A Beautiful Mind
1．John Forbes Nash, Jr. –mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of
rationed behavior, visionary of the thinking machine—had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over h is unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finely
molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof… how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you message? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you…?”
小约翰·福布斯·纳什，数学天才、理性行为理论创立者、预见会思考的机器出现的预言者，已经和他的同样是数学家的来访者一起坐了差不多半个小时.那是1959年春季一个工作日的傍晚时分，虽然才是5 月，天气却很热，令人不太舒服。纳什颓然坐在医院会客室一角的扶手椅上，身上随意穿着的那件尼龙衬衫，松松垮垮地盖在他没有系皮带的长裤上。他的魁梧身躯现在就像
一个布娃娃一样缺乏活力，他的线条优美细致的五官没有任何表情。他一直目
1
光呆滞地盯着哈佛教授乔治·麦基左脚前方不远的地方，除了一次次重复着将垂在前额的略长的黑发拨开的动作，他几乎一动不动。麦基正襟危坐，被沉默压得透不过气来，并且非常清楚地意识到会客室的所有门都锁上了。麦基再也控制不住自己。他尽量使语气温和，但听上去仍有些愠怒。“你，一个数学家，”他开始说道，“一个致力于研究理性和逻辑证明的人，怎么能相信外星人正在给你发送消息呢？怎么能相信你被来自太空的外星人选中要来拯救世界呢？怎么能……”
2．Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and di spassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriou sly.”
纳什终于抬起头，用类似某种鸟类或者蛇一样冰冷而不动声色的目光，紧紧盯着麦基。“因为，”他慢慢地回答，带着温和适度的南方人特有的慢条斯理的语气，好像自言自语一般，“我的有关超自然生物的想法出现在我的脑海里的方式，是和我的数学思想一样的，所以我会认真对待。”
3．The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind’s survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematicia n of the second half of the century”. Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all
2
engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.
这个来自西弗吉尼亚州布卢菲尔德的年轻天才——英俊、傲慢，而且非常古怪——在1948 年闯入数学界。在接下来的十年，在那既以对人类理性抱有无上信念而著称，又以对人类生存怀有无尽忧虑而闻名的十年，纳什，用知名几何学家米克哈尔·格罗莫夫的话说，证明了自己是“20 世纪后半叶最杰出的数学家”。策略博弈、经济竞争、计算机建筑学、宇宙的形状、虚构空间的几何学、素数的神秘，都是他广阔的想象力涉猎的领域。他的想法属于那种非常深奥而又完全出人意料的类型，无疑会推动科学思考进入新的方向。
4．Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue”. Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and a rt than with the oldest of all sciences: It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionist — Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Rammanujan — Nash saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a path somewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that
3
distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.
数学家保罗·哈莫斯写道，天才“分为两种：一种就像我们大家一样，只是更为出色；另一种则是那些明显具备超凡人类灵感的人。我们都能跑步，有些人还能在四分钟内跑完一英里；但是我们大多数人所做的一切无论如何也无法与谱写出Ｇ小调赋格曲相提并论”。纳什的天分就属于那种常与音乐和艺术而非与最古老的科学紧密相连的神奇异禀。这不仅仅是指他的头脑运转更加灵敏，记忆力更加出众，或是他更能集中精力。事实上，直觉的火花稍纵即逝，不能用常理解释。就像其他伟大的数学直觉大师格奥尔格·费里德里希·伯恩哈德·黎曼、朱尔斯·亨利·庞加莱、斯里尼瓦萨·拉马努金一样，纳什先看到一个结论，然后才开始构筑耗费心力的证明过程。不过，即便在他尝试解释某个令人震惊的结论之后，对于那些企图跟随他的逻辑的人而言，他所选择的真正途径却始终是一个谜。20 世纪50 年代就在麻省理工学院认识纳什的唐纳德·纽曼曾经这样描述他“其他人通常会在山上寻找攀登顶峰的道路。纳什却干脆爬上另外一座山，再反过来从那个遥远的山峰用探照灯照射这座山。”
5．No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—but he joined no school, became no one’s disciple, got along: largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for
4
himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as na?ve or wrong-headed. Even as a student, his in difference to others’ skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.
没有人比纳什更对原创力着迷、更蔑视权威、更珍惜自己的独立性。早在青年时代，他的身边就不乏20世纪最伟大的科学权威，比如艾伯特·爱因斯坦、约翰·冯·诺伊曼、诺伯特·维纳，但是他没有加入任何一个学派，不是任何人的门徒，基本上是在既没有引导者，也没有跟随者的状况下前进。在他所做的从博弈论到几何学等多个学科的几乎所有工作之中，他对广为接受的知识、公认的方式以及根深蒂固的规律都持怀疑态度。他差不多一直是独立工作。通常他一边散步，不时用口哨吹出巴赫的作品，一边进行思考。纳什掌握的数学知识，主要并非来源于学习其他数学家已经取得的成果，而是自己重新发现这些成果中蕴藏的真理。他迫切希望取得一鸣惊人的成就，因此随时准备捕捉真正重大的问题。当他全神贯注地思考某个新的难题时，会留意到那些精通这个领域的人（他从来不认为自己已经精通某个领域）最初认为是幼稚或错误从而不予考虑的角度。即便是在学生时代，他对旁人的怀疑、疑虑和嘲笑的漠视就已经到了令人畏惧的地步。
6．Nash’s faith in rational ity and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he
5
called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performance. He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational begins who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”
纳什对理性以及纯粹思维的力量抱有旁人难以理解的绝对信念，即使是对一个非常年轻的数学家，即使是在计算机、空间旅行和核武器的新时代，都是如此。爱因斯坦就曾经责备他居然想不学物理学就修正相对论。他的偶像是牛顿和尼采这样的孤独的思想者和超人。计算机和科幻小说使他着迷。他把计算机称做“会思考的机器”，认为它在某些地方比人类优越。他一度被药物可能提高体力和智力水平的主意所蛊惑。他也曾沉迷于由超理性生物组成的外星人能够教会自己将所有感情置之度外的想法。他具有一种强迫性的理性，希望将生活中的决定——是搭乘第一部电梯还是等待下一部，到哪里存钱，接受什么样的工作，是否结婚——都转化为利弊得失的计算，转化为完全脱离感情、习俗和传统的算法法则或数学规则。即便是别人在走廊里随口和他打声招呼这样的小事情，也会引起他愤怒地发问：“你究竟为什么要向我打招呼？”
7．His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated”, and “queer”. Nash mingled rather than mixed with his
6
peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:
I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in the half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.
他的同辈人基本上认为他实在不可理喻。他们说他“孤僻”、“傲慢”、“无情”、“孤立”、“幽灵一般”、“隔绝”和“古怪”。他和同辈人只是混合在一起，却没有真正融合。他沉醉于自己的隐秘世界，根本不能理解别人操心的世俗事务。他的举止稍微有些冷淡，有些高高在上，还有一点秘而不宣的样子，暗示了某种神秘而非自然的东西。他一贯冷漠，但一时兴起也会喋喋不休地谈论外太空和地缘政治趋势，或做出孩子般的恶作剧，或者毫无征兆地勃然大怒。但是这些情感的迸发总是和他的沉默一样神秘莫测。“他和我们不一样”是人们常说的一句话。一位在普林斯顿高等研究院工作的数学家这样描述他在普林斯顿拥挤的学生舞会上第一次遇见纳什的情景：我从那里的一大群人当中一下子就注意到他。当时他坐在地上，身边围了半个圆圈的学生，正在讨论什么问题。他使我感到不安，给我一种奇怪的感觉。我觉察到一种特别陌生的东西，他在某些地
7
方与众不同。我并不了解他究竟有多大本事，也根本想不到后来他会作出那么大的贡献。
8．But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash’s insight into the dynamics of human rivalry—his theory of rational conflict and cooperation—was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshap ed biology and physics in their day.
但是他确实作出了贡献，而且非同凡响。而让人感到矛盾的是，他的许多想法本身并不晦涩。1958年，由于纳什在博弈论、代数几何学和非线性理论方面取得的成就，《财富》杂志推举他为同时活跃在纯粹数学和应用数学两个领域的新一代天才数学家中最杰出的人物。纳什对于人类竞争动态变化的洞察——他的理性竞争与合作理论——将会成为20世纪最具影响的思想理论之一。这一理论改变着新兴的经济学，其作用无异于孟德尔的基因遗传、达尔文的自然选择模式和牛顿的天体力学再造了当时的生物学和物理学。
8
I.Vocabulary
1. Another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the speaker is trying
to conversation: "Sure is hot here, isn't it?"
A. illicit
B. elicit
C. solicit
D. explicit
2. Napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yet again, after
running into serious problems in its talks with other firms. So here is Napster's : Still not ready.
A. refrain
B. renown
C. restraint
D. retention
3. The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of the drug by the Food &
Drug Administration is a long and process.
A. hilarious
B. notorious
C. industrious
D. laborious
4. When I was a child, I always refused to write thank-you notes for birthday presents
from a faraway relative. My mother would me and say, "Paul, you must learn to be polite."
A. glide
B. slide
C. abide
D. chide
5. A(n) memory may be a good thing, but the ability to forget is the true
token of greatness.
A. attentive
B. inattentive
C. retentive
D. irretentive
6. There's still a great deal of on the weapons of mass destruction, which
despite what President Bush and Prime Minister Blair say, have not yet been found.
A. evidence
B. skepticism
C. knowledge
D. consensus
7. Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens
who exercise are at risk for both physical and psychological problems.
A. comparatively
B. competitively
C. compulsively
D. comprehensively
8. Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate. But others were , driving the
young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.
A. querulous
B. fabulous
C. pretentious
D. conscientious
9. There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many different
nationalities and exchanging greetings in an international airport.
A. singling
B. dingling
C. jingling
D. mingling
10. When Dallas police notified the hospital that President Kennedy had been shot, at
first, the young neurosurgeon thought it was a .
A. blank
B. flank
C. prank
D. frank
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. D 10. C
1
II.
1. He picked up things that he thought people were throwing away and still had life.
He was very upset that people were very quick to things of value.
2. Looking for life elsewhere is a tough task. The good news is that the scientists are
for extraterrestrials signs and scientific tools to search for extraterrestrial life are advancing rapidly.
3. They are not so their studies that they avoid sports. On the contrary,
they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams.
4. People remember only what is interesting and useful to them, what helps them
make sense of the world, or helps them in it.
5. My husband reacted with irritation because he felt the comments implied: "Yours is
not a real marriage. I am you because my wife and I have avoided your misfortune."
6. Airlines are the plan to modernize Los Angeles International Airport
because their financial problems would make it difficult for them to pay for the renovation.
7. The Green Party of Pennsylvania (GPPA) has the political scene in 2001
with unprecedented energy and vigor and Green voter registration has more than quadrupled.
8. Before he went to university, Prince William had gone off to the jungles of South
America and worked on rather farms in England.
9. , we tend to get stressed and disturbed by life's endless ups and downs.
You have the choice to let it remain the same or change it to your advantage! 10. Following the terrorist attacks, there have been reports of beatings and killings of
Arabs. As an African American, I am outraged by the of Arab Americans and Muslims.
1. disregard
2. on the lookout for
3. obsessed with
4. get along
5. superior to
6. thumbing nose at
7. burst onto 8. Obscure 9. More often than not
10. singling out
2
III.
John Nash has the same mental illness that affects more than two million Americans: schizophrenia(精神分裂症). He has experienced the same symptoms as others __1__ with the disease: illusions that messages are being sent to him through television or newspapers. What __2__ Nash from others is an uncommon amount of public attention. In 1994, Nash shared the Nobel Prize with two other economists.
The attention has __3__ a long overdue education for the public about the illness and its treatments. __4__ like Nash's help us know that people may have mental illness but still can contribute to society," says Roberto Gil.
Gil added that Nash's recovery is not __5__ a normal thing. Schizophrenia usually affects people in their late teens or early twenties, __6__ Nash who didn't slide into the illness until he was thirty. This gave him time to explore his theories and establish a social network that enabled him to survive later. Many patients who are diagnosed earlier in their lives are not as __7__.
Much debate continues __8__ what exactly schizophrenia is and what causes it. One view suggests that it is an illness with many manifestations while another submits that it is a __9__ of illnesses often lumped together. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, schizophrenia is “a __10__ and disabling brain disease that has no known single cause".
1. Stricken
2. distinguishes
3. resulted in
4. Cases
5. necessarily
6. Unlike
7. Fortunate
8. as to
9. collection 10. Chronic
3
The Ideal of Service
1．There is an implication of selfishness in the words materialism and comfort—a suggestion of self-pampering at the expense of others. Yet, vulnerable as Americans are to criticism on other points, even their critics have not denied them generosity and a concern to help those who have not been so richly blessed with material goods. The Christian command，“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you, is frequently invoked. A disaster, whether at home or abroad, invariably brings forth a flood of voluntary contribution. The necessity for mutual aid in the first settlements and on the frontier may have passed, but the response is still there.
“实利主义”和“舒适”这样的字眼隐含着自私自利―在损害他人利益的基础上骄纵自己。然而，尽管美国人在其他方面易受垢病，即使他们的批评者也没有否认美国人在帮助贫困人民方面表现出的慷慨和关怀。“你希望别人如何待你，就应该如何待别人”，这条基督教训诫被频繁引用。只要有灾难发生，不管发生在国内还是国外，都会有很多人捐钱捐物。第一批殖民者之间和开拓新边疆时期人们的互助需求今天可能不再需要，但它的影响依然存在。
2．Magazines are full of stories like the one about Mike Katsanevas who had come to America from Greece in 1909 at the age of nineteen. He fought in World War I, married, but lost his wife and baby. When his mother became ill in Greece he returned to help her, married there, and had nine children. The Second World War reduced him and his family to poverty. Mike fought the Nazi parachutists, was penned up in a prison camp for three years. After the war, he returned home to find his family living skeletons.
杂志上常登载下面这样的故事：迈克·卡特萨尼瓦斯1909 年19 岁时从希腊来到美国，他参加了第一次世界大战，结了婚，但妻子和孩子不幸死去。留在希腊的母亲生病后，他返回家乡照看
她。他在希腊又一次结婚，育有9 个孩子。第二次世界大战使他的一家一贫如洗。迈克在二战中参加了抗击德国伞兵的战斗，并在战俘营中度过了3 年。战后返回家园时，他见到的家人都饿得瘦骨嶙峋。
3．An American citizen, he took advantage of the State Department offer to return him to the United States, along with three of the older children. But it was hard to save enough money to pay the passage for the rest of his family. Mike was now sixty-five. When his story got into the papers, the $2,600 needed to bring them over was quickly raised. The welfare director at the Naval Supply Depot where Mike worked helped with all the official red tape and located a modest home Mike could afford to buy. Painters donated their services, furniture stores gave furnishings, and the ladies of the Greek church supplied linens and kitchenware. And Mike got his family. “Only in America could such things happen,” he said.
作为美国公民，他可以享受美国国务院制定的优惠政策，由政府出路费让他带着3 个大些的孩子返回美国，但是他一时筹不到家里其他成员的路费。当时迈克己经65 岁了。他的故事见报后，人们很快为他筹集到所需的2 600 美元。迈克所在的海军补给仓库的福利军官帮他办好一切相关手续，并为他找了一栋他能够买得起的价钱适中的房子。油漆匠义务帮他粉刷了房子；家具店送他家具、地毯、窗帘等；希腊教堂的女教友送他日用家居织品和厨房用具。迈克一家因此能够团聚。他说：“只有在美国才会发生这样的事情。”
4．Service as an ideal has spread out into many branches of American life. More and more institutions of a community are expected to anticipate the needs of the citizen, and to make possible a healthier, happier, richer life. Meanwhile service as a commercial activity has leaped ahead. Since 1870 the experienced labor force engaged in production of services has risen from twenty-five percent to fifty-three percent. Whether you want a daily diaper service for the new infant, a carwash (many
of them mechanized so as to be completed in ten or fifteen minutes) or a clipping for your poodle, you are sure to find it. The yellow pages in the back of every telephone book list hundreds of such offerings.
服务作为一种理想己经渗透到美国生活的各个方面。人们期望越来越多的社会公共机构预先考虑并满足公民的需求，使他们能够过上更健康、更幸福、更富裕的生活。同时，服务作为一种商业活动己经有了很大的发展。1870 年以来，从事服务行业的熟练工人从25 ％上升到53 ％。不论你要为新生儿找尿布服务商店，或洗车服务（许多洗车设施是机械化的，10 一巧分钟就能洗完一辆车），或为宠物狗修剪毛发，你肯定能找到相应的服务。在每一本电话簿后面的黄页上都罗列着数百个提供此类服务的电话号码。
5．While the supermarkets have been moving in the direction of self-service in exchange for lower prices, smaller enterprises have sprung up to supply home service to those who want it, especially to the many people who now live in rural of suburban areas. Our country district is visited regularly by a grocer, a greengrocer, several bakers, a dispenser of frozen foods and three ice cream men, not to mention the occasional salesman of brushes, vacuum cleaners, insurance, magazines or cars, and that absolutely indispensable country institution, the rural letter carrier.
一方面超市正朝着自我服务的方向发展以期达到降低价格的目的，另一方面姻参为住在市郊农村的家庭提供服务的小公司大量出现。在我们居住的乡村地区，有食品杂货商、蔬菜水果商、几个面包商、冷冻食品商和三个冰激凌商定期送货，更不用说偶尔来卖刷子、吸尘器、保险、杂志、汽车的推销员了，当然还有乡村必不可少的邮递员。
6．The accent on service suggest an attempt to blend the two conflicting forces in the national character—the hard-headed drive for business success and the soft, religiously inspired urge to serve others. As the recipients of such services we in turn
find ourselves wanting to patronize them all, for if they are taking the trouble to serve us it seems only fair that they should be helped to succeed.
注重服务意味着将这两个相互冲突的力量结合起来形成国民特点―追求事业成功的精明理智和极欲服务他人的仁慈之心。作为这些服务的接受者，我们同样也愿意施惠于其他人，因为他们花费气力为我们服务，那么只有帮助他们获得成功才是最公平的。
7．The modern mother tries to teach her children such ideals as service to others, considerateness for the weak and for women, fair play and all the other desirable moral traits. Psychologists believe that since it is practically universal in America for the mother to rear her own children, Americans think of good behavior as feminine. But most Americans will confess that father, as the final arbiter and dispenser of punishment, sticks in their minds as the avenger of the moral law, and that goodness consequently bears a strongly masculine imprint—even one that is physiologically locatable.
现代的母亲教诲她的孩子这样一些理想：如为他人服务、体恤弱者和妇女、公平竞争以及其他值得拥有的道德品质。心理学家认为由于在美国普遍由母亲养育子女，因此美国人把良好的行为举止视作女性特有的品质。不过，大多数美国人承认，父亲在家里是最终的仲裁者和惩罚的实施者，在他们眼里就是道德律的复仇者，美德因此打上了男子气概的烙印―即便那是肉体惩罚留下的印记。
8．Gorer, who says that no other society gives so important a role to the mothers of grown sons, sees the mother symbol in the Goddess of Liberty as the moral force which keeps aggressiveness in check. Americans, he feels, have two standards of conduct, one for business, the other for human relations. They are symbolized by Uncle Sam, the shrewd, demanding father, and by the Goddess of Liberty, the
encapsulated mother speaking moral imperatives. The contradiction between male and female worlds comes to the fore in arguments over political and welfare projects. Thus resistance to the New Deal was partly an objection to introducing social legislation into the domain of masculine affairs, and confusion in foreign policy often arises because we want to be hard-headed as well as generous and likable.
戈尔说过，在美国，社会赋予成年男子的母亲非常重要的角色，世界上没有其他社会能与之相比。美国人视母亲的象征―自由女神为约束攻击性行为的道德力量。他认为，美国人在行为上有两个标准，一个是工作标准，另一个是人际关系的标准。这两个标准的象征分别是山姆大叔和自由女神：山姆大叔是精明苛求的父亲；自由女神是讲述道德责任的母亲代表。男性世界与女性世界的对立在关于政治和福利计划的争执上凸现出来。因此抵制新政的部分原因是反对将社会法规引入到男性事务中；外交政策上的混乱则体现了我们既想头脑清醒、讲求实际，又想表现得‘除慨大方、讨人喜欢。
9．Although there is some truth in his observation about conflicting impulses, the current trend is for business to absorb the social consciousness into its own orbit.
尽管他的观点中有关矛盾动机的说法有些道理，但目前潮流是把社会觉悟吸引到工作的轨道上去。
Knowledge and Wisdom
1．Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define "wisdom" and consider means of promoting it.
I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it.
我们时代的知识远远超越以前的时代，但是智慧却没有相应的增加，大多数人都同意这样的看法，但是一旦我们试图定义智慧并且思考增进它的方法，人们就会有不同的意见。我想问首先智慧是什么，其次是传授智慧的方法。
2．There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybody's mind at the present time: You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hand of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. In
such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.
构成智慧有几个要素，其中须要置于首位的是轻重缓急之分：将一个问题的所有重要因素考虑进去并且掂量每一个因素应有的分量的能力。鉴于各类技术员所需的专门知识的范围和复杂程度，这种能力变得比过去更难具备。比如，假设你从事医学研究，这份工作本身很难做，可能会耗费你的全部智慧。你没有时间去考虑你的发明或发现可能带来医学领域以外的影响。你成功了（我们假设），正如现代医学所做到的：婴儿死亡率不仅在欧洲和美洲，而且在亚洲和非洲也大大的降低了。但是完全非你所愿的结果产生了：在世界上人口最为稠密的地区，食物供应匮乏，生活水平下降。再举一个甚至更为引人注目的例子，当前人们都在关注此事：你渴望探求知识，不带功利的去研究原子的结构，却意外地将摧毁人类的手段置于狂人的手中。因此，如果知识不能与智慧同在，对知识的追求就可能变得有危害性；就全方位来看，追求知识的专家并一定具备智慧。
3．Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions: Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year A. D. 400 down to his own time, Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I am calling wisdom.
然而，仅有综合能力还不足以构成智慧。还必须思考人类生活的目标。这一点在历史研究中得
到说明。许多杰出的历史学家干的坏事多于好事，因为他们是通过自己的热情这种扭曲的媒介观察事实的。黑格尔的历史哲学始于亘古，止于无限的未来，也不是不缺乏综合能力，但是他努力想要说明的历史教义主要是从公元400年到自己的年代，德国一直都是最为重要的民族以及世界进步的标准榜样。或许构成智慧的综合概念可以延伸，它不仅涵盖智力而且还包括感情。知识面宽但感觉迟钝的人不是不常见。这样的人缺乏我认为的智慧。
4．It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was, their lives were wasted. To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr. A and Mr. B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you go to Mr. A and say, "Why do you hate Mr. B?" he will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr. B's vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr. B. he will give you an exactly similar list of Mr. A's vices with an equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr. A and say, "You will be surprised to learn that Mr. B says the same things about you as you say about him," and you go to Mr. B and make a similar speech. The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the other's injustice. But, perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness and their enmity is harmful to
both. If you do this, you will have instilled some fragment of wisdom.
智慧不仅为公共生活所需，而且同样为个人生活所需。选择追求目标，以及从个人偏见中解放出来，都需要智慧。如果一个目标本身不可能被达到，即便如果它可以被达到，追求它的行为一定是高贵的，对这个目标的追求也可能不是明智的。在过去，许多人毕其一生搜寻哲学家的点金石和长生不老药。毫无疑问，如果她们找到了这些东西，他们就为人类谋取了巨大福祉，但事实上，他们浪费了生命。退而说不那么伟大的事情，想想两个人，A先生和B先生，他们相互憎恨，并通过相互憎恨而相互摧毁。假设你到A先生那里说：“你为什么不喜欢B先生”他一定会向你数落一大堆B先生的邪恶，部分真实，部分虚假。现在，假设你到B先生那里，他会向你数落一大堆A先生的邪恶，内容完全一样，真实和虚假的混合程度也完全一样，假设你现在回到A先生那里说：“你会很吃惊，要知道，B先生说你的话跟你说B先生的活是一样的”，然后你到B先生那里发表同样言论。毫无疑问，直接的结果就是他们的相互仇恨程度增加，因为他们每人都为对方的偏颇感到震惊，但或许，如果你有足够的耐心和足够的说服力，你可能成功说服他们：对方只不过是有人类邪恶的通病，他们的敌意对对方都有伤害。如果你能这样做，你就向他们灌输了点滴的智慧。
5．I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal. Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger and discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually, with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom. This is, of course, a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality: on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space; and, on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes
（英语）英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
第一章翻译概论 第一节中外翻译史简介 四、课练习 1. 东汉至唐宋时期。 2. 玄奘不仅译出了 75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。 3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。 4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。 5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。 五、课后练习 （一）将下列段落译成中文： 一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。 1903 年 12 月 17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。 1932 年， 90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座 60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。当莱特兄弟在 1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了…… （二）将下列段落译成英文： As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the maids by saying， holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand） is not that ya tou （referring to the maids around， as both are homophones in Chinese）， for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….” Everybody roared with laughter. Some maids protested， laughing，“You made fun of us， so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’ games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a maid rushed in laughing，“ Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.” The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学
家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
高中英语基本句型天天练 班级：姓名： （一）主谓结构 1.她昨天回家很晚。 2.会议将持续两个小时。 3.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 4.这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生 5.1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 6.这个盒子重五公斤。 7.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 8.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 9.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 （二）系表结构 1.冬季白天短，夜晚长。 2.布朗夫人看起来很健康。 3.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 4.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 5.他失业了。 6.树叶已经变黄了。 7.这个报告听起来很有意思。 （三）主谓宾结构 1.昨晚我写了一封信。
2.他们成功地完成了计划。 3.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 4.Jim还不会自己穿衣服。 5.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。 6.他不知道说什么好。 7.我开窗户你在意吗？ 短语动词 1.他指出了我的作文中的错误。 2.圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师。 3.五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题来的。 4.他们高度赞扬了英雄的业迹。 5.这位护士会好好照顾你父亲的。 6.你在工作中可依靠他。 7.写完作文后，我们必须把它从头到尾看一遍。 8.脱掉你的外套，走前再穿。 9.我们必须派人去请医生。 （四）复合宾语结构 1.他的父母给他取名为John. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3.他们把门推开了。 4.我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7.战前这儿一直有家电影院的。
8.恰好那时房里没人。 9.从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10.公共汽车来了。 11.在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 12.铃响了。 简单句基本句型 1.这本书让孩子们读太难了. 2.董事们选举约翰为银行经理. 3.他发现他们坐在桌旁下棋. 4.老人凝望着照片,陷入了沉思. 5.他查阅英汉词典以查明这个词确切的含义. 6.只有这样你们才有希望改善那里的局势. 7.要她用现金买车是不可能的. 8.铃响了.让我们开始上课. 9.我们确实有自己的校车. 10.每天一定要留出半个小时进行口语练习. 并列句基本句型 1.再努力一下,你肯定能考上重点大学. 2.别再粗心了,否则你意识不到会犯同样的错误. 3.天下着雨,因此野餐被延期. 4.她以为我正谈论她的女儿,然而事实上我正在谈论我的女儿. 5.他不仅冲洗汽车,而且又擦拭了它.
1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you
英语翻译学论文-彼得.纽马克的翻译理论初探 一、引言 彼得·纽马克(Peter Newmark),1916年出生,英国著名的翻译理论家和翻译教育家。纽马克认为翻译既是一门科学,也是一门艺术[1]。说它是科学,因为翻译是严谨的、一丝不苟的,具有很严格的标准,比如一些科技术语、成语、度量单位或部分社交用语已经有了特定的翻译模式;翻译又是艺术,因为在很多场合要求译者进行选择判断,不能墨守陈规,否则只能反映表层意思,触及不到深层的含义。 纽马克在分析和总结各家各派翻译理论的基础上,将文体论、话语分析、符号学、格语法的理论、功能语法和跨文化交际理论应用于翻译理论和研究,对于翻译理论、翻译教学、翻译语言学以及翻译技巧都进行了精辟的论述。1981年,在《翻译问题探索》(Approaches to Translation,1981)中,纽马克提出了"语义翻译"(Semantic Translation)和"交际翻译"(Communicative Translation)[1]两个重要的翻译策略,成为西方翻译研究史上的里程碑。尽管已经年已耄耋,纽马克仍然笔耕不辍,不断发表学术成果。20世纪90年代他又提出"关联翻译法",进一步完善了他的翻译理论。下面本文将就纽马克的主要译论观点进行初步探析,以求对纽马克的翻译理论做更深层次的理解,并将相关翻译标准应用到英汉、汉英翻译中去。 二、文本功能及其分类 纽马克认为,翻译活动即是对文本的翻译,研究翻译不能离开文本。在修正布勒(Buhler)、雅各布森(Jakobson)功能模式的语言理论基础上,根据不同的内容和文体,纽马克提出了一套自己的文本功能及其分类。他将文本分为表达功能(expressive function)、信息功能(informative function)和号召功能(vocativefunction)。 (一)表达功能(expressive function) 表达功能的核心是讲话人、作者。语言表达功能的核心在于讲话人或作者运用这些话语表情达意,不去考虑读者的反应。纽马克认为,从翻译的目的看,典型的表达型文本有:1、严肃的文学作品,包括抒情诗、短篇小说、长篇小说、戏剧等;2、权威性言论,主要有政治人物的政治演说及文件等,法律法规文献,公认的权威人物撰写的科学、哲学和学术著作。这些文本的权威性来自其作者的地位或可靠性以及他们的语言能力。虽然这样的文本大多不具有言外之意,但往往带有其作者个人特征的"印记";3、自传、散文及个人信函。当这些文本是作者个人情感的一种宣泄,当读者背景模糊时,便属于表达型文本。 在翻译表达型文本时,要遵循"作者第一"的原则。以原作者为核心,既要忠实原作者表达的思想内容,又要忠实原作者的语言风格。在这类文本的翻译中,译者不仅不容许对原文进行修饰和修正,而且必须尽可能以词、短语和分句作为基本翻译单位。 (二)信息功能(informative function) 语言信息功能的核心是外在的语境、话题的事实或语言之外的因素等。典型的信息型文本涉及百科知识,其形式往往非常标准化,如教材、技术报告、报纸或杂志文章、学术论文、备忘录或会议记录等。信息型文本由于强调"真实性",通常用不带个人特色的现代语言写成。因此,在翻译信息型文本时,应遵循"真实性第一"的原则。译者在语言应用上,可以不以原作为标准,而以读者的语言层次为标准,力求通顺易懂,必要时还可以对原文进行修正。与表达型文本相比,译者有更大的自由度,比如当原文表达含糊、混乱或不确切时,译者有责任进行修改,以对目的语读者负责。鉴于此,翻译信息型文本为主的对外交流材料时,可以不受原文结构的束缚,打乱原文的叙述顺序,采用自由的方式,以原文信息加以充实。这种场合,由于许多信息资料通过翻译得以进一步整理,有时译者翻译的文本反而好于原文[3]。 (三)号召功能(vocative function)
~ 关于翻译理论的习题 选择题 1、直译保存了原作____,因而能达到与原文近似的效果。 A内容 B思想 C风格 D手法 2、死译只注意保存原文____,对原文使用的词语，句子结构，比喻以及其他修辞手法，尽量原封不动地照搬过来。 A 形式 B风格 C 意义 D 内容 3、译文中若出现译语词不搭配的现象，就会产生_____。 A 翻译调 B翻译病 C 翻译症 D翻译腔 4、( _____与内容的关系。 5、克服翻译症的方法之一是弄清 A 形式 B风格 C意义 D表面 5、从实用翻译理论的角度来看，译文不但要保存原作的思想风格，而且必须符合译语习惯，即提高____。 A随意性 B传意性 C相似性 D可接受性 6、有的动物可通过动作，如蜜蜂的舞蹈，来传递某种信息，这属于_____。 A自然信息 B动物信息 C 非语言信息 D语言信息 7、交流思想通过语言进行，因而语言是交流思想的___ A物质 B工具 C媒介 D手段 8、。 ____,七分靠____。9、有人认为翻译外国小说等文学作品。三分靠 A外语，汉语 B汉语，外语 C外语，外语 D汉语，汉语
9、翻译症的主要特征是____。 A文从句顺 B流畅易懂 C声情并茂 D文笔拙劣 10、不可以的情况有___ A没有对等词 B内容和形式必须兼顾的情况 C词外含义 D A，B and C 1-5 DACAD 6-10 BCBAD } 简答题 1、结合具体事例你谈谈对“英语重形合，汉语重意合”这句话的理解。 形合指句子内部的链接或句子间的连接采用句法手段或词汇手段，意合指句子内部的链接或句子间的连接采用语义手段。印欧语言重形合，语句各成分的相互结合常用适当的链接词语或各种语言链接手段，以表示其结构关系。汉语重意合，句子各成分之间或句子之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少用连接语，所以句法结构形式短小精悍。 2、有人认为翻译的总体发展趋势是由归化逐步趋向与异化，你是否赞同这个观点 归化与异化作为翻译两种主要的翻译方法，一直是翻译界研究和争论的焦点之一。归化指以目的语文化为归宿，要求译者向目的语读者靠拢，采取目的语读者所习惯的表达方式，来传达原文的内容。异化指以源语文化为归宿，要求译者向作者靠拢采取目的语读者所习惯的表达方式来传达原文的内容。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和
英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．晚上别喝太多的咖啡，会睡不着觉的。（or） 2．事实证明，保持快乐的心态会降低得心脏病的风险。（It） 3．乐观的人不会过分怀念美好的旧时光，因为他们正忙着创造新的回忆。（create）4．追求稳定并不是什么坏事，很多时候这样的态度在促使我们提升自我、挑战难度、攀登高峰。（when） 【答案】 1．Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2． It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4． The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 【解析】 【分析】 本题考查翻译，用括号所给的词将中文翻译成英文。翻译要注意句子的时态和语法的运用。 1．考查祈使句。祈使句 + and/or，前面的祈使句表示条件，or或and引导的分句表示结果这里表示转折关系，故用or。故答案为Don’t drink too much coffee at night, or you won’t be able to sleep. 2．考查名词性从句。翻译时句中用it作形式主语，真正的主语为从句thatkeeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases.，从句翻译时要注意动名词作主语。故答案为It is proved that keeping a happy mind reduces the risk of heart diseases. 3．考查动词。翻译时注意短语be busy doing忙于做……，时态用一般现在时。故答案为Optimistic people don’t miss the good old days too much, because they are busy creating new memories. 4．考查定语从句。先行词为times，在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导。故答案为The pursuit of stability is not a bad thing. (and) There are many times when such an attitude drives us to improve ourselves, challenge difficulties, and climb peaks. 2．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．即使天气再热，也不要整天待在空调房间里。(stay) 2．一旦一个人学会了换位思考，就表明他正在走向成熟。(indicate) 3．直到他听了那个讲座才意识到自己对于该领域的知识是如此的匮乏。(It)
翻译理论与技巧(A)试题集及答案 (红色为自己所出题) 一 Fill in the blanks. According to sociosemiotic theories, meaning consists of three aspects: _________, ___________ and ____________ . As far as communicative function is concerned, English sentences can be classified into four types: ____________ , ___________ , _____________ and ___________ . Professor Xu Yuanzhong ever proposed that literary translation should conform to the principle of “____________, __________ and ___________”. The basic procedures of translation are made up of three steps: __________, ___________ and ___________ . Peter Newmark divided the function of language into six kinds, among which the most important four functions are ____________, ___________ , __________ and ___________ . “Literal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle, while “liberal translation” is based on -language-oriented principle. Translators often abide by -oriented principle when they translate literary works When we see the sun, we often think of hope. It’s the meaning of the sun we in fact think of. Yan Fu’s standard for good translation is , and . According to Peter Newmark, the expression “How do you do?” performs ___________ function. We should analyze , and before we really put something into the target language. According to the structure, English sentences can be classified into sentences, ___________ sentences, sentences and sentences. The three principles for translation advocated by Alexander Fraser Tytler are: ① ②③ The sentence “The earth goes around the sun” performs the function of language. When we hear somebody speaks ungrammatically, we know that he is not well-educated. Here the language carries the meaning. According to the different signs that translation deals with, translation can be classified into , , . Translation can be regarded as a , a or a . According to different topics, translation can be classified into sssssss translation, translation and translation. 二 Translating the following sentences into Chinese. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.
Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。