研究生英语听力第5章课本原文

新视野研究生英语_读说写1Unit5RemoteControl课文原文原文Unit Five Remote Control1、Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumers insane.2、Of course they don’t say they want to drive us insane. What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where “all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information”and appliances will be “smarter than most of their owners.”For example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher “can be turned on from the office”and the refrigerator “knows when it’s out of milk” and the bathroom scale “transmits your weight to the gym.”3、I frankly wonder whether the appliance manufacturers, with all due respect, have been smoking crack.I mean, did they ever stop to ask themselves why a consumer, after loading a dishwasher, would go to the office to start it? Would there be some kind of career benefit?YOUR BOSS: What are you doing?YO U ( tapping computer keyboard ): I’m starting my dishwasher!YOUR BOSS: That’s the kind of productivity we need around here!YOU: Now I’m flushing the upstairs toilet!4、Listen, applian ce manufacturers: We don’t need a dishwaher that we can communicate with from afar.If you want to improve our dishwashers, give us one that senses when people leave dirty on the kitchen counter, and shouts at them: “Put those dishes in the dishwasher rignt nowor I’ll leak all over your shoes!”5、Likewise, we don’t need a r efrigerator that knows when it’s out of milk.We alrealy have a foolproof system for determining if we’re out of milk. We ask our wife. What we could use is a refrigerator that refuses to let us open its door when it senses that we are about to consume our fourth Jell-O Pudding Snack in two hours.6、As for a scale that transmits our weight to the gym: Are they nuts?We don’t want our weight transmitted to our own eyeballs!What if the gym decided to trainsmit our weight to all these other appliances on the Internet?What if, God forbid, our refrigerator found out what our weight was!We’d never get the door open again!7、But here is what really concerns me about these new “smart” appliances:Even if we like the features, we won’t be able to use them.We can’t use the appliance features we have now.I have a feature-packed telephone with 43 buttons, at least20 of which I am afraid to touch. This phone probably can communicate wi th the dead, but I don’t know to operate it, just as I don’t know how to o perate my TV, which requires three remote controls.One control (44 buttons ) came with the TV; a second (39 buttons )came with the VCR; the third (37 buttons ) was brought here by the cable man, who apparently felt that I did not have enough buttons.8、So when I want to watch TV, I’m confronted with a total of 120 buttons, identified by such helpful labels as PIP , MTS, DBS,FZ, JUMP and BLANK.There are three buttons labeled POWER, but there are times-especially if my son and his friends, who are not afraid of features, have changed the settings-when I honestly cannot figure out how to turn the TV on.I stand there, holding three remote controls, pressing buttons at random, until eventually I give up and go turn on the dishwasher.It has been, literally, years since I have successfully recorded a TV show.That is how “smart”my appliances have become.9、And now the appliance manfacturers want to give us even more features.Do you know what this means?It means that some night you’ll open the door of your “smart” refrigerator, looking for a beer, and you’ll hear a pleasant, cheerful voice-recorded by the same woman who informs you that Your Call Is Important when you call a business that does not wish to speak with you persinally-telling you: Your celery is Li mp.”You will not know who else your refrigerator knows this, and, what is worse, you will not know how your refrigerator is telling about it( Hey, Bob! I hear your celery is limp!” ).And, if you want to try to make the refrigerator stop, you’ll have to decipher Owner’s Manual instructions written by and for nuclear physicists(“T o disable th e Produce Crispness Monitoring feature, enter the Command Mode, then elect the Edit function, then select Change Vegetable Defaults, then assume that Train Aleaves Chicago traveling westbound at 47 mph, while Train B…..”10、Is this the kind of future you want, consumers?Do you want appliances that are smarter than you?Your appliances should be dumber than you, just like your furniture, your pets and your represetatives in Congress.So Iam urging you to let the appliance industry know, by phone, letter, fax and e-mail, that when it comes to “smart”appliances, you vote NO.You need to act quickly. Because while you’re reading this, your microwave oven is voting YES.。

UNIT 1Part 1B见听力书C Consumers who want to shop online are suggested to bear the following things in mind:Evaluate the site. Always buy goods from well-known and trustworthy companies. Deal with companies which offer customer service, a complaints procedure and have a refund policy.Talk to merchant. E-mail and wait for reponses. Take down the addresses and phone numbers of those companies and make sure they are real by calling them up before buying any products and services.Ensure secure connection. Since buyers must submit personal information like number and expiry date of the card there are fears over security. Deal with sites that apply strict safety measures that require shoppers to give specific data known only to card holders before making the transaction.Be extra careful at a cybercafe or other public connection.Part 5"Everybody loves a bargain, "this is a common American saying. A bargain is something you buy for less than its true vale. It is something you might not buy if it costs more.One person's useless ugly object can be another person's bargain. So many Americans put it outside with a "for sale" sign on it and they have a yard sale.Just about anything can be sold at a yard sale: clothing, cooking equipment, old toys, tools, books and chairs, even objects you think are extremely ugly or useless. You may have an electric light shaped like a fish. You may greatly dislike its looks, but it may be beautiful to someone else. Usually the seller puts a price on each object. But the price can almost always be negotiated. The price of a table, for example, might be marked $10. But the seller may accept 8. If the table has not been sold by the end of the day, the seller probably will take much less.Some people go to yard sales because it is part of their job. They earn their livings by buying old things at low prices then selling them at higher prices. Many others, however, go to yard sales just to have fun. They say it is like going on a treasure hunt. Sometimes they really do find the treasure.Ned Jaudere did. The Boston Globe newspaper says Mr. Jaudere has been collecting native American Indian objects since he was a young man. Last year, he stopped at a yard sale in the northeastern city of Worcester, Massachusertts. He paid $125 for what everyone thought was an old wooden club. Mr. Jaudere thought it was something else. Two days later, he confirmed that the club had been used by the Wampanoag Indian leader known as King Philip. King Philip used it during his war with the white settlers at eastern Massachusetts in 1675. The historic weapon had been stolen from a museum in 1970 and had been missing ever since. Mr. Jardere learnt the war club was valued at about $150 000 but he did not sell it or keep it. Mr. Jaudere returned the club to the museum near Boston Massachusetts from which it was stolen.Questions:1. Which of the following is a common American saying?2. What can be sold at a yard sale?3. Why do people go to a yard sale?4. When was the old wooden club stolen?5. What was the real value of the club?6. Why was the club at a great value?UNIT 2Part 1B A: Good morning. I'd like some information about tourist figures, please. First, about accommodation. What proportion of tourists stay in hotels?B: Well, in an average year 60% of tourists stay in hotels, but this year 35% are staying in hotels.A: What proportion of tourists stay in holiday camps?B: Well, in an average year 20% of tourists stay in holiday camps, but this year 45% are staying in holiday camps.A: Now, about places visited. What proportion of tourists visit Europe?B: Well, in an average year 80% of tourists visit Europe, but this year 60% are visiting Europe.A: And what proportion of tourists visit the U.S.A.?B: Well, in an average year 15% of tourists visit the U.S.A., but this year 30% are visiting the U.S.A..A: Now, about methods of transport. What proportion of tourists go by plane?B: Well, in an average year about 70% of tourists go by plane, but this year about 50% are going by plane.A: What proportion of tourists take their own car?B: Well, in an average year about 20% of tourists take their own car, but this year about 30% are taking their own car.A: Thank you very much for your help.C C — Clerk T — TouristC: …so here's a brochure with the hotels in Midford. It gives you all the rates …T: I'm sorry, my English isn't so good. Can you explain this to me?C: Yes, of course. First of all we have the Castle Inn …here …it's the cheapest. It will cost you only ￡12 for a single room and ￡15 for a double. The price includes continental breakfast. If you want a full English breakfast you'll have to pay extra …T: What is this "English breakfast"?C: Oh, you know, hot food: fried egg, fried bacon, porridge …whereas the continental breakfast is coffee, tea, rolls, jam and honey —nothing cooked, you see.T: I think I would prefer the continental breakfast.C: Well, yes, that's included. And then we have the Dalton Hotel, more expensive, but very nice, a bathroom attached to every room. The Dalton charges ￡30 for a single room and ￡60 for a double. But there is no charge for children under 12 who stay in the same room as their parents.T: I won't have my children with me. But maybe my husband will come a little later …C: Well, the Park Hotel is very reasonably priced. ￡16 per person. Every room has a bath. There's a special rate of ￡25 which includes dinner, bed and breakfast — what we call half board. Or you can have full board, that's the room plus all meals for ￡29 per person per night. T: We would only want breakfast.C: I see. Mm …you could try the fourth hotel here, the Phoenix. It will cost you ￡28 for a double room with bath. Breakfast is ￡5 per person.T: Yes. But what about the extra money, what do you call it in English, the service...C: All these rates include a service charge of 10%. They also include V AT - that's Value Added Tax.T: If we come later in the year will it be cheaper?C: Yes. These are the rates for June to September. You would pay less at other times of the year.T: I'll talk about it with my husband. Thank you for explaining everything to me. C: You're very welcome.Part 5Five U.S. hotels were voted among the world's top ten, with the Halekulani in Honolulu ranking first, a survey of Gourmet magazine readers released last Friday said.Coming in second was the Oriental, in Bangkok, Thailand, followed by Villa d'Este, Cernobbio, Italy; The Regent Hong Kong, and Hotel Ritz, Paris.The Greenbriar, in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia ranked No. 8. The 10th-ranked hotel was the Four Seasons Resort Nevis, in Charlestown, Nevis, West Indies.More than 150 hotels, resorts and inns in 27 countries and regions were ranked in general and specific categories that rated such things as dining, bars, pools, workout centers and romantic atmosphere. This is the third year that Gourmet, which has more than 5 million readers, has conducted the survey.Another U.S. hotel, the Mansion on Turtle Creek in Dallas, topped the list for restaurant dining, beating out the Connaught in London, Italy's Villa d'Este and Bangkok's the Oriental. The Four Seasons in Philadelphia was No. 5.In the specific category of best business hotels, the Regent Hong Kong ranked first as it has for the past three years. In other categories, Paris' Hotel Ritz with its Roman thermal baths was voted to have the best pools and The Green- briar in West Virginia was found to have the best workout center, golf and tennis.UNIT 3Part 1B Narrator: What would you reply to these people?Man: Well, as I see it, millions of people in the world are worse off than us, but there's nothing we can do about it.Woman: I'd say that if you do have plenty of money, there's no point in spending it on private education for your children.Man: It seems to me that the only way to help the poor in the world is to find ways of helping them to help themselves. …er …not …by …er …giving them free food.Women: If you ask me, taxes for rich people should be really high — 95% or something - so that everyone is at the same economic level.Man: Er…in my view it…it's worth making a lot of money …er …so that you can leave it to your children when you die. Man: Don't you agree that if people are starving or have nowhere to live, it's the duty of better-off people to give them food and shelter? Woman: Look, let's face it, there's only one reason why people work and that's to make as much money as possible.Man: Surely, as long as you've got enough to live on, there's no point in making more and more money.Woman: If you're earning a good salary, surely you should save as much as you can for a rainy day.Man: I must say that one thing is certain: money doesn't buy happiness.C Narrator: You'll hear some people reacting to various opinions — decide if they are agreeing or disagreeing with the opinions expressed. Pay attention to the tone of voice they use.1. Woman: Aren't you glad you're not a millionaire? Man: Sure!2. Man: Don't you wish you could afford to spend our holidays in the Caribbean? Woman: Mm, ye-es.3. Woman: It's not worth saving your money, it's better to spend it. M an: Oh, sure!4. Man: It's better to be happy than rich. Woman: Hmm.5. Woman: Well, basically, in a job the most important thing is how much you earn. Man: Oh, yes!6. Man: It's really important to save a little money every month — you never know when you might need it.Woman: I don't know about that!7. Man: The only way to survive on a tight budget is to keep a record of all your expenses. Man: I don't know about that!8. Woman: Children these days get far too much pocket money. Woman: Mmm!9. Woman: In a family it should be the mother that controls the budget. Woman: Yes!10. Man: If I inherited a lot of money it wouldn't change my life at all. Man: Oh, yes!Part 5Europe ranks as the most expensive region in the world according to the latest survey by a prestigious London research group, the Economist Intelligence Unit.Seven of the world’s 10 most expensive cities are in Europe, according to the report released Monday.The Economist Intelligence Unit ranks Oslo as the third most expensive city in the world. Other European cities in the top 10 include Zurich, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris, Reykjavik and London.Tokyo and Osaka remain on top of the list, as they have for a decade. Hong Kong ranked fifth.The editor of the report, Bill Ridgers, says strong European currencies, led by the euro, account for the continent’s cost of living.“We’ve seen an increase in the relative cost of living in the euro-zone countries as the euro has appreciated against the US dollar, the prices have become relatively more expensive. And the flip side to that is that we’ve seen US cities actually slipping down in the list because they are becoming relatively cheaper as the dollar becomes slightly weaker.”New Your City has dropped out of the top 10, and now ranks as the 13th costliest city. Latin American cities also have slipped down the ranks amid persistent economic turmoil in the region. Mexico City is in 56th place and Sao Paulo is 120th, just fourth from the bottom of the list.Tehran remains the world’s cheapest city, with a cost of living less than one-quarter that of Tokyo.The Economist team checks prices of a wide range of items—from bread and milk to cars and utilities—to compile the semiannual cost of living report.Business clients use the service to calculate the amount of allowances granted to overseas executives and their families.UNIT 4Part 1B Dialogue oneA: You asked me where all the money goes. It's difficult to say exactly, but obviously we spend a lot of money on groceries. I enjoy cooking, and as we have a large family — four children — our food bill is quite big. We also like eating out — my wife and I probably go out to a restaurant about once a week. Unfortunately, there are no theatres round here, so we don't go to the theatre as much as we'd like. But we do spend money on our hobbies. I like doing jobs around the house — I'm one of the local DIY center's best customers —and I'm very keen on sailing — that's a very expensive hobby. I'm also very interested in antiques, especially clocks. You must let me show you my collection one day ...B: I'd like that. I wanted to ask you about holidays. Do you usually go abroad or stay in this coutry?A: We usually stay here. In fact, we spend very little on holidays. We have a small house near the sea and we usually go there. That's where I do my sailing. We did go away for a week last year, but that was exceptional.B Dialogue twoA: So how much did we spend on entertainment this year? B: 2566.A: That's down a little on last year. And what's the figure for depreciation? B: 300, the same as last year.A: Hm, expenditure on secretarial expenses is up. B:Yes, there's a big increase there.A: What's the figure of 2612 for? B: Where's that? A:Six figures down. B: That's motor expenses.A: And what does this figure represent? B: Audit and accountancy costs.A: They're both up a lot. B: Yes, but expenditure on telephone and postage is down.It's half as much as last year.Part 5April 15th is a special date for Americans, but it is no holidays, it is tax day. It is the last day to pay any federal taxes owed on earnings from the year before.The Constitution gives Congress the power to establish federal taxes. State and local governments can also tax. But the idea of national taxes book time to develop. Not everyone liked the idea.In 1791, Congress approved a tax on whiskey and other alcoholic drink. Farmers in western Pennsylvania who produced alcohol refused to pay. They attacked officials and burned the home of a tax collector.America’s first president, George Washington, gathered almost 13000 troops. The soldiers defeated the so-called Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. It was one of the first times that the government used its powers to enforce a federal law within a state.At first the United States government collected most of its money through tariffs. These are taxes on trade. In the late 1800s, Congress began to tax people’s pay. The Supreme Court rejected the personal income tax. But, in 1913, the states passed the 16th Amendment to the Constitution. This gave Congress the right to tax income.Today, personal income tax provides the government with more than 40% of its money. Taxes collected to pay for retirement programs and other services provide 35%. Income taxes on businesses provided 7% of the federal money in 2002, and the government collects other taxes, including customs.The Internal Revenue Service collects federal taxes. The IRS is part of the Treasury Department. Most taxpayers do not owe the agency any money on April 15th. Their employers have taken income taxes from their pay all year and already given it to IRS. In fact, most people get some money back, but tax laws are often criticized as too complex.The United States has what is called a progressive tax system. Tax rates increase as earnings increase. This year people who earn more than $312000 are taxed at 35%. That is the highest rate. Individuals who earn less than $7000 pay no income tax, but they do pay other taxes.UNIT 5Part 1B a.We expected about eight thousand, but it was half of that.b We estimated about two thousand, but it's twice as much as that.c. Her salary is about two thousand, and his is about double that.d. We thought about eight thousand, but it's not more than a quarter of that.e. We thouht about four thousand, and it's similiar to that.C Dialogue oneA: About 24% of my income goes in tax, which is quite low — I don't know how they manage in places where tax rates are higher. I have a good job — I suppose I earn about thirty grand with bonuses, but I wouldn't say that we were well-off. We can't afford to run two cars. The cost of living is very high here.B：Does your wife work?A：She does at the moment. We're trying to clear our overdraft, and there isn't a lot left over. We do spend a lot on food, but then we are a big family — it's difficult to economize. We spend very little on holidays, we usually go camping, which the children prefer anyway. We did go abroad for a week last year but that was exceptional. I don't know where the money goes. We don't often go out. B：What about hobbies?A：I'm keen on sailing, but it's an expensive pastime. We do spend a bit on the children, Angela loves riding, but we're careful, we have to be.C Dialogue twoA：We were broken into yesterday. They took the video. It was brand new. B：oh no,what was it worth?A: About £300. B: I hope you're insured.A：Yes, luckily I paid the premium last week. But I'll have to make a claim. It's a real nuisance.B：Are you covered for electrical goods?A：I assume so. I'll check — I have to call them to get a claim form.C Dialogue threeA: His commitments are very similiar to mine. We both have a family to support and a mortgage to pay. My guess is that his income is about the same as mine. I don't understand how he can afford a cottage in the country.B: He probaly borrowed the money. Your basic situation may be similiar to his but he's very different from you. He never saves a penny.I bet you invest far more than he does in pension schemes, and so on. For example, how much do you spend on insurance per year? A: That's my business. B: OK, let's say it's three thousand, including life insurance. A: It isn't nearly as much as that!B: Maybe not, but the point is that he probably spends twice as much as that just on entertaining.Part 5A: How do prices in Iceland compare with those in the UK? I've heard that it's an expensive country.B: Yes, it always has been, but at the moment the pound is quite strong against the krona, so things like eating out in restaurant and staying in hotels are cheaper than they used to be. But eating out is still quite expensive, and drinks cost about twice as much as they do in the UK — a bottle of wine in a restaurant is extremely expensive. But I don't mind paying the prices — the fish is fantastic as you would expect and the lamb is wonderful. Food in the shops is still expensive, probably on average about one and half times more expensive than in the UK.A: Do you manage to get out much, or do you spend all of your time working when you're there?B: I try to get out and see as much of the country as possible, yes. I like to go fishing when I have the chance — Iceland is a great place for fishing. Last time I was there I did actually manage to find time to drive up to the fishing port at Akrances, I'm not sure how you pronounce it, from Reykjavik. I went out on a boat and caught quite a lot of fish, for once — mainly cod and haddock. To get to Akrances you have to drive past some fantastic mountain scenery. You really should go to Iceland if you have the chance. I don't know anywhere else like it.UNIT 6Part 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual proprietorship. The proprietor owns all the property of the business and is responsible for it. Most small businesses in the United States are individual proprietorships.The law recognizes no difference between the owner and the business.Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to state how much of the partnership each person controls. They can end the partnership at any time. But partnerships and individual proprietorships exist only as long as the owners are alive.Some states permit what are called limited liability partnerships. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits. But their responsibilities are also limited.The most complex kind of business organization is the corporation. Corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. Investors in a corporation own stock. This is a share of ownership in a corporation. Investors can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business. Investors may get paid dividends, a small amount of money for each share they own.A board of directors controls corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.Not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. The American Red Cross, for example, is of a non-profit corporation.Part 5An organization in the United States has been teaching young people about the American business system for almost 80 years. Now we operate in more than 100 other countries.Junior Achievement is the world’s oldest, largest, and fastest growing economic educational organization. It began in 1919 in Springfield, Massachusetts. The group’s first program was for high school students after school hours. Its goal was to show young people how businesses are organized and operated. The students learned by forming their own companies. Local business people advised them.First, the students developed a product. Then they sold shares in their company. They used this money to buy the materials needed to make the product. They produced the product and sold it. Finally, they returned the profits to the people who owned shares in the company. The Junior Achievement “Company Program”was very successful. It continues to teach young people about American business by helping them operate their own companies.In 1974, Junior Achievement began teaching students in their classrooms about business. Today, there are programs for students of all ages from 5 to 18. more than 2700000 American students are involved in Junior Achievement. They are taught by more than 85000 business advisors who are not paid.Junior Achievement has programs for young school children ages 5 through 11. volunteer business advisors teach the main rules of successful businesses. They teach how businesses are organized. They teach how products are made and sold. They also teach about the American economy, the system of money, industry and trade. And they teach students how the economy affects theirfamilies and their communities.Junior Achievement has programs for middle school students ages 12 to 14. A volunteer business expert teaches the students once a week. Once program is called “Project Business”. It is about economic theories. Students learn about supply and demand. They learn about corporations. And they learn about world trade.Another Junior Achievement program for 12 to 14-year-old students is called “the Economics of Staying in School”. It is for students who may be thinking about leaving before completing high school. These students learn the importance of continuing their education. First they play a game. The game shows what kinds of jobs people have. It shows how much education is needed for each job. And it shows how much money each job pays. The students learn that workers with more education get better jobs and earn more money. Then the students learn how much money the need to buy the things they want. They realize that they probably will not earn enough money if they do not finish high school.UNIT 7Part 1In the past few years, hundreds of magazine and newspaper stories have been written about Bill Gates and his company, the reason the Microsoft Company is extremely successful. It has made Bill Gate one of the richest men in the world. William Gates the 3rd was born in 1955, in a western city of Seattle, Washington. He became interested in computers when he was 13 years old. When most young boys his age were playing baseball or football, young Bill Gates was learning to write computer programs. These programs tell computers how to perform useful tasks. Bill Gate attended Harvard University after high school. At Harvard, he began developing the computer language called Basic. He began to think that the computer would someday become a valuable tool that could be used in every office and home. Bill Gate returned to Seattle where he established the Microsoft Company in 1975. It employed only three workers. Microsoft developed computer software for established American companies, like General Electric and Citibank. Soon Microsoft was working with the International Business Machines Company known as IBM. In 1981,IBM began selling a personal computer that used Microsoft products as part of its operating system. By then, Microsoft had 129 workers. Today IBM still uses Microsoft's computer operating system. So do many other computer companies. One of the most famous Microsoft products is a program called Windows. Windows makes it much easier to use a computer. Company officials say Microsoft has sold about 40 000 000 copies of the Windows program around the world. Microsoft does thousands of millions of dollars in business each year. It now has more than 16 000 workers in more than 48 countries. Microsoft today produces computer programs in 30 languages and sells them in more than 100 countries.Part 51.The best real estate deal in historyEven in the days when America was known as the New World, it was a country with a reputation for its spirit of enterprise and the ability of its people to make a good deal.When the settlers started negotiating, the natives hardly knew what had hit them — and in the summer of 1626, probably the most spectacular real estate coup in history took place.Governor Peter Minuit of the Dutch West India Company had the job of buying Manhattan Island from the Indians.After some haggling with Chief Manhasset, the price was agreed at 24 dollars' worth of kettles, axes and cloth.Today, $24 would not buy one square foot of office space in New York City, and an office block in central Manhattan changes hands for around $80 million. Even allowing for inflation, Minuit got himself a real bargain.2.Not again, Josephine!You would think that the Manhattan deal would remain a one-off for ever. But less than two centuries later the loser was Napoleon, Emperor of France and (in his early years, at least) a brilliant military tactician.In 1803, Napoleon had his mind on European affairs (in particular, an invasion of Britain), so he decided to dispense with France's American possessions.He sold the entire Mississippi valley, an area of 828 000 square miles extending from Canada down to the Gulf of Mexico and westwards to the Rockies, for just over 27 million dollars.Through this deal, known as the Louisiana purchase, President Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States for only around 5 cents per acre.3.Nice ice at a reasonable priceNapoleon did just manage to reach Moscow in his ill-fated invasion of 1812 — but it would seem that news of his poor American deal did not.For, astonishingly, the Russians went on to become the third victims of major land deals with America.On March 30th 1867, the U.S. Secretary of State, William Seward, bought Alaska from Tsar Alexander II for a mere $7.2 million— thereby acquiring another 586 000 square miles of territory for less than 2 cents per acre.The Tsar presumably thought that this remote, frozen and virtually uninhabited piece of land had nothing at all to commend it —and at first, the American people agreed with him, for Alaska was known as "Seward's folly" and "Seward's ice box" for years.In 1896, however, gold was struck at Klondike in the Yukon, and since then, over 750 million dollars' worth has been mined.In 1968, black gold was discovered — and an estimated 100 billion tons of coal are also lying underground, just waiting to be dug up.UNIT 8Part 1Hubert: Good morning. Usugi: Good morning. Hubert: Can I help you?Usugi: Er, thank you but I'm just looking at the moment. Hubert: Yes, please do. Have you come across our product before? Usugi: I think I have heard of them, yes. Hubert: We are relatively new but Golf Pro is acquiring a reputation very quickly. We have become world leaders in metal woods.Usugi: Really? Well, actually I am quite interested in metal woods. Could you tell me what the prices are in this range?Hubert: Of course. The prices start at 90 pounds and they go up to 149 pounds. Usugi: Did you say 149 pounds?Hubert: Yes, that's right. I wonder if you would be interested in our new range of ladies' clubs as well?Usugi: Well, possibly. Do you think you could give me the prices?Hubert: Yes. The range is called Golf Pro Lady and the full set of nine irons comes to 465 pounds. Woods, the set of three is 240 pounds and putters are 46 pounds each. Usugi: So, that was 46 pounds each, wasn't it? Hubert: Yes, 46 pounds each.Usugi: Right, thank you, do you have some information about your top of the range full set of clubs as well?Hubert: Of course. That is our Golf Pro X. This is real state-of-the-art when it comes to professional clubs. The set of nine irons comes to 835 pounds. Very reasonable I think you'll agree. Usugi: Mmm, not bad.Hubert: Would you like to try one out in the practice area?Usugi: Er, no thank you. I'm afraid I don't have time at the moment. But I would like to read some more about your products. Hubert: Of course. Here are some of our latest brochures with up-to-date information on the full ranges. And also my card. Usugi: Thank you. Hubert: Please contact me if you need any more information.Part 5Business Week reports that small business is now one of the most dynamic parts of the United States' economy. Currently, one in every ten American workers is employed by businesses owned by women. While service businesses dominate the women owned and operated enterprises. American women are exercising their business talents in many fields. That includes construction, agriculture, communication, retail, manufacturing, engineering and real estate. The National Association of Women Business Owners says its membership has increased 38% since 1991, according to Business Week. In addition to their search for a better synthesis between family and work, women have also been motivated to start their own businesses by layoffs and job barriers that have prevented women from advancing in their careers. But while women have shown success in beginning their own endeavors, their companies tend to be smaller than men's and slower growing. Business Week writer Wendy Zellner says our research leads her to believe that unlike men, women have other priorities than just profit when they start their own businesses."It's not so much that…that they don't find, you know, profits and fields growth important. But they tend to rank it, perhaps, you know third or fourth, as opposed to No. 1."Rochelle Tzbarkas has been the owner for 3 years of a specialty food and spice store in New York City. She says her customers' good will and the friendships she has made at her store are highest on her list of triumphs. It was these friends, she recalls, who offered financial help when she was struggling after her first year to find over $9 000 to pay her monthly rent."They come in. They sense the power here and…the grit and the hard work and they see something really beautiful and something worth saving."While women's small businesses may struggle more financially than men's during the company's early years, Business week says, women owned businesses are probably more stable and safer companies for which to work. The National Foundations for Women Business Owners found that 15% of women owned businesses showed job losses as opposed to 23% of all businesses. Female proprietors, Business week reports, tend to place more emphasis on nurturing the individual employee's needs. If those needs are satisfied, they reason, the company should benefit in the long run. Women owned businesses are considered more likely to offer their employees education reimbursement, flexible schedules, profit sharing at an earlier stage of the company's life and help with child care costs.。

The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。

这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。

同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hypeand ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。

Unit Five Success and Happiness********************Part one Success Is a Choice******************** Listening Script oneAfter you’ve started to master the techniques, the real struggle is just beginning.It’s persistence that makes you great. It’s persistence that allows you to reach your dreams. It’s persistence that enables you to perform at your fullest potential.There might be no better example of persistence than Thomas Edison. A prolific inventor, Edison received about 1,000 patents in his lifetime, including those for the photograph, microphone, and the incandescent electric lamp. He certainly had more than his share of great victories along the way.But think of how many failures Edison had, literally thousands. To his great credit, though, Edison didn’t see them as such. When reminded that he had failed something like 25,000 times while experimenting with the storage battery, Edison supposedly responded by saying, “No, I didn’t fail. I discovered 24,999 ways that the storage battery does not work.”What a marvelous look.An outlook we all can learn something from.The thing to remember is that anybody can be great and perform to the hilt for a day, a week, even a month. We know people in all walks of life who get on a great roll, ride the adrenaline high, and wonderful things begin to happen. Then all too often, they begin to feel content. They’ve made a change, right? They’ve become more successful, right? So why not relax and enjoy it, bask for a moment in the newfound success?But the people who will ultimately pull ahead and wind up on top are the ones who make personal excellence a lifelong commitment. These are the people who go after it day after day. They keep raising the bar, not becoming discouraged by pitfalls or complacent by success. They understand that the pursuit of excellence is a marathon, not a sprint.The dictionary says persistence is refusing to give up, or let go. Persevering obstinately. Continuing despite opposition. In sports parlance, persistence means hanging in the game, not tossing in the towel, refusing to quit. In life, it’s the same thing.The persistent person raises the bar to seemingly unreachable heights, and then establishes the methods necessary to reach those heights. The persistent person knows that letting up will only get him back to the starting point.We all know talented people who never seem to reach their potential. These people often have great early success, then seem to fade into oblivion.Those who lack persistence start out with the best intentions, but they eventually drift.This trait is quite characteristic, for example, of people who are constantly changing careers. They become enthusiastic about their new job and feed off this momentum for a while to perform well. But when this newness wears off and they realize they aren’t incredibly committed to sticking to that job in the long term, their success begins to wane and they start to fail.Why?Because they are not persistent.They get sidetracked, or they get distracted. They might have everything else going forthem. A strong work ethic, the right methods, all the best intentions. But they don’t have persistence.We all know talented people who seem reluctant to take the extra step that can make them great at what they do. Like the employee who does everything that’s asked of her, yet everyone knows that she could do more if she only pushed herself a little harder: such people find their comfort zone and are content to remain there.Listening Script twoVice President Hu, thank you very much for your kind and generous remarks. Thank you for welcoming me and my wife, Laura, here.I see she’s keeping pretty good company with the Secretary of State, Colin Powell.It’s good to see you, Mr. Secretary.And I see my National Security Adviser, Ms. Condoleezza Rice, who at one time was the provost of Stanford University, so she’s comfortable on the university campuses such as this.Thank you for being here, Condi.I’m so grateful for the hospitality and honored for the reception at one of China’s and the world’s great universities.The standard and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So Congratulations.My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the vice president mentioned. Thirty years ago this week an American president arrived in China on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion. President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on the grounds of common interest in the spirit of mutual respect.As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou En-Lai said this to President Nixon: “Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world — 25 years of no communication.”During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other. And that’s important.It was my honor to visit China in 1975. Some of you weren’t even bom then. It shows how old I am.And a lot has changed in your country since then. China has made amazing progress in openness and enterprise and economic freedom. And this progress previews China’s great potential. China has joined the World Trade Organization, and as you live up to its obligation, they inevitably will bring changes to the Chinese legal system. A modem China will have a consistent rule of law to govern commerce and secure the rights of its people.The new China your generation is building will need the profound wisdom of your traditions. The lure of materialism challenges our society — challenges society in our country and in many successful countries.All these changes will lead to a stronger, more confident China, a China that can astonish and enrich the world, a China that your generation will help create.This is one of the most exciting times in the history of your country, a time when even the grandest hopes seem within your reach. My nation offers you our respect and our friendship.Six years from now, athletes from America and around the world will come to your country for the Olympic Games, and I’m confident they will find a China that is becoming aDaguo, a leading nation, at peace with its people and at peace with the world.******************Part Two Can We Find Happiness***************** Listening Script oneMeredith: Daniel Gilbert is a professor of psychology at Harvard University and author of Stumbling on Happiness. Professor Gilbert, good morning to you, (Good morning) can I call you Dan?Professor Gilbert: I appreciate it.Meredith: I wanna ask you, everybody thinks, or most people think if I just lose some weight or I get a new job like I did, or I meet somebody and fall in love that I’m gonna find happiness. And yet, happiness seems to fade. So why are we so lousy at predicting what’s gonna make us happy?Professor Gilbert: Well, that’s a great question, one that economists, psychologists and neuro-scientists have been thinking about now for over a decade. You know those things do make you happy, they just don’t make you happy for as long as you anticipate. The brain is designed to respond to changes, so the moment you change from somebody who doesn’t own a convertible to somebody who does you do feel happy. It’s that moment of transition that you’re imagining when you think convertible will make you happy, it does, but not fora very long time. We fail to think about how happiness will wear, how it will wear in thelong way.Meredith: So in a few months, I’m gonna be miserable?Professor Gilbert: Well I wouldn’t say miserable but the, ah, exhilaration of hosting the Today Show will become more ordinary, the extraordinary becomes ordinary as things become familiar and our emotional reactions fade.Meredith: And you’ve said in your book that actually happiness is a place you visit, it’s not a place you stay, why is that?Professor Gilbert: Well you know, happiness is a noun, then, so we make a mistake of thinking of it like an object, that’s a toaster and once I can get it, then that’s mine, then I get to keep it. Happiness is a temporary state that we can visit, we can go there more often if we are smart about it, but it’s not a place we can stay.Meredith: And perhaps may be a place we shouldn’t stay?Professor Gilbert: Well certainly not a place we shouldn’t stay. Think about what emotions are for? Why did Nature design us to even have them? Emotions are signals; they are your brain’s way of telling you when you’re doing something right and something wrong for your own survival. You know, emotions are a compass, what good is a compass? It’s always stuck on north. It doesn’t tell you what to do next.Meredith: On the other hand, we want some tips that will help us to find happiness where we can. And you’ve studied the science of happiness; you’ve concluded that our greatest source of happiness comes from our relationships with friends and family. That sounds so obvious.Professor Gilbert: It does sound obvious, but if it were obvious enough, more people would be happy, wouldn’t they? It’s indeed the case. We’re social mammals, and most of our happiness comes from our interactions and our relationships with other people. I often ask people if you could lose your friends or your eyesight, which would you choose? And theyat least pause for a moment and think about it, that’s a no-brainer. Blind people are ever being as happy as sighted people, but lonely people are not as happy as people with Mends.Meredith: And you say forget about the big events, it’s the small moments that count? Professor Gilbert: Well it turns out that it’s the number of good things that happen in a day that predict your happiness, not the size of those good things. So indeed, for me, I walk to work and I walk back from work, and neither of these things makes me euphoric, but it happens reliably twice every day, five days a week, that’s a source of happiness.Meredith: You also suggest that it’s important to value your experiences over objects. Professor Gilbert: This is true. You know, economists will say “if money doesn’t make you happier, you’re spending it wrong”. And indeed there’s some wisdom to that. Because most people think that a car is a more prudent investment, say, than a vacation, and an object lasts, and therefore it has this, durable power, and we should invest in these kinds of things. It turns out not to be true. Experiences tend to create more happiness than objects, all other things being equal. Because objects have this annoying property of hanging around in the driveway until they start to disappoint us; vacations leave nothing but happy memories.Meredith: And finally you suggest that we shouldn’t sweat every decision that no matter which way we flip the coin, and it will work out ok in the end. Is it a little of, of being happy, self- delusion, do you think, (well) convincing ourselves?Professor Gilbert: I’m not gonna say self-delusion, but it certainly is self-generated. We do know from a lot of research that people tend to be pretty happy no matter which way they decide when they’re making decisions. Decisions look very important when you’re in the act of choosing, but once having chosen, the two alternatives between which you are choosing tend to come together.Meredith: Are you happy today?Professor Gilbert: Oh! I’m very happy today.Meredith: Good. I’m very happy today too.Professor Gilbert: Good, (Nice ...)Meredith: We must be doing the right thing. (Yes) Nice to meet you, Dan Gilbert, thank you so much. If you like to learn more about happiness, just go to our website at .Listening Script twoKen: I think if you wanna get some excitement in your life, you ought to become a leader.How do you influence others? How do you make a difference in their life and the organizations that you are gonna lead?Interviewer: So not everyone is a born leader, they need a little help along the way. What are some of the big mistakes that people make when they are in leadership?Ken: Well, I think the biggest mistake er, is they don’t reali, realize that there’s two parts of leadership. One is the visionary direction part, which is where we’re going, you know, what are the goal? What are we trying to accomplish? And the leaders got to take a major role in setting those. And once the goals are clear now the second part of leadership is how we get there. That’s when you have to philosophically go to the bottom in the pyramid, and become the coach, cheerleader, supporter of people as they are the ones that are gonna beaccomplishing the goals, so we teach people about vision and direction and implementation.Interviewer: So say you want to be a leader in the form of your own small business and every-where you turn these days, mom-and-pop businesses are being gobbled up by the big conglomerates, so what’s your outlook on those who want to be that entrepreneur, someone who wants to lead and organize their own business?Ken: Well, I think first of all you have to find something that you love to do, that you have energy with because then you’ll take the time to be the best. And then you have to find out, OK, how can I make a business out of that? You know, “do I want to be a coach?” er, “doI want to be a teacher?” er, “do I have a product that I think people might be interested in?”So find something you are passionate about and then of course the big issues in running a business and not getting gobbled up is you need good finances and so you need to have some people that’ll help you get off the ground and then you got to know more about managing and leading people.Interviewer: All right, and say you are someone who is just now entering the workforce. Yes, you are excited and passionate about what you’ve chosen to do but somehow you gotta keep the momentum going. You get it into the job place or the job market and then you know suddenly you kinda disillusion that wow, this is a little bit harder than I thought.How do you maintain that kind of excitement so that you can excel?Ken: Well, I think the best advice I’ve ever given to people is when you go to a job, find a mentor, find somebody who’s older than you that has some experience than you and ask them if they would be your mentor. Because a lot of times we get a job and it’s more difficult than we thought and we don’t know where to turn and so a lot of companies don’t set that up, so set it up for you yourself.***************Part Three The Sweet Success of Branding************* Listening Script oneCNN’s Todd Benjamin talks with Interbrands CEO John Allert about how branding has built companies.Todd: Google, Starbucks and Motorola, they are all brands easily recognizable around the world and getting even more so according to a new survey of the top 100 global brands.Tech companies seem to be gaining dominance. Coca Cola still holds the number 1 spot.Microsoft is number 2, and IBM comes in at number 3. BusinessWeek and Interbrands team up annually to determine these rankings, and joining us now to discuss them is Interbrands’ Chief Executive John Allert. John, thanks for being here. Very briefly, what is the criteria?John: The criteria is that we need brands that have strong franchise with consumers, but importantly, businesses underlying those brands that have very large amounts of revenue. Todd: Large amounts of revenue, so basically you look at, numerically, and just the, the list unfolds?John: Well, it’s a combination of numerical factors and, and more soft marketing factors, so we look at the degree of resonance that the consumers have with a particular brand proposition, and that allows us to actually discount from an entire group of earnings, how many of those earnings are attributable to the brand?Todd; Let s, let s take a look at some of these. Coca Cola, for instance, because it’s, it is more than just a brand. I think for a lot of people, it almost has a certain nostalgia.John: Yeah, look, Coke is, uh, Coke is obviously famous for a proposition around refreshment.What Coke’s been able to do very cleverly is, is take that through generations, but also take it through different ethnographies and through different market demographics. So the people all around the world buy into the Coke proposition.Todd: Microsoft, a lot of people, of course, hate Microsoft, you know, because they feel that it’s, you know, monopolistic and so on and so forth. Yet, it runs most of the software for computers (Well, Micr...) or has the software that runs most of computers.John: Mi, Microsoft is a good lesson and I’m not sure whether people hate Microsoft, I mean Microsoft is great.Todd: Well, a percentage of people do, I mean, you know, (Of course, of course) a lot of anti- competitive practices and so forth. I am not expressing an opinion here, but, you know, talk to somebody who has an Apple computer for instance.John: Sure, as I have had. Microsoft actually has a fantastic product underneath its brand, and, and of course without a fantastic product you can’t build a valuable brand. Er, and we’ve seen that through, uh, through some of the great er, rises in the table this year with, with the likes of eBay which has a fantastic product, the likes of Google which has a fantastic product.Todd: It really does come down to the functionality of the product.John: Well, it’s not just the functionality, it’s about delivering on the promise and, and brands obviously, uh, are promoted to build a promise to consumers and, and if they continuously deliver on that promise, people will go back again and again, er, and build loyalty with those brands.Todd: Why do you think some companies have been so successful at, at building a brand, be it Coca cola, Microsoft, Google, Starbucks which is another one of your top er, names, and some aren’t able to do it.John: Well, I guess product, as I said, is, is critical, but a number of these, a number of these brand markets have been around for a long long time.Todd: Let, let me, let me just go back, you say product is critical. Now, Starbucks would say their coffee is certainly different than what you’ll get er, from one of the competitors. But the basic coffee is not that different, so there is some atmosphere that’s also created or some perception that’s created that makes people want to buy this brand.John: Sure, I, I guess, what I, I mean by product is that is an entry-level criteria. If you don’t have a good product, you can’t build a strong brand. So in, in the case of Starbucks, what they have been able to do is build an emotional base on top of that product that people have brought into and understand Starbucks has been something more than just functional coffee.Todd: John Allert, Chief Executive of Interbrands, as always, thanks for your answers. John: Pleasure, Todd.Listening Script twoHoda: And this morning on Today’s How-To: saving time, work, family, errands chores, oh, yeah, but how about having some fun once in a while? Did you feel like you need more hours from the day? Well, Good Housekeeping Magazine has some advice on how youcan stop wasting time and get it all done. And here with the ur, top ten tips, is Carolyn Forte, hey Carolyn, good morning!Carolyn: Good morning, Hoda, nice to be here!Hoda: You know, ah, well, a lot of us spend time looking for things in the morning? It’s the glasses, it’s the keys, and in my case it’s always, always the other shoe.Carolyn: (laugh) Yeah, the other shoe, (now, ah) yeah! I’ve been there.Hoda: What are the biggest mistakes we made when it comes to that?Carolyn: And to speak to what you’re saying, (Yeah) I think it’s being organized. When you’re disorganized, you don’t know where things are, (Right) you’re rifling from drawers, rifling through closets, trying to find the thing that didn’t go back where it belongs. So if you can stay you’re organized, you can really save some time.Hoda: All right. Let’s start saving time right this minute. OK?Carolyn: Okay.Hoda: No.l, your No. 1 tip here is bank online. (Right) Now some people are afraid to do it, but you say it’s something smart.Carolyn: Yeah, yeah, it is very safe. And we certainly recommend that you use your own bank’s website. So go to the bank, talk to the consumer service representative there. If you have some questions about how to do it, how safe it is, it’s the best way to find out how safe it is and how easy...Hoda: And how much time do you think you saved, Carolyn, by doing that?Carolyn: You know if you can, write, write in a lot of checks, if you’re making transfers, checking your statements, you can save 30 minutes, up, even up to an hour.Hoda: I’ve seen um ... a lot of this number, the second tip, which is online grocers (En hmm).Now, um that’s really not for everyone, but you actually go grocery shopping online. Carolyn: That’s exactly what you do. And you know, if you are the type of person that wants to read every label and look at every, every, er, piece of fruit, it’s probably not for you. But, um, you know, if you wanna give up a little control, you can definitely save some time. Hoda: And what’s the good strategy if you decide to shop online?Carolyn: What I would suggest is especially starting out, is do the staples online. The brands that you use all the time, the paper products, the cleaning products, the cereals, get that online and then go to the store for the meats in the produce.Hoda: Now for those who are big library people who like the library, you say make a preemptive strike basically and go online first before you actually make the trip out to the library.Carolyn: That’s exactly right. Check, check the library’s website. You can reserve books rather than make a trip and find out they don’t have the book that you want. (Right) You can put it in order and they will call you and let you know when it’s in and then you go get it.Hoda: Ah the fourth tip I like it a lot because I travel a lot. It is print your boarding pass before you go to the airport. (Yep) That is so smart, right?Carolyn: It, really, it’s like why don’t we think of this sooner, right? (Yeah) It’s really amazing, especially you don’t have to check luggage, cause if you have to check luggage it’s gonna take you a little time. (Sure) But if you’re just carrying on, you skip that chaos and go right to the gate.Hoda: That’s brilliant. Now (Yeah) for, for those of us who are always sort of looking for thesame phone number, I know I’m like this. I leaf through the phone book, I find the phone number, I call it, I shut the phone book, (Right), um, and then the next week I’m gonna use that same number. (Right) What’s the good way to sort of keep track of things? Carolyn: Highlight it, you know, just do it in a bright color, so it jumps out to you if it’s something that you use often and organize your phone book (En hmm). That’s really important. No more napkins and envelope flaps and old Christmas card and phone numbers. Do it nicely and you will find things quicker.Hoda: Okay my big Achilles’ heel for me is my purse. It is the bottomless horrible pit. (The pit)I don’t even know what’s in there. But you, show me the best way. (Everything goes inthere, right.)Carolyn: You’ve got a handy bag.Carolyn: You’ve got a little, a little example here for you. And the first thing to do is keep a pen in every purse. (Pen in every purse), okay? (Yep) and a couple of pens, cause you, inevi-tably you are gonna run out of ink, (Yeah) so you wanna do that, em, what I like is a nice handy little bag, (What’s in there?), a zip topped bag of note cards, your stamps, (Right) your address labels, so when you are waiting into, in line or waiting, for, a doctor’s appointment, (En hmm, en hmm) you could write out notes quickly, okay? Keep an easy-to-find credit card, either credit card or ATM card. (ATM card, that’s smart, you | could have your ATM card in there), bright colors, you know, exactly where (Right) it is to pull it out and a separate pouch inside for all your receipts, so that they don’t wind up all over the place (En hmm). What you can do is keep them there organized. (Can I show you my purse just one second?) (laugh) Go through them once in a while.Hoda: Just take a, take a shot in that baby. Can you see in there? There are Sudafed, makeup.Anyway. I thought it’s a lot in there. (We can give you a hand.) It’s bad. All right and you say, just lastly, it’s good (Ok), it’s; it’s a good idea to stash scissors in every single room so if you are wrapping presents, doing things.Carolyn: Right, you’ll, you’ll always have a thread you have to clip, a tag you have to take off a little brush, er, and you know, right at the front door before you go out, make it look great.So...Hoda: You are so smart. I feel like we have saved time today, (We did, we did) Carolyn Forte, thank you so much. (Thank you) We really appreciate your time.。

Unit 5Task 2Carmen: Lots of people.Pat: Yeah, there are. Nice party.Carmen: Very nice. The food’s wonderful.Pat: Have you tried the shrimp? It’s great.Carmen: By the way, I’m Carmen. Carmen Lopez.Pat: Nice to meet you, Carmen. I’m Pat Brooks.Carmen: What do you do, Pat?Pat: I work at the university. I’m in the business office. Actually, I’m the office manager. And you?Carmen: I work at a book store.Rob: I’m going to get something to drink. Would you like something?Amy: Ah, yeah. Just a mineral water, I guess.Rob: Ok. Just a minute. Here you are.Amy: Thanks.Rob: So Jim said you’re new in town.Amy: Yeah. I just moved here last month. I’m from Toronto originally.Rob: Toronto? So how do you like it here?Amy: Oh. I like it a lot.Greg: Great weather.Mary: Yeah, it’s so warm. I was worried it would rain.Greg: We were lucky, I guess.Mary: Um, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m Mary Chang.Greg: I’m Greg Rogers.Mary: So, how do you like this music?Greg: Well, it’s ok, I guess. Actually, I wish they’d put on something to dance to. Mary: That’d be niceTask 3(R=Rachel; A=Alyson; G=Geoff)R: What do you think makes a good party then?A: Um…I think the place is really important. It should be big enough but not too big. G: Yes, it needs to be quite crowded to make an atmosphere…and dark.R: Oh, I don’t like it when you can’t see who you’re talking to.G: No…no, I mean soft lighting. I like it when there are some decorations too. You know, a few balloons and things, just to make it special.A: What, like a children’s party?G: Yeah, I suppose so---or candles and things on the wall.R: Candles make a nice atmosphere, but you have to be careful the house doesn’tcatch fire.G: W…well, you can get those candle-holders. But the most important thing is the food and drink.A: Oh, yes. There must be lots of drink and enough food. It’s terrible when there isn’t enough food.R: What sort of food do you think is good for parents?A: Um, the sort of thing you can eat with your fingers, I mean, you don’t want to have loads of washing-up at the end of the party.R: Actually, I think the music is the most important thing. Loud, but not too loud, and the sort of music you can dance to.G: I think the best thing is to prepare party tapes with all the best dance tracks, then you don’t have to worry about it.A: But what about people? That’s quite important, isn’t it?G: Um, yes, you do need people for a party!A: No, I…I mean the right people. You need some party animals who get up and start the dancing. R: And you need a mix of men and women. I went to a party recently where there were five women for every man.G: Sounds all right to me.A: Oh, shut up. So what do we think are the three most important things?R: Food and drink, music and the right mix of people.G: Right.Task 5Ana: Hi. My name’s Ana.John: Nice to meet you, Ana. I’m John. Where are you from?Ana: I’m from Peru. Are you from the United States?John: Yes, from Florida. Where in Peru are you？I was an exchange student in Arequipa. How did you like Peru?John: Oh, I loved it. It was a wonderful experience for me.Ana: That’s great to hear. Did you have any trouble with language?John: Well, I didn’t really have any problems with the language. I understand Spanish OK,…but sometimes I had trouble with the meaning.Ana: What do you mean?John: There were some things I didn’t know about…like time.Ana: Yeah, that’s often a problem for people from the US and Canada.John: Actually, it was pretty funny! I was invited to a friend’s house for a party. He said the party would begin at seven. You know, I didn’t want to be too early, so I arrived about 15 minutes after 7. I knocked on the door, and no one answered. “That’s strange,” I thought. “I’m sure today’s right day.” I knocked again, louder. Soon the door opened. It was my friend, but his hair was dripping wet. He was in the shower, I was going to say I was sorry to be late, but he asked me why I was so early! I later learned that you should add two hours to a party invitation. He was expecting me at nine.Ana: Nine o’clock? That’s when we often meet people for dinner in Peru. I made that kind og mistake when I first came to the USA friend invited me for dinner. She didn’t say an exacttime, she just said, “Come over around dinner time.” So I got there about nine. She thought that I had had forgotten about dinner. I was really late, and so embarrassed.Ken: Hi, John. I couldn’t help but hear your stories.John: Hi, Ken. Do you know Ana? She’s from Peru. Ken’s from Japan.Ana: Hi, Kn. Nice to meet you.Ken: Nice to meet you, too, Ana. You know, John, I had a similar problem here in the US.Ken: Compared to Latin Americans maybe, but not compared to Asians. When a Japanese says “seven o’clock,” it means a little before seven. We usually have parties at restaurants, and they start at a set time. Anyway I was invited to a professor’s house for a party at eight o’clock. I arrived at a little before eight and rang the bell. After several minutes, the door opened, and the professor was wearing his bathrobe! He had been in the shower, too. He was really surprised to see me. And I was really embarrassed to see him!John: I guess you are right. Americans don’t really show up at parties until round fifteen or twenty minutes late.Ana: So I’ll be two hours late for a Japanese party---but only an hour and 45 minutes late a an American party.Task 6Bill: Well, well, don’t believe it. It’s Kathy, isn’t it? Kathy Wallis?Kathy: Bill Jordan. How lovely to see you. I haven’t seen you since---oh, when was it? ---Sam and Laura’s wedding.Bill: Yes, that’s right. That must be nearly fifteen years now. Good heavens! Doesn’t time fly? Kathy: You’ve put on weight!Bill: Yes, well you know how it is. Too much easy living. Anyway, what are you up to these days?Are you still working for that bank?Kathy: Bank?Bill: Didn’t you use to work for a bank?Kathy: Oh, yes, the bank. Well, it was a building society actually. No. I left there ages ago. I wanted to see the world.Bill: And did you? See the world, I mean.Kathy: I was teaching English. But then I came back to England and I worked in a shop for a while and then did a few other jobs.Bill: So what are you doing now?Kathy: I’m a singer.Bill: Wow, that sounds exciting.Kathy: Well I had all those jobs but I just got bored and well, I’d always wanted to be a singer so I finally decided I’m going to go for it. So I got a job on a cruise ship and I’m really enjoying it.I’m doing what I enjoy and I see the world too.Bill: Good for you!Kathy: What about you? You used to talk about becoming a teacher, as I recall.Bill: Well, yes, I thought about it for a long time, but while I was still thinking, I got married and we bought a house and then the kids came along and I was promoted. So I’m still there at the glass factory. Still, that’s the way it goes.Kathy: How many children have you got?Bill: Two---John’s five and Clara’s three, and there’s another one on the way.Kathy: Oh, how lovely!Bill: Are you married?Kathy: No… I was, but, well, things didn’t work out and we split up.Bill: I’m sorry to hear that.Kathy: Oh, these things happen, but well, it was very unpleasant at the time, the divorce, and it took me a long time to get over it, but I suppose it was just one of those things. You know. Bill: Yes, I see. So where are t\you living now? Are you still in Birmingham?Kathy: No, we sold that house. I’ve got a flat in London now--- Docklands with a view over the river.Bill: Sounds great.Kathy: Yes, it’s not bad. I’ve been there about two years now, though I don’t spend a lot of time there, because I’m away with my job.Bill: Yes, I suppose you must be. Hey, do you remember old Harry Clarkson?Kathy: Yes, of course. I used to work with him.Bill: Oh yes, I remember. Well, I saw him a few months ago. It’s amazing.。

Unit 5 Careers and ProfessionsPart I Video TimeTask 1TranscriptUgly BettyBetty: I like your poncho. My dad got me one in Guadalajara.Woman: Milan. Dolce & Gabbana. Fall.Betty: Oh.Man: Betty Suarez?Betty: Hi. That’s me. Um, I have a hard copy of my resume if you need it. Should I follow you? Man: Actually…There’s been a mistake.Betty: A mistake?Man: All the entry-level positions we were hiring for… they’ve been filled. I’m sorry.Betty: Um, sir? While you’ve got me here, I thought I could tell you a little about myself.Magazines are my passion, ever since I was a kid, a nd I can’t imagine a more amazing place to start my career than Meade Publications. I know most of your magazines inside out. I try to devour as much as I can.(The man takes Betty’s arm and leads her back down the stairs during her frantic tirade激烈的长篇演说.)Man: Clearly.(He heads back up stairs. Betty again looks deflated, but hurries back up after him.)Betty:Also, I’ve learnt so much through them. You know, stuff so beyond my world, like—like who the up-and-comers are on the London art scene, or what the political machinations（政治阴谋）in Darfur are all about, or which Bali Resort is considered the most romantic in the world. And I have tons of ideas. I’m always jotting stuff down on the subway, but I’m getting ahead of myself, sir. All I really want is a chance… in any position or publication—Man: Goodbye!(He closes the door on her, leaving Betty outside.)Betty: I can type a hundred words a minute!!(Throughout this, Bradford Meade has been watching Betty from upstairs, with mild interest. Betty looks despondent沮丧的.)Exercise 1 Watching for General Understanding1) What do you think is the reason that the girl wasn’t accepted?The man thought she was so ugly that it would be not appropriate for her to work for a fashion magazine.2) Guess whether the girl got this job finally? Give your reasons.I guess the girl will get this job, because she is well-prepared and according to her self-introduction, she is competent and eligible for the job. And I also noticed the old man upstairs. He may be the person who can give the decisive opinion, which is the typical plot in many movies and plays.3) What preparations had Betty done for her career?Magazines are her passions. She knows most of the magazines inside out. And she has tons of ideas, she is always jotting stuff down on the subway. She can do a hundred words a minute!Exercise 2 Role PlayTask 2TranscriptRecession-Proof Your JobHistory shows that employers generally stop hiring and start cutting staff during a downturn. The most recent recessions in 1991 and 2001 saw significant job cuts as soon as the recession started. So far, government debt on the job’s market shows that hiring is slowing but many economists believe we’ll see layoffs in the coming month.So what can you do to recession-proof your job? Our placement firm Challenger Gray & Christmas makes a few suggestions.First, find assignments on the company’s core projects. If the effort is central to the firm’s revenue, working there makes you that much safer. Secondly, build a relationship with the boss. Many employees fly under the radar in a time of cutbacks, being more than just an enormous name on the payroll can help keep your job safe. Finally, be prepared. In a downturn, it’s important to have savings ready, should you be laid off and brush up the resume.With the ABC News Money Minute, I’m Betsy Stark in New York.Exercise 1 Making a Sound JudgmentF 1) Since employers generally stop hiring and start cutting staff during a downturn, employeeshave nothing to do with it.T 2) If you are in charge of an important project in the company, the possibility to be fired will be less.F 3) If the boss doesn’t know you, it will be safe for you not to be laid off.T 4) Saving money is quite useful for the recession period.Exercise 2 Watching for Specific Information1) Find assignments on the company’s core projects.2) Build a relationship with the boss.3) Be prepared/Save some money.Part II Listening ActivitiesTask 1TranscriptJob InterviewInterviewer: What made you decide on this type of occupation?Applicant: Oh, to tell you the truth, I love the sky. When I was a child, I imagined flying into the blue sky some day. Now, I think the day has come. My dream will come true. And I like travelling very much and I enjoy working with people.Interviewer: Can you make yourself understood in English without too much difficulty? Applicant: Yes, I think I am quite fluent in English. I got the certificate of the Secondary English Training last month.Interviewer: Do you know what the responsibilities are for a stewardess?Applicant: The main responsibility of the stewardess is to make the passengers relaxed and happy during the flight. And good service is also important.Interviewer: Are you in good health?Applicant: I just had a complete physical examination and I am in top condition.Interviewer: Have you had any nursing experience?Applicant: Yes, I have two years of nursing experience, and now I am working as a nurse in a hospital.Interviewer: How tall are you? What about your eyesight?Applicant:My height is one meter and sixty-eight centimeters. I’ve never had any vision problems.Interviewer: What would you say are your strengths and weaknesses?Applicant: One of my strengths is my friendliness and open-minded attitude and also I think I have a warm personality. But sometimes, I find it is hard to tell others when I don’t like what they are doing.Interviewer:If a passenger can’t understand wh at you say, what should you do?Applicant:I’ll try to speak in another language or I’ll try my best to use gestures and draw pictures.Exercise 2 Listening for DetailsJob InterviewInterviewer: What made you decide on this type of occupation?Applicant: Oh, to tell you the truth, I love the sky. When I was a child, I imagined flying into the blue sky some day. Now, I think the day has come. My dream will come true. And I like travelling very much and I enjoy working with people.Interviewer: Can you make yourself understood in English without too much difficulty? Applicant: Yes, I think I am quite fluent in English. I got the certificate of the Secondary English Training last month.Interviewer: Do you know what the responsibilities are for a stewardess?Applicant: The main responsibility of the stewardess is to make the passengers relaxed and happy during the flight. And good service is also important.Interviewer: Are you in good health?Applicant: I just had a complete physical examination and I am in top condition.Interviewer: Have you had any nursing experience?Applicant: Yes, I have two years of nursing experience, and now I am working as a nurse in a hospital.Interviewer: How tall are you? What about your eyesight?Applicant:My height is one meter and sixty-eight centimeters. I’ve never had any vision problems.Interviewer: What would you say are your strengths and weaknesses?Applicant: One of my strengths is my friendliness and open-minded attitude and also I think I have a warm personality. But sometimes, I find it is hard to tell others when I don’t like what they are doing.Interviewer:If a passenger can’t understand what you say, wha t should you do?Applicant:I’ll try to speak in another language or I’ll try my best to use gestures and draw pictures.Task 2TranscriptJob HuntingKelly: So, have you found a job yet?Josh: No, but, I have a few leads, so things are looking up.Kelly:But isn’t that what you always say?Josh: Well . . . uh . . . this time is different.Kelly: What are you looking for this time then?Josh: Actually, I want to work for a web hosting company.Kelly: What would you do there?Josh: Well, in a nut shell, you know web hosting companies provide space for people to store and run their Websites. D oes it sound like I know what I’m talking about?Kelly: Oh, yeah, sort of.Josh: Well, and then, sort of? Well, they allow people to run the websites without having to buy and ma intain their own servers, and I’d like to work in technical support, you know, helping customers resolve computer-related problems w ith their sites. And you know I’m a good communicator.Kelly:So, how’s the pay for that kind of job?Josh: Well, most people I know start out with a very reasonable salary; you can earn pay increases depending on your performance.Kelly: So, what about benefits?Josh:Oh, the benefits are pretty good. They provide health insurance, two weeks (of) paid vacation a year, and opportunities for advancement. And in the end, I’d like to work in a management position. You know, sitting back, enjoying the view out of the twentieth-story window of the office building. Something like that.Kelly: Well, is there long-term security in a job like that?Josh:Uhh. That’s hard to tell. I mean, the Internet is booming, and these kinds of companies are sprouting up everywhere, which is a good thing, but just like the dot-com era（网络泡沫时代）, you never know how long things will last.Kelly: Well, have you ever thought about going back to school to improve your job skills? Josh: Wait, wait. What are you suggesting?Kelly: Well, you know, more training might help you land a better job.Josh: Wh . . . wh . . . Are you trying to say something about my current job? I mean, is there something going on here? I mean, what are you saying?Kelly: You know, you did drop out of college.Josh:I know, I know, but I don’t know. I’m just seeing my current job at McDonalds as a startup.[McDonalds!]. Yeah, but, you know, I don’t have the resources to go back to school at the moment, however, the job I am looking at will pay for some classes after I have been with the company for six months.Kelly: Well, it looks like you have things planned out this time.Josh: If I last that long.Exercise 1 Listening for Specific Information1) C 2) A 3) B 4) A 5) AExercise 2 Listening for Details1) Web hosting companies provide space for people to store and run their Websites.2) I’d like to work in technical support, you know, helping customers resolve computer-relatedproblems with their sites.3) They provide health insurance, two weeks of paid vacation a year, and opportunities foradvancement.4) Well, you know, more training might help you land a better job.5) I’m just seeing my current job at McDonalds as a startup.Additional ListeningTranscriptGoogle: the Best Company to Work ForA little more than a decade ago, Google was an internet startup headquartered in a garage. Today it’s the world’s largest search engine, with 50 offices globally and more than 12,000 employees. For the second straight year, it’s also No.1 on Fortune’s Best Companies to Work For list. What’s fueling this growth? Employees say it’s the flexibility, financial security of course, and the o pportunity to get things done. “Right now, we are standing in front of just one part of our large 1.6 megawatt solar installation. These are the solar panels that are providing clean electricity to our buildings.”Robyn Beavers has been leading the green business and operations strategy team since 2005. “We have a lot of offices, we have a lot of employees, give electricity, and it just seems like a responsible thing to do to first show that our corporation can make a positive impact on the environment, but also we can do in a way that makes sense to our bottom line.” Keeping Google green hasn’t always been part of her job description. “When I first tarried at Google, I wasone of the assistants to the two co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. I started in May, 2004, which is right before the IPO of Google. A really interesting thing about Google is that, it always encourages some employees to try new things. I went to Larry and Sergey and proposed that we form a green strategy group. And although I was their current direct report and it would have been inconvenient to lose me. Their INFOL support actually helps me found this team within Googl e.”“This session is really just a brainstorming session…” Mobility within departments is not uncommon. In part because of a 20 percent time initiative, allowing employees to spend one day a week on a project of their choice. “I talked to a lot of people of Google, and they found that once they started here and you learn so much about the company and there are so many opportunities, they are encouraged to seize them. So it’s easy to start in one job, work really hard at it for a couple of years, and then fi nd a new opportunity to pursue.”Exercise 1 Group Discussion1) What do you know about Google?It is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, social networking（社会化网络,即将现实生活中的社交圈子搬到网络上,利用“朋友的朋友”关系资源模式，通过现实中的朋友再去认识朋友的朋友形式，建立一个自己信任的社交圈）, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. The Google headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View（山景，位于美国加州圣克拉拉县）. By December 31, 2008, the company has 20,222 full-time employees.Google was co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising US$1.67 billion, implying a value for the entire corporation of US $23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy（慈善事业）and positive employee relations have been important tenets（宗旨，原则）during the growth of Google, the latter resulting in being identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine’s No.1 Best Place to Work（《财富》杂志评选出的最适合工作的公司）. The unofficial company slogan is “Don’t be evil”（拒绝邪恶的事物）, although criticism of Google includes concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, copyright, censorship（审查）and discontinuation of services. According to Millward Brown（密华布朗，一家全球领先的市场咨询机构）, it is the most powerful brand in the world.2) How do you think Google influence the way you look for useful information?Google has become an indispensable part in the life of people who use computer for work, entertainment and study. With the help of Google, we can find what we want conveniently. You don’t have to always take an encyclo pedia or some reference books with you. However, sometimes searching on Google is a waste of time, because you have to check a lot of information which will turn out to be useless.Cultural Notethe Googleplex: Google源于googol，是数学名词，含义是1后面加100个0。

听力原文2005Part 1， Listening ComprehensionSection A, Mini—LectureI think as seniors, you are often required by your instructors to do some library research on this topic or that。

And, in the end, you have to write a research paper, right？ Then what is writing a research paper like? How are we going to write one？ What are the steps in producing a research paper and what are the points we need to take care of? In today’s lecture, I'll try to answer these questions。

First of all, what is writing a research paper like？ We may start by comparing it to an ordinary essay， a form of writing you are very familiar with. Writing a research paper is much like writing an essay。

Both kinds of writing involve many of the same basic steps. That is， choosing a topic，asking questions to define and develop the topic, identifying the audience, getting raw material to work with, outlining the paper, writing it， and， finally, revising it。

Unit 5 A Global WarningThe North Pole has been frozen for 100,000 years. But according to scientists, that won't be true by the end of this century. The top of the world is melting.There's been a debate burning for years about the causes of global warming. But the scientists you're about to meet say the debate is over. New evidence shows man is contributing to the warming of the planet, pumping out greenhouse gases that trap solar heat.Much of this new evidence was compiled by American scientist Bob Corell. He led a study called the "Arctic Climate Impact Assessment." It's an awkward name —but consider the findings: the seas are rising, hurricanes will be more powerful, like Katrina, and polar bears may be headed toward extinction.Clip OneWhat does the melting arctic look like? We went north to see what Bob Corell calls a "global warning."Towers of ice the height of 10-story buildings rise on the coast of Greenland. It's the biggest ice sheet in the Northern Hemisphere, measuring some 700,000 square miles. But temperatures in the arctic are rising twice as fast as the rest of the world, so a lot of Greenland's ice is running to the sea.Corell: "Right now the entire planet is out of balance."Bob Corell is among the world's top authorities on climate change. He led 300 scientists from eight nations in the "Arctic Climate Impact Assessment."And he believes he has seen the future.Corell: "This is a bellwether, a barometer. Some people call it the canary in the mine. The warning that things are coming. In 10 years here in the arctic, we see what the rest of the planet will see in 25 or 35 years from now."Look at what‟s happened in 26 years. That‟s the North Pole in September 1979, this is six month ago. Have another look at that, 26 years ago and now.Corell: “The glaciers there have been receding for the last 50 years.”Back in 1987, President Reagan asked Corell to look into climate change. He's been at it ever since.In Iceland, he showed 60 Minutes glaciers that were growing until the 1990s and are now melting. In fact, 98 percent of the world's mountain glaciers are melting.Corell says all that water will push sea levels three feet higher all around the world in 100 years.Corell:"You and I sit here, another foot. Your children, another foot. Your grandchildren, another foot. And it won't take long for sea level to inundate. This lake will go all the way back to there.”What I‟m standing on is a huge block of ice that had split off from the glacierrecently and dropped into the sea. It‟s a big iceberg at this point. This part of Greenland is melting faster than just about any other. And to get a sense of the enormity of what‟s happening, consider this: The ice that is melting here is the equivalent of all of the ice in the Alps.That's more than 105 million acres of melted ice in 15 years. And just four minutes after we cleared off this berg, our ice joined in.We saw how unstable the ice is becoming on a flight with glaciologist Carl Boggild. Boggild anchored 10 research stations to the ice. But every time he comes to visit, the ice and his stations have moved.Correspondent:“One of the really impressive things you see from the air is all these fissures, these crevices are breaking through the ice everywhere. What causes this?”Boggild: "This is actually the ice flow, where you have so much tension in the ice that it cannot stick together. And it breaks and opens a crevice which goes about 150, 200 feet down."Correspondent:“And it‟s melting.”Boggild:“It‟s also melting on the sides. Yes.”Correspondent: “I think you can hear it down there. It‟s a little river.”Boggild: “It‟s like a small river.”A leading theory says those little rivers are lubricating the bottom of the ice sheet, helping it move off the bedrock and out to sea.Correspondent: “There goes Greenland.”Boggild:“Yeah, that‟s true.”And there may be no stopping it. Arctic warming is accelerating. It's a chain reaction. As snow and ice melt they reveal dark land and water that absorb solar heat. That melts more snow and ice, and around it goes.Clip TwoThere's long been a debate about how much of this is earth's naturally changing climate and how much is man's doing. Paul Mayewski, at the University of Maine, says the answer to that question is frozen right here.Mayewski:“Let‟s go over here and take a look at an ice core that we got from Greenland.”With funding from the National Science Foundation, Mayewski has led 35 expeditions collecting deep ice cores from glaciers. The ice captures everything in the air, laying down a record covering half a million years.Mayewski:"We can go to any section of the ice core, to tell, basically, what the greenhouse gas levels were; we can tell whether or not it was stormy, what the temperatures were like."We brought Mayewski back to Greenland, where he says his research has proven that the ice and the atmosphere have man's fingerprints all over them. Correspondent:“Looking back through these records frozen in time, we haven‟t seen temperature changes like this in how long?”Mayewski: “We haven't seen a temperature rise to this level going back at least2,000 years, and arguably several thousand years.”Correspondent:“We haven‟t seen CO2 levels like this in how long?”Mayewski: "We haven't seen CO2 levels like this in hundreds of thousands of years, if not millions of years."Correspondent: “What does that tell you?”Mayewski:"It all points to something that has changed and something that has impacted the system which wasn't doing it more than 100 years ago. And we know exactly what it is. It's human activity."Activity like burning fossil fuels, releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The U.S. is by far the largest polluter. Corell says there's so much greenhouse gas in the air already that more temperature rise is inevitable.Correspondent: “Are you saying that if twomorrow, we stopped every car, truck, and power plant —stopping all greenhouse gas emissions —the planet would continue to warm anyway? "Mayewski: “Absolutely. It will continue to warm for another, about an other degree." Clip ThreeThat's enough to melt the Arctic — and if greenhouse gases continue to increase, the temperature will rise even more. The ice that's melting already is changing the weather by disrupting ocean currents.Corell points to floods in the U.S., heat waves in Europe; and we wanted to know about this past catastrophic hurricane season.Corell: "The one thing I think we can say with a fairly high degree of confidence is the severity of the storms, how strong the storms, these cyclonic events like hurricanes and cyclones in the Pacific, are going to get —they're gonna be more severe. Now one thing that is in doubt is whether there'll be more of them." Correspondent: “But the intensity is going to be worse?”Corell:“The oceans of the Nor thern Hemisphere are the warmest they've been on record. When they get up in that temperature, they spin off hurricanes. Well, if it goes up another degree, it's going to spawn these with more intensity." Correspondent:“So when people say …where is the harm in global warming?‟, you say…?”Corell: “Here is one of them.”Clip FourThe name "arctic" comes from ancient Greek meaning "Land of the Great Bear."But the warming climate is threatening this icon of the arctic, the polar bear. Flying above the sub-arctic region of Hudson Bay, Canadian scientist Nick Lunn is hunting polar bears in a 30-year study that tracks their health. It's the job of his assistant Evan Richardson to take them down with a tranquilizer dart. Correspondent:“Don‟t tell me you are going to touch him with a ten-foot pole.”Lunn:“ This bear has got a little bit of head movement, so we are just going to usethe pole, just to, just to check without having to get necessarily too close. Hey bear! Hey!”It‟s only when a polar bear is essentially paralyzed for certain and for hours…Correspondent: “You just grab, grab him by the fur and…”Lunn: “Just like this.”Correspondent:“And pull it?”Lunn: “One, two, three.”…that doing this is recommended.The polar bear is the largest predator on land. And native people here say he'll even hunt humans, but not today.Correspondent:“He just can‟t move his legs at all, can he?”Lunn: “No.”With the tranquilizer, the bear remains awake but immobile.They knew his bear by his tattoo.Lunn:“This is Bear X19788.”His history is written chapter and verse in the "bear bible."Lunn: "This is the record book of all the bears that have been handled by us or Manitoba Conservation."The study began at the Wapusk National Park, because the bear population was thought to be the healthiest in the world.Correspondent:“These paws and claws are really amazing.”Lunn's annual checkup records changes in fat…Lunn: “We get a measure of the bear‟s straight-line length.”…dimensions…Lunn:“From the nose to the tip of the tail.”…and an inventory of weapons. The polar bear uses its teeth to hunt primarily one thing — seal. And that's where arctic warming comes in.The polar bear can only hunt on the ice. And Lunn says the ice is breaking up three weeks earlier than it did 30 years go. He's now finding female bears 55 pounds lighter — weaker mothers with fewer cubs.Correspondent:“How big was the population a couple of decades ago when you started this? And how big is it now?”Lunn:"When we first started doing this research, we've done inventories in the mid-80s, in the mid-90s. Both times we came out with an estimate of approximately 1,200 animals for what is known as the western Hudson Bay population. The numbers now suggest that the population has declined to below 1,000."The bears are unlikely to survive as a species if there's a complete loss of ice in summer, which the arctic study projects will happen by the end of this century.Clip 5There are skeptics who question climate change projections like that, saying they're no more reliable than your local weatherman. But Mayewski says arctic projections done decades ago are proving accurate.Mayewski: "The skeptics have brought up some very, very interesting issues over the last few years. And they've forced us to think more and more about the data that we collect. We can owe the skeptics a vote of thanks for making our science as precise as it is today."One big supporter of climate science research is the Bush administration, spending $5 billion a year. But Mr. Bush refuses to sign a treaty forcing cuts in greenhouse gases.The White House also declined 60 Minutes' request for an interview. Corell, who first studied the issue for President Reagan, believes the climate change facts are in, even if President Bush does not.Correspondent:"When you look at the American government, which is saying essentially, 'Wait a minute. We need to study this some more. We can't flip our energy use overnight. It would hurt the economy.' When you hear that, what do you think?" Corell: "Well, what I do then is, I try to tell them exactly what we know scientifically. The science is, I believe, unassailable. I'm not arguing their policy, that's their business, how they deal with policy. But my job is to say, scientifically, shorten that time scale so that if you don't push out the effects of climate change into the long, long distant future. Because even under the best of circumstances, this natural system of a climate will continue to warm the planet for literally hundreds of years, no matter what we do."。