第四节限定词
一、限定词概述
限定词（Determiner）是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类，主要包括1.冠词（a, an, the）、2.物主（代词）限定词（如my，her）、3.指示（代词）限定词（如such, this, those）、3.不定（代词）限定词（如all, both, no）、4.疑问限定词（如what, which, whose）、5. 关系限定词（如whose）、6.名词属格（如Tom’s, China）、7.数词等
常见考点
1.冠词（article）
概述：冠词是置于名词之前说明名词所指的人或物的一种虚词，英语中有三个冠词，定冠词（the）；不定冠词（a/an）；零冠词
冠词考点（易出题知识点）：
不定冠词a与an的区别
固定结构“a/an + +of + a/an+ ”中，这一结构中前面的名词表示的是后面名词的性质或者是特征. 如 amountain of a wave 滔天巨浪 a lion of a man 雄狮般勇猛的人
用在复数抽象名词前表示单一概念或复数名词表整体概念（注意同主谓一致考点联系起来）
如I have a good twenty dollars in my pocket. 我口袋里面有整整20美元。
Since you like steak so much, why don’t you order ______ steak
B. an
C. a
D./
Answer: C物质名词变为可数名词，a steak表示一份牛排。
定冠词的使用
零冠词的使用
冠词惯用短语
2. 限定词与名词的搭配关系
3.限定词与限定的之间的搭配关系三类限定词
多个限定词相遇时，其位置使用规则
*基本规则：“前位+中位+后位”
both the brothers all his two daughters (前+中+后)
all other students (前+后) those last few minutes (中+后+后)
*such做限定词有特殊规则：such+不定冠词（such位于前）
当such 和其他的限定词（some, any, no, fall, few, another, other, many, one, two等）搭配时，such是后位限定词，如
I’ve never seen such a dog.
All such problems should be considered.
4. 特殊限定词的使用
和any 的用法
1）some, any与复数名词和不可数名词搭配，表“一些”
some 和单数名词搭配表“某一”
any与单数名词搭配表“任一”
2）some一般用于肯定句中，也可以用在表示希望对方给出肯定回答的疑问句中
any 多用语疑问，否定句，条件句，if/whether引导的从句
3）固定搭配
some day 来日 some day or other 迟早not…any longer/more 不再
at any rate/in any case 无论如何
的用法
1）no可以修饰单数可数名词，复数名词和不可数名词，其意义相当于“not a “ “not any”, 所以no不能和a(n), any 连用。
2）带有the, this, that, these, those, my, your等的名词前，一般不和no连用，改用none of
3) no可以做副词修饰形容词或副词的比较级， easy/different。这时，no相当于“not at all”
4）习惯用语
no doubt no end 非常，no end of 大量的，许多， and no mistake 的确，没错
there’s no such thing as 没有这样的…(物品) no wonder 难怪
三、历年考题和模拟题
of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT 11-56
A. The city is now ten times its original . I wish I had two times his strength.
C. The seller asked for double the usual . They come here four times every year.
of the following sentences is INCORRECT 10-56
A. They each have two tickets.
B. They cost twenty yuan each.
C. Each they have bought the same book.
D. They were given two magazines each.
of the following sentences is INCORRECT 10-62
A. All his lectures are very interesting.
B. Half their savings were gone.
C. Many his friends came to the party.
D. Both his sisters are nurses.
4. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one. 09-55
A. the price of three times
B. three times the price
C. as much as the three times price
D. three times more than the price
5. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ________ the size of St. Peter's in
Rome. 08-64
A. /
B. that of
C. which is
D. of
6. Our association, which has consistently pressed for greater employment opportunities for the
disabled, will publish ________ proposals in the near future.
A. their
B. our
C. his
D. its 08-51
7. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________ a threat
to the human race than environmental destruction.
07-62
A. no more
B. not more
C. even more
D. much more
was ________ we had hoped. 06-64
A. more a success than
B. a success more than
C. as much of a success as
D. a success as much as
9. Do you know Tim's brother He is ________ than Tim. 05-59
A. much more sportsman
B. more of a sportsman
C. more of sportsman
D. more a sportsman
10. Land belongs to the city; there is ________ thing as private ownership of land. 06-60
A. no such a
B. not such
C. not such a
D. no such
11. Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install ________
solar heating device in our home. 05-56
A. some type of
B. some types of a
C. some type of a
D. some types of
12. –Why are you staring
–I've never seen ________ tree before.
A. kind of
B. that kind of
C. such kind
D. such 05-66
13. My little daughter has walked eight miles toady. We never guessed that she could walk _______
far.
A. that
B. such
C./
D. as
14. ______ human problems that repeat themselves in _____ life repeat themselves in
_____literature.
A. /,/, the
B. /,the,/
C. The,/ ,/
D. The, the, the
15. She is not the sort of ________.
A. a girl
B. the girls
C. girl
D. the girl
16. A cow is __________as a horse.
A. strong as an animal
B. as a strong animal
C. as strong an animal
D. as an animal strong
17. Scientists believe that _______ fingerprints can be exactly identical.
A. never
B. not
C. no
D. none
18. The additional work will take _____ weeks.
A. the other
B. another two
C. other two
D. the more
of the following determiners(限定词)can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns
A．many a B．few C．such D．the next
20. The following determiners(限定词) can be used with both plural and uncountable nouns EXCEPT
A. more.
B. enough.
C. many.
D. such.
21. Which of the following is INCORRECT
A. Another two girls
B. Few words
C. This work
D. A bit of flowers
22. _______ difficulties should be taken into account.
A. Some these
B. All such
C. These all
D. Such all
23. She has taken great pain to conceal her emotions, and thereby made them ________conspicuous.
A. all the more
B. all the much
C. all more
D. all much
Scottish friend says there is ______ monster in Loch Ness.
A. no such thing as
B. no such thing as a
C. no such a thing as
D. no such a thing as a
25. The brilliance of his satires was _______ make even his victim laugh.
A. so as to
B. such as to
C. so that
D. such that
26. _____ increases every year as natural habitats disappear.
A. The amount ofendangered species
B. The quantity of endangering species
C. The number of endangered species
D. The majority of endangering species
, though ________ than either oil or gas, is still a finite resource.
A. much energy more abundant source
B. the much more energy abundant source
C. a much more abundant energy source
D. energy source more abundant
28. I didn’t go to the party last night, because ____, I changed my mind.
A. on a second thought
B. by second thoughts
C. on second thoughts
D. on the second thought you grow up in ______large family, you are more likely to develop _____ability to get on well with ______others.
A. /,an, the
B. a, the,/
C. the,an,the
D. a, the,the
dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ________ride to ________Capital Airport.
, a B. a ，/ C. /, a D. /, the
you finish reading the book,you will have ______better understanding of ______life.
A. a, the
B. the .a
C. /,the ,/
student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question. B
A. Each
B. Any
C. Either
D. one
33. Will you buy me ________ stamps when you go out
A. some
B. any
C. a little
D. a few of (A)
34. “What do they eat there in Honolulu”
“________ eat rice rather than potatoes.”
A. Most of people
B. The most of people
C. The most people
D. Most of the people contain various kinds of radio tubes, or tiny devices called transistors.
A. The most they
B. Most of they
C. Most of them
D. The most of them
36. If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ______ would be getting sick.
A. a lot of more us
B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more
D. a lot more of us
37. Let me know ______ train you’ll be arriving on.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. whose
38. Whom do you know better, ________
A. his or her friends
B. her or his friends
C. his friends or her
D. her or his
39.“Id on’t like this ink. Do you like it ”“No, I like ________ink.”
A. the other
B. some other
C. another
D. some others
40. I saw _____ waiting in line applying for the only position.
A. a lot of unemployment
B. unemployments
C. a lot of the unemployed
D. a lot of unemployee
honesty is _______. He can be always trusted.
A. out of question
B. out of the question
C. no the question
D. in the question
are a brave and hardworking people.
A. Chinese
B. The Chinese
C. A Chinese
D. Some Chinese
43. Mercury freezes if it is cooled to ________.
A. a too low temperature
B. too low temperature
C. a low too temperature
D. too low a temperature.
population of many Alaska cities has _______ in the past three years.
A. more than doubled
B. more doubled than
C. much than doubled
D. much double than
understand ____preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.
A. more than the enormous amount of
B. better than most the enormous number of
C. better than most the enormous amount of
D. fewer than the number of
did not choose any of the three offerings, because I found ____satisfactory.
A. neither of them
B. none of it
C. either of them
D. none of them
47. I really do not know whether we can succeed, so do not expect ____.
A. too much of us
B. us too much
C. of us too much
D. us of too much
48. She has taken great pains to conceal her emotions, and thereby made them ____ conspicuous.
A. all the more
B. all the much
C. all more
D. all much
49. She bought ____ plates.
A. one dozen beautiful pale blue dinner
B. one dozen pale blue beautiful dinner
C. beautiful one dozen pale blue dinner
D. one dozen dinner beautiful pale blue
, printing, paper, the compass and powder originated in China, and___ introduction in the west had far-reaching effects.
A. these
B. their
C. those
D. its
大学英语语法系列讲座 情态动词 中国地质大学（武汉）外语系许峰 情态动词(Modal V erbs)又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have，do，be等；二是情态助动词，如may，must，need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气，可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语考试中，情态动词部分主要重点测试以下内容：情态动词+动词完成式。 情态动词must, should, may(might),ought to, can(could),need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为“modal verb+ have+ v-ed”。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意思又有所不同。 1.must+have+v-ed和can't/couldn't +have+ v-ed “must+ have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情较有把握的、肯定性的推测，常译为“一定”，“准是”，“肯定”。当must用于推测意义时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can/could not。“can't/couldn't + have+ v-ed”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“决不可能”，“不太可能”。 例1：Since the ditch is full of water, it must have raine d last night.既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下过雨了。 例2：—You realize that you were driving at 100 mph, don't you? —No, officer, I couldn't have been. This car can't do more than 80. ——“你刚开车的速度为每小时100英里，不知道吗?” ——“不，警官先生，我不可能开那么快，因为这辆车每小时的速度不可能超过80英里。” 经典考点1：Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; She have studied very hard.(CET-4，1989年6月) A)may B)should C)must D)ought to 巧解 本题应选C。must have v-ed表示推测过去某事一定发生了；may/might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事也许发生了；should/ought to have v-ed表示“本应该…”，表达的是对过去所发生的事情的一种责备、埋怨、反悔的情绪。C项符合题意。本题句意是：玛丽的考试分数是班上最高的；她一定学习非常用功。 经典考点2：You her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(CET-4，1996年1月) A)needn't have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can't have seen 巧解 本题应选D。can't have v-ed表示对过去发生事情的否定推测；D项符题意。needn't+ have v-ed表示过去做了本不必做的事。本题句意是：上星期你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了。 经典考点3：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.(考研，1991年)
英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分：grammatical elements 1.1词素:morpheme 1.2.词:word 1.3.短语:phrase 1.4.分句:clause 1.5.句子:sentence 2.动词的种类：type of verb 2.1.动词的特征: 2.1.1时态的变化tense， 2.1.2.语态的变化voice，语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice 2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类： 2.1. 3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood 2.1. 3.2.祈使语气imperative mood 2.1. 3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood. 2.2动词的分类 2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb 2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化，并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。
2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词（-ing participle，-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle）、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive)，它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。 2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb）和助动词auxiliary verb（又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary；情态助动词modal auxiliary) （情态动词modal verb属于助动词。） 2.2. 3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb 2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb 2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种) SVCs：主语+连系动词+主语补足语 SV：主语+不及物动词
《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号：2152102 课程类别：专业课 学时：32 学分： 适用专业：英语专业一年级 先修课程：无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 > 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课，英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求，旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习，学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力，了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念，了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点，熟练掌握常用的语法知识，语法体系，具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础，并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目，提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1．课程教学内容 语法层次；句子结构；主谓一致；名词和名词词组及属格；限定词；代词；动词和动词词组；动词的时和体；将来时间表示法；被动态；虚拟式；助动词；不定式；分词；独立结构；比较等级和比较结构；并列结构；从属结构；关系分句；倒装；省略；替代；语篇衔接 2. 课程教学要求： 1).精讲多练，注重实践2)．以学生为中心组织教学3)．注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。 导论：语法层次
第1讲：句子结构 第2、3讲：主谓一致 第4、5讲：名词、名词词组和名词属格 第8、9讲：代词
~ 第10讲：动词和动词词组 第11、12讲：动词的时和体 ￥ 第13讲：将来时间表示法 第14、15讲：被动态 ^ 第16讲：虚拟式
英语中常用前缀、后缀(1) I．常用前缀（Prefixes）(1) anti-: against, opposite 反（对）；抗；非 anti-Japanese, antiwar, antislavery; auto-: of or by oneself 自己（做）的；自己；本身automobile; autobiography; auto-land; auto-criticism be-: cause to be or have 使，使显得；视作befriend; belittle; befool (愚弄, 欺骗, 糟蹋) bi-: two, twice, double 二，双，两倍 bicycle; bimonthly; biweekly; bio-: life 生命，生物 biochemistry; biosphere; biology centi-: hundredth part of 百分之一 centimeter; centigrade (百分度的) co-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合 co-operation; coexist; cohabit con-: with, together（和…）一起；共同, 联合conjoin（联合）; cencentric（同中心的） col-:（用在字母l的前面）共同, 联合collocation （并置） com-: （用在字母m, b, 和p之前）compassion （同情） cor-: （用在字母r之前） correlation（相互关系） contra-: opposite 反对，相反，相对contramissile (反弹道导弹)；contranatural （违反自然的） counter-:Contrary; opposite; opposing与…相反；相对；对立的： counterattack; counterrevolution; de-: showing an opposite, to remove, to reduce 非，相反，除去，减少 decode (解密); devalue; decompose dis-: not, the opposite of 否定，相反disadvantage; disbelief; disavowal (否定, 拒绝) en-:cause to become, put into the stated condition 使成为，使处于…状态 endanger; enlarge em-: (用在字母m, b, 和p之前) 使成为，使处于…状态 embody (体现); empower (授权) ex-: former 以前的，前任的 ex-minister; ex-husband extra-: outside, beyond 超出，在…之外extracurricular (课外的); extraordinary fore-: in advance, before, in or at the front 预先，前，在前面的 foreleg (前腿); forewarn in-: not 不，非，无 inability; indirect; incorrect 英语中的主谓一致问题 1. 如果主语和谓语之间插入一个短语，如as well as, together with, in the accompany of, accompanied by, besides, in additional to, including, except, but, like, unlike, rather than, no less than 等等，这时谓语动词的数要与短语所修饰的主语相一致，这些短语对主语的单复数不构成任何影响。 The manager, together with his wife and children, is going to visit Canada next month. My uncle, as well as his colleagues, is leaving for home on Sunday. 2. 当作主语的名词前有every, each, either, neither, much, little, a little, whole 等修饰时，谓语动词用其单数形式，当有many, several, a few, few, a number of 等修饰时，用复数形式。但many a 修饰的名词后接单数形式的谓语。 Every man and woman is asked to vote. The situation goes against him. Many a boy like football. 当名词前有 all of, some of, most of, half of, the rest of, a lot of, the last, the reminder等修饰时，谓语动词的数要根据该名词的数而定。名词是复数，谓语为复数，反之用单数。 Let’s share the last apple. Half of the apple is for you. There are twenty apples. Half of the apple are for you. All butter is made from milk. Some of the water is polluted. 作主语的名词受数词，百分比，分数的修饰时，谓语动词既可作单数，亦可作复数，要视情况而定。
限定词（determiner ） 主要术语 限定词与三类名词（单数，复数，不可数）的搭配关系 只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词 只能与单数搭配的限定词 a/an, one ,another, each/every, either/neither, many a /such a 等。 It should be compulsory reading for every adult. Neither accusation is true.(两项指控都不能成立) 只能与复数搭配的限定词 Both, two/three, another two/ three , many, (a) few, several, these/those, a (great) number of 等。E.g. In another two weeks, it will be finished. 只能与不可数搭配的限定词 a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of , (a) little, much, less, (the) least 等。 There is little doubt that he and his accomplices are guilty. The Square was the scene of much fighting in last year's revolution. I can speak a bit of French and understand more.（理解比口语好一些） 能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词 能与单、复数搭配的限定词 the first/second/last/next 等。 My first reaction was to hit him, but he was old, and my second was to resign. The next thing he heard was an insistent knocking on the door of his room. The last three shipments of grain for West Africa haven't yet arrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到) 能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词 this/that 等。My family have lived in that village for many generations. Whoever had come up with this idea deserved a medal. I hope to enjoy that feeling again before long. 能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词 A lot of/lots of/plenty of, enough, more/most, such, other 等。 Like all such stories, that is largely a myth.(像所有这类故事一样，那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的) Such optimism had become strangely out of place.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜) 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 the, some /any, no/the other, whose, 物主限定词,名词属格等。 No student is to leave the classroom. No words can express my grief. Whose side are you on? He is a writer whose humor is not without substance(他的幽默很有实质意义). specific reference 特指 definite/indefinite/zero article 定/不定/零冠词 indefinite determiner 不定限定词 generic reference 类指/泛指 possessive determiner 物主限定词 cardinal numeral 基数词 definite quantity 确定数量 genitive noun 名词属格 ordinal numeral 序数词 indefinite quantity 非确定数量 demonstrative determiner 指示限定词(this, that, these, those, such) multiplicative numeral 倍数词 fractional numeral 分数词 referential meaning 所指意义 relative determiner 关系限定词(whose, which) quantifier 量词(a lot of/plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/good number of) interrogative determiner 疑问限定词(what, which, whose)
. Unit 5 限定词总结 限定词与可数、不可数名词搭配 以上限定词与of联用时，of后面必须有一个“特指限定词”，然后才能接名词。 限定词与of短语 数量或个体限定词用作代词，此时+of 数量或个体词+of+特指限定词+复数名词或者不可数名词 注意：本身就带有of的数量词组如a lot of,lots of, a couple of,plenty of,a number of,a great deal of 等，必须直接与名词连用，不加特指限定词。
. al和both的特殊用法 All students are clever. All of my students are clever. All my students are clever.Both students are clever. Both of my students are clever. Both my students are clever. 不定代词与of短语 不定代词;none,someone,anyone,everyone. None of us has a gift.我们当中没人有礼物。 Every one of us has a gift.我们当中每个人都有礼物。 Some one of us has a gift.我们当中有些人有礼物。 Any one of us has a gift.我们当中任何人都有礼物。 练习 1 I read a few books yesterday. 2 Some my students are a little lazy. 3 Some my students are a little lazy and some students are hard-working. 4 I am new here.I don’t know many people. 限定词之间的位置关系 限定词分三类：前位限定词，中位限定词，后位限定词。
英语语法之主谓一致 (一)以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致 1：以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 ●疾病名称：arthritis〔关节炎〕，rickets〔软骨病〕等这类名词通常作单数用 Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. ●游戏名称：cards,darts等也通常作单数用 Darts is essentially a free and easy game. 2;以-ics结尾的学科名称，例如,physics,mathematics,mechanics等名词通常做单数用 Physics is an important subject in middle schoo l. 3；以-s结尾的地理名称，例如，the Unite States,the United Nations等名词作单数用 注：但若不是国名，而是群岛，山脉，海峡，瀑布等，通常作复数用 The West Indies ,apart from the Bahamas,are commonly divided into two parts. 4:其他以-s结尾的名词 ●剪刀，裤子，眼镜等名词通常作复数用，但如果带有单位词，由单位词的单复数形 式决定动词的单复数形式 如：One pair of scissors is not enough. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small ,are missing from my tool box. ●英文中还有一些以-s结尾的名词，如：archives档案，arms武器，clothes, contents 内容、目录，eaves屋檐，fireworks烟花，goods货物，minutes记录，morals道德，remains遗体，stairs楼梯，suburbs郊区，thanks, wages等通常作复数用 如:The archives of this society are kept in the basement. 〔但也有少数这类名词可以单复数同行，如：whereabouts行踪，dramatics舞台艺术〕 ●凡是-ings结尾的名词，如clippings剪下来的东西，diggings掘出来的东西，earnings 收入，filings 锉屑，lodgings租住的房间，surroundings, sweepings等通常作复数用如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. ●还有一些以-s结尾的单复数名词如：barracks营房，headquarters总部，means, series 系列，species , workers工厂等，随后动词的单复数形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是复数。如： A barracks was stormed袭击by the enemy troops. Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. 〈注：remains用于遗体意思时，随后的动词用复数，但如果是遗迹或剩余物时单复数均可用 如：He remains lie in the churchyard
大学英语语法系列讲座 动词的时态和语态 作谓语的动词发生变化来表示行为、状态发生的时间及进行的情况的各种形式称为时态。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。时态和语态是英语语法的重要组成部分，也是大学英语考试必考的内容之一。时态测试主要要求考生掌握几种常见但易错的时态：完成时态——现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时；进行时态——现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、完成进行时；一般时态——一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时。从是否跟宾语的角度来看，英语动词可以分为两种，即不及物动词和及物动词。不及物动词没有被动语态。及物动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。任何一个及物动词不是使用主动语态，就是使用被动语态，没有语态的及物动词是不存在的。时态测试实际上也同时测试语态。一、一般时态 一般时态表示现在、过去或将来的动作状态或特征。 1.一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually,often,always,sometimes,regularly,near,occasionally,everyyear,every week等连用。 例1：He is always like that.他总是那样。 例2：Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. 史密斯先生每天乘公共汽车去上班。(2)在由after, until, before, once, when, even if, in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment 以及if, unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替
Unit 5 限定词总结 限定词与of短语 数量或个体限定词用作代词，此时+of 数量或个体词 注意：本身就带有 al和both的特殊用法 All students are clever. All of my students are clever. All my students are clever. Both students are clever. Both of my students are clever. Both my students are clever. 不定代词与of短语 不定代词;none,someone,anyone,everyone. None of us has a gift.我们当中没人有礼物。 Every one of us has a gift.我们当中每个人都有礼物。 Some one of us has a gift.我们当中有些人有礼物。 Any one of us has a gift.我们当中任何人都有礼物。 练习 1 I read a few books yesterday. 2 Some my students are a little lazy. 3 Some my students are a little lazy and some students are hard-working. 4 I am new here.I don’t know many people. 限定词之间的位置关系
限定词练习 1) My shoes have been worn out. I'll have to buy______. A) some new pair B) a new one C) some new ones D) a new pair 2) If ______letter arrives for me, can you send it to this address? A) no B) some C) any D) some more 3)Taxes and death may come to______, but they never come with impartiality. A) all men B) all of man C) all men D) all of men 4)Miss Green contributed fifty dollars, but she wished she could contribute______. A) one other fifty dollars B) the same amount also C) more fifty dollars D) another fifty 5)Our monitor is always ready to do good to______. A) the other B) the others C) other D)others 6)______of them knew about the plan because it was secret. A) Some B) Any C) No one D) None 7)There is very ______hope that he will survive the car accident. A) few B) a few C) much D) little 8)I have two brothers. One is a scientist; ______is an artist. A) another B) the other C) others D) the others
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。
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第一章名词 名词的数 1.名词复数的规则变化形式 有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词复数只加-s，读作/s/。如： gulf-gulfs海湾 chief-chiefs首领 proof-proofs证据 roof-roofs屋顶 有些以-y结尾的专有名词的复数直接加-s。如： Henry-Henrys亨利Mary-Marys玛丽 有些以辅音字母＋o结尾的名词的复数直接加-s。如： piano-pianos钢琴 memo-memos备忘录photo-photos照片 solo-solos独唱 有些以字母-o结尾的名词有两种复数形式，可以加-s，也可以加-es。如：motto-mottos/mottoes箴言 halo-halos/haloes光环cargo-cargos/cargoes货物 grotto-grottos/grottoes洞穴 以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾的名词只加-s。如： banboo-bamboos竹子 kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠video-videos电视 radio-radios收音机
只有一个/s/音结尾的名词，复数形式读/ziz/。如：house房子 2.名词复数的不规则变化形式 沿用古英语复数形式的名词。如： tooth-teeth牙齿 foot-feet脚 英尺goose-geese鹅 ox-oxen牛mouse-mice老鼠 woman-women妇女 child-children孩子 louse-lice虱子 外来词的复数形式来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语等的名词。如： 希腊语analysis-analyses分析 crisis-crises危机phenomenon-phenomena现象 thesis-theses论文 拉丁语datum-data数据 medium-media媒介formula-formulae公式 radius-radii半径 法语bureau-bureaux/bureaus局；司；处 madam-mesdames/madams夫人；女士 3.复合名词的复数形式 将主要成分变为复数形式。如： looker-on—lookers-on旁观者 passer-by—passers-by过路人runner-up—runners-up亚军 editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief总编辑 将最末一个构成部分变为复数形式。如： breakfast—breakfasts早餐 afternoon—afternoons下午gentleman—gentlemen绅士 go-between—go-betweens中间人 将两个组成部分均变为复数（这种复合名词中的第一个名词须是man或woman）。如：man doctor—men doctors男医生woman singer—women singers女歌手 4.单复数同形的名词 cattle牛 deer鹿 Chinese中国人 fish鱼 species种类 aircraft飞机buffalo水牛 giraffe长颈鹿
存在句 存在句(existential sentence)传递新信息，引出新话题。这种句型之所以要用there做形式主语而把实义主语置于动词之后正是为了让这种实义主语成为信息中心，以达到引出新话题的目的。 1.在句的结构特征 存在句是以there作为引导词或形式主语，谓语动词通常是助动词be或其他含有存在意义的动词的一定形式；动词之后跟有通常叫做实义主语或真主语的名词词组；实义主语之后通常跟有地点状语，有时还带时间状语。因此，存在句的结构模式是：There+be+NP+Locative Expression(+Temporal Expression). 1)存在句的引导词 存在句的引导词there在句子中居于主语的位置，实义主语虽然是随后的名词词组，但there起形式主语的作用，在疑问句中，它和操作词倒装： Are there any people in the hall? There is a typewriter in the room, isn’t there? 在非正式语体中，引导词there 还决定主谓一致关系，既动词的单，复数形式间或并不取决于随后的名词词组而取决于引导词there.例如： Ther e’s some people in the waiting room.(非正式语体) There are some people in the waiting room. 要区别存在句的引导词there 和句首状语there ,前者不重读，后者须重读。 2）存在句的实义主语 在存在句中作实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指，即通常带有不定冠词，零冠词及其其他表示非确定意义的限定词，如some, any, no, several, many, much, more, a few, a little, less, another, a lot of , plenty of, a large number of , enough, 以及基数词等，而且名词中心词还可以带有前置，后置修饰词。例如： There is a cherry tree in my garden. There are roses in the flower beds. There’s no one in the house, is there? There is still a lot of work to be done before the house in ready for occupation. There are many people still with too low a standard of living. There are fifteen students in my class. Is there any cheese in the larder? 作为存在句实义主语的名词词组也可以由some-, any-, no- 的合成词构成。例如： There’s something that you don’t know. There is nothing more to do. Is there anyone coming to dinner? 由上述猪咧可以看出，存在句的实义主语一般都是非确定特指，正因为如此，前面所说的基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词组，一般都可以用there-存在句予以转换。例如：No one was waiting. There was no one waiting. Something must be wrong. There must be something wrong. Plenty of people are getting promotion
2020年华南农业大学珠江学院本科插班生招生考试 《语法》考试大纲 一、考试性质 普通高等学校本科插班生（又称专插本）招生考试是由专科毕业生参加的选拔性考试。高等学校根据考生的成绩，按照已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，本科插班生考试应有较高信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 二、主要参考书 《大学英语语法》，何桂金主编、高等教育出版社、2016-05、ISBN：9787040451825 三、考试内容 第一章词、短语、句子 1.1三种结构形式 1.2词及其种类 1.3短语及其种类 1.4分句、从句和主句 1.5句子的结构分类 1.6句子的用途分类 1.7不符合语法规则的句子 第二章句子（短语）成分＊ 2.1主语 2.2谓语 2.3表语 2.4宾语 2.5补语 2.6定语和状语 2.7同位语 2.8独立成分 2.9句子（短语）成分的分类 第三章陈述句
3.1 SVP句型 3.2 SV(A)句型 3.3 SVO(A)句型 3.4 SVOO句型 3.5 SVOC句型 3.6存在句 3.7分裂句 3.8否定陈述句 第四章疑问句 4.1一般疑问句 4.2特殊疑问句 4.3选择疑问句 4.4附加疑问句＊ 4.5陈述疑问句 4.6疑问句的分类 第五章祈使句和感叹句5.1一般祈使句＊ 5.2 Let祈使句＊ 5.3无动词祈使句 5.4一般感叹句 5.5其他感叹句 5.6句子的交替和转换第六章名词 6.1名词的种类 6.2名词复数的构成 6.3关于数的几点说明6.4名词类别的转换 6.5名词的性 6.6名词的格
6.7名词及其短语的作用 第七章代词 7.1代词的种类 7.2人称代词 7.3物主代词和物主限定词7.4自身代词 7.5相互代词 7.6指示代词和指示限定词7.7不定代词和不定限定词7.8数词 第八章限定词＊ 8.1限定词的种类 8.2有关限定词的几个问题8.3不定冠词的意义和用法8.4定冠词的意义和用法 8.5不用冠词的情况 8.6冠词的省略，重复和其他第九章定语 9.1定语的种类 9.2定语的表示法 9.3前置定语 9.4复合的定语 9.5后置定语 9.6分离修饰及其他 第十章动词概论＊ 10.1主动词和助动词 10.2动作动词和状态动词10.3特殊动词和普通动词10.4限定动词和非限定动词
限定词（一） 限定词用来限定名词所指的范围，主要包括冠词、不定代词、指示代词、数词等。本章节主要讨论冠词的用法。 冠词是一种虚词，本身不能独立使用。英语中，冠词包括不定冠词(a/ an)、定冠词(the) 和零冠词三种。 一、不定冠词的主要用法 1. a和an 是泛指限定词，用于单数可数名词前，泛指人或物。在首次提及的人或物前，a或an 一般表示数量“一”。a用于以辅音开头的名词前：a piece，a language，a university。an用于以元音开头的名词前：an example，an art exhibition (展览会)，an early train，an honest politician, an hour。 e.g. I) It has been a rewarding lecture. II) I work for Sony Electric, an electronics company. 我在一家电子公司――索尼电器工作。 2. a和an也可用在可数名词前表示一类人或物。 e.g. I) A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen. II) Lend me a novel, will you? 3. a和an用在某些物质名词前表示一阵、一份、一类、一场、一种等。 e.g. I) All I had for lunch is a yogurt. 中饭我只吃了一杯酸奶。 II) What the earth needs now is a rainfall, 目前地球所需要的是一场雨。 二、定冠词the的意义和用法 1. 与名词连用特指某个人或物，或谈话双方熟知的彼此心照不宣的人或物。 e.g. I) Did you go to the opening ceremony? 你有没有参加开幕式？ II) The lion is a fierce (凶猛的) animal. （相当于A lion is a fierce animal.或Lions are fierce animals.） 【注】下面三句中的斜体部分就不能互换： I) Who invented the camera? (指类别) II) Who had a camera? (指同类中的任何一个) III) Who produced cameras? (指这一类中的所有个体) 2. 用在表示独一无二的或被认为是唯一的名词前。 e.g. the sun, the earth, the world, the universe, the Equator (赤道), etc. 【注】如果sun, moon, sky等词前有一描绘性定语，有时也可以加不定冠词。 e.g. A pale moon hung low in the sky. 一轮苍白的月亮挂在天边。 3. 用在序数词及形容词, 副词最高级前。 e.g. I) The fittest survives. 适者生存。 II) He is the most diligent (勤奋的) student in our class. 【注】在序数词前有时也不用the，而用a/an，其含义为：“又一个, 又一次，还有 一个”。 e.g. He orders a second glass of beer. 4. 用在only, main, sole, same等前。 e.g. I) He is the only student who got straight As in all subjects. 他是唯一一个门门功课 都得优秀的学生。