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英语语法总结冠词和名词

英语语法总结冠词和名词
英语语法总结冠词和名词

英语语法复习知识扼要总结版

Chapter 1简单句(Simple Sentences)

1.

一.名词的格:of 属格的构成及逻辑语义关系

1.1 of属格的构成

基本构成:N1+of+N2。N表示名词;一般来说,of属格主要用于以下两种情形:

一是,表示无生命物体的名词的所有关系。比如:

eg:the roof of the church教堂的屋顶/the name of the song歌曲的名字/the title of the book 书名/the leg of the table

因此,总体来说,’s所有格主要用于有生命的名词,而of属格主要用于无生命的名词二是,当有生命的名词后面接短语或从句修饰时,也用of属格。比如:

eg:I took the advice of an old man that I met during a journey and decided to make something of myself.

译文:我听从了在一次旅行中遇到的一位老人的建议,决定干出一番大事业。

1.2of属格的逻辑语义关系

介词of可以表示很多种逻辑语义关系,读者最熟悉的应该是它表示的“所有关系”,译成“......的”。比如:

eg:The mother of the boy in a red suit is president of our company.穿红色西服的那个男孩的妈妈是我们公司的总经理。

除此以外,of还可以表示其他语义关系,共计十余种,这里只讨论三种:主谓关系、动宾关系和同位关系。

A.主谓关系:从右往左翻译

基本结构:N1+of+N2。N表示名词;一般来说,这里N1是由不及物动词变化过来的名词,表示某个行为,这一行为是由N2来发出的。或者说N2是N1行为的执行者。比如:eg:the arrival of my mother

【点睛】:这里第一个名词arrival是由不及物动词arrive变化过来的,它表示一个行为;

而第二个名词my mother则是这个行为的执行者,即相当于说my mother arrived.

译文:我妈妈到了

eg:the rise of the U.S. Superpower超级大国美国的兴起/the growth of agriculture农业增长

B.动宾关系:从左往右翻译

基本结构:N1+of+N2。N表示名词;一般来说,这里N1是由及物动词变化过来的名词,与上述“主谓关系”相反,N2是N1行为的承受者,而不是执行者。比如:

eg:America’s invasion of Iraq

【点睛】:这里的invasion是由及物动词invade变化过来的,这个短语相当于说America invaded Iraq,即第二个名词Iraq是该动作的承受者

译文:美国入侵伊拉克。

eg:a statement of the facts陈述事实

C.同位关系

基本结构:N1+of+N2,N表示名词;这里N2表示N1的具体内容,二者互为同位说

明。比如:

eg:the city of Rome罗马城市/the news of the team’s victory该队胜利的消息

二.冠词

2.1不定冠词a/an

不定冠词a用在以辅音音素(而非辅音字母)开头的名词;不定冠词an用在以元音音素(而非元音字母)开头的名词。

eg:a boy/a student 这里的[b]和[s]都是辅音

eg:a university/ a unique person/an unkind old lady 这里的三个词university,unique和unkind虽然都是以字母u开头,但前两个u读成[ju],是辅音,所以用不定冠词a;

而unkind中的u读成[?],是元音,所以用不定冠词an。

eg:an hour/an honor/an SOS sign/

2.2冠词的用法概述

正确划分英语名词的可数与不可数对掌握冠词的用法至关重要。将普通名词划分为可数名词和不可数名词是正确运用冠词的前提。

区分特指与泛指:所谓泛指(generic reference),也叫类指,顾名思义,是表示一类事物,或某类事物的总称。所谓特指(specific reference),是表示某类事物中的具体某一个或某一些。

eg:The lion is a dangerous animal./ The lion escaped from the zoo.

【点睛】在前句中,the lion是表示“狮子”这类动物,而不是指具体的某头狮子。而后句中,the lion是指具体的一头狮子,即就是这个动物园里的某头狮子。

译文:狮子是一种很危险的动物。/ 那头狮子从动物园里逃跑了。

eg:The tiger is becoming almost extinct./ The tiger is sleeping in the cage.

【点睛】在前句中,我们想到的是“老虎”这类动物,并不是想到特定的一只老虎。在后句中,我们心里想的是“老虎”这类动物中特定的一只,比如眼前看到的这只老虎。

译文:老虎几乎要灭绝了。/ 那只老虎正在笼中睡觉。

注意:对于the来说,就是特指和泛指。定冠词主要用于表示特指的用法,其次才是表示泛指的用法。但对于不定冠词a/an来说,不能表示特指,主要是用来表示泛指。

2.3英语中四种泛指的表达模式

讨论冠词泛指用法时,首先应结合名词的数来分析。名词从数的角度可以分为不可数名词、复数名词和单数名词。冠词与这三类名词的不同搭配,就会产生冠词的特指和泛指概念。

一般来说,这三类名词与英语的冠词有四种不同的搭配使用规则,从而衍生出四种不同的模式来表示泛指的意义。具体来说就是:不可数名词不加冠词表示泛指;复数名词不加冠词表示泛指;单数名词与定冠词the连用可以表示泛指;单数名词与不定冠词a/an 连用表示泛指。

2.3.1不可数名词不加冠词表示泛指

不可数名词在表示泛指时,不可与定冠词the连用。如果与the连用,此时不可数名词是表示特指。比如:

eg:Life is hard sometimes./ Life is education in itself./ The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America./ I am studying the life of Beethoven.

【点睛】第一句可以知道这里的life是指整个人类生活,而不是具体指某个人的生活,即表示泛指,所以不能说The life is hard sometimes.(×)。第二句同第一句。而在第三句,

这里的life专指“美国黑人的生活”,所以是特指,要说出the life。而第四句中,这里的life专指“贝多芬的生平”,所以是特指,要说成the life。

译文:生活有时会很艰难。/ 生活本身就是教育。/ 这位作家正在写一本关于美国黑人生活的书。/ 我正在研究贝多芬的生平。

eg:Happiness is often the product of honesty and hard work.

译文:幸福往往来自诚实与辛勤的工作。

eg:Sugar isn’t very good for you./ Can you pass me the sugar, please?

2.3.2复数名词不加冠词表示泛指

复数名词同不可数名词一样,在表示泛指时,不可与定冠词the连用。如果与the连用,此时复数名词是表示特指。比较下面句子:

eg:Books become more and more expensive./ Books fill leisure time for many people./ Put away the books on your desk./ Move the books off that chair and sit down.

【点睛】第一句意思是泛指一切书都在涨价,即这里的books是表示泛指,所以不能说The books become more and more expensive.(×)。第二句同第一句。在第三句中,这里的books是专指“你桌上的那些书”,所以是特指,要说成the books。在第四句中,这里的books是专指“椅子上的那些书”,所以是特指,要说成the books。

译文:书变得越来越贵。/ 对于大多数人来说,书填补了他们很多闲暇的时光。/ 把你书桌上的那些书都摆整齐了。/ 把椅子上的书拿开就可以坐了。

eg:Tigers are becoming almost extinct./ Tigers are dangerous animals./ The tigers are

sleeping in the cage.

注意1:从以上例句发现,表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词,它们一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语,以限定这些名词所指的事物的范围。如以上句中的on the desk 和of blacks in America等等。

注意2:一般来说,“the+复数名词”不能用作泛指,而只能表示特指。不过,有两种特殊的表示复数名词概念的结构,是与the连用的,却可以表示泛指:一是“the+国籍名词”,二是“the+形容词”。具体如下:

一.The+国籍名词:该结构是指一个国籍的、一个种族集团的人。比如:

eg:The Chinese are a great people.

【点睛】由于Chinese是单复数同形的名词,这里的the Chinese是表示复数的概念,这从谓语动词are可以看出来。但这里的the Chinese表示的是“整个中国人或中华民族”’即是一个泛指的概念。

译文:中华民族是一个伟大的民族。

eg:The industrious Chinese are admired by their neighbors.

译文:勤劳的中国人民为邻邦所钦佩。

当然不是所有的国籍名词都可以这样用,比如我们不能说the German are...。这样用的国籍名词仅限于以-ese,-sh和-ch结尾的词。

二.The+形容词:表示一类人,是泛指,相当于在形容词的后面省去了people,所以被看作是复数名词,作主语时,谓语要用复数。比如:

eg:The poor are causing the nation’s leaders great concern.

【点睛】这里的the poor是复数概念,表示“穷人们”这类人,即是一个泛指的概念,而不是专指某些穷人。

译文:穷困人口正给该国的领导人造成很大的担忧。

eg:The emotionally disturbed and the physically and mentally handicapped need the aid of Society.

译文:感情受挫的人以及身心残疾的人都需要社会的救助。

2.3.3单数名词与定冠词the连用可以表示泛指

定冠词the与单数名词连用时,可以表示泛指。在语气上显得比较正式或文雅,表示一个由典型的样品所代表的那个类别。比如:

eg:The tiger is becoming almost extinct./ Tigers are becoming almost extinct.

【点睛】第一句,我们采用单数名词tiger与the连用表示泛指。而第二句显然是泛指。

所以两句话让我们想到的是“老虎”这类动物,并不是特定的一只只老虎。因此译文都是“老虎几乎要灭绝了”。

当然,对于“the+单数名词”,到底表示泛指还是特指,需要根据上下文语境判断。比较下列句子:

eg:The whale is the largest mammal on earth./ The whale is dead.

【点睛】在第一句中,我们想到的是“鲸”这类动物,而不是特定的一只只鲸。所以,这里的the whale是表示泛指。在第二句中,我们心里想的是“鲸”这类动物中特定的一只,比如眼前所看到的这只鲸。所以,这里的the whale是表示特指。如果要理解成泛指的话,则表示“鲸都已经灭亡”,相当于说“鲸”这类物种已经没有了,这显然与目前的事实不符,这就反证了这里的the whale不是表示泛指。

译文:鲸是地球上最大的哺乳动物。/ 这头鲸已经死了。

注意:当man表示“人类”而不是“男人”时,相当于mankind,不用冠词,表示泛指。

比如:

eg: Man is a social animal.人是社会的动物

Man has been on this planet for over a million years.人类居住在地球上已长达一百多

万年了

Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the

very nature of life includes death.自古以来,人类就不得不接受这样的现实:一切生命

最终都会死亡,因为生命的本质本身包含了死亡。

2.3.4单数名词与不定冠词a/an连用可以表示泛指

“an/a+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指,不定冠词a/an的泛指用法指的是某一类事物中任何一个具有代表性的成员,所以我们可以用any来替换a/an。比如:

eg:A tiger is a dangerous animal./ The tiger is a dangerous animal./ Tigers are a dangerous Animal.

eg:A teacher should be patient with his or her students.

【点睛】这里的a teacher相当于all teacher或any teacher,表示泛指的概念。

译文:老师应该对自己的学生有耐心。

eg:A growing child needs great nourishment.

译文:正在长身体的孩子需要较多的营养。

但是,“an/a+单数可数名词”泛指用法不能用来表示那些属于整个类别的特性。比如:eg:A tiger is becoming almost extinct.(×)因为这里的extinct只适于描写整个老虎的特性,强调的是“种群”的灭绝,而不适于表示“老虎”这类动物的一般特性。

注意:“an/a+单数可数名词”泛指用法主要限于主语位置,如果处在其他位置则不表示泛指。甚至即使在主语位置,也不一定表示泛指的概念。

2.4定冠词the的特指用法

我们说定冠词the表特指,就是指根据说话者(作者)和听话者(读者)共有的知识,或根据上下文,可以识别的独特的某物。换句话说,说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所指,而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。

一般来说,听话者可以采取两大方法来判断说话者的所指对象,因而形成两种特指模式:情景/文化特指(situational/cultural reference)和上下文共指(textual co-reference)。

eg:I went to New York City last week. The traffic is awful.

【点睛】显然,这句话里的the traffic不是泛指所有的交通,二是专指纽约市的交通。这里the的指代关系就是通过上下文来建立起来的,是属于上下文共指。

译文:我上周去了纽约,那里的交通实在很糟糕。

eg:Have you fed the cat?

【点睛】比如这句话发生的场景是在家里,听话者知道说话者这里说的cat就是特指自家的宠物猫,而不是别处的猫,更不是泛指所有的猫。这里的the就是表示在“家里”

这样特定情景下的特指。

译文:猫你喂过了吗?

2.4.1情景/文化特指(situational/cultural reference)

定冠词the用于这一类特指,必须依赖于说话者和听话者双方共有的知识。因为既然是要特指某事物,那么就应该是说话者与听话者双方都知道的,或者说是说话者认为听话者应该知道的。

在英语中,定冠词有一条用法,是可以表示“著名的”人或事物。比如说到大科学家“爱因斯坦”,我们就要用定冠词the这样说:

eg:Albert Einstein, the famous physicist.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,著名的物理学家

这里就不宜用不定冠词a说成:Albert Einstein, a famous physicist.

这里之所以应该用the而不用a,就是因为“爱因斯坦”举世闻名,因此说话者断定听话者应该知道“爱因斯坦”是何许人,也即说话者与听话者共享一条信息——爱因斯坦是著名的物理学家。通常,如果是在英语世界里非常著名的人物,那么在描述时,一般都可以用the来特指。比如提到“汤姆克鲁斯(Tom Cruise)”,我们可以说:

eg:Tom Cruise, the famous American movie star.

eg:David Beckhm, the British soccer player

eg:Andy Lau, the famous actor(面向中国)/ Andy Lau, a famous Chinese actor(面向世界)以上讨论的有关the表示“著名的“这样用法的例子,是在人名后面接一个带有the的名词短语,来说明这个人的身份,此时用the表示“这里所特指的就是那位著名的人”。

另一种情况是,在著名的人名或地方的前面加the,即构成为“the+专有名词”。比如:eg:A: My name is James Bond.

B: What, not the James Bond?

【点睛】这里B用定冠词the说the James Bond,是断定听话者A知道詹姆斯·邦德是谁,也就是说,A和B有共享的背景知识——知道詹姆斯·邦德这个人物。

译文:A:我是詹姆斯·邦德

B:什么,不是那位大名鼎鼎的詹姆斯·邦德吧?

eg:I live in Beijing, not the Beijing, but a little village in Anhui.

情景/文化特指这一类特指用法又可以进一步分类。具体阐述如下:

一.一般常识(general knowledge)/较大背景

这里的”一般常识“指的是说话者与听话者共同具有的较大情景的知识。传统语法中提到的“表示独一无二的事物”就属于这个用法。

eg:the North Pole/ the Equator/ the earth/ the Renaissance

二.具体知识(specific knowledge)/局部情景(local use)

说话者与听话者共有的知识只是局限在一个特定的较小的范围内,比如对于同一个家庭或村庄的成员来说是独一无二的。

比如在一个小镇上生活的人们,彼此之间谈到the post office,the market,the church或the castle时,指的就是该镇上唯一的这些场所,或者是他们常去的场所。再比如,双方谈到the pub,也许是镇上唯一的一家酒吧,或者是双方常去的那个酒吧。这里说话人说the pub,具体指的是哪个酒吧,对于听话者来说,是不言而喻的。

eg:Have you visited the castle?

【点睛】在某一座城镇只有一个城堡。

译文:你去看过那个城堡了吗?

eg:It was in the newspaper, so it must be true.

【点睛】这里的newspaper前面有the来限定,可以理解为说话者之间都读的那个报纸,一个人们常读的著名报纸。

译文:它是登在报纸上的,所以它一定是真的。

三.即时情景用法(immediate situation)

在说话的时刻,所指为双方唯一看到或听到的。此时,定冠词the的所指是从语言以外的实境中推知的。

eg:The roses are very beautiful.

【点睛】这句话是在花园里说的,指的是眼前看到的这些玫瑰花。

译文:这些玫瑰花真漂亮。

eg:Can you find the page?

【点睛】这是老师上课时间问学生的话。

译文:找到这一页了吗?

在实际使用中,因说话者不可能总是了解听话者的领会情况,the的用法也就带有某种程度的猜测的意味。若听话者不十分明确说话者所指,此时他/她可以用which/what来提问以求弄清所指物。比如:

eg:A:Shut the door, please!

B:Which door?

2.4.2上下文共指(textual co-reference)

上下文共指,就是指听话者或读者可以根据上下文找到所指。它可以分为前指和后指。

前指又可以分为直接前指和间接前指。

一.直接前指

2018高考英语语法专题练习冠词(含答案和解析)(可编辑修改word版)

2018 高考英语语法专题练习冠词(含答案和解析) 冠词是高考英语中的必考知识点,体现在语法填空和 单项选择这两大题型中。正确掌握冠词的用法非常重要, 今天,我们讲练结合,说一说冠词的用法。 Ⅰ. 单句语法填空 1.(2016·汉中市二模)Have a good time! 解析:考查冠词。have a good time 玩得开心。2.(2014·天津,8 改编)Life is like an ocean: Only the strong-willed can reach the other shore. 解析:第一个空表示泛指,且ocean 以元音音素开头,故用不定冠词an;形容词前用定冠词表示一类人,the strong-willed 意为“意志坚强的人”。 3.(2014·重庆,6 改编)I can't tell you the way to the Wilson's because we don't have a Wilson here in the village. 解析:way 后有介词短语作定语,表特指,所以第一空填定冠词the;泛指“一个名叫Wilson 的人”,第二空填不定冠词a。 4.(2014·陕西,19 改编) The village where I was born has grown into a town. 解析:village 后有定语从句修饰,是特指,故第一空填定 冠词;泛指“一座城镇”,故第二空填不定冠词a。

5.(2016·大庆市一模)Every time there was an outbreak,a great number of terrified people died. 解析:there was+可数名词单数,且“outbreak”以元音音素开头,故用an。 6.The news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday. 解析:句意为:市长来我们学校参观的新闻昨天通过收音机发布了。名词news 后有介词短语修饰,起限定作用,表特指,故填the。 7.In Germany, a successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”,has been running with a great success. 解析:句意为:在德国,一个名为“领养祖父母”的项目已成功运行。project 为单数可数名词,此处意为“一个成功的项目”,表泛指。故填不定冠词a。 8.—Mom, why can't I have a new bike?—Dear, you know, money doesn't grow on trees. 解析:句意为:——妈妈,我为什么不能要一辆新自行车?——亲爱的,你要知道,赚钱可不是件容易的事。bike 为单数可数名词,是首次提到,此处表泛指,故用不定冠词a。 9.The wish always remains unrealistic that you can come

六种常见国际贸易术语汇总

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3.船货衔接问题。 4.装船费用问题(FOB变形)。按FOB术语成交,可以选用适当的FOB 术语变形,即FOB术语之后加列各种附加条件,用以明确有关装船费用的负担。常用的FOB变形有以下几种: (1)FOB Liner Terms-FOB班轮条件,指有关装船费用按班轮条件办理,即由负责签订运输合同的一方当事人(即买方)支付。 (2)FOB Under Tackle-FOB吊钩下交货,指卖方仅负责将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处,有关装船的各项费用均由买方负责。 (3)FOBS(FOB Stowed)一FOB包括理舱,指卖方负责将货物装人船舱支付包括理舱费在内的装船费用。 (4)FOBT(-FOB Trimmed)一FOB包括平舱,指卖方负责将货物装入船舱,并支付包括平船费在内的装船费用。 (5)FOBST(FOB Stowed andTrimmed )-FOB包括理舱、平舱,指卖方负责将货物装上船,并支付包括理既费和平舱费在内的装船费用。 FOB变形不改变交货地点和买卖双方划分风险的界限。 5.应当注意《2000年通则》与《1 941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB贸易术语的不同解释。 二、CFR Cost and Fright(…named port of destination)--成本加运费(……指定目的港),是指卖方必须支付成本费和将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费,但货物灭失或损坏的风险以及货物装船后发生事件所产生的任何额外费用,自货物于装运港越过船舷时起即从卖方转由买方承担。 按照《2000年通则》,CFR合同买卖双方的主要义务如下: 卖方主要义务: 1.负责在合同规定的日期或期间内,在装运港将符合合同的货物交至运往指定目的港的船上,并给予买方充分的通知。 2.负责办理货物出口手续,取得出口许可证或其他核准书。 3、负责租船定舱,并支付至目的港的正常运费。 4.负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用和风险。

(完整版)英语语法专题一冠词

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初中英语语法练习-名词与冠词

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2021年初中英语语法知识—冠词的全集汇编及答案(1)

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(专题精选)初中英语语法知识—冠词的易错题汇编及答案解析

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英语语法专项练习(名词、冠词、数词、代词)

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国际贸易术语总结

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3、FAS (1)卖方应及时给买方发出装货通知,以便及时对装上船后的风险购买保险5、CFR (1)卖方应及时给买方发出装货通知,以便及时对装上船后的风险购买保险6、CIF (1)对投保险种无约定时,仅需要投最低险别 7、CPT 8、CIP 11、DAT

注意: (1)DAT卖方要负责卸货 以上要关注的要点: (1)2010年新的贸易术语取消了FOB、CFR、CIF下的“船舷”的概念,卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险,卖方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风险。 (2)2000年贸易术语依照卖方义务责任的大小分为EFCD组,而2010年依照不同的运输方式分为两组,适合水上运输的术语有四种:FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。注意:这两组通则不是依照“新法取代旧法”的规则的,而是要看当事人的约定,采用哪种贸易术语。 (3)E、F组后附地名的意义是装运地或者装运港;C、D组是目的地或者目的港,此时风险的转移点是不变的,买方不需要承担到目的地或者目的港的风险。 (4)F组和C组下,交货地点和风险转移点都在指定装运港或装运地,故称装运合同;D 组称为交货合同,E组为产地交货合同。

2021年中考英语语法专题二:冠词(含答案)

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