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职场英语系列教材--建筑英语-张莉

职场英语系列教材--建筑英语-张莉
职场英语系列教材--建筑英语-张莉

职场英语系列教材

建筑英语

主编张莉

CONTENTS

UNIT ONE

Focal Points

Text

Career in Civil Engineering

As we know, engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor, before they can start on their careers.

In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years.Mathematics, of course, is very important in civil engineering. So it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important part of statistical mathematics is probability. which deals with what may happen when there are different factors that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is begun, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to control. In the design of the bridge. Factors such as water pressure on the foundations, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.

In an engineering program. The problem of designing a structure to withstand the

forces of gravity, wind, and earthquakes is usually addressed through another series of courses. Beginning with algebra and trigonometry(usually covered in high school)and physics, most schools require at least one course in calculus and descriptive geometry before the introduction of engineering statics(a development of the study of vector forces, from elementary physics). There may be an additional course on structural materials, particularly in engineering-oriented programs. The actual structure courses may be done in various sequences by reference to the type of structural element(beam, column, etc. ), or the structural material itself(timber, steel, reinforced concrete, prestrssed concrete). Each material has different characteristics and requires separate considerations, but the ultimate objective in the engineering sense is to determine the most efficient(economical)system that can be coordinated with the design solution. Obviously, the design affects the structural system and vice versa. Today most final structural calculations are done by specialists. A mastery is not essential for the architect, but an understanding is. Again, the emphasis in this area will vary widely from program to program.

Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computers are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information-in other words, a good program.

In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. We have already discussed the relationship between engineering and society. It is, therefore, sufficient to say again that the work done by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should understand. An engineer also needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive. An engineer doing research work will need to be able to write up his or her findings for publications.

The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the student’s field of specialization. For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer,

the specialized courses may deal with such subjects as soil mechanics, or hydraulics. In today’s society, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental engineering, for example. They may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work. They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resources. Indeed, choices are many and varied.

When the young engineer has finally started real practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. He or she will probably work with a team of engineers at the beginning. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice.

The civil engineer may work in research,design,construction supervision, maintenance, or even in management. Each of these areas involves different duties and different uses of the engineer’s knowledge and experience.

Words and Expressions

datum /deItEm/n. 数据,资料

(data /deItE/ pl.)

statistical /stE'tIstIkEl/ adj.统计的

design /dI5zaIn/ v. 设计

program /5prEugrAm/ n. 程序,计划

algebra /'AldVbrE/ n. 代数

trigonometry /trIgE'nCmItrI/ n.三角

calculus /'kAlkjulEs/ n.微积分

geometry /dVI'CmEtrI/ n. 几何

statics /5stAtIks/ n. 静力学

vector /5vekt\:/ n.向量

timber /'tImbE/ n.木材;木料

concrete /5kCnkri:t/ n.混凝土

prestress /pri:5stres/ v.给……预加应力

n. 预应力

coordinate /kEJ5C:dIneIt/ v.使配合,使合作/kEJ5C:dnEt/ n. 坐标

emphasis /5emfEsIs/ v. 强调,重点

accuracy /5AkjurEsI/ n.准确性,准确度

unless /5Qnles/ conj. 除非

accurate /'AkjurEt/ n.准确的

current /5kQrEnt/ adj. 目前的,现行的

trend /trend/ n.倾向,趋势

social /5sEJFEl/ adj. 社会的

sufficient /sE'fIFEnt/ adj. 充分的

persuasive /pE'sweIsIv/ adj. 有说服力的

finding /5faIndIN/ adj. 研究结果,发现

publication /pQblI5keIFEn/ n.刊物,出版specialization /speFElaI5zeIFEn/ n. 专业化,技术规范

Notes to Text

1. Many countries also require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor, before they can start on their careers.

similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor 分词短语作定语,相当于定语从句which is similar to the bar examinations for a lawyer or a doctor

similar to, 与……相似的

e.g. His stance towards the story is quite similar to ours.

他对该报道的态度和我们很相像。

2. Obviously, the design affects the structural system and vice versa.

vice versa,反之亦然

e.g. We gossip about them and vice versa. ( = they gossip about us ).

我们谈论他们,他们也谈论我们.

3. In spite of the importance of technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts.

in spite of, 虽然,尽管

e.g. In spite of her hostility, she was attracted to him.

尽管自己心存敌意,她还是为他所吸引。

4. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice.

translate...into...

1). 转变为e.g. We must make efforts to translate our ideal into reality.

我们必须努力把理想变为现实.

2). 翻译e.g. Can you translate this article into Eng lish?

你能把这篇文章翻译成为英语吗?

Task 1 Answer the following questions according to the passage.

1. What is engineering?

2. In the university, what subjects are considered very important throughout the engineering curriculum, particularly in the first two or three years?

3. What does mathematics include today?

4. What is usually addressed through another series of courses?

5. What has different characteristics and requires separate considerations?

6. Why is computer programming now included in almost all engineering curricula

7. Who needs a good command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and persuasive?

8. When must the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university be applied?

9. Where may the civil engineer work?

10. What does each of these areas involve?

Task 2 Translate the following into Chinese.

1. they can more easily cope with difficulties in future life, I’m giving my children a good education.

A) That B) So that C) In order that D) For the purpose of

2. As the center of learning shifted from Greece to Rome, .

A) the study of biology was so B) the study of biology did so

C) SO it was the study of biology D) so did the study of biology

3. They knew they were expected to come to school every day, , it was raining or snowing.

A)whether B)When C) no matter when D)although

4. An employment survey reveals today that demand for high-level executives this year.

A) have increased B) is increased C) has increased D) was increased

5. We our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

A) just have had B) just had C) have just had D) had just had

6. The English class meets than the French class.

A) as frequently B) little frequently .

C) a little frequently D) less frequently

7. Nowadays I usually stay in bed until late. But when I had a job, I early.

A) could get up B) used to get up

C) was used to get up D) used to getting up

8. She have been listening to our conversation. It was private.

A) needn't B) may not C) mustn't D) shouldn’t

9. He gave up his job for his family and for himself.

A) both B) all C) much D) little

10.Do you think he spilled the soup purpose so that he wouldn’t have to eat it?

A) for B) to C) in D) on

课文翻译

土木工程专业

正如我们所知,工程学是一种需要专门知识的职业,它意味着一名工程师必须具备大学的专门化教育。许多国家还要求工科毕业生在开始其职业生涯之前通过一项类似于律师或医生资格考试的测试。

在大学里,数学、物理学和化学在整个工科课程中都被认为是十分重要的:尤其是前两三年。数学当然对土木工程是很重要的,所以它特别受重视。目前,数学还包括统计学课程,它涉及数据和各种信息的收集、分类和使用。统计数学的一个重要部分是概率,它论述能够改变问题结果的各种因素存在时可能会发生什么情况。例如,在建造一座桥梁之前,先要对

这座桥预计将承受的交通量作出统计研究。在桥梁设计中,必须考虑诸如基础上的水压、不同风力的影口向及许多其他因素。

在工科教学中,一般都通过另外一组课程来讲授结构设计中的抗重力、风力和地震力的问题。多数学校从代数、三角(通常在中学开设)和物理开始,要求在开设工程静力学(在初等物理学的基础上深入研究向量力)之前,至少要开设一门微积分和画法几何课。有些教学计划里,尤其是那些偏重工程技术的教学计划里,可以增设一门结构材料课。结构课可以按照各种各样的顺序来组织,比如参照构件的类型(梁、柱等)或建筑材料奉身(木材、钢材、钢筋混凝土和预力混凝土)来划分。每一种材料都有不同的特性,需要分别进行研究。但就工程而言,最终目的是要确定符合设计要求的最佳(最经济)方案。显然,设计决定结构体系,反之亦然。目前,最后的结构计算通常是由专家承担。结构计算并非建筑师必须掌握的东西,但他必须理解。同样,对这方面知识的强调程度也因教学计划的不同而有很大差异。

由于在解决这些问题时包含大量的计算,现在几乎所有的工科课程都包括计算机程序编制。计算机当然能比人更快更准确地解出许多计算题。但是,除非给它们清晰准确的指令及数据,换句话说,给它们一个编好的程序,否则它们就毫无用处。

尽管在工科课程中专业课很重要,但目前的趋势却要求学生也学习社会科学和语言艺术方面的课程。我们已经讨论过工程和社会的相互关系。因此,只需再说一遍就够了,即一个工程师应该懂得,他或她所做的工作以各种不同的重要方式影响着社会。一个工程师还必须很好地掌握语言,以便能写出清晰的、有说服力的报告。从事研究工作的工程师还应能将其研究结果撰写成文以供发表。

工科教学计划的后两年包括学生专业领域的课程。准备当土木工程师的学生,其专业课可能涉及土壤力学或水力学这样的课程。

在今天的社会里,受过技术训练的人才当然是很需要的。譬如说,青年工程师可以选择环境工程。他们也可以选择专门从事公路工程的建筑公司。他们可能愿意在开发水力资源的政府部门工作。确实,选择是多方面的,而且种类繁多。

青年工程师终于开始实际工作时,必须把大学里学到的知识付诸应用。开始时,他或她或许会和一组工程师一起工作。这样,便可获得工作岗位上的训练,这将显示出他或她把理论付诸实践的能力。

土木工程师可能从事研究、设计、施工监督、养护、甚至管理。其中每一个领域都包含不同的职责和工程师知识及经验的不同应用。

UNIT TWO

Focal Points

Text

Building Code

There are laws that govern where building are placed and to make sure that they are made strong and safe. Laws allow some types of building to build only in center areas. This is done so that noise, pollution, and traffic on streets will not ruin the areas where people have their homes. There laws are called building codes. A building code is a set of detailed regulations to ensure that all the buildings meet certain minimum standards of health and safety. Building codes have been carried out to protect citizens from any harm likely to come to them because of unhealthy and unsafe conditions. Building codes tell how far apart buildings must be and the tapes of materials that must be used in construction. Such codes are generally passed to perfect people. For example, if a house were to catch fire, other houses should be placed far enough away, to which the fire will not spread. By moving the house back from the street some distance and keeping it apart from other house, fire is kept from spreading and fire equipment can get to the house is on fire.

Building codes also help detail what types of construction materials may be used in a building. Such controls on building materials help keep building from falling down under heavy loads. Building codes protect owner dishonest builders. They help those buying the buildings to know they meet certain standards codes also help them finance a home.

The plan for all new constructions must be approved by officials of buildings department before the construction begins .These some officials should have the right of entering property at all time. They must be able to inspect all the equipments, materials, and workmanship do not meet the standards of the building code, the officials have the right to cease the construction until the necessary changes are made. Occasionally, the owner of a house might want to make a basic alternation in electrical, heating or plumbing systems. He may also want to do some basic changes in the structure. In this case, the officials of the building department must approve the alterations beforehand. After the alterations have been finished, the officials must once again check the materials and workmanship.

Originally, building codes were of the specifications type. They required that all the constructions be completed with specified materials in a specified way. The builder or the constructor has very little choice in the materials or the methods of construction. There is a curious example of how this specification-type building code has influenced building style in New York city. The requirement was that the rooftop water-storage tanks be constructed of wood stave. As a result, anyone who has ever looked down from a skyscraper has been surprised by the sight of innumerable wooden water tanks with conical roofs standing on the top of all steel and concrete. Specification-type building codes were probably a necessity at that time. Builders tried to get by using the cheapest materials they could buy. They also assembled in the most careless manner. But time changed, and new materials were developed. Since World War Ⅱ, There has been significant change toward building codes of the performance-type. In this type of code, the performance standards of materials or structure are outlined. The builder is free to select materials or building techniques that will meet these standards.

For instance, a specification-type code for a house sewer will simply specify that cast-iron pipe of a certain quality and size be used. It will also specify that the pipe be installed in a specified manner. The plumbing contractor has no choice and no say in the matter at all. But in a performance-type building code, however, the code will specify the piping not be affected by any corrosive or harmful substances in the

sewage or in the soil in which the pipe is buried. The code will also require that the pipe the code require that pipe meet center minimum strength requirements. In addition, the code will specify that the pipe not be affected by temperature changes within a specified range. The plumbing contractor is free to use plastic pipe, cast-iron, or gold pipe if he wants to, as long as he can show that the pipe does in fact meet the specified standards .

Words and Expressions

New Words

govern /5gQvEn/ v.控制,管理

detailed /5di:teIld/ adj. 详细的

regulation /iregjJ5leIFEn/ n.条例,规定

approve /E'pru:v/ v.批准

property /5prCpEtI/n. 地产,房地产;施工现场

workmanship /5w3:kmEnFIp/ n.工艺

occupancy /'CkjJpAnsI/v. 使用,占用

occasionally /E'keIVEnElI/ adv. 有时

plumbing /'plQmbIN/n. 管道工程;管道设备

adj. (进行)管道工程的

alteration /CltE5reIFEn/ n.变更

originally /C:5rIdVInElI/ adv. 起初

specify /'spesIfaI/v.规定

contractor /5kEntrAktE/ n. 承包人

curious /5kjJErIEs/ adj. 奇怪的

influence /In5fluEns/ v. 影响

water-storage /'wC:tEstC:rIdV/ adj. 储水的

stave /steIv/ n. 狭木板

innumerable /I5nju:mErEbl/ adj. 无数的

Notes to Text

1. A building code is a set of detailed regulations to ensure that all the buildings meet certain minimum standards of health and safety.

code:

1). a set of rules about how people should behave or about how something must be done.

行为准则;规则;法典;法规

e.g. Local building code 地方建筑法规

2). a system of replacing the words in a message with other words or symbols密码;暗码;代码

e.g. If you can't remember your number, write it in code in a diary.

如果记不住自己的号码,可以用代码记在日记簿里。

3). a group of numbers or letters which is used to identify something, such as a postal address or part of a telephone system. (邮政)编码;(电话)区号

e.g. Callers dialing the wrong area code will not get through.

打电话的人如果拨错区号,就无法接通。

2.Builders tried to get by using the cheapest materials they could buy.

get by: 通过,勉强过活, 对付过去,

e.g. 1). I moved aside to let him get by.

我站到一边, 让他过去。

2). She never works but somehow she gets by.

她从不工作, 但总能凑合着过下去。

3. For instance, a specification-type code for a house sewer will simply specify that cast-iron pipe of a certain quality and size be used. It will also specify that the pipe be installed in a specified manner.

1). for instance: for example例如,比如

2). specify: v.

a. give information about what is required or should happen in a certain situation. 明确说明;具体指定

e.g. He has not specified what action he would like them to take.

他尚未明确说明自己希望他们采取什么样的行动。

b. explain it in an exact and detailed way.具体说明(或规定)

e.g. One rule specifies that learner drivers must be supervised by adults.

一条规则明确规定,见习驾驶员必须有成人的监督。

4.Building codes also help detail what types of construction materials may be used in

a building.

detail:

1). n. The details of something are its individual fe atures or elements. 细节

e.g. The details of the plan are still being worked out.

计划的细节仍在制订中。

2). v. If you detail things, you list them or give information about them.详述;详细列举

e.g. The report details the human rights abuses committed in prison.

这份报告详述了监狱中所发生的践踏人权的情况.

Part ⅡTitbits

职场英语趣味小知识

注册建造师

注册建造师分为注册二级建造师和注册一级建造师。

一级建造师具有较高的标准、较高的素质和管理水平,有利于开展国际互认。同时,考虑我国建设工程项目量大面广,工程项目的规模差异悬殊,各地经济、文化和社会发展水平有较大差异,以及不同工程项目对管理人员的要求也不尽相同,设立二级建造师,可以适应施工管理的实际需求。

注册建造师有权以建造师的名义担任建设工程项目施工的项目经理;从事其他施工活动的管理;从事法律法规或国务院行政主管部门规定的其他业务。

Task 1 Answer the following questions according to the passage.

1. What is a building code?

2. I Whom have building codes been carried out to protect?

3. What do building codes tell about the spaces between buildings and materials ?

4. If the equipments, materials or workmanship do not meet the standards of

the building code, what do the officials do?

5. What must the officials do after the alterations have been finished?

6. Who has very little choice in the materials or the methods of construction ?

7. In the performance type of code, what are outlined persuasive?

8. What will a specification-type code for a house sewer simply specify?

9. What will the plumbing contractor do to meet the specified standards in a

specification-type code?

10. What kind of the code will require that the pipe meet certain minimum strength requirements?

Task 2 Translate the following into Chinese.

1. She is a college student, is clear from her manner.

A) what B) as C) that D) such

2. We wanted to go there the road was not very good.

A) as B) although C) if D) for

3. Seldom any sign of being discouraged in face of difficulties.

A)he has showed B) has he showed

C) he has been showing D) has he been showing

4. Ten scientists were reported for their outstanding contributions at the conference.

A) to reward B)to be rewarded

C) to have rewarded D) to have been rewarded

5. Mary had no sooner finished her report the bell rang.

A) when B) and C) than D) as

6. The rental agencies had told him that there were not enough houses for men

A) to live B) living in C) living D) to live in

7. The most important outcome of education is to help students become independent

formal education.

A) from B) to C)of D) on

8. It’s only a walk to get to the nearest post office.

A) five minute B)five minutes C) five minute’s D) five minutes’

9. The farmer kept the cow so that it would not go away.

A) tied up B) tie up C) tying up D) to tie up

10. most important event in San Francisco’s history was the earthquake of 1906.

A) That the B) It was the C)There was the D) The

课文翻译

建筑规范

有规定建筑物应建在哪里和确保其坚固和安全的法规。法规允许某些类型的建筑物只能建筑在某些特定区域。这样做的目的是使噪音、污染和街上的交通不会影响人们居住的区域。这些法规就称为建筑规范。建筑规范是一套详细的条例,目的在于确保所有的建筑物符合某些最低的卫生和安全标准。建筑规范的实施保护了公民不致因不卫生或不安全的条件而受到任何可能产生的危害。

建筑规范规定了建筑物之间的距离和施工中必须使用的各类建筑材料。这类建筑规范的通过是为了保护人民。例如,如果一栋房屋会着火,其他房屋应该有足够的间隔,让火不会蔓延到那里。使该房屋远离街道一定距离,同其他房屋也保持一定距离,火就不会蔓延,消防车也能顺利到达着火的房屋。建筑规范还有助于详细提出在建筑物中可以使用什么样的建筑材料。这种对建筑材料的控制有助于确保建筑物不会在重载下坍塌。建筑规范保护业主不受不诚实建筑商的欺骗。规范帮助那些购房者知道建筑物是符合某些标准的。规范也有助于他们为购房筹措资金。

所有新建筑的计划在施工开始之前必须由建筑部门的官员审核批准。同时,这些官员应该有权随时进入物业施工现场。在建筑物批准使用之前,他们必须能够检查全部设备、材料及工艺。如果设备、材料或工艺不符合建筑规范的标准,这些官员有权停止施工程直到做出必要的变更。

有时,房主很可能想要对电力、供热或管道设备系统进行根本性的改建。他也可能想在结构上进行一些根本性的改建。在这种情况下,建筑部门的官员必须事先审核批准这些变更。并且在变更完成时再次对材料和工艺进行检查。

最初,建筑规范是规定型的。它们要求所有的工程都要使用规定的材料、按规定的施工方法作业。施工单位或承包商在选用材料和施工方法上很少有选择余地。下边这一奇特的例子就说明了规定型的建筑规范如何影响了纽约市的建筑风格。那时要求屋顶上的贮水箱都要用狭木板建造。结果,任何一位从摩天大厦上往下看的人都会为所看到的景象大吃一惊:在全是钢筋混凝土结构的楼顶上,耸立着无数圆锥形的木制水箱。

规定型的建筑规范在当时可能是必不可少的。施工单位力图使用他们能买到的最便宜的材料应付过关。他们还以最粗枝大叶的方式组装房屋。但是,时代变了,开发出.了新材料。自从第二次世界大战以来,性能型的建筑规范已是大势所趋。这种规范提出了材料和结构的性能标准。凡符合这些标准的建筑材料和施工技术,施工方都可以自由选择。

例如:规定型的建筑规范只是简单地规定房屋的下水道要用一定质量和一定尺寸的铸铁

管。它还规定管道应该以规定的方式进行安装。管道工程的承包人在这个问题上既无选择余地,也无发言权。但是性能型的建筑规范则规定,管道应该不受污水或埋设管道土壤中的任何腐蚀性物质或有害物的损害。还规定管通应该符合某些最低的强度要求。此外,管道应该不受舰定范围内温度变化的影响。管道工程承包商可以自由选用塑料管、铸铁管或者如果他愿意的话,还可以用黄金管,只要他能表明,管道的的确确符合规定的标准即可。

建筑专业常用英语词汇

建筑专业常用英语词汇

建筑专业常用英语词汇 A design basis 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design B stage of design 设计阶段 方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing C climate condition 气象条件 日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning

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中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.By the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web

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专业英语 Unit1 第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process 2.房地产开发商Real estate developer 3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market 4.项目管理Project management 5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle 6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope 7.专业化服务Professional services 8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects 9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction 10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engineering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management 第一章 1、从项目管理的角度看,“业主”和“发起方”是同义的,因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。 2、项目范围界定后,详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图,最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。 3、此外,业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作,或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。 4、业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上,从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。 5、所有的组织方法各有利弊,这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型,规模和位置。 6、各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。 7、. 专门的工业建筑,通常涉及技术复杂程度高,如炼油厂,钢铁厂,化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目,如图1-4所示。 8、传统上,在初步设计开发阶段,业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程(A / E)的公司或集团。 9、通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理,设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的。 10、近年来,建设项目从成立到完成,新的施工管理人员(CM)的提供专业服务。 11、因此,业主必须明白自己的责任,也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。 12、除非业主或专业的施工经理执行此功能,一个良好的总承包商会与他的团队合作,专业的承包商或分包商作过的项目数量在过去可以最有效的鼓励人的忠诚与合作。 13、例如,在纽约,专业承包商,如机械和电气承包商,不受建设项目总承包商的监督,公共项目初期必须签订独立合约。 14、主要原料供应商,包括钢结构制造和架设,金属板材,预拌混凝土输送,钢筋详图,屋面,玻璃等专业承包商。 第二章

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国际工程管理专业英语

兰州交通大学 学期论文 中文题目建筑市场及其发展 英文题目Construction Market and its Development 专业通信工程 姓名徐宏 学号201210048 指导教师刘虹 提交日期December.24 兰州交通大学

学期论文评语

摘要 随着市场经济快速的发展,作为领军行业的工程建筑行业发展势头迅猛,并成为我国市场经济发展中的领军行业,带动我国市场经济的发展。 自从改革开放以来,我国建筑业得到了很大的发展,其产值在国民生产总值中的比重逐年增加,它的发展带动了一大批相关产业,如钢铁、建材、化工、家电等上下游产业的迅猛发展。从发达工业化国家建筑业发展的规律来看,我国正处在农业国逐步转变为工业化国家的历史阶段。在这个较长的历史发展阶段,建筑市场潜力巨大,建筑业具有广阔的发展前景。建筑业作为国有经济的重要的物质生产部门,将随着我国工业化进程的加快,而进入长期稳定发展的时期。本论文通过对建筑市场及其发展的介绍,让我们进一步了解我国建筑行业的发展。 本论文由五部分组成。第一章,简介建筑市场及其分类方式。第二章,从广义和狭义两个方面来简述建筑市场的概念。第三章,说明建筑市场的主体,包括业主,承包商,中介机构三方面。第四章,介绍建筑市场的客体,也就是建筑产品。第五章,结论部分,介绍我国建筑市场现状及其发展趋势。 关键词:建筑行业建筑市场现状发展

Abstract With the rapid development of market economy, construction industry as the leading industry is developing rapidly, and become China's market economy development in the leading industry, promote the development of market economy in china. ○1“Since the reform and opening up, China's construction industry has been greatly developed, the proportion of its output value in GDP has increased year by year, which led to the development of a large number of related industries, such as the rapid development of iron and steel, building materials, chemical, home appliances and other downstream industries.”From the view of development of construction industry of developed industrial countries, China is in an agricultural country gradually into the historical stage of industrialized countries. In the long historical development stage, the construction market has great potential, the construction industry has a broad development prospect. The construction industry as a state-owned economy the important material production sector, along with the acceleration of China's industrialization, and enter a long-term stable development period. In this paper, through the construction market and its development is introduced, let us further understand the development of the construction industry in our country. This thesis consists of five parts. The first chapter, introduction of the construction market and its classification. The second chapter, from the broad sense and narrow sense concept of two aspects of the construction market. The third chapter, the main body, the construction market include the owner, contractor, agencies from three aspects. The fourth chapter introduces the architecture, object market, also is the building products. The fifth chapter, the conclusion part, introduces the status quo of China's construction market and its development trend. Keywords: Construction industry Construction market The present situation Development

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV:Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体(工程)reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration(土)空隙比 albery壁厨,壁龛 a l mery壁厨,贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀,麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板(工程) shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝,空洞,麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量,弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

工程管理工程造价中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords:cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.

工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈

U2-S1什么是项目管理? 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解,而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束,比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同,但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说,项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同,待项目任务的完成后,项目组织通常也会随之终止。(美国)项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义:项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术,在项目整个生命周期,应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照,一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而,由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异,使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中,应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上,现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具,而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如,计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样,许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具,现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此,图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说,建设项目管理包含一组目标,该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外,施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划,通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中,通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域,这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度: 1. 项目宏观管理,确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理,确保所需的所有工作(并且只有所需的工作)。 3. 项目时间管理,提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理,确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理,确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理,有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理,确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理,分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理,从外部获得必要资源。

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