英美概况练习题
I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:
The highest mountain in Britain is ____.
A. Scafell
B. Ben Nevis
C. the Cotswolds
D. the Forth
2. The longest river in Britain is _____.
A. the Clyde
B. the Mersey
C. the Severn
D. the Thames
3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.
A. the Lough Neage
B. Windermere Water
C. Coniston Water
D. the Lake District
4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Wales
D. Northern Ireland
5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.
A. Europe
B. the United States
C. Africa
D. the West Indies, Indies and Pakistan
6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.
A. the Normans
B. the Celts
C. the Iberians
D. the Anglo-Saxons
7. British Recorded history began with _____.
A. Roman invasion
B. the Norman Conquest
C. the Viking and Danish invasion
D. the Anglo-Saxons invasion
8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.
A. John
B. James I
C. Elbert
D. Henry I
9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.
A. 1056
B. 1066
C. 1006
D. 1060
10. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.
A. Windsor
B. Tudor
C. Malcolm
D. Plantagenet
11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.
A. Henry III
B. the Pope
C. Barons
D. Simon de Montfort
12. The Hundred Years’ war stated in ____ and wa s ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.
A. 1337, 1453, Flanders
B. 1337, 1453, Calais
C. 1346, 1453, Agincourt
D. 1346, 1453, Brest
13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.
A. 30, Richard III, Henry Tudor
B. 50, Richard III, Henry Tudor
C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor
D. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor
14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.
A. England, 14
B. England, 15
C. Italy, 14
D. Italy, 15
15. The English Civil War is also called _____.
A. the Glorious Revolution
B. the Bloody Revolution
C. the Catholic Revolution
D. the Puritan Revolution
16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the New Land.
A. 1620, London
B. 1620, Plymouth
C. 1720, London
D. 1720, Plymouth
17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.
A. the Industrial Revolution
B. the Bourgeois Revolution
C. the Wars of the Roses
D. the Religious Reformation
18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.
A. Canada
B. Australia
C. India
D. Newfoundland
19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:
A. Edward VIII
B. Edward VII
C. George VI
D. George VII
20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.
A. 1957
B. 1967
C. 1973
D. 1979
21. Soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its economic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position of industrial leadership.
A. 1900
B. the First World War
C. the Second World War
D. 1960
22. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest _____ rate.
A. inflation, growth
B. growth, inflation
C. growth, divorce
D. growth, birth
23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.
A. the exhaustion of old mines
B. costly extraction
C. little money being invested
D. the labor shortage
24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with _____.
A. developing countries
B. other Commonwealth countries
C. other developed countries
D. EC
25. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.
A. the Lord Chancellor
B. the Queen
C. the Archbishop of Canterbury
D. the Prime Minister
26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are elected.
A. five, 600
B. five, 650
C. five, 651
D. four, 651
27. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.
A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of Commons
B. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of Lords
C. the Queen, the House of Commons
D. the Queen, the House of Lords
28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.
A. the Queen
B. the Cabinet
C. the House of Lords
D. the House of Commons
29. The sources of British law include _____.
A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community law
B. statutes, common law and equity law
C. statutes, common law and European Community law
D. a complete code and statutes
30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.
A. the judge, the jury
B. the judge, the judge
C. the jury, the jury
D. the Lord Chancellor, the jury
31. ____ tries the most serious offences such as murder and robbery.
A. Magistrates’ courts
B. Youth courts
C. District courts
D. The Crown Court
32. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is under the control of _____.
A. the England secretaries
B. the Scottish Secretaries
C. Northern Ireland Secretaries
D. the Home Secretary
33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.
A. 1948, Acts of Parliament
B. 1958, Acts of Parliament
C. 1948, the Bill of Rights
D. 1958, the Bill of Rights
34. The non-contributory social security benefits include the following except _____.
A. war pension
B. child benefit
C. family credit
D. unemployment benefit
35. Except that _____ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or of none.
A. the Lord Chancellor
B. the Prime Minister
C. the Speaker
D. the ministers of all departments
36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.
A. independent schools
B. junior schools
C. independent schools
D. primary schools
37. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.
A. 900
B. 290
C. 90
D. 50
38. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.
A. receive completely free education
B. receive partly free education
C. receive no free education if their families are rich
D. receive no free education at all
39. With regard to its size, the USA is the _____ country in the world.
A. largest
B. second largest
C. third largest
D. fourth largest
40. In the following rivers, _____ has been called the American Ruhr.
A. the Mississippi
B. the Missouri
C. the Hudson
D. the Ohio
41. Among the following rivers, _____ forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S.
A. the Potomac
B. the Columbia
C. the Rio Grande River
D. the Colorado
42. All the following universities and colleges are located in New England, except _____.
A. Yale
B. Harvard
C. Oxford
D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
43. The nation’s capital city Washington D.C. and New York are located in _____.
A. the American West
B. the Great Plains
C. the Midwest
D. the Middle Atlantic States
44. The Midwest in America’s most important _____ area.
A. agricultural
B. industrial
C. manufacturing
D. mining industry
45. In the case of Brown versus Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that _____.
A. separate educational facilities had been illegal
B. educational facilities had been separate but equal
C. educational facilities had been equal
D. separate educational facilities were inherently unequal
46. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in _____.
A. 1882
B. 1883
C. 1900
D. 1924
47. The first immigrants in American history came from ____ and ____.
A. Ireland/France
B. England/China
C. Scotland/England
D. England / Netherland
48. Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Roots are two novels which give a vivid description of the miserable life of the _____.
A. early settlers
B. Puritans
C. native Indians
D. black slaves
49. According to American historians and specialists in demography, there are _____ great population movement in the history of the United States.
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
50. Many early Chinese immigrants worked in the mining industry, especially in the _____.
A. gold mines
B. silver mines
C. coal mines
D. copper mines
51. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by _____.
A. James Madison
B. Thomas Jefferson
C. Alexander Hamilton
D. George Washington
52. On July 4, 1776, _____ adopted the Declaration of Independence.
A. the First Continental Congress
B. the Second Continental Congress
C. the Third Continental Congress
D. the Constitutional Convention
53. The victory of _____ was the turning point of the War of Independence.
A. Saratoga
B. Gettysburg
C. Trenton
D. Yorktown
54. Ten amendments introduced by James Madison in 1789 were added to the Constitution. They are knows as _____.
A. the Articles of Confederation
B. the Bill of Right
C. the Civil Rights
D. Federalist Papers
55. President Jefferson bought _____ from France and doubled the country’s territory.
A. New Mexico
B. the Louisiana Territory
C. Kansas
D. Ohio
56. The Declaration of Independence came from the theory of British philosopher _____.
A. Paul Revere
B. John Locke
C. Cornwallis
D. Frederick Douglass
57. During the WWII, the Axis powers were mainly made up by __.
A. Germany, France and Japan
B. France, Japan and Britain
C. Germany, Italy and Britain
D. German, Italy and Japan
58. The Progressive Movement is a movement demanding government regulation of the _____ and _____ conditions.
A. economy/political
B. social/political
C. economy/social
D. political/cultural
59. As a result of WWI, _____ was not one of the defeated nations.
A. Germany
B. Austro-Hungary
C. Ottoman
D. Russia
60. The aim of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to “save American _____.”
A. economy
B. politics
C. society
D. democracy
61. The longest war that the United States has fought is _____.
A. the War of Independence
B. the Civil War
C. the Vietnam War
D. the Gulf War
62. After long and difficult negotiations in Paris, the United States and _____ signed a cease-fire agreement on January 27, 1973.
A. South Vietnam
B. North Vietnam
C. China
D. Vietnam
63. President Kennedy inspired many to work to wipe out poverty and to end segregation and voting rights abuses. His Program was called _____.
A. the New Freedom
B. the New Deal
C. the New Right
D. the New Frontier
64. _____, which was passed by Congress in the spring of 1940, made it unlawful for any group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of government in the United States.
A. The Civil Rights Act
B. The War Power Act
C. The Smith Act
D. The Marshall Plan
65. It was this trend of conservatism that brought _____ into the White House.
A. Kennedy
B. Johnson
C. Nixon
D. Reagan
66. The second busiest port in the United States is _____.
A. New York
B. Houston
C. Los Angeles
D. New Orleans
67. In the postwar years government involvement was emphasized when the U.S. adopted ____ theory in running the economy.
A. monetarist
B. Keynesian
C. McCarthism
D. New Freedom
68. _____ is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposit.
A. Alabama
B. Virginal
C. Texas
D. Georgia
69. _____ is the Pacific Coast’s largest and busiest commercial city and the second largest city in population in the U.S.
70. Among the following, _____ is not within the power of the U.S. President.
A. He can veto laws passed by the Congress
B. He appoints federal court judges
C. He is the head of the executive branch of government
D. He is responsible for the interpretation of the Constitution.
71. The “winter-take-all” system applies in all states except _____.
A. Rhode Island
B. Maine
C. Georgia
D. Hawaii
72. In the dual process by which the Constitution could be charged, amendments must have the approval of _____ of the states before they enter into force.
A. one-second
B. two-thirds
C. three-fourths
D. all
73. After the 1828 election of _____, the Democratic-Republican Party split.
A. Thomas Jefferson
B. Andrew Jackson
C. Franklin Roosevelt
D. Abraham Lincoln
74. The system of higher education in the U.S. has three principal functions except _____.
A. teaching
B. research
C. public service
D. individual service
75. What are the focuses of reform happened in the mid-1980s?
A. the rising of the standards of teaching and learning
B. the raising of the standards of teaching and learning
C. eliminating drugs and violence from school
D. both A and B
II. Filling in the blanks:
1.The ancestors of the English were ______, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish the ______.
2.In the mid-5th century, three Teutonic tribes ______, _____, and _____ invaded Britain. Among
them, the _____ gave their name to English people.
3.In the 8th century, the _____ began to attack the English coasts. Under the leadership of King
________ the West Saxons offered resistance.
4.The battle of _______ witnessed the death of Harold in October, 1066.
5.Under William, the ______ system in England was completely established.
6.The Great Charter was established at restricting the power of the ________.
7.______ was the deadly bubonic plague, which reduced England’s population from four million to
______ million by the end of the 14th century.
8.James I and his son Charles I both believed firmly in ______.
9.During the Civil War, the Cavaliers supported ________, while the Roundheads supported
_______.
10.After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell declared England a ______, later, he became _________.
11.The two parties originated with the Glorious Revolution were _____ and _______. The former
were the forerunners of the ______ Party, the latter were of the ______ party.
12.In 1765, the Scottish inventor _____ produced a very efficient _____ that could be applied to
textile and other machinery.
13.The British Empire began with the founding of ________ in 1583, and fell after the end of
________________.
14.In the first Civil War, the king’s men were called ______and the supporters of parliament were
called ________.
15.After the Industrial Revolution, Britain became th e “______” of the world.
16.During the Second World War ________ led Britain to final victory in 1945.
17.The largest immigration movement did not take place until _______.
18._________ is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the American War of
Independence.
19.The Union Army defeated the Confederate army at ______, Pennsylvania and it was the turning
point of the Civil War.
20.In 1620, the Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called ______.
21.The last war between the United States and Britain was fought between _____ and 1814.
22.______, which banned slavery, was added to the Constitution in December, 1865.
23.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established _____ colonies along the east coast of North
America.
24.The name of American Indian was given by _______.
25.________ was the magic word that drew people to America.
26.In the early 1930s, the American foreign policy was _______.
27._______ and his Model T helped the Unites States to move on the way to becoming a nation on
wheels.
28.At the beginning of the Great Depression, the first blow to the stock market came on October 24,
1929, called ______.
29.During the First World War the U.S. pursued a policy of _____.
30.The Japanese attacked __________________ in Hawaii on December 7th , 1941.
III. Rearrangement of the following historical events in the order in which they took place:
A. 1. ________ a. Norman Conquest
2. _________ b. Anglo-Saxon Conquest
3. _________ c. the birth of Parliament
4. _________ d. Roman Conquest
5. _________ e. Danish Invasion
B. 1. ________ a. the outbreak of the Wars of the roses
2. ________ b. the outbreak of the Hundred Years’ War
3. ________ c. the Black Death
4. ________ d. the “glorious revolution”
5. ________ e. the execution of Charles I
6. ________ f. the restoration of Charles II
IV. Translation of the following terms.
1.the Hadrian’s Wall:
2.Alfred the Great
3.William the Conqueror
4.the battle of Hastings
5.the Great Charter
6.the Hundred Years’ War
7.Joan of Arc
8.the Black Death
9.the Wars of Roses
10.Bloody Mary
11.Elizabeth I
12.Oliver Cromwell
13.Whigs and Tories
14.James Watt
15.Winston Churchill
16.the Emancipation Proclamation
17.the Truman Doctrine:
18.the Marshall Plan
V. Answering the following questions briefly
1.What is the full name of the United Kingdom?
2.What are the other names?
3.What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?
4.What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom?
5.What’s its respective capital（首府）?
6.What’s the national anthem?
7.What’s its national flower?
8.What’s its national flag?
9.What’s its nickname?
10.How many countries are there in the British Commonwealth?
11.What is the important river in Britain?
12.What kind of country is Britain?
13.Can you tell me something about the location of Britain?
14.What’s the climate like in Britain?
15.Why do British people talk about weather very often?
16.What are the symbols of England?
17.Can you say some of the landmarks of London?
18.What are the symbols of Scotland?
19.Talk about some of the famous people in different parts of Britain.
20.What is the character of the British people?
21.Who are the ancestors of the English and who are the ancestors of Scots, Welsh and Irish?
22.How many stages is British history divided into during the origins of the nation? How long is
it?
23.What are the stages?
24.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were ________.
25.Christianity was first brought to England by ________.
26.What is the unit of currency in the U.K.?
27.Which bank is Britain’s central bank?
28.Why does London make a top financial center in the world?
29.Which area is the major producer of Britain’s microchips?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a4498038.html, the three big companies in Britain’s energy sector.
31.Which is the world’s largest mining company?
32.Who made measures to improve the British economy in the 1980’s? What is the nickname for
her?
33.What kind of measures did Mrs. Thatcher take?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a4498038.html, the countries of G7 .
35.What was the British economy like before the 1880’s?
36.What is the basis of the British government?
37.Who is the head of the country?
38.Who is the present sovereign of the UK?
39.How many parts make the British Parliament? And what are they?
40.What is the official title for the president of the House of Lords?
41.What are the two major parties in the U.K. now?
42.Who presides over the cabinet?
43.Who has the real power in the country?
44.Who is the present Prime Minister of the UK?
45.Where does the Prime Minister live and work?
46.What are the sources of the laws in the United kingdom?
47.The United Kingdom legislation is divided into three states. What are they?
48.In England and Wales, what does the Crown Prosecution Service do?
49.If the accused is acquitted, can he or she be charged with the specific crime again?
50.Who decides the issue of guilt or innocence in criminal trial with a jury?
51.What kind of people make up the jury? And how many?
52.How many criminal courts are there in England and Wales? And What are they?
53.What are the three criminal courts in Scotland?
54.Is there a ministry of justice in the United Kingdom? Who is responsible for that?
55.Who controls London Metropolitan’s Police force?
Keys
I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices.
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. B 17. A
18. D 19. A 20. C 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C 25. A 26. C
27. C 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 37. C
38. A 39. D 40. D 41.C 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. A 47. D 48. D
49. C 50. A 51. B 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. B 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. D
60. D 61. C 62. B 63. D 64. C 65. D 66. D 67. B 68. C 69. C 70. D
71. B 72. B 73. B 74. D 75. D
II. Fill in the blanks:
1.. Anglo-Saxons, Celts
2. Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Angles
3. Danes, Alfred
4. Hastings
5. feudal
6. King
7. Black Death, two
8. the Divine Right of Kings
9. the king, the Parliament 10. Commonwealth, Lord Protector 11. Whigs, Tories, Liberal, Conservative
12. James Watt steam engine 13. Newfoundland, World War II 14. Cavaliers, Roundheads 15. workshop 16. Winston Churchill 17. 1815 18. The Declaration of Independence 19. Gettysburg 20. Mayflower 21. 1812 22. The Thirteenth Amendment 23. 13 24.Chirstopher Columbus 25. Opportunity 26. isolationist 27. Henry Ford 28. the black Thursday 29. pro-Ally partiality 30. Pearl Harbor
III. Rearrange the following historical events in the order in which they took place:
A. 1. d 2. b 3. e 4. a 5. c
B. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. e 5.b 6.f
IV. Explain the following terms.
1.the Hadrian’s Wall:哈德良城墙
It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.
2.Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝
Alfred was a strong Saxon king who defeated the Danes and made a peace treaty with them. He was also known as“ the father of the British navy”.
3.William the Conqueror统治者威廉
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold.
Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
4.the battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯战役
In 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day’s battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.
5.the Great Charter大宪章
King John’s reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as the Great Charter. Its spirit was the limitation of the king’s powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
6.the Hund red Years’ War百年大战
It refers to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. The result of the war was that the English lost all the territories they had gained except the French port of Calais. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.
7.Joan of Arc圣女贞德
Joan of Arc was a national heroine of France during the Hundred Years’ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.
8.the Black Death黑死病
It was the deadly plague which spread through Europe in the 14th century. It killed almost half of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.
9.the Wars of Roses玫瑰战争
The war of roses refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism was greatly weakened. Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.
10.Bloody Mary血腥的玛丽
Henry VIII’s daughter and a devoted Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname “Bloody Mary”.
11.Elizabeth I伊丽莎白一世
One of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.
12.Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔
The leader during the Civil War who defeated the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector.
13.Whigs and Tories辉格党和托利党
Whigs and Tories refer to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs became the Liberal Party. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
14.James Watt詹姆斯·瓦特
The Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine that could be applied to textile and other machinery.
15.Winston Churchill温斯顿·邱吉尔
Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945.
16.the Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言
During the Civil war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the Union at home and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.
17.the Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义
On March 12, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The Truman Doctrine meant to say that the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.
18.the Marshall Plan马歇尔计划
On June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, which meant that in order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.
V. Answers:
1.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
2.its short term :UK: the United Kingdom (大不列颠)联合王国Great Britain (大不列颠，英国）,
its short term: G.B. GB Britain(不列颠, 英国) England英格兰(the main part of Britain), 英国the British Empire大英帝国(a historical term) the British Commonwealth英联邦,
3.Great Britain and Ireland
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales and
Northern Ireland
5.England:London Scotland: Edinburgh Wales：Cardiff Northern Ireland: Belfast.
6.God Save the Queen/King
7.Rose
8.the Union Jack
9.John Bull. A personification of the British nation or a typical British man
10.53 member countries
11.The Thames River
12.A land country
13.It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of
Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
14.and 15. Britain has a maritime climate------winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot.
It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. That’s why British people talk about weather a lot.
16.Policeman, Royal Coat of Arms皇家徽章, Black Taxi, Foot Guard, Life Guard Double
Decker Bus, Union Flag
17.Big Ben, Tower of London, London Eye, Buckingham Palace, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower
Bridge
18.Edinburgh, Edinburgh International Arts Festival, Tartan (Kilt), Whiskey, Bagpipe , golf
19.William Shakespeare, William Wordsworth, Robert Burns, Catherine Zeta-Jones ,William Butler
Yeats, Seamus Heaney
20.The British are said to be reserved /conservative in manners, dress and speech. They are famous
for their politeness, self-discipline and especially for their sense of humour. Basic politeness (please, thank you, excuse me) is often heard.
21.The ancestors of the English are Anglo-saxons while the ancestors of the Scots, the Welsh and
the Irish are Celts
22. 5 stages.
23.I. Prehistoric Britain BC indicates the early settlers of Britain---the Iberians
II. Roman Britain 43 AD
III. Anglo Saxon Britain 450
IV. Viking and Danish Britain 793
V.Medieval Britain/The Norman Conquest 1066 This period of history covers over 6000 years long. That is, from 5000 BC to 1066 AD.
24.Iberians
25.Romans
26.the pound sterling英币1镑
27.the bank of England
28.It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks, accounting for 26% all international bank-loans,
and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. It also has London Stock Exchange.
29.the silicon glen in Scotland
30.Shell (half Dutch) ,British Petroleum (BP) and British Gas
31.RTZ. It operates mines all over the world.
32.Mrs. Thatcher. The iron lady.
33.both the macroeconomic and the microeconomic measures
34.the US, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Canada
35.It was dominant in the world before the 1880’s.
36. a constitutional monarchy
37. a queen or a king
38.Elizabeth II
39.Three. They are the sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons
40.Lord Chancellor
41.the Conservative Party and the Labor Party
42.the Prime Minister
43.the Prime Minister
44.Gordon Brown
45.No.10, Downing Street, White Hall
46.The sources of laws include 1）statutes；2）a large amount of “unwritten” or common law；
3）equity law；4）European Community.
47.England and Wales (English law), Scotland (Scots law), and Northern Ireland (Northern
Ireland law).
48.The Crown Prosecution Service assumes control of the case and reviews the evidence to decide
whether to prosecute.
49.No, he or she can’t.
50.In criminal trial by jury, the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.
51.The jury is composed of 12 ordinary people.
52.The magistrate’s court, the youth court and the crown court.
53.There are three criminal courts in Scotland. 1）the High Court of Justiciary；2）the sheriff court；
3）the district court.
54.There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord
Chancellor, the Home Secretary and the Attorney General.
55.The Home Secretary.
Political System 1. The British Monarchy is hereditary 2. The Constitutional Monarchy started at the end of the __17th __ century. 3. The __ Crown _ is used as a symbol of the whole nation and is described as the representative of the people. 4. The oldest part of British Parliament is _ the House of Lords ___. 5. The decision making organ in British Parliament is __ the Cabinet __. 6. The life of Parliament is fixed at ___ five _ years. 7. The House of Commons consists of _651___ members who are elected from the _651____ electoral districts. 8. The titles of the lords, such as Duke, Marquis, Earl, V iscount and Baron, are __ hereditary __. 9. The quorum in the House of Commons is ___ forty _ members. 10. The _ British government _ _____ is the supreme administrative institution. 11. The __ Cabinet is the core of leadership of the British government. 12. The Privy Council was established in the 15th century when __ Henry V __ was on the throne. 13. Not until ___1937 _ could the cabinet have a legal basis. 14. The number of the cabinet members varies, being generally about ___20 __. 15. The president (or head) of the House of Lords in Britain is __ Lord Chancellor __. 16. ___ The Labour Party _ was formed by the trade unions, cooperatives, the Social Democratic Federation, the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society in 1900. 17. It is the _ Prime Minister __ who organizes the Cabinet and presides over its meetings. 18. The Shadow Cabinet is organized by the _ Opposition ___. 19. London, because of its special location, is divided into _32____ boroughs and the city of London. 20. “The Morning Star” is the official paper of the ___ Communist Party __. 21. The following persons except ___ criminals _ have no right to vote. 22. In England and Wales, the jury consists of ___ twelve _ people in criminal and civil cases. 23. Legally any citizen aged from ___18__ to __65___ who has never been sent to prison can be a member of the jury. 24. The head of the police force of a county, etc. is called _ Chief Constable __. 25. A __ barrister ___ appointed to act for the State is called Queen’s Counsel. 26. Now the House of Lords can prevent a bill from passing into a law for __ one year _. 27. The High Court of Justice includes the following divisions except _ the Criminal Division _. 28. During the Civil War, the supporters of the King and the Church were known as _ Loyalists _. I. Fill in the Blanks 1. The present sovereign is __ Queen Elizabeth II ___ _____. 2. Elizabeth II came to the throne on Feb. 6th, _ 1952 3. The vital power lies in the ___ Prime Minister __ _____, and his/her cabinet. 4. The __ Crown ___ is the only legal and constitutional link binding the members of the Commonwealth to the home country and to one another. 5. The British Parliament consists of three elements – the _ Crown ____, the House of __ Lords ___, and the House of _ Commons ____. 6. The British legislature is _ Parliament ____.
学院 专业班级 学 号 姓 名 教室 号 座位 号 . ———— 装 —————订 — ————线——————外——————不——————要——————答 — ———— 题 — ——— ( 第 1 页， 共6 页 ) 页 ) ( 第 2 页， 共 6 页 ) 湖南涉外经济学院2016-2017学年度第 一 学期期末课程 《英语国家概况》考察试卷 专业年级： 2014级商英本科 考核方式：闭卷 考试时量：90分钟 试卷类型： 题 号 一 合计 复核人 应得分 100 实得分 得分 评卷人 复核人 I.You are required to interpret the following terms.（10X5′） One Standard English Two Magna Carta Three The Reformation Four The Seperation of Three Powers Five Thatcherism Six Critical Realism Eight Thanksgiving Day Nine the Lost Generation Ten Industial Revolution II You are required to answer the following questions.(5X10) 1. How does the english language develops into a universal lingua franca? 2. What is the British Empire? 3. What do we know about the Renaissance? 4. Why is American regarded as a “nation of immigrants ”? 5. What is your understanding of “checks and balance ”?
英语国家概况教学大纲 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语国家概况计划学分：2学分 计划学时：32学时课程性质：选修课 课程类型：专业课面向专业：商务英语、应用英语专业 编制单位：外语系编制时间：2012年8月 一、课程的性质、地位和作用 随着我国对外交往的日益频繁和涉外工作的需要，大学生不仅要学好英语，提高语言应用能力，还应加深对英语国家社会与文化生活基本情况的了解，从而在工作和生活中更好地进行跨文化交流。本课程就是根据此需要，根据《大学英语课程教学要求》而开设的选修课，体现了英语教学必须实行语言教学与文化知识课程紧密相结合的原则，有利于基础阶段语言教学与文化知识教学的相互促进。 二、教学目的及要求 本课程涉及了英语国家的地理、历史、语言发展、文化、社会等方面，目的在于扩大学生视野、对于英语国家的理解不仅从经济、政治的角度，而且要从社会、文化的角度来看问题。 1.提供了一个对于英语国家的中立的、恰当的、多角度的、贴近实际 的调查。 2.提高学生思维能力、分析和解决问题的能力。 3.培养学生对于人类和社会的客观的、健康的、科学的人生观、价值 观。
4.培养能把英语的语言基础知识和广阔的文化背景知识结合在一起的 优秀英语人才，即复合型人才。 5.帮助学生对于英语文学、报纸、杂志、脱口秀、英语笑话等的理 解。 三、课程的章节、具有的深度、广度、难点、重点 Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language 通过对本章的学习，了解英语国家的地理、气候、主要城市、人民、英语语言的发展。 重点：地理、人口特点 难点：英语语言发展的三个阶段 Chapter 2 History 从国家的建立、进入封建社会、到现代社会的转化，全面地了解英语国家的历史。 重点：历史转折性事件、关键人物、工业革命、现代社会 难点：两次世界大战以及其对英语国家的影响 Chapter 3 Government 了解英语国家的宪法、政府、政党、选举等。 重点：英语国家的立法机关、行政机关、司法机关 难点：不同政治体制下这三者的关系、作用 Chapter 4 Economy 了解英语国家的近代经济、现代经济。 重点：英语国家的近现代经济 难点：在国家经济中起重要作用的产业
I.Explain the following terms: 1.the British Isles 2.Poets’ Corner 3.EU 4.the Conservative Party 5.the Seven Year’s War 6.WASPs 7.“roaring 20s” 8.melting pot 9.British Empire 10.system of US politic I.Translate the following into Chinese: 1.Westminster Abby 2.the Church of England https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a4498038.html,monwealth 4.Mr. Speaker 5.Judicial System 6.the Great Charter 7.the House of Plantagenet 8.Puritans 9.monopoly capitalism 10.the first Pan-American Conferencce II.Multi-choices: 1.The longest river in Britain is the _____ River. (Severn, Thames, Mersey, Humber) 2.The leading anthracite coalfields in Britain are in__ (Scotland, England, Wales, ) 3.The English people are descendants of____ (Celts, Roman, Anglo-Saxons) 4.The established church of Britain is___ (the Church of England, Free churches, ) 5.Easter is kept, commemorating the __ (coming, birth, death, resurrection) of Jesus Christ. 6.In Britain, government cannot spend any money without the permission of___. (the Queen, the Prime Minister, the House of Commons, the House of Lords) 7.All the government ministers of Britain must be members of_____. (the House of Lords, the House of Common, the Privy Council, Parliament) 8.___ is the largest state of the US in area.(Hawii, Texas, Alaska, Pennsylvania) 9.The dominant ethnic group in the US today is_____. (the black people, WASPs, Asian Americans, Hispanics) 10.People in the US have kept moving westward for reasons except___. (religious freedom, fertile soil in the West, good climate in the west, discovery gold) 11.The Constitution of the United State was framed in ___in 1787. (Washington, Boston, New York, Philadelphia) 12.The President of the US exercises the ____ power. (legislative, executive, judicial, veto) 13.Congress can veto the President’s veto by a ___ vote of the full membership of Both houses.(two-fifths, two-thirds, three-fourths, three-fifths) 14.The Constitution of US says that only___ can declare war upon other nation.
《旅游客源国概况》课程教学大纲 一、课程编号91425039 二、编写说明 《客源国概况》课程是为旅游管理专业三年级学生第一学期开设的一门学科选修课，是为学生大二后进一步学习其他学科（诸如旅游文化学，英美文化概况，世界遗产概论等课程开设的课程，共开一学期，36学时。本课程也是教学改革的主干课程之一，采用双语教学。考核方式采用考试。 三、课程性质学科选修课 四、教学目标 1、使学生对中国主要客源国的政治、经济、文化、民俗、旅游业以及地理、人文概况等有一个全面的、准确的认识和了解，并进而对世界旅游客源市场和中国海外旅游客源市场的现状及发展趋势有一个较全面的认识，并能够基本掌握中国海外客源国的基本情况，以扩展学生的知识面。 2、培养和训练学生的理论思维和创新能力，为学习旅游文化学，英美概况，旅游市场营销以及其他旅游课程打下坚实的理论基础。 3、为旅游管理专业本科学生在专业英语方面进一步深造和学习用英语开设的文化类专业课打下坚实的基础。 五、教学主要内容 第一章世界旅游客源市场（1学时） 第一节世界旅游业概况（了解世界旅游业的发展情况） 第二节世界旅游区概况（了解世界六大旅游区旅游业的发展情况） 第三节世界旅游客源市场格局及发展前景（世界旅游业发展的特征）第二章中国旅游业和海外旅游市场（2 学时） 第一节中国旅游业概况（中国旅游业的发展概况及2020年中国将 成为世界旅游强国的原因） 第二节中国海外客源市场现状（了解中国海外客源市场的发展状况 及发展前景） 第三章（共19 学时）亚太地区（1课时） 第一节日本（地理位置、政治、经济、文化、旅游业及与中国的关 系）……4课时 第二节韩国（地理位置、政治、经济、文化、旅游业及与中 国的关系）4课时
4. The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period of .在美国20世纪20年代，被描述为一个物质和精神沮丧的成功 7. When we speak of “father of waters” or “old man river”，we are referring to . 当我们说“水”或“老人河之父”，我们指的是密西西比河
8. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from . 凯尔特人是不同群体的古代人来自德国 13. The ， the backbone of the North American continent， is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉，北美大陆的脊梁，也被称为大陆分水岭。
14. To help the British East India Company out of difficulty，the British government allowed the company to sell at a lower price in the colonies through its own people. 为了帮助不列颠东印度公司摆脱困境，英国政府允许公司以较低的价格向殖民地通过自己的人卖茶 21. The first Puritans came to America were on the ship_______. A. Codpeed B. Susan Constant C. May Flower 五月花 D. Discovery
英语专业考研英美概况自测题（一） British Survey Test Part I Geography 1. The total area of the U.K. is _____. A. 211,440 B. 244,110 C. 241,410 D. 242,534 2. England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K. A. northern B. eastern C. southern 3. The most important part of the U.K. in wealth is _____. A. Northern Ireland B. England C. Scotland 4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee estuary. A. Wales B. Scotland C. England 5. Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century. A. 14th B. 15th C. 16th 6. By the Act of Union of _____ Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain. A. 1707 B. 1921 C. 1801 7. Physiographically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces. A. 13 B. 12 C. 14 8. Mt. Ben Nevis stands in _____. A. the Scottish Highlands B. Wales C. England 9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____. A. north to south B. south to north C. east to west 10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England. A. Scotland B. Wales C. Vale of Eden 11. The longest river in Britain is _____. A. Severn B. Clyde C. Bann 12. London is situated on the River of _____. A. Parret B. Thames C. Spey 13. Edinburgh is the capital of _____. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales 14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short. A. North Sea B. English Channel C. Dee estuary 15. Mt. Snowdon stands in _____. A. Scotland B. Wales C. England 16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____. A. Cotswolds B. Oxford Clay C. Pennines 17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources. A. 50% B. 38% C. 42% 18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____. A. Scotland B. England C. Northern Ireland 19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____. A. 1964 B. 1946 C. 1694
《英语国家社会与文化入门》模拟试题及参考答案 Part one Fill in the blanks ( 10 points ) 1.The full name of the United Kingdom is . 2.The Good Friday Agreement, known also as , emerged on 10 April 1998. 3., the ancestor of the present queen, Elizabeth II, united England under his rule in 829. 4.written by Geoffrey Chaucer is often studied by middle school and college students today. 5.The Bonfire Night, which is celebrated in November, sometimes is also called . 6.Columbus discovered the New World in the year of . 7.The Three Faiths in the US refer to Protestant, and Jewish. 8.In 1852, a New England woman named Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel titled , which intensified the political debate on slavery. 9.1968 was known in US history as a violent and tragic year in which the great leader of The Civil Rights Movement: was assassinated. 10.The Grand Canyon is carved away for nearly 6 million years by the River. Part two Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question: ( 20 points ) 1.Franklin Roosevelt’s program for the depression was called . a. Progressivism b. laissez faire c. New Freedom d. New Deal 2. The United States did not join the Second World War directly until in December, 1941. a. Great Depression b. Pearl Harbor incident c. the Japanese attack on China d. the German attack on Poland 3. From 1649 to 1658 England was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as . a. Lord Protector b. Lieutenant General c. Commander of the New Model Army d. President 4. Ireland is in the of Great Britain. a. east b. south c. west d. north 5. WASPs referred to . a. the mainstream Americans b. Hispanics c. Asian-Americans d. Blacks 6. Lincoln's Emancipation proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally ended . a. the immigration movement b. the Civil War
《英美概况》教学大纲 课程编号：12307058 课程名称：英美概况 学时分配：36学时，2-19 学分：2分 考核方式：考查，闭卷 课程类别：专业限选课 面向对象：外事二年级学生 一、课程的任务和目的： 《英美概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。 培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。 同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。
二、课程的基本要求： 要求熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯，具有较强的跨文化交际意识。 三、课程的主要内容： 主要包括英美两国的地理、历史、政体制度、教育、新闻媒体、风俗习惯等内容，目的在于开阔学生的视野，扩大他们的知识面，并注意借鉴最新研究成果，合理吸收最新知识，进一步增强其实用性。 四、课程教学内容与要求 第一章：美国简况（国家的组成、国土等）（2学时） 教学要求：通过教学使学生掌握美国地理简况：国家的基本组成，国土等。以及美国国家形成的基本历史发展过程。 教学重点：美国国家形成过程中产生的几个重要的历史事件。 教学难点：分析并了解American Revolution产生的原因。
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
Exercises of Chapter One I. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the best one to complete the statement. 1. The national flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of _____ crosses. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. Which flower is the symbol of England/Scotland/Wales/Northern Ireland? A. Thistle B. Shamrock C. Daffodil D. Rose 3. The highest mountain peak in Britain is in ________. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 4. The largest lake in Britain is ______. A. Loch Lomond B. the Lough Neagh C. Windermere D. Ullswater 5. The largest lake in Britain is located in ________. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 6. The Lake District is well-known for________. A. its wild and beautiful scenery B. its varied lakes C. the lake Poets D. all of the above three 7. The British Isles are made up of______. A. two large islands and hundreds of small ones B. two large islands and Northern Ireland C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones D. three large islands and Northern Ireland 8. Which is the largest city in Scotland? A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester 9. There are ______ political divisions on the island of Great Britain. A. one B. two C. three D. four 10. Among the four political divisions of Britain, __________ is the most densely populated. A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Northern Ireland 11. The capital of Scotland is __________. A. Belfast B. Cardiff C. Edinburgh D. Dublin 12. Britain’s climate is influenced by ______that sweeps up from the equator and flows past the British Isles. A. the Atlantic Gulf Stream B. the Brazil Current C. the Labrador Current D. the Falkland current II. Read the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False. 1. To the west of Great Britain is the second largest island known as Scotland. 2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are England，Scotland and Wales. 3. The Pennines are known as the “Backbone of England”. 4. London, the capital of the UK, is situated on the Severn River near its mouth. 5. The official name of UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 6. The longest river in Britain is River Thames. 7. On the island of Great Britain, there are four political divisions—England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. 8. God Save the Queen is a national anthem used only in Britain. 9. The highest point of the Pennines is Cross Fell which is 893 meters high.
《英美诗歌赏析》课程教学大纲 课程代码：071032021 课程英文名称：Appreciation of English and American Poetry 课程总学时：24 讲课：24 实验：0 上机：0 适用专业：英语 大纲编写（修订）时间：2017. 10 一、大纲使用说明 （一）课程的地位及教学目标 《英美诗歌赏析》是为英语专业大二学生开设的专业基础选修课，旨在帮助学生了解英国和美国在不同历史时期所出现的有代表性的诗人与诗歌作品，通过对诗人的生平介绍和经典诗歌的分析，让学生能欣赏原作的思想内容、风格、语言等，了解英美文学史上各时期诗歌流派的特征，从而拓宽学生的知识面，帮助学生更好的理解英语语言的特点，培养学生高尚的审美品位。 （二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求 具备基本的阅读，欣赏能力，掌握诗歌用词、韵律的基本知识。对英语中的典故有基本的了解，能够在教师的指导下独立欣赏诗歌的各个基本要素。 （三）实施说明 根据教学计划，本课程是安排在第三学期进行，总学时24。教学以教师讲座为主，结合学生的讨论与问答。并采用多种教学手段，最大限度的调动学生的学习热情与积极性，培养学生独立分析问题思辨能力，并鼓励学生积极参与分析作品。辅助相关作家的影音材料。 （四）对先修课的要求 无 （五）对习题课、实践环节的要求 无 （六）课程考核方式 1.考核方式：考查 2.考核目标：在考核学生对本学期所学知识掌握程度的基础上，重点考核学生对诗歌赏析的能力。 3.成绩构成：平时成绩30%（包括考勤、课堂测验），期末测试成绩70%。 （七）参考书目 《英美诗歌名篇选读》，黄宗英编，高等教育出版社，2007.6 二、中文摘要 本课程主要选用英美各个时期代表诗人的名作，涉及对诗人生平、主要成就、创作风格以及英美诗歌史上的主要流派和运动。通过为学生介绍诗歌史上著名的诗歌名篇，希望学生能了解英美诗史的脉络，讲述格律与语言的运用，希望学生能够提高对英语语言的感受力和欣赏文学作品的鉴赏能力，从而拓展英语文学与文化常识，增强英语学习的文化意识，陶冶情操。 三、课程学时分配表
英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府 伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。 The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。 玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革： Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。 亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。 文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。 英国内战The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。 王朝复辟The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。 光荣革命The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。 辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories） 两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party