电潜泵起动程序
1.导言
按操作程序起动电潜泵，对保持电潜泵在设计范围内工作和达到最高使用寿命非常重要。
2.试运程序
以下是试运程序的操作指导。
3.起动前程序
1)电潜泵服务工程完成相位旋转检查（如果可以适用），完成数
据交接表。并拷贝给随行的电气人员。ESP Service Engineer
to perform phase rotation checks (if applicable) and
complete DATA Hand Over sheet and copy to onboard
electrician.
2)电气人员和电潜泵服务工程师确认变压器输出电压设定是设
定的必须工作电压（必要电压=（额定电压+50）X1-1。05 Electrician and ESP service engineer to ensure that the
output transformer tape setting are set to required
surface voltage (required surface voltage = (rated
voltage of ESP + 50) x 1 – 1.05).
3)电器人员和电潜泵服务工程师确认电潜泵配电盘/变频器在启
动前被正确装配和委任。Electrician and ESP service
engineer to ensure that the ESP switchboard/VSD is correctly set up and commissioned prior to start up.
4)电器安装工程师应该检查多相传感器被效准并且启动变压器
内的高压耦合单元是正常机能。The ESP installation engineer should check that the multi-sensor (if applicable) surface package is calibrated and that the high voltage-coupling unit inside the start up transformer is functioning.
5)电器人员应该核实所有的电器关断系统是可运行的。The
Electrician should verify all electrical shutdown systems are functioning.
6)电器人员和电潜泵服务工程师确认电流卡片是正确的尺寸和
确认已安装。Electrician and ESP service engineer to ensure that amp charts are correctly sized and installed.
注意：必须严格执行电器隔离程序。Note: Electrical isolation procedures must be strictly adhered to.
生产Production
1)运行和测试所有的关断系统。Operations to function test
all shutdown systems.
2)操作和电器人员运行和测试电潜泵监视电脑的有关屏幕和输
入。Operators and electrician to function test relevant
screens and inputs on the ESP monitoring computer.
3)检查测试油嘴，保持在关闭的位置。Operations to function
test choke valve, leave in closed position.
4)检查确认井上和井下安全阀是在开的位置。Operations to
verify SCSSV and SSV are in open position.
5)检查单井到计量的管线。Operations to line well up to the
test line.
6)确认采油树和流程所有的相关阀门是在开的位置。
Operations to ensure all relevant valves on the X’mas tree and flow line, etc. are in the open position.
4.变频启动的程序 VSD tart up procedures
启动泵之前，人员被要求在以下位置，并用对讲机保持联系。Prior to starting the pump, personnel will be required at the following stations with radios:
●生产操作人员在井口区开阀门和监控井口压力。Production
operator- at the wellhead to open valves and monitor wellhead pressure.
●电器人员在控制室或在变频器间等指示和通知准备启泵。
Electrician- in the control room or at the VSD to instruct and advice company personnel.
●电潜泵安装工程师在控制室或变频间指示和同志公司人员。ESP
installation engineer- in the control room or at the VSD to instruct and advice company personnel.
注意；确定启泵时间和时间已经纪录在电流卡片上（泵运行的头三天电流卡片色顶在24小时，稳定后设定在一周）这口井将被倒入计量管汇。Note: Ensure all start up times and all events are recorded on the amp chart (24h chart for the coming 3 days, following with 1-week chart). The well should be lined up to the test line.
●变频启动的起始最小频率是30HZ，油嘴关闭。Program the VSD to
accelerate to minimum frequency (30 HZ) on start up. Surface choke should be closed.
●当所有人员就位后，启泵并且记录井口油压的增加，慢慢的打开
油嘴7MM。When everyone is ready, start the unit and record the increasing wellhead pressure, gradually open the choke to 7mm.
●调节变频的欠载电流在正常运行电流的80% 。Adjust the under
load setting on the VSD to 80% of the observed running current.
●确定如果泵运行是在正确的转向，记录下流速和压力数据并且和
电潜泵运行曲线做比较。如果有必要调节油嘴和运行频率以满足厂家推荐的最佳泵运行数据参数。Determine if the unit is
operating in the correct rotation by observing amps, draw down (intake pressure), flow rate and comparing these to the ESP operating curve. If necessary, modify the choke setting or frequency to provide a production rate that falls within the Recommended Operating Range of the pump’s performance curve.
●电潜泵保持在最底频率运行，直到运行平稳和管线已经畅通无阻。
ESP should be operated at the lowest possible frequency until the well has cleaned up and stabilized.
注意；在等泵运行平稳的同时，提供的监控泵运行的参数关系到关井和分析问题，在这中情况下，电潜泵安装工程师将给电器和操作人员建议并在平台上取样分析以获得最终的的生产条件（包括固体颗粒含量）Note: If whilst waiting for the unit to stabilize and/or the well to clean-up, the pump performance monitoring parameters give cause for concern shut the unit down and analyze the problem. In this instance the ESP installation engineer will discuss with electrician and production operators. Obtain fluid sample at wellhead to determine produced fluid condition (including solid content).
●一但泵运行平稳后，增加泵的运行频率到50HZ，增加和修改油嘴
和频率维持泵的运行参数在推荐的参数范围内。Once the well has stabilized, increase the frequency in 5 HZ. Increments, modifying the choke setting or frequency to maintain the pump performance within Recommended Operating Range.
如果有疑问，关停井并分析存在问题。If in doubt, shut the unit down and analyze the problem.
●一旦井已经稳定在新的频率，检查运行电流和电压。如果合适的
话，稳定在此状态除非想要的频率（50HZ）还没有达到，重复以上的步骤。Once the well has stabilized at the new frequency, check running current and voltage. If acceptable, repeat above step until unless the desired frequency (50 HZ) is reached.
●当这口已经达到想要的生产状况，并且频率和油嘴设置已经最终
确认下来，电气人员应该合适变频器的欠载和过载设置。When the well is delivering the desired production rate and all the frequency and choke setting have been finalized, the electrician should verify the VSD under load setting and over load setting.
●确定变压器配电盘对于交接表上的每个数据都是正确的，设定电
流的保护参数（过载电流是额定电流的120%，欠载电流是额定电
流的80%），并且在配电盘的控制下制动开关油井。Ensure switchboard transformer tapes are correct as per data hand over sheet, set current protection parameter (over load setting is 120% of measured current, under load is set 80% of measured current), and automatically switch the well under the control of switchboard.
●电气人员应该检查配电盘上的额定电流，如果不一样正确设置欠
载延时，如果有变化，重新设定电流保护参数。Electrician should check the measured load on clamp AMPROBE with the loading reading on the switchboard, correct the latter reading if any difference. Reset current protection parameter if any change.
5.配电盘启动程序Switchboard start up procedures
用于直接在配电盘上启泵。To be used when the ESP unit is started direct on switchboard.
●完成和电气有关的启动程序（和变频启动的程序一样），电气人员
确定变压器参数和交接表上的一样。Carry out pre-start up procedures as in the Electrical part (same as pre-start up procedure on VSD). Electrician to ensure transformer tapes are correct as per data hand over sheet.
●重新设置电流保护参数（欠载是80%，过载是120%额定电流）。
Pre-set the current protection parameter (over load is set 120% of rated and under load 80%)
●起泵前，启泵人员被要求带对讲机在以下位置就位。Prior to
start up, pump personnel will be required at the following positions with radios:
1)生产人员在井口区。Production operator – Wellhead
2)电气人员在配电盘。Electrician – Switchboard
3)控制间操作在控制间。Control Room Operator –Control room
4)电潜泵和安装工程师如果有空在控制间指示和通知公司人员。
ESP/Installation Engineer (if available) in control room to instruct and advice Company personnel.
Note: Ensure start up time and all events are recorded on the amp chart. The well should be lined up to the test, as required.
●确定所有的井下井上安全阀和采油树阀门是在开的位置，油嘴在
关的位置。Ensure the sub-surface safety valve and all tree valves are open and the choke is closed.
●如果套压指示为0，放空环空，因为有可能是真空。If the annulus
pressure indicates zero, then vent the annulus as it may be under a vacuum.
●启泵。Start the unit.
●以下数据应该被连续监测。The following parameter should be
monitored continuously:
1)电流和电压Amperage and voltage
2)井口压力和温度。Wellhead Pressure and Temperature
3)油嘴大小。Choke size
4)流程压力。Flow-line Pressure
5)多相流量计参数。Multi-phase flowmeter parameter
●配电盘控制间应该被连续监测。The Switchboard Control Room
should monitor continuously:
1)电流。Amperage
2)入口压力和温度。Intake Pressure and Temperature if
applicable
3)出口压力Discharge pressure if applicable
4)滑油温度。Motor oil temperature if applicable
纪录井口的上升压力，慢慢打开油嘴并保持通过油嘴的压差不能变化太大。Record the increasing wellhead pressure, open choke slowly always maintaining differential pressure across choke ●用夹钳电流测量仪器测量电流，检查配电盘上的负荷度数，如果
和配电盘荧屏度数不符，修改荧屏度数。Measure the current with clamp AMPROBE, check that with the load reading on the switchboard, modify the screen load reading if any
difference.
●不断的进行生产参数调节，直到达到要求为止。Adjust the
production until the desired rate is achieved.
●电器人员应当重新设置电流保护参数（过载应当为正常测量值的
120%，欠载为80%）Electrician should reset the current protection parameter (over load setting is 120% of measured and under load setting 80%).
●密切监视ESP的各项运行参数直到稳定生产。Closely monitor
ESP performance until the unit is in steady operating condition.
如果测井流量计不能用，油嘴应当调节到电流，井口压力，井口温度，油嘴进出口压力到可接受的值。If the test flowmeter is not available the choke should be adjusted to achieve steady operating conditions with acceptable values of Amperage, WHIP, WHT, Intake and Discharge Pressure.
如果测井流量计能用，油嘴应当调节到泵的电流曲线最优时的生产产量。 test flowmeter is available the choke should be adjusted to provide a desired production rate, within the “Recommended Operating Range” of the pumps performance curve.
如果电潜泵参数出现问题，应当将电潜泵停掉，和电工及操作讨
论不正常的原因。If whilst waiting for the unit to stabilize the pump performance monitoring parameters gives cause for concern, shut the unit down and analyze the problem. In this instance discuss with the electrician and production operators.
从井口取样测定流体是否发生变化。Samples should be taken at wellhead to determine produced fluids condition.
6.关停后的重新启动Restart-up Procedure after Shutdown
在启动电潜泵之前，应作如下检查Prior to restarting up ESP, the followings should be checked:
1)处于断电状态Make sure the power switch is off.
2)测量电潜泵对地绝缘和三相直阻对地绝缘应不低于2 MΩ，三
相直阻应当平衡。 Measure the down-hole ESP units insulation of phases to ground and resistance between
phases at junction box, ensure insulation exceeds 2 and resistance between phases are balanced.
3)检查配电盘，变压器是否处于良好状态Check whether or not
switchboard, transformer, etc. are in good conditions.
4)在卸栽情况下，检查地上电压是否正常。Check whether
surface voltage is normal under the unloading condition.
5)检查维修后，确保地上电力系统和井下电潜泵处于良好状态，
按照启动程序启动电潜泵。After checking or troubleshooting, make sure both surface power supply
system and downhole ESP are in good conditions, restart up ESP as per ESP Start-up Procedure
7.套压控制Annulus pressure control
介绍Introduction
为了电潜泵的安全稳定，下封隔器，和拆采油树时，井口压力都应当最小，In our aim for maximum reliability of our ESP components, both packer and wellhead pack-offs should be subjected to the minimum stress. 环空压力变化大小和速度需严密监视。Therefore the magnitude and the rate of change of the annulus pressure needs carefully monitored and controlled.
压力不平衡主要由套管里的游离气体和溶解气体引起的。There are two main sources of pressure imbalance, both created by gas present in the annulus, either free or in solution:
1)在电缆和解封材料里都有分散的气体。Diffused gas present
within the cable and the pack-off materials at the
wellhead itself.
2)在一定深度的电缆里的分散气体{在相同的水力压力}流向井
口解封器，顺着主电缆皮之间的空隙流向放空处。Diffused
gas present within the cable at depth (and at the
equivalent hydrostatic pressure) being able to migrate
towards the wellhead pack-off. It has been clearly
established that gas can be conveyed through the voids
between the individual strands of the main power cable.
因此，要严密监控套管压力，使电潜泵系统因降压而引起的风险减到最小。Therefore, careful control and monitoring of annular pressure is required to minimize the risk of ESP system failure due to decompression,
操作规程建议Recommended practice
套管减压De-pressuring the annulus:
1)应当通过放空阀放空，放空阀的设定压力应比油回压高0。
5Mpa.The pressure should be normally reduced by
adjusting the open pressure of the surface vent valve,
setting the open pressure 0.5 MPa over flow line back
pressure.
2)如果放空阀工作不正常，重复放空至套压限定压力下2Mpa.If
the surface vent valve does not work properly, repeatedly
vent the annulus to restrict the annulus pressure below
2 Mpa.
井连续停止生产。Well shut in for extended period 由于套管冷却，套管压力下降，为了防止套管压力为负，套压放气应一直放到稳定为止。As the annulus cools, the pressure in the annulus will fall. To prevent a negative pressure the annulus should be vented till the pressure has stabilizes.
8.运行监控Performance monitoring
电潜泵生产有一个工作范围，如果电潜泵不在工作范围内工作，电潜泵能力不能最好发挥，并且可能回出现危险。这是由电潜泵的多级离心结构所决定的。每级泵都由叶轮和导轮构成，叶轮加速流体使流体向前流动，导轮减速流体并将其动能转变为压力能，并送入上一级泵重复同样的动作。叶轮通过一个转动轴承与电机相连。有两种相反的力作用在叶轮上，一个是他本身产生的力，另一个是流过的流体产生的力，当泵在正常范围内工作时，两种力基本平衡，当力不平衡时，将会增大磨损并缩短运行寿命。
当泵运行速度高于推荐最大值，泵向上的部分磨损，当泵速在推荐值一下时，泵向下部分磨损，一般来说向下磨损损失会更大一些。，ESPs have limits to their production capabilities i.e.
if they operate out with these limits, performance is impaired and damage can occur. The reasons for this sterns from the multistage centrifugal type pump design. The major
components in the pump are the stage pieces. A pump stage consists of a rotating impeller and a stationary diffuser. The rotating impeller speeds up the fluid and pushes it out wards; the diffuser slows the flow and converts it to pressure energy before entering the next stage where the process is repeated. Impellers are rotated by a shaft connected to the electric motor. Two opposing forces act on an impeller: the pressure it has generated and the force from the momentum of the fluid passing through it. When a pump is operating within it’s correct range, the forces are approximately balanced. When the forces are imbalanced, accelerated wear occurs resulting in a loss of performance and reduction in run life. If the pump is operating above its maximum recommended rate, the pump is said to be in up-thrust. If the pump is operating below its minimum recommended rate, the pump is said to be in down-thrust. Generally speaking, down thrust causes the most damage. 和泵的磨损一样，低流速也能引起电机过热。因为通过电机的流体有助于冷却电机As well as causing pump wear; low flow can cause the electric motor to overheat, as fluid flow is required passed the motor to assist in the cooling process.
高电流现示泵所需载荷增大，这会缩短电机电缆和解封系统的寿命，必须避免这种损失。A high supply current to the motor indicates a large power demand from the pump and can also have a detrimental effect on the life of the motor cable and the pack-off system, and must be avoided at all costs.
为了确保泵在正常范围内工作，有规律的参数应严密监视，一旦有异常，能很快发现，也可采取适当的措施进行处理。相关参数见随后部分。To ensure pumps are operating within their correct range, certain parameters should be regularly monitored so any changes in operating performance can be quickly noted and, if necessary, corrective action can be taken. The relevant parameters are identified in the following part.
9.总说明General information
1)工作范围是泵安全工作范围内的生产速度。The Operating
Range is the range of production rates for which it is safe to operate the pump.
2)跳电设置是为了在过载或欠载时跳电。The Trip Setting on
VSD and switchboard make it clear when a trip is expected for an under-load or overload condition.
3)比重的大小由取样的含水决定。The S.G., or specific
gravity for the produced fluid is determined from BS & W samples
4)直接工频启动对电潜泵冲击较大，直接启动时，电流是额定电
流的6-8倍，而变频启动则是1.5倍。直接启动会缩短电器设备和机械设备寿命，变频则能使泵达到最长寿命。The number of Start’s provides an important measure of the number of surges and therefore potential for weakening that both the electrical and mechanical systems endure during their life. On ESP direct on line state-up, the instantaneous inrush current will be in the region of 6-8 times the motor nameplate current. With the VSC, the inrush current will be in the region of 1.5 times nameplate current. It is clear therefore, that minimizing the number of starts maximizes pump life.
5)电机电流显示泵的运行状况，也可用做对排量的测定。The
motor current provides a direct measure of the work the pump is achieving, this should be a measure of the mass flow rate through the pump.
6)进口压力随流速增大而减少，马力的增大预示着产量的减少可
能发生。（也可能是井上或井下堵塞）强调的是应密切监视电潜泵的运行。The Intake Pressure decrease as the flow rate
increase. It should be noted that an increase in BHP indicates that a decrease in production rate may be occurring, (e.g. possibly due to a blockage at surface or down-hole). Again this emphasizes the need for careful ESP monitoring
7)井口压力反映流压和泵出口压力的情况，参考其他参数，可对
泵的效率及运行进行监视。The Discharge Pressure is a measure of the hydrostatic head and the actual pressure at the pump out put. In conjunction with the other parameters being monitored, this provides the ability to clearly define pump performance and efficiency.
8)入口温度随着泵流速增大而增大，在正常流速下的温度增大，
可能是泵堵塞或轴承磨损造成的。The Intake Temperature increase as the pump flow rate increases. It should be noted that an increase over normal flowing conditions whilst ESP is running may be due to a blockage or a broken shaft, as no flow condition will result in motor over heating.
9)电机滑油温度是电机内部温度的反映。The motor oil
temperature indicates the internal temperature of the motor.
10)漏电是电潜泵系统的电力损失。The Current Leakage
indicates the current loss across the ESP system.
11)频率或速度影响产量，改变频率应注明（只用作变频井）
The Frequency or Rotation Speed will clearly affect the well’s production rate. All frequency changes must be noted (wells on VSD only).
12)油嘴是一个重要参数，油嘴带有刻度，调整油嘴能控制电
潜泵的运行，因此，改变油嘴应特别注意。The Choke Position is an important parameter. The choke provides a great degree of control over ESP’s performance so all changes must be noted.
13)油管温度是井口流速的反映，大多数情况下，也能反映井
口是否有流体流出。The Tubing Temperature provides a good measure of the well’s flow rate. In most cases this parameter can be used to indicate whether a no/flow condition is present.
14)套管压力也应当纪录，在起封，坐封，或井口作业时，这
个参数很重要。The Casing Pressure should be recorded since this gives a measure of the force being applied to both the wellhead and packer pack-off systems.
15)井口压力和主管回压的差是通过油嘴的压差，有压差反映
有流体流动。The Difference between the tubing pressure
and manifold pressure is a measure of the pressure drop
across the choke. This pressure drop is a positive
indicator that the well is flowing.
16)电流卡片是运行电流的纪录，反映电机的运行情况。Amp
Chart ensures that a detailed record of amperage is
provided. The Amps gives a direct measure of how the pump
is performing.
17)BS & W用来测量井口流体是否含有固体颗粒，这些颗粒会
磨蚀泵，也可能会引起堵塞。 The BS & W provides a measure
of whether any solids are being produced from the well.
Solid production will both erode the pump quickly in
addition to causing a potential blockage.
10.监测指导Monitoring Guidelines
当操作状况发生变化时，总有一些事情发生以反映这种变化。下面列出了流程参数变化的一些原因（如改变油嘴，或改变频率）或其他一些原因（如含水上升等）。When operating conditions change there is always some occurrence that initiated that change. Below are listed possible reasons where process conditions may change because of operator intervention (e.g.