考博英语阅读精讲精练资料

2024考博英语阅读理解精粹1002024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100The journey towards success in the 2024 GRE exam begins with a deep understanding of the reading comprehension section. As oneof the most crucial components of the exam, this area tests an individual's ability to comprehend, analyze, and synthesize complex passages. To excel in this section, aspiring test-takers must develop a comprehensive understanding of the strategies and techniques required to tackle a wide range of reading materials.The 2024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100 offers a comprehensive guide to mastering the art of reading comprehension. This resource provides a systematic approach to understanding and navigating the various types of passages that may appear on the exam, from academic articles and literary texts to scientific and historical documents.One of the key aspects of this guide is its focus on the development of critical thinking skills. Successful GRE candidates must not only be able to understand the literal meaning of a passage but also to extract deeper insights, identify underlying assumptions, and drawlogical conclusions. The 2024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100 emphasizes the importance of actively engaging with the text, asking probing questions, and considering multiple perspectives.In addition to the development of critical thinking skills, this guide also delves into the specific strategies and techniques that are essential for navigating the GRE reading comprehension section. Readers will learn how to effectively manage their time, identify and extract key information, and seamlessly transition between different types of passages.The 2024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100 is divided into several comprehensive sections, each focusing on a specific aspect of the reading comprehension process. The first section introduces the overall structure and format of the GRE exam, providing a clear understanding of the expectations and requirements for the reading comprehension section.The subsequent sections dive deeper into the various types of passages that may appear on the exam, offering detailed analyses and sample questions for each. Readers will explore strategies for tackling passages that focus on a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and social sciences. Additionally, the guide provides valuable insights into the use of context clues, inference, and vocabulary in the reading comprehension section.One of the unique features of the 2024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100 is its focus on test-taking strategies and techniques. Recognizing the importance of time management and strategic decision-making, the guide offers practical advice on how to approach each passage, identify the most relevant information, and effectively communicate one's understanding in the answer choices.Furthermore, the guide includes a comprehensive set of 100 practice questions, each designed to challenge and refine the reader's reading comprehension skills. These questions cover a diverse range of topics and difficulty levels, allowing aspiring test-takers to gauge their progress and identify areas for further improvement.In conclusion, the 2024 GRE Reading Comprehension Essentials 100 is an invaluable resource for individuals seeking to excel in the reading comprehension section of the GRE exam. By providing a structured and comprehensive approach to developing critical thinking skills and mastering essential strategies, this guide empowers readers to approach the exam with confidence and achieve their desired scores. Whether you are a seasoned test-taker or a first-time GRE applicant, this resource is an essential tool in your journey towards academic and professional success.。

第五部分阅读理解第一章阅读理解题型及解题技巧一、主旨大意题主旨大意题是全局性的问题，也就是说只有读完全文，了解文章的大意才能做。

因此我们建议这类问题最好在做完这篇阅读理解所有问题后再去做，因为你在做完三、四题局部性的、细节辨认性的问题后，自然会对文章大意有一定的了解。

这时再去做主题大意题，就可省去读全文。

(一)常见的表述方式·What is the main topic of the p assage?·With what topic is the p assage primarily concerned?·The central idea conveyed in the above p assage is that______．·Which of the following best sums up the p assag e?·The main idea of this p assage is______．·The p assage tells us______．·Which of the following statements best expresses／summarizes the main idea of the p assage?·What is the main idea of the p assage?·This article is mainly about______．·This p assage deals mainly with______．·What does the p assage mainly discuss?·Which of the following best states the theme of the p assage?·In this p assag e the author／writer mainly argues that______．·The purpose of the author in writing the article is to______．·What does the author intend to convey thr ough the p assage?(二)解题方法1．重要位置解题法任何一篇阅读理解文章都有一个中心思想。

北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题精解In the early days of sea travel,seamen on long voyages livedexclusively on salted meat and biscuits.Many of them died of scurvy,a disease of the blood which causes swollen gums,livid white spotson the flesh and general exhaustion.On one occasion,in1535,anEnglish ship arrived in Newfound-land with its crew desperately ill.The men’s lives were saved by Iroquois Indians who gave them Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi vegetable leavesto eat.Gradually it came to be realized that scurvy was caused bysome lack in the sailors’diet and Captain Cook,on his long voyagesof discovery to Australia and New Zealand,established the fact thatscurvy could be warded off by the provision of fresh fruit for thesailors.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothingharmful may yet result in serious disease if certain importantelements are missing.These elements are called“vitamins”.Quitea number of such substances are known and they are given letters toidentify them,A,B,C,D,and so on.Different diseases are associatedwith deficiencies of particular vitamins.Even a slight lack ofVitamin C,for example,the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit andvegetable,is thought to increase significantly our susceptibilityto colds and influenza.The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet,including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet,say during extended periods of religious fasting,or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins.Another example of the dangers of a restricted diet may suffer from‘beriberi’,which used to afflict large numbers of Eastern peoples who lived mainly on rice.In the early years of this century, a Dutch scientist called Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beriberi.At first he thought it was transmitted by a germ.He was working in a Japanese hospital,where the patients were fed on rice which had had the outer husk removed from the grain.It was thought this would be easier for weak,sick people to digest.Eijkman thought his germ theory was confirmed when he noticed the chickens in the hospital yard,which were fed on scraps from the patients’plates,were also showing signs of the disease.He then tried to isolate the germ he thought was causing the disease,but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official,who decreed that the huskless polished rice,even though left over by the patients, was too good for chickens.It should be recooked and the chickens fed on cheap,coarse rice with the outer covering still on the grain.Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet. He began to consider the possibility that a lack of some ingredientin the husk might be the cause of the disease.Indeed this was the case.The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B.The milled rice,though more expansive,was in fact perpetuating the disease the hospital was trying to cure.Nowadays,this terrible disease is much less common thanks to our knowledge of vitamins.(553words)36.From the passage,what can we learn about Captain Cook?A.He provided clothes for his sailors to avoid scurvy.B.He provided money for his sailors to avoid scurvy.C.He provided fresh fruit for his sailors to avoid scurvy.D.He provided blood for his sailors to avoid scurvy.37.The word‘beriberi’(in paragraph3)probably means_______.A.a germB.a natural phenomenonC.an epidemicD.a disease38.In the last paragraph,what does sentence“Indeed this was the case”mean?A.ReallyB.TrueC.FalseD.Eijkman’s considering was proved correct.39.Vitamin B can be got in—-A.riceB.rice husksC.noodleD.grain40.From the context,what do you think“perpetuating”means?A.deadB.happyC.keep freshD.keep aliveText836.C.Captain Cook在长途航行中由于为水手们提供了新鲜的水果以防止坏血病(scurvy)。

中央民族大学考博英语阅读题精解Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion?It means that we live1competing interests.Your roommate’s need tostudy for an exam may take2over pizza.Your instructor may have goodreasons not to change your grade.And the3of your romantic interestmay have other options.In such a world,persuasion is the art of getting others to givefair and4consideration to our point of view.When we persuade,wewant to influence5others believe and behave.We may not alwaysprevail—other points of view may be more persuasive,6on the Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi listener,the situation,and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion,we try to7that our position receives the attention it deserves.Some people,however,8to the very idea of persuasion.They mayregard it as an unwelcome intrusion9their lives or as a manipulationor domination.10,we believe that persuasion is11—to live is topersuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical,selfless or selfish,12or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or13on ourvulnerability.Ethical persuasion,however,calls14sound reasoningand is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Suchpersuasion can help us15the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16,an essential part of education is learning to17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.18its personal importance to us,persuasion is essential to society.The19to persuade and be persuaded is the foundation of the American political system,guaranteed by the First Amendment20the Constitution.1.[A]on[B]among[C]for[D]by2[A]priority[B]advantage[C]control[D]place3.[A]objection[B]projection[C]project[D]object4.[A]unbiased[B]unprejudiced[C]favorable[D]favorite5.[A]what[B]which[C]why[D]how6.\[A\]living\[B\]depending\[C\]resting\[D\]insisting7.\[A\]ensure\[B\]assure\[C\]insure\[D\]reassure8.\[A\]agree\[B\]object\[C\]confront\[D\]consent9.\[A\]onto\[B\]of\[C\]to\[D\]into10.\[A\]In contrast\[B\]In particular\[C\]For instance\[D\] As a result11.\[A\]prominent\[B\]invariable\[C\]evident\[D\]inevitable12.\[A\]embarrassing\[B\]inspiring\[C\]upgrading\[D\] innovating13.\[A\]prey\[B\]rest\[C\]put\[D\]fall14.\[A\]for\[B\]up\[C\]off\[D\]on15.\[A\]apply\[B\]contribute\[C\]transfer\[D\]connect16.\[A\]However\[B\]Conversely\[C\]Furthermore\[D\] Therefore17.\[A\]resist\[B\]perform\[C\]insist\[D\]restrain18.\[A\]Beyond\[B\]Except\[C\]Including\[D\]Excluding19.\[A\]power\[B\]authority\[C\]ability\[D\]right20.\[A\]to\[B\]for\[C\]on\[D\]in1.【答案】B本题考查介词的用法。

清华大学考博英语阅读理解精练Taiwan police cannot decide whether to treat it as an extremely clever act of stealing or an even cleverer cheat(诈骗).Either way,it could be the perfect crime(犯罪)，because the criminals are birds-horning pigeons!The crime begins with a telephone message to the owner of a stolen car:if you want the car back,pay up then.The car owner is directed to a park,told where to find a bird cage and how to attach money to the neck of the pigeon inside.Carrying the money in a tiny bag,the pigeon flies off。

There have been at least four such pigeon pick-ups in Changwa. What at first seemed like the work of a clever stay-at-home car thief, however,may in fact be the work of an even lazier and more inventive criminal mind-one that avoids(避免)not only collecting money but going out to steal the car in the first place.Police officer Chen says that the criminal probably has played a double trick:he gets money for things he cannot possibly return.Instead of stealing cars, he lets someone else do it and then waits for the car-owner to place an ad(启事)in the newspaper asking for help。

北京师范大学考博英语阅读真题精解“I’ve never met a human worth cloning,”says cloning expertMark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&MUniversity.“It’s a stupid endeavor.”That’s an interestingchoice of adjective,coming from a man who has spent millions ofdollars trying to clone a13year old dog named Missy.So far,he and his team have not succeeded,though they have cloned two calvesand expect to clone a cat soon.They just might succeed in cloning Missylater this year—or perhaps not for another five years.It seems thereproductive system of man’s best friend is one of the mysteries ofmodern science.Westhusin’s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed byall this talk of human cloning.In three years of work on the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi Miss yplicityproject,using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs,the A&M teamhas produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy’s DNA.Nonehave survived the transfer to a surrogate mother.The wastage of eggsand the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable whenyou’re dealing with cats or bulls,he argues,but not withhumans.“Cloning is incredibly inefficient,and also dangerous,”hesays.Even so,dog cloning is a commercial opportunity,with a niceresearch payoff.Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily.Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy’s mysterious owner,who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy.He’s plopped down$3.7million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she dies.But he knows her clone may not have her temperament.In a statement of purpose,Missy’s owners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin’s work.He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant,the offspring,should they survive,will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals:abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems.“Why would you ever want to clone humans,”Westhusin asks,“when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”21.Which of the following best represents Mr.Westhusin’s attitude toward cloning?[A]Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.[B]Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.[C]Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.[D]Animals cloning yes,and human cloning at least not now.22.The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because.[A]there isn’t enough fund to support the research[B]cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls[C]Mr.Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business[D]the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet23.When Mr.Westhusin says“...cloning is dangerous,”he implies that.[A]lab technicians may be affected by chemicals[B]cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases[C]experiments may waste lots of lives[D]cloned animals could outlive the natural ones24.We can infer from the third paragraph that.[A]rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals[B]cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry[C]there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog[D]Missy’s master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog25.We may conclude from the text that.[A]human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient[B]scientists are optimistic about cloning technique[C]many people are against the idea of human cloning[D]cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weaker21.【答案】D【解析】观点态度题。

考博英语—阅读精讲（初阶）主讲老师：毕源初阶（一）Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage OnePatients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they do n’t wakeup, concludes a new study.Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of things that happened while they were being operated on. But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations.Gitta Lubke, Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depthof anesthesia using bispectral analysis, a technique which measures changes in brainwave pattern in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. Before this study, researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation, says Lubke.Lubke studied 96 traurna patients undergoing emergency surgery, many of whom were too severely injured to tolerance full anesthesia. During surgery, each patient wore headphones through which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time, bispectral analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia.After the operation, Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word such as "lim", and asking them to complete it. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery—"limit", for example—chose that word an average of 11 per cent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists.Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played.This finding, which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology, could mean that operating theatre staff should be move discreet. What they say during surgery may distress patient afterwards, says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario.61. Scientists have found that deep anesthesia .A. is likely to affect hearingB. cannot block surgeons’ wordsC. can cause serious damages to memoryD. helps retain conscious or subconsciousmemories62. By the new study, the technique of bispectral analysis helps the scientists . A. acquire an average measurement of brainwave changes over the whole surgeryB. decide whether the patient would retain conscious or subconscious memoriesC. relate their measurementsand recordings to the verbal sounds during surgery D. assure the depth of anesthesia during surgery63. To test the patients the scientist sA. prepared two lists of wordsB. used ninety-six headphones for listeningC. conducted the whole experiment for three minutesD. voiced only the first three letters of sixteen words during surgery64. The results from the new study indicate that it was possible for the patients .A. to regain consciousness under the knifeB. to tell one word from another after surgeryC. to recall what had been heard during surgeryD. to overreact to deep anesthesia in the course of operations65. What we can infer from the finding . A. how surgicalmalpractice can be prevented B. why a surgeon cannot be too carefulC. why surgeon should hold their tongues during surgeryD. how the postoperative patients can retain subconscious memoriesPassage TwoScientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats, birds and even humans. Understanding the process could be important for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer’s in wh ich neurons are destroyed.Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus, a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. "We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input, " says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons’survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick.To test this, they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later, they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a well, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus— if this structure is damaged rats ca n’t do them.Meanwhile, the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises.The team report in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate thehippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. "Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons, " says Gould.But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, dispute this In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they report that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive.Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. Her gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled, when the new cells would normally be dying, she thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit "By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything, " she says.66. Not until recently did scientists find out that _.A. new neurons could grow in adult brainsB. neurons could be man-made in the laboratoryC. neurons were destroyed inAlzheimer’s disease D. humans could produce new neurons as animals67. G ould’s notion was that the short-lived neuronsA. did survive longer than expectedB. would die much sooner than expected couldC. could actually better learning and memoryD. could be kept alive by stimulating the hippocampus68. Which of the following can clearly tell the two groups of rats from each other in the test?A. The water used.B. The noises playedC. The neurons newly born.D. The hippocampus involved.69. Gould theorizes that the Salk group’s failure to report the same results was due toA. the timing of labeling new neuronsB. the frequency of stimulationC. the wrongly labeled neuronsD. the types of learning tasks70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Use It or Lose It.B. Learn to Survive.C. To Be or Not to Be.D. Stay Mentally Healthy.Passage ThreeHer e’s yet another reason to lose weight. Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in ear accidents than lighter people.That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the US, ear manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extrarisk.A study carried out in Seattle, Washington, looked at more than 26, 000people who had been involved in ear crashes, and found that heavier people were at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60kilograms.And importantly: the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index(BMI) —a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tall weighing88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over.The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It’s not just total weight, but obesity itself that’s d angerous.While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mock, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle, who led the research team. He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars as safe to drive.Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies a ren’t used, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington, D. C. told New Scientist.The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear. Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury.71. When they redesigned air bags to hold less pressure, the American car manufacturesA. found it hard to set standards without the definition of obesityB. incidentally brought about extra risks to obese passengersC. based their job on the information of car accidentsD. actually neglected smaller women and children72. When they categorized the obese people, the researchers .A. showed a preference for BMI in measurementsB. achieved almost the same results as previouslyC. found the units of kilogram more applicable than BMID. were shocked to know the number of obese people killed in car crashes73. To address the problem, Mock .A. suggested that the safety authorities use heavier crash-test dummiesB. cried for the standardization of crash-test dummiesC. reduced the weights of crash—test dummiesD. encouraged obese people to lose weight74. While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates, Mock would most probably say that .A. cars can be made safer to avoid crashesB. it is wise for obese people not to drive drunkC. it is not just total weight, but obesity itself that is dangerousD. the main reason behind the problem is drinkers heavy weight75. Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage?A. Are air bags really necessary to be built in cars?B. Are cars certified as safe to drive?C. Are crash-test dummies too thin?D. Are car accidents preventable?Passage FourIt seems intuitive that going to a specialist physician will result in more thorough and up-to-date care for whatever ails you. In fact, many studies support this idea—but health-care researchers caution that they may not tell the whole story.The first question is whose patients are sicker? Specialists tend to treat more complicated forms of disease, but generalists —family physicians and general practitioners—are more likely to treat patients with several coexisting diseases.A second question is what counts as the most valuable treatment? Specialists are more familiar with standards of care for the diseases they treat regularly, says Harlan M. Krumholz of Yale University. On the other hand, a generalist may do a better job of coordinating a patient’s c are and keeping an eye on a perso n’s overall health says Martin T. Domohoe of the Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland.To further complicate comparisons, many generalists will consult with specialists on complicated cases, but medical records do not always show that, says Carolyn Clancy of the Agency for health Care policy and Research in Rockville, Md.That said, stroke patients treated by neurologists are more likely to survive than stroke patients treated by generalists. Among about 38, 000 stroke sufferers nationwide, 16.1% of those treated by a neurologist died within 3 months, compared with 25.3 percent of those treated by family physicians.Several studies have shown that people with heart disease fare better when they are treated by cardiologists, says S. Nash of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, but it’s h ard to figure out exactly why."Physician specialty, in addition to being a measure of formal training in the field, is also a proxy for clinical experience, " he says, "It’s very difficult to separate out the overlapping concepts: one, that practice makes perfect; two, the effect of the educational and time investments in a clinical problem the physician issimply interested in; and three, the issue of formal training. "Differences between specialist care and generalist care, however, pale in comparison with the finding that both specialists and generalists often fail to put the latest knowledge into practice, contend both Donohoe and Clancy.A report by the US. General Accounting Office documented that heart attack survivors who saw cardiologists regularly were more likely to take cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta blockers-- which reduce heart rate and blood pressure-- than those who received care from a generalist. Even so, these life-prolonging drugs were not prescribed to many patients who appeared to be eligible for them, implying that both generalists and specialists could do better."Maybe we are focusing too much energy on the differences between generalist and specialist care, "says Donohoe. Perhaps, he adds, "we should focus more intently on improving the quality of communication and cooperation between generalists and specialists and on developing and promoting practice guidelines that might have a much bigger effect on the overall health of Americans. "76. Which of the following questions can most probably come out of the two questionsraised in the passage?A. Is specialist care superior?B. What is specialist care all about?C. why is one unwilling to be a generalist?D. Is generalist care the future of medicine?77. The answers to the two questions suggest that .A. generalists are more likely to be ignored.B. a specialist can be a generalist, or vice versaC. neither of the two groups is better than the otherD. patients have every reason to go to specialist physicians78. According to the passage, the better treatment of stroke and heart disease on the part of specialists .A. cannot simply be ascribed to specialtyB. is hard to be justified on the nationwide scaleC. is enough to prove the superiority of specialist careD. has much to do with the amount of formal education79. Both specialists and generalists, Donohoe and Clancy contend, could do a better job ofA. taking advantage of the otherB. avoiding as much malpractice as possibleC. putting the latest knowledge into practiceD. educating the public to their consciousness of health80. Donohoe is trying to shift our attention to .A. better communication and cooperation between generalists and specialistsB. the real nature of specialist and generalist care respectivelyC. the similarities between generalist and specialist careD. the declining health of AmericansPassage FiveChildren are spending an increasing amount of time using computers. Computers are now found is most in classrooms, and in the majority of homes, almost always with internet access. However, many studies of chil dren’s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior.Computer use may negatively affect social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers, they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents. According to Subrahmanvam and his colleagues (2001) this often leads to a role reversal, where the child becomes a teacher to the parent. In other worlds, it is often the case that a highly computer literate teenager will teach their parents how to use the more complex functions of computer technology. This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover, with the anonymity of online communication, computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult, soall users are treated equally (Subrahmanyam et al,2001). Children may then expect the same equality in real life, further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship (Subrahmanyam et al, 2001).Child ren’s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use. Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children, they spend little time interacting with their peers (Shields & Behrman, 2001). As a result, children may not develop the social skills they need, or be able to maintain friendships in the real world (Subrahmanyam et al,2001). With the very extended computer use, this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression (Shields &Behrman, 2001).A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computergames and violence. Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children, so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games (Subrahmanyam et al, 2001). However, as Shields Behrman (2001) points out, it is important to note that although the games may affect all children, children who prefer violent games could be most affected.In conclusion, using a computer, particularly for extended periods, may affect the parent-children relationship in families. It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships. Moreover, it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children. Although the research is not conclusive, it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on chil dren’s social development.81. From the very beginning, the author is trying to draw our attention to .A. crimes on rise at schoolB. a decline in family valueC. the negative effects of chil dren’s ov eruse of computerD. the increasing number ofinvestigations on education82. Which is the best reason for the reduction of parental authority according to the passage?A. Children become teachers to their parents.B. Parents are fossilized in new technology.C. Children expect for an equal status with their parents.D. Parents’ roles are being shrunkby the computer.83. What does Shield & Behrman imply in the passage?A. Children greatly value the friendship with their peers.B. Children are doomed to suffer depression by using computer.C. Children will be doomed to be affected by violent games.D. Children’s inclination to aggression may derive from violent games.84. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the negative result of playing computer games in the passage?A. A lack of social communication.B. Increasing violent performance.C. A decline in intelligence.D. A breakdown in family relationship.85. Where might the passage be taken from?A. A biography.B. A science fictionC. A Research periodical.D. Business newspaper.Passage SixAre smart people just naturally attracted to study art or perform music, dance, or drama?Or does early education in the art actually cause changes in the brain that develop important components ofcognition? Recent findings show that there may be some significant causal relationships between arts training and the brai n’s ability to learn.The Dana Foundation, an organization with interest in neuroscience, immunology, and artseducation, just released a three-year study that found that early training in the arts is possibly good for your brain. Neuroscientists and psychologists at several universities have now enhanced understanding of just how the arts might improve thinking, memory, and language skills. Music education is linked with the ability to control both short-term and long-term memory, geometric representation, and development of reading skills. Dance training improves thinking though mimicry and acting classes seem to expand language. Visual arts lessons outside the classroom in childhood are linked to improved math calculations, in retrospect, I wish I had more art lessons before I took on that advanced math class in high school.It’s not a new idea that the arts can make us smarter. The notion caught fire in the 1990s when researchers showed that college students did better on certain math tests after listening to a little bit of Mozart. And while the current report from the Dana Foundation did not provide definitive theories as to how arts make us smart, what it does is end the popular notion that people are either right-or left-brain learners. Apparently artists and scientists are not that fundamentally different and perhaps there is even an underlying connection between the cognitive processes that give rise to both arts and sciences.86. At the beginning of the passage, two questions are raised to explore the relation between .A. early education and the futureB. intelligence and emotional quotientC. art training and cognitive developmentD. the human brain and its cognitive components87. From music education to dance training to visual arts lessons, the researchers found that .A. early training in the arts improved cognitive skillsB. early education in the arts enhanced the learning by heartC. art training was widely conducted during childhoodD. the artistic education took many forms for children88. What can be inferred about the autho r’s art lessons during childhood?A. They are proficient.B. They are deficientC. They are popularD. They are various89. According to the passage, the current findings .A. present the working mechanism of the right and left brainsB. challenge the popular division of right-or left-brain learnersC. reveal the fundamental differences between artists and scientistsD. interpret the different cognitive processes in scientists and artists90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Brainy Art.B. Learning Art.C. Arts Training.D. Cognitive Science.初阶（二）Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess, obesity is hard to beat. The increased availability of high-fat, high-sugar foods, along with more sedentary lifestyles, has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond 400 million and the number of overweight to more than 1.6 billion. By 2015, those figures are likely to grow to 700 million and 2. 3 billion respectively, according to the World Health Organization. Given the health implications —increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes andsome cancers — anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing, right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop "diet pills" that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine, which works by inducing a sense of fullness, is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity. But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention. There are several reasons for this. For a start, the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight, such as limiting what you eat, increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise, are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second, overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet. Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat. As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth, technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third, interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a perso n’s personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches: more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible, and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death. Cynics will say we’ve tried education and it has n’t worked. That is defeatist: getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort, held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need, and by the food industry’s ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few — as a last resort. But the global obesity problem is one oflifestyle, and the solution must be too.61. In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect .A. a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB. the inevitable diseases of modemcivilizationC. the war against the epidemic we have lostD. the urgency of the global phenomenon62. When it comes to the recently reported diet pills, the author would say thatA. drugs are no replacement of preventionB. the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC. the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD. the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63. Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author’s argument?A. Belittling good health behavior .B. Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C. Making trouble for our social environment.D. Having implications for mental and physical health.64. The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against. A. their biological over eating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB. the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC. their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD. the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. No Quick FixB. Disease of CivilizationC. Pursuing a Technical FixD. A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks. A $700 million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown 22 miles north of Berlin in the town of Orangeburg, housing 2, 000 residents by 2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists andbusiness to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience. " "You’ll be able to experience China, go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods, "says Stefan Kernigan, managing director of Brandenburg-China-Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China, reports Christophe Lang of Berli n’s T rade and Industry promotion Office. "Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here. " He says. "The cultural environment is very important for them. You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown. "Germany is home to about 72, 000 Chinese migrants (2002 Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early 1930s in Hamburg, when most of the cit y’s 2, 000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German’s more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem evenwithin the government, reports Deutsche Welle (DW), Germany’s international broadcaster. DWnotes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holg er Apfel’s xen ophobic (恐外的) comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families" at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiment s,”DW quotes Miriam Gruss, a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian. "Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society. It’s not a minor phenomenon. “The German government initiated a special youth forDemocracy and Tolerance program in January 2007 as part of its tolerance-building efforts.While it is not clear how-many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown, developers hope the project will increase Germans’ understanding for China and Chinese culture.66. If set up, according to the passage, the new German Chinatown will probably beA. a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB. mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC. located in the north suburbs of BerlinD. the biggest one in Germany67. When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown, Lang means .A. the real imported goods made in ChinaB. the authoritative permission for the projectC. the importance of the location for a ChinatownD. the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68. By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany, the author most probably means that .A. it is too late to build a ChinatownB. it is their desire to save a ChinatownC. it is important to create jobs for themD. it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69. According to the passage, German anti-foreigner extremism .A. can see the new community with hatredB. could be an obstacle to the projectC. will absolutely kill the planD. is growing for the scheme70. The message from the plan is clear: .A. to build a new communityB. to fight against right-wing extremismC. to promote more cultural understandingD. to increase Chin ese’s understanding ofGermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution, long a source of admiration and wonder. The。

2015中国地质大学考博英语阅读理解精练Traditionally,the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—periods,countries,dramatic events,and great leaders.It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem,how one presents and documents one’s findings,what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies.The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog:childhood,work,leisure.The new subjects are accompanied by new methods.Where history once was primarily narrative,it is now entirely analytic.The old questions“What happened?”and“How did it happen?”have given way to the question“Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question“Why”is psychoanalysis,and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts.Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them.But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend.They are committed,not just to psychology in general,but to Freudian psychoanalysis.This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its“facts”not from history,the detailedrecords of events and their consequences,but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history,and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives,but from a view of human nature that transcends history.It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence:that evidence be publicly accessible to,and therefore assessable by,all historians.And it violates the basic tenet of historical method:that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses.Psychohistorians,convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories,are also convinced that theirs is the“deepest”explanation of any event,that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past);it also violates the past itself.It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own,in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present,thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity.Instead of respecting the particularity of the past,it assimilates all events,past and present,into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.Which of the following best states the main point of the text?[A]The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.[B]Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.[C]Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.[D]The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.2.The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?[A]The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.[B]Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.[C]Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.[D]Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.3.The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as[A]a report of events,causes,and effects that is generallyaccepted by historians but which is,for the most part,unverifiable.转自学易网[B]an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood,work,and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.[C]an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.[D]a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.4.The author of the text puts the word“deepest”(line14, paragraph3)in quotation marks most probably in order to[A]signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’claims for their work.[B]draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’method.[C]emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’method and that of psychohistorians.[D]disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’claims from her opinion of their method.5.In presenting her analysis,the author does all of the following EXCEPT.[A]Make general statements without reference to specific examples.[B]Describe some of the criteria employed by traditionalhistorians.[C]Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’interpretation of events.[D]Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’application of their methods.答案与考点解析]1.【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。

UNIT FIVETEXT ONEBoosted by booming international financial markets, the City of London has not had it so good since the end of the dotcom bonanza in the late 1990s. Basking in double-digit growth rates, London's law firms have both contributed to that success and benefited from it. The earnings of top City lawyers can now exceed £2m a year.Having opted to expand and go global ahead of most others, Britain's leading law firms tend to be bigger than their American rivals. Indeed, according to a survey of the world's top 50 law firms, compiled by Legal Business, a British trade paper, five of the world's top six law firms—in terms of turnover—are now British (if DLA Piper, the result of an Anglo-American merger, is included). But they have tended to lag behind in terms of their profitability. That is now changing.The profit margins of the City's five “magic circle” firms—Clifford Chance, Slaughter and May, Allen & Overy, Linklaters and Freshfields—have soared in recent years and are now comparable with, if not higher than, those of New York's “white shoe” elite. Slaughter and May, the only one of the five not to have gone global, has the joint second-highest profit margin among the top 50.Not so long ago, a London surgeon could expect to earn as much as a City lawyer. But even the recent big rises in hospital consultants' earnings pall in comparison with those enjoyed by London lawyers. At Slaughter and May, for example, average profits per equity partner (PEP) jumped by almost a third (in dollar terms) last year to $2.75m—more than at any other of the top 50 law firms bar two in New York where PEP averaged $2.8m and $3.0m respectively. Some senior partners get a lot more of course.Competition for the best lawyers is fierce and poaching frequent. Hence the need to keep headline PEP figures up—even at the cost of getting rid of equity partners, leaving a bigger share of the bounty for the remaining ones. Freshfields is in the process of shedding around 100 of its equity partners. Other leading firms are also undertaking painful restructuring.Newly qualified lawyers' salaries have also been shooting up in the search for the best talent. Both Freshfields and Allen & Overy now pay theirfirst-year associates £65,000, rising to around £90,000 after three years. (First-year associates at America's top law firms get the equivalent of £80,000.)But, as many other top-rank City employers have discovered, big earnings do not necessarily guarantee big satisfaction. According to a YouGov poll, published by the Lawyer earlier this month, a quarter of Britain's lawyers (including a fifth of law-firm partners) would like to leave the profession. The disgruntled complained about cripplingly long hours, intense competition and the impersonality of the biggest firms (some with more than 3,000 lawyers). So why don't they quit? Because, say three-quarters, of the pay.1. Which one of the following is TURE of the status quo of London’s economy? C[A] London is enjoying its best time of economic development since 1990s.[B] The growth rate of London is doubled since the beginning of the 1990s.[C] The growth rate started to boost since the end of the dotcom era.[D] The current economy of London is mostly driven by its legal instead of financial market.2. The world’s top 50 law firms are graded according to ___B__[A] their annual margin.[B] their profitability.[C] their sale volume.[D] their quantity of business.3.The phrase “white shoe” (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means__B__[A] white collars.[B] first-class law firms.[C] financial agencies.[D] international banks.4. In order to be competitive, the law firms take the following measures except__A___.[A] dismissing equity partners.[B] carrying out restructuring.[C] having their best lawyers turn more competitive.[D] raising salaries for recruiting talents.5. From the YouGov poll, it can be inferred that__D__[A] this profession is far from satisfactory.[B] most lawyers will leave the profession sooner or later.[C] most lawyers are satisfied with the profession because of the fat pay.[D] high salary is always contradictory to big satisfaction.文章剖析：这篇文章介绍英国伦敦律师事务所的现状。

考博英语阅读训练及全文翻译（一）Overseas students shun UK and US universitiesThe market share of international students enjoyed by British and US universities has dropped sharply as Australia，Japan and New Zealand become increasingly popular destinations，according to an international comparison of education systems published yesterday.The latest edition of Education at a Glance，an annual audit published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development，showed that although foreign students continue to be attracted to the two countries because of the English language teaching and perceived quality of education，in relative terms their position is weakening.The Paris-based organisation reported that US market share fell 2 per cent from 2002-3，while the UK suffered the fastest decline among OECD members，falling from 16.2 per cent in 1998 to 13.5 percent in 2003.The most recent year used by the report is 2003 so the percentages did not include a 21.3 per cent fall in the number of Chinese students accepted for university courses in Britain this year. Britain is increasingly reliant on the higher fees paid by students from outside the European Union to help sustain its universities for domestic students.The overall number of students studying outside their own countries stood at 2.1m in 2003，an 8.3 percent annual average increase since 1998.According to the report the international complexion of US campuses has changed strikingly since September 11 2001. The country''s universities have seen decreases of 10-37 per cent in students from the Gulf states，northern Africa and some south-east Asian countries.The report also concluded that despite continued，if uneven，growth in the number of graduates churned out by the rich world''s universities，the monetary value of a degree showed no sign of having been tarnished.Andreas Schleicher，head of the Indicators and Analysis Division of the OECD''s Directorate of Education，said there was no evidence of inflation of the labour-market value of qualifications and that graduates could expect to continue to earn considerably more than those without a degree.Assessing the performance of the world''s schools，Mr Schleicher said Asia was soaring while Europe remained level and South America had slipped into relative decline.一、全文翻译英美大学留学生人数骤跌据昨天公布的一项国际教育体系比较研究称，英美大学的留学生市场份额急剧下降，而澳大利亚、日本和新西兰日益成为受欢迎的留学目的地。