去或将来的情况。
㈢虚拟语气用来表示条件的一些其他结构形式
1．与祈使句一起用表示条件的结构形式
如果条件句的谓语形式为should + 动词原形，主句往往可以采用祈使句的形式：If you should see Charles, give him my regards(请代为致意)。
2．与代词it一起用表示条件的结构形式
①If it were not for …作“如果没有。。。。。。”解，表示同现在事实相反的假想。如：If it were not for your help, I should (would) in a very awkward position.含意是：You help me, so I am not in an awkward position now.
②If it had not been for …作“如果当时没有。。。。。。”解，表示与过去事实相反的假
想。如：
If it had not been for Dr. Smith, my father would have died of heart disease.
含意是：Dr. Smith treated my father in time, so he did not die of the disease.
必须注意的是，在上面两式中介词for不能省略。
3．省略if表示条件的结构形式
if引导的条件从句含有were, had或should时，可以省略if并把主谓倒置。
4．If以外其它从属连词表示条件的结构形式
除if外，尚有若干其他连词可用来引导条件从句，如unless, provided / providing (that), supposing / suppose (that), in case, so / as long as, on condition that等。
on condition that = only if 或provided that作“在。。。。。。条件下”解。
In the event that …= if
Suppose (that) / Supposing (that) = if, 第一式表示事实条件，第二式表示对将来之假想。
Assuming (that) = suppose / supposing
Given that (假若) the city authorities approve the project, we shall have new library here. 表示一个真实条件。
Provided (that) / providing (that) = if 或on the condition that.
注：Unless既可引导真实条件句也可引导非真实条件句。引导真实条件句时，可为if …not…所代替，但需要注意的是，当unless后面接带有否定谓语动词的从句时，unless就不能为if …not …所替代，而是表示except that…的含义。
5．与并列连词or一起用时表示条件的结构形式。
可用来表示同过去是相反的非事实条件，如：I did not know the extent of his difficulty(困难程度)，or I would have promised to help him.
(=If I had known the extent of his difficulty, I would have promised to help him.)
注：or表示条件时可用or else或otherwise来强化它的意思。如：I didn’t know the extent of his difficulty, or else(或otherwise) I would have promised to help him.
6．跳层式的条件结构形式
有时候，条件概念通过跳过一层以含蓄的方式表示出来；在一定的上下文中采用跳层式的条件结构会使讲话或行文显得简练。
跳层式的条件结构可归纳为以下两种形式：
①．would+动词原形+but接现在时陈述句：表示同现在事实相反的假想。
②．would have +过去分词+but接过去时陈表示同过去事实相反。
e.g.①He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat enough.
即He would gain weight if he ate enough,表示同现在事实相反的假想，but 后面则是一个表示目前事实的陈述句。
②I would have gone with you but I was too tired.
即you后面省略了if I had not been tired,表示同过去事实相反的跳层式条件结构。7．与介词连用表示条件时的结构形式
有时在实际应用中真实条件或非真实条件不以条件从句形式出现，而是通过介词短语来表示。如：without, with, in case of=if, but for=if it were not for, in the event of, in the absence of.
e.g.Helen would not be able to live without her considerate husband. (在本句中，without = if it were not for, 表示同现在相反的非真实条件。)
I would have failed in the examination without your help. (在本句中，without = if it had not been for, 表示同过去相反的非真实条件。)
㈣虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用
1．用在表假设的动词wish所引导的从句中
当动词wish表示一种不大可能实现的主观假想时，它后面的从句用虚拟语气，用法与if从句相似。即：
I (we, etc.) wish + 从句+ 过去时动词(verb to be用were) 表示同现在事实相反的假想.
I (we, etc.) wish + 从句+ 过去完成时动词(verb to be用had been) 表示同过去事实相反的假想.
应译成: “巴不得……”或“要是……该有多好啊.”
2．用在表示要求.建议或命令等动词所引导的从句中
在这类动词引导的宾语从句中,谓语动词采取虚拟语气词should + 动词原形这一形式,但should 往往可省略,先把常见的这类动词列表如下:
表示要求
ask,require,request,demand,insist,deire,maintain.
表示建议
propose,suggest,urge,advise,recommend,move
表示命令
command,order
表示安排或决定
arrange,decide
关于suggest这字需注意的是,该字不做”建议”解时,其宾语从句则不能采用should + 动词原形或省去should直接用动词原形(如美式英语)的假设语气,而该用陈述语气. ㈤虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用
虚拟语气应用在主语从句中,通常以it为形式主语,主要用于以下结构中.在这类结构中,should也可保留,但保留不如省略那么常见.
形容词
It is necessary that …
It is imperative that…
It is essential that…
It is important that…
It is strange that…\
It is natural that…
It is desirable that…
It is incredible that …
It is advisable that…
名词
It is a pity that …
It is a shame that …
It is no wonder that …
在上述一类结构中,主句也可采用直叙的陈述语气,,那就只叙述事实;采用should+动词原形这一虚拟形式则表示讲话人的情绪.
㈥虚拟语气在表语从句及同位语从句中的应用
这两类从句的虚拟语气通常用在suggestion, proposal, order, request, plan, idea, recommendation, motion等名词后面:
My suggestion is that Freda (should) start at once. (表语从句)
Many congressmen seconded Jefferson’s motion that a special committee (should) be set up to look into the problem. (同位语从句)
㈦虚拟语气在某些否定或疑问形式动词所引导的宾语从句中的应用
expect, believe, think, suspect等动词用于否定或疑问形式时,他们后面所跟的宾语从句通常用should(有时也用could) + 动词原形这一位与形式来表示讲话者的惊奇.惶恐.怀疑.不满等情绪.
I never thought that Monica should be such a sophisticated (世故) girl.
Those foreigners just couldn’t believe that the new hotel should be so big.
Little did I dream that I could meet you here.
㈧虚拟语气在if only, would (that), I’d (He’d) rather, as i f (though), it is time 等结构中的应用.
在上列结构的从句中谓语动词采用虚拟语气,动词过去式表示一个现在有时也可表示一个将来的愿望;动词过去完成时表示一个过去的愿望.
⒈If only …和would that…句可以I wish代替.在口语及日常用语中用I wish,在文学体裁中则用If only …;和would that…
Would (that) (= I wish) I were young again. (要是我能回到年轻时代该有多好啊!) 2．I’d (He’d) rather = I would (He would) rather,作＂我（他）宁愿．．．．．．＂解．（1）后面接动词原形，表示现在或将来的一种主观愿望或选择：
I’d rather stay home(英式英语为stay at home) on Sundays.
（2）后面接完成不定式，表示对已发生的事情在选择上的不恰当。
The film was terrible, I’d rather not have gone to the cinema last night.( 那部电影糟透了，昨晚我真不该去电影院。)
（3）后面接过去时从句表示一个现在或将来的愿望；接过去完成时从句表示一个过去的愿望。
He’d rather his children did not make so much noise. (他真希望他的孩子们现在别闹得这么厉害。)（表示现在）
Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came the day after tomorrow. (明天别来。我宁愿你后天来。)（表示将来）
I’d rather you had not done that. (要是你当时别干那件事就好啦。)（表示过去）
上述2。项下的结构有两个变体：
Would rather也可以had rather代替，但had rather不及would rather 那么常用。
I’d (He’d) rather + 从句可以I’d (He’d) Just as soon + 从句来替代，即在这一结
构中可用just as soon替换rather.如：
I’d just as soon ( = I’d rather ) you did not mention it to him now.
3．As if 和as though用法相同：
He often talks as if (或as though) he were my father.
含意是，but he is not …
I felt as if my heart were bursting with enthusiasum.
含意是，but my heart is not …
4．It is time + 过去时从句
在这一结构的从句中使用虚拟语气是因为表示“该做。。。。。。而没有做”的意思。
It is time +过去是从句这一结构可在time前加上high或about, 使之在语气上变得强调或缓和。
-高二基础语法专题 虚拟语气基础练习60题 1. The boy acted ____ he had never lived in Canada before. A. as though B. even if C. as D. since 2. ____ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive. A. If he went B. Were he gone C. Should he have gone D. Had he gone 3. If you were older, I ____ you to go there yesterday. A. will allow B. should allow C. would have allowed D. had allowed 4. The secretary suggested that they ____ the men in at once. A. had brought B. should have brought C. brought D. bring 5. I wish I ____ able to tell him all about it last night. A. was B. were C. had been D. should be 6. If we ____ here ten minutes earlier, we ___ the bus. A. arrived/would catch B. arrived/would have caught C. had arrived/had caught D. had arrived/would have caught 7. If I ____ more time, I would have gone with him. A. had B. had had C. have had D. would have 8. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ____ to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come 9. The Jade Emperor ordered that the Monkey King _____ right away. A. would be arrested B. must be arrested C. be arrested D. had to be arrested 10. Jane’s uncle insisted ____ in this hotel any longer. A. not staying B. not to stay C. that he not stay D. staying not 11. Don’t touch the sleeping tiger. If he woke up, he _____ you. A. would come to B. would come at C. would have come toward D. will come to 12. Without electricity human life _____ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be 13. How I wish I ____ to repair the watch! I only made it worse. A. had tried B. hadn’t tried C. have tried D. didn’t try 14. He demanded that the laboratory report ___ immediately after the experiment was done. A. was written B. be written C. must be written D. would be written 15. The man insisted that he _____ there. A. should send B. would be sent C. sent D. be sent 16. If he had not gone out in the storm _____. A. he will be alive now B. he would be alive now C. he would have been alive now D. he is alive now 17. If it ___ tomorrow, what would we do? A. rains B. were to rain C. would rain D. rain 18. It is required that you ____ at six. A. will arrive B. arrive C. arrived D. would arrive
虚拟语气练习题2（填空） 1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _______________(enjoy) the book from which it was made. 2.You are late. If you _______________(come) a few minutes earlier, you ______________(meet) him. 3.The two students talked as if they _____________(be) friends for years. 4.It is important that I _____________(be) with Mr. Williams immediately. 5.He looked as if he ______________(be) ill for a long time. 6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not ____________________there for two hours. 7.I wish that I ____________(go) with you last night. 9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _______________(know) everything. 10.______________ the fog, we should have reached our school. 11.If you had told me in advance, I ______________(meet) him at the airport. 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____________(teach) me how. 13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____________(be) so busy then. 14.He’s working hard for fear that he ________________(fall) behind. 15.If it ______________ (rain) another ten minutes, the game would have been called off. 16.He suggested that they _______________ use a trick instead of fighting. 17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _______________(go) there. 18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _______________(have) time. 20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you __________________(go) to sleep. 21.—Why didn’t you buy a new car?—I would have bought one if I ____________(have) enough money. 23._________ he leave today, he would get there by Friday. 24.His doctor suggested that he _______________(take) a short trip abroad. 25.The Bakers arriv ed last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,we _______________(meet) him at the station. 26.If I ________ (be) you, I ___________________ (pay) more attention to English idioms and phrases. 27.We might have failed if you ________________ (give) us a helping hand. 28.The law requires that everyone ______________(have) his car checked at least once a year. 29.It is strange that he ______________(speak) so. 31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______________(know) all about that. 32.If I _____________(possess) the money, I would have bought a much bigger car. 33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _________________(come) to the meeting. 34.The librarian insists that John _____________(take) no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed. 35.I left very early last night, but I wish I ______________(leave) so early. 36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____________(have) no time. 37.I wish that you ________________(have) such a b ad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. 38.He insisted that we all __________(be) in his office at one o’clock. 39.Helen couldn’t go to France after all. That’s too bad. I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if she ___________(go). 40.I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _______________(go) an hour before the discussion begins. 倒装句练习 1.Not until I began to work ________ I ___________(realize) how much time I had wasted. 2.Only by practising a few hours every day _______ you be able to master the language. 3.If you don't go，neither ____. 4.No sooner ______ I ______ (go) to the station ________ the train left. 5. —— Your father is very strict with you. So ________. He never lets off a single mistake of ours. 6. ______ he __________(leave) today，he would get there by Sunday.
2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧 专题（八）强调倒装虚拟句型+丰富文章细节的手段 特殊句型是英语书面表达中的高级句式，其中强调句和倒装句是较为常见的特殊句型。而虚拟语气也是高中较难掌握的句型之一。它们的准确使用能够彰显考生的英语水平，提高写作档次。 一．重点突出的强调句型 （一）强调句的基本句式结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。它可以强调除谓语动词外的其它任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。在续写和概写中灵活运用强调句不仅能突出重点、增强表达，更能彰显考生的英语运用能力。 It is just the so-called inconvenience that displays the richness, delicacy and great fascination of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years. (2019年浙江高考书面表达) 在写作中运用强调句型可以采取以下步骤： 1.在一个写好的句子中找出需要强调的成分，如主语、宾语、状语等； 2.根据句子的时态确定is或was； 3.然后把要强调的成分套进句式里，It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。 例：We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness. 如果我们要强调状语，即with sincerity and faithfulness，在确定好时态was后，把需要强调的部分放在it was后，that后放除强调外的剩余成分便得到： It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. （二）强调句常用句式 1. It is/was + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 It is on the playground this Friday afternoon that a volleyball game will be held. (2019全国一卷书面 表达) It was because of their help that a disaster was avoided. (2017年浙江高考书面表达) 2. Is/was it + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 Was it in the park that the children saw the strange green objects? 3.特殊疑问词+ is/was it + 被强调的部分+ 句子其它成分 When was it that you made up your mind to work as a volunteer teacher? 4.It is/was not until that + 句子其它成分
Subjunctive mood (1) Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission. (Line 5) (2) If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way. (Line12) If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom. (Line 23) (3) If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups. (Line 15) 此三类句子体现了虚拟语气的三种时态变化。 （1）第1句中“should a fight follow”是表示将来情况的虚拟语气，意思为“if a fight should follow”，句中省略了“if”，将“should”提前，构成倒装，表示“万一，一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。 (2) 第二部分这两句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。这类句子，从句用“had +动词过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/might + have + 动词过去分词”。 (3) 第3句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用“did/were”，主句用“would/should/could/ might + 动词原型”。 虚拟语气专项复习： A．虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ①if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ② if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作不是同时发生时， ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
倒装句练习 1. So fast_______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. A. light travel B. does light travel C. travels light D. has light travelled 2.That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and______________. A. so are her supervisors B. either are her supervisors C. neither are her supervisors D. so her supervisors are 3.______ the door than somebody started knocking on it. A. I had closed no sooner B. I had no sooner closed C. No sooner have I closed D. No sooner I closed 4.Is this beautiful? Yes, it is. ________. A. Rarely before have I seen this B. Rarely I have seen this before
C. Rarely have I seen before this D. Rarely have I seen this before 5._____but he also proved himself a good athlete. A. He showed himself not only a good student B. Not only did he show himself a good student C. He showed not only himself a good student D. Not only he showed himself a good student 6.Nowhere else along the coast____ such shallow water so far from land. A. is there B. there is C. it is D. is 7._____did we try to persuade her to give up her plan. A. In failure B. With no result C. In vain D. With no end 8.______I couldn’t lift the box. A. As I might try
环球雅思教育学科教师讲义讲义编号： ______________ 副校长/组长签字：签字日期： 【考纲说明】 虚拟语气和倒装的考察一般出现在单选和完成句子中，需要学会应用基本句型。 【知识梳理】 虚拟语气 一、语气 英语中的语气分为三类： 陈述语气（用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句） 祈使语气（用于祈使句） 虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等） 二、虚拟语气 如果所说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想，就用虚拟语气。 三、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 Eg：If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真实条件状语) ：If I were you, I would go at once.（非真实条件状语从句） ：If there was no air, people would die.（非真实条件状语从句） 2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式
①表示与现在事实相反的情况 If I were you, I’d take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。 ②表示与过去事实相反的情况 Eg：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） ③表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小） Eg：If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小） If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了.（事实：不知能否下雪） 四、虚拟语气的其他用法 1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+v-ed eg: I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。 c、表示将来难以实现的愿望, 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形. eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。（ 2、虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如 He suggested/ insisted/ordered/demandthat we (should) take the teacher’s advice. 倒装 一．倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 二．倒装句之部分倒装
语法 一、虚拟语气 Ⅰ.suggest；require； order； recommand； insist sb.suggest that …（should）do His suggestion is that… What do you think of his suggestion that 注：suggest,insist表明、暗示 He insisted that he hadn’t made a mistake. Ⅱ.wish 1)对现在的虚拟，用一般现在时 How I wish I were you ! 2)对过去虚拟，用过去完成时 How I wish I had followed your advice. 3)对将来虚拟 could+v.原形 How I wish /If only I could fly in the sky Ⅲ.It is (high)time that…should (should 不可省) It is necessary that… I would rather that… Ⅳ.隐含虚拟 But ;but for ;without ;otherwise without后一般+n. Eg:I could have come to school on time,(but I got up late).=I got up late otherwise. Ⅴ.虚拟条件句 If it didn’t rain tomorrow If it shouldn’t(只能用should) rain tomorrow. If it weren’t to rain tomorrow Were it not to rain tomorrow…/Should it not to… Were I you,… 从句都往过去推一个时态 Ⅵ.时间错纵 If she hadn’t stayed up all night studying,She would feel energetic now .
虚拟语气 一、基础巩固 虚拟语气基本形式 1. 2. 3. 4. It's high time that
5. 用于should类型虚拟语气的动词： 建议_____________________ 命令_____________________ 要求_____________________ 坚持_____________________ 6．有时虚拟语气是通过上下文的语义表示出来的： He would have given you more help, but he was very busy. (If he had not been so busy…) He was seriously ill, otherwise he would have come to our meeting. (otherwise = If he had not been seriously ill) 二、单项选择 1. We demanded that we _______ of any change in the plan. A. informed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed 2. It’s necessary that he _______ a recognized qualification. A. has B. have C. had D. having 3. It's high time we ______ our attention to this problem.
A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn 4. If only you __________ him what I said! Everything would have been all right. A. didn't told B. hadn't told C. would not tell D. would have not told 5. He must have had an accident, or he_______ here then. A. would have been B. had been C. should have been D. could be 6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_______ before. A. had invented B. were invented C. should have been invented D. had been invented 7. _______ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced. A. Were they to B. Could they C. If they D. Would they 8. Five minutes earlier, and we ________ the last bus. A. had caught B. should have caught C. could have caught D. caught
语法系列复习专题十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。 一、虚拟语气在单句中的用法 常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如： Long live the People s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！ be happy! 快乐！ have a good time! 玩得愉快！ May you 祝你 succeed! 成功！ make progress! 进步！ 二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法： 1．在非真实性条件句和主句中的用法 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用于were）would/should/could/might＋动词原形 如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。 If I had time,I would go there. 如果我有空，我就去那儿。 条件从句主句 过去完成时would/should/could/might＋have done 如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。 If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形 should do,were to do put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。） If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break. 万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。 4）i f的省略 如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should 置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。 例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 5)条件句或主句的省略 当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。 例如：——Why didn t you attend the party yesterday? ——I would/should have,but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn t like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.） 6)混合时间条件句和主句 条件句和主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。 例如：If the teacher hadn t been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had
be-型虚拟式的主要用法如下。 用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中 be-型虚拟式的这一用法又有以下三种情况: a)用在decide, decree, demand, insist,moveorder,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote等动词之后的that分句中。例如: He ordered that all the books be sent at once、 We propose that somebody neutral take the chair(担任主席)。 She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday、 Congress has decided /voted/ decreed that the present law be maintained、 The doctor insisted that he not eat meat、 b)用在decision, decree, demand, Instruction, order, requirement, resolution等名词之后的that-分句中。例如: The board(理事会) has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston、 We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished、 Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable、 Their decision was that the school remain closed、 His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out、 在这一用法中be-型虚拟式能与“should +不定式”交替使用,也能与不定式被动语态交替使用。例如: He ordered that the books be sent at once、 =He ordered that books should be sent at once、 =He ordered the books to be sent at once、 It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job、 =It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job、 =It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job、 be-型虚拟式能用于由if, though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。例如: If he be found guilty, John shall have the tight of appeal、 If the rumour be true, everything is possible、 Though everyone desert you, I will not Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty、 So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance、 Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support、 Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away、 上述用法现在只限于正式书面语体,在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不定式。例如: If the rumour is true, everything is possible、 He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen、 Whatever his defense may be, we can\'t tolerate this disloyalty、 用于某些公式化的语句中 be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。例如: Long live the People\'s Republic of China! God bless you! Heaven forbid!(天理不容) Devil take him!(混蛋) So be it、(但愿如此/就这样吧。) Suffice it to say that、、、(只需说……就够了。) Far be it from me to(我极不愿) spoil the fun、
一、主句和从句 主句是句子的主干，是句子表达的主要意思，从句的意义从属于主句。 如：麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。这句话要说明的主要意思是麻雀五脏俱全，后一句是句子的主句，前面是从句。 二：关于虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had