考博英语阅读资料
Unit One
Passage 1
The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage.Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-
way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid deliveryis essential, air freight may be used.
Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption ofgoods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories buildup, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retailstores.
Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agriculturalproduct could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would,of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit toconsumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would beforced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, wouldraise consumer prices.
Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety ofproducts. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bondedwarehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid beforethey are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.
The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com-panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plantdoes not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distributioncenter allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is tominimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than buildup extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very largecorporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based
1. The main subject of this passage is______.
A) transportation and storage B) storage of products
C) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution
2. Warehousing is important in that _
A) inventories build up before the goods are sold
B) the prices will go down
C) more goods are produced than can be consumed
D) the food has to be put on the market immediately
3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?
A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.
4. Where might one find meat and milk?
A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.
C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.
5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?
A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.
B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.
C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factory
D) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.
Passage 2
How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy.Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of abadly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hareand the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal sufferingnot only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.
The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or tothe same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never losthis acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to beginwith and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries anddisorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to playwith a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, buthe will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. Weare told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so;what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscularcontractions over which they have no control.
These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We
know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.
6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.
A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spirit
B) mental distress once they are wounded
C) only body pains without feeling sad
D) crawling into the comer to die
7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.
A) cannot control their muscular contractions
B) have developed a capacity of feeling no pain
C) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuries
D) can endure all kinds of disorders
8. The author feels sure that _____.
A) animals don't show suffering to us
B) dogs are more endurable than human children
C) we cannot know what animals feel
D) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate
9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?
A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.
B) We should protect and save all the animals.
C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.
D) We should take care of them if we can.
10. This passage seems to ____.
A) argue for something B) explain something
C) tell a story D) describe an object
Passage 3
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed eventcould be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in whichgases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events thathave not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm
the predictions, the scientists must search further. Theremay be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information andperforming experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules HenriPoincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collectionof facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."
Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned abouta particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part ofthe investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are
formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinkingbeyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose anddirection. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.
A) a good example B) an imaginary model
C) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event
12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.
A) mathematicians approach science
B) building a house is like performing experiments
C) science is more than a collection of facts
D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology
13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.
A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous results
C) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate
14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7
A) Sifting through known facts.
B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.
C) Providing direction for scientific research.
D) Linking together different theories.
15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.
B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.
C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.
D) A good scientist needs to be creative.
B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.
C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.
D) Education involves many years of professional training.
20. The passage is organized by ___
A) listing and discussing several educational problems
B) contrasting the meanings of two related concepts
C) narrating a story about excellent teachers
D) giving examples of different kinds of schools
Passage 5
The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century Americanphilosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its roots
lie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to creditThoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.
What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.
21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.
A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificant D) challenging
22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.
A) focused its early efforts on public transportation
B) did not always practice civil disobedience
C) started in nineteenth century
D) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model
23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be done
publicly?
A) To alter the legal system in radical way.
B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.
C) To stimulate public support for a cause.
D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.
24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.
A) it helps convince the public to support their cause
B) they usually do so unwillingly
C) it is because their protest has not gone according to plan
D) they are always released almost immediately
25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.
A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessary
B) provides an extensive history of civil disobedience
C) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedience
D) defines the concept of civil disobedience
Passage 6
In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United Statesdid not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tediumof life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population northe disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.
City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farmdwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanksto the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time fordoing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the dailyroutine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work
provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.
The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the
youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.
With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of
the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming.But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.
26. What is the passage mainly about?
A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.
B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.
C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.
D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.
27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?
A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.
B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.
C) The clergy organized them.
D) Only the wealthy participated in them.
28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuit
of pleasure" ?
A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.
B) They felt that it was not necessary.
C) They felt that it should be productive.
D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.
29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?
A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable.
C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.
30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?
A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.
B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.
C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.
D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities.
Passage 7
For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasinglymore truly human.
But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy andautonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will haveimmediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionaryscope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall aweN-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful,it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to studythe nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which wecan scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation forpractical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been soughtdisinterestedly.
31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __.
A) technical applications B) apparently useless information
C) the natural sciences D) philosophy
32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __.
A) idealists B) Greek mathematicians
C) scientists D) true human
33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __.
A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure research
C) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries
34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to
A) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit
35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __.
A) "Technical Progress"
B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing"
C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics"
D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications"
Passage 8
In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on
either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadowplay screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs orcraftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, thiswas the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, therecent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes andears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him inthe store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story ofthe frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations ofthe first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.
With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the"accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessarysubstitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale,but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions.Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes whichtook hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to
scripts written months before supplemented
by national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.
36. This article is based on the idea that ________.
A) people today no longer follow models
B) People attach little importance to whoever they follow
C) people generally pattern their lives after models
D) People no longer respect heroes
37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.
A) inspiring literate immigrants
B) frustrating educated immigrants
C) preventing the assimilation of immigrants
D) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears
38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______
A) toward realism B) toward fantasy
C) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism
39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____
A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decay
C) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty
40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning
to ______.
A) presentations B) misinterpretations
C) influences D) limitations
Passage 9
The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature
and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principlethat conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost alwaysturns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.
The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—iswidespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. Ifthese standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter andnot as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflictcan at best, be
only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and ofthe virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crimeand Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, asportrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.
You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the worldof Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyesboth good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takessides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Patonsees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and isresponsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is notevoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action.Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.
One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, fullof sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldlyindifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non-dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.
41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics isthe _____.
A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religion
C) emphasis on evil D) greater concern with universals
42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____
A) relative B) unimportant
C) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized
43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, he
is commenting on the ___
A) length of the novel
B) indifference to the moral behavior of the characters
C) monotony of the story
D) sensational depravities of the book
44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-
cause of Paton's ____.
A) insight into human behavior
B) behavioristic beliefs
C) treatment of good and evil as abstractions
D) willingness to make moral judgments
45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoid
Passage 10
African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990s
there has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due to
a very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than
anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate
for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,
why have they not received full scale support7
Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.
Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of ANation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment.These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also seasonthem with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerousenough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved;
2015大连理工大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants.In his reinterpretation,migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America.His approach rests on four separate propositions. The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside;migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover”.Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity.Secondly,Bailyn holds that,contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks,there was never a typical New World community.For example,the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably. Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:one group came as indentured servants,another came to acquire land.Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration.These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America.At first,thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited;by the1730’s,however,American employers demanded skilled artisans. Finally,Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system.He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire.But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery,as Bailyn does,devalues the achievements of
考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age
考博英语作文常用短语100个 1.经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy 2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people's livingstandard 3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that… 6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development 7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that… 9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others… 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就…达到绝对的一致 rea ch an absolute consensus on… 15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides 17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in… 18.对…必不可少be indispensableto … 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20.…也不例外…be no exceptio 21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…
北京外国语大学考博英语阅读真题解析Text4 It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)毫无疑问，Jennifer Senior在有煸动意味的的杂志封面故事中表达了 她的独到见解，“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我的生活”——这唤起了人们 的谈兴。人们一谈到养孩子就会觉得这是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事 情。Jennifer Senior没有指出养孩子到底是使得父母快乐呢还是痛苦呢， 她倒是认为，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该是一个个瞬间的快乐组合 的可以被衡量的东西;我们应该把幸福视为一种过去式的状态。尽管抚养孩 子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是Jennifer Senior认为，正是那些 心绪沉重的时刻，日后却成为我们欢乐的源泉。 The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute
首都师范大学政法学院外国哲学考博 复习资料参考书辅导课程报考分析 一、首都师范大学政法学院博士招生专业及人数 学院招生人数(约)招生专业招生类别及人数 001政法学院招生总数12人 公开招考12人 010101马克思主义哲学 010102中国哲学 010103外国哲学 010105伦理学 010106美学 030501马克思主义基本原理 030502马克思主义发展史 030503马克思主义中国化研究 030505思想政治教育 非定向7人 定向1人 委培4人 2014年政法学院复试分数线：外国语不低于55；专业课不低于70；总分不低于210。（PS:育明考博课程咨询电话400-668-6978扣扣：547.063.862交流群：105.619.820有售各院校真题）二、首都师范大学政法学院外国哲学专业考博考试内容 专业招生人数初试考试内容复试考试内容 010103外国哲学约2人 ①1001英语或1002日语 或1003俄语 ②2506现代西方哲学 ③3116西方哲学史基础 ①考生报考材料综合评定 ②思想政治素质和道德品 质考核； ③外语口语、听力测试； ④专业水平面试； ⑤部分院系加试笔试； ⑥同等学力考生加试专业 综合科目。 复试说明： （1）报考材料评定分数作为录取参考，不计入复试成绩； （2）思想品德考核结果作为录取参考，不合格者不予录取； （3）同等学力加试成绩作为录取参考，成绩不及格者不予录取； （4）面试成绩或复试总成绩不及格者不予录取。 成绩折算方式：初试复试成绩各占50% 三、首都师范大学政法学院外国哲学考博参考书（部分) 专业名称参考书 010103外国哲学《西方哲学史》，罗素，商务印书馆， 《现代西方哲学新编》，赵敦华，北京大学出版社。 四、首都师范大学博士招生录取数据统计 年份招生专业招生人数招生方式录取类别及人数 2012年 共有13个招生 学院，57个博士 127人 普通招考100人 硕博连读27人 非定向98人 定向5人
2015西南财经大学考博英语历年真题 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、西南财经大学考博英语题型 Part1:词汇,30题15分 Part2:阅读理解,四篇20题40分 Part3:短文翻译,英译汉15分汉译英15分 Part4:作文,15分 三、考博英语必备参考书 育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。 四、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects:transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing.The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products.Transportation can be by truck, rail-way,ship,or barge.For some items,such as exotic plants and flowers,or when rapid delivery is essential,air freight may be used. Storage,or warehousing,is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match:items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made.Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments,before the foods are sold.The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores. Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price.If,for example,no agricultural product could be stored,all food would have to be put on the market immediately.This would,of course,create a glut and lower prices drastically.There would be an immediate benefit to consumers,but in the long run they would suffer.Farmers,because of low prices,would be forced off the land,and the amount of food produced would decrease.This,in turn,would raise consumer prices. Warehouses for storage are of several types.Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses,in spite of their name,are privately owned facilities,but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership.General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods,especially food products.Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling.A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods,frequently imported,on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples. The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse.Many large com-panics have several manufacturing plants,sometimes located outside the country.Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them.The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place.Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories.It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover.Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based 1.The main subject of this passage is______. A)transportation and storage B)storage of products C)distribution center
育明考博 免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师） 2015考博QQ交流群105619820 2015考博QQ英语群335488903 2015考博QQ专业课群157460416 2015长安大学考博英语分析 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。 (3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。不
考博心得之考博英语阅读理解 阅读理解在大家看来，是英语考试中最关键的部分，因为这部分所占的分数最多，在试卷中的地位举足轻重。有很多方面的书籍，介绍大家如何来提高阅读理解水平，却很少提到不同类别的英语考试试卷中，都有自己的出题特点。其结果是，大凡英语考试，大家都采用几乎一样的思考模式，这在相当程度上影响了具体类别考试复习时的针对性。 首先，介绍如何提高阅读理解的基本功 很多参考书中（推荐一本考博英语阅读理解精练220篇(上下册)）。都提到在阅读时，不能读出声来，要快速的阅读。要达到这个水平需要相当的训练，可惜的是大部分考生由于各种原因，没有这样的条件。根据个人的体会，阅读中，碰到的最大问题往往不是理解不了其中内容，经常让人头痛的是阅读过程中，会在一些关键地方碰到自己不认识的单词，大大影响了自己对文章的领悟。所以第一个基本功还是词汇部分，我们不需要把大纲中所有的词汇（考博英语10000词汇详解）都会拼写，因为除了写作之外，会认某个词与会写某个词没区别，即使是写作，用到的词也都是常见的。 学会用自己的呼吸来控制自己的阅读，进而提高阅读速度。这点可能不少朋友没有听说过吧，对，这是我自己体会后总结出来的。针对一个句子，大家要学着在吸气的过程中，看明白前半部分的意思，而在呼气的过程中，看明白后一半的内容。开始训练时，大部分人达不到这个要求，没关系，重新吸气，呼气，直到这个句子看懂。选择的文章不要太难，但也不能过于简单，仔细体会这个过程。 我比较推荐的一个方法是：充分利用选择填空题目，在要填空的位置上，先写上正确的答案，然后尝试着在一个呼吸过程中看懂它所表述的意思。这不仅将来能提高选择填空的阅读速度，也提高了语感。当训练的差不多后，可以转入阅读文章了，把呼吸和大脑的思维连贯性统一起来。 其次，阅读理解过程中，需要从头读到尾吗？ 这个问题，我也曾经问了自己很多次。经过尝试后，我总结的经验是没必要。说起来大家可能不相信，我觉得阅读理解，如其说是阅读，不如说是把文章的内容结构搞懂：这篇阅读理解分了几个段落？每个段落中最重要的那个主旨句要表达的是什么意思？文章作者是以什么口气、什么态度来看待自己文章所描述的内容的？实际就是从宏观上把握作者的意图 全面阅读有什么不？第一个就是浪费时间，考试中的时间是最宝贵的，如果费了不少时间读懂了文章的某些内容（即使是比较重要的），可偏巧这在后边的题目中又没有体现出来，不就是浪费时间和精力吗？第二就是使得人容易忘记其他部分的内容，当我们看第一段的时候，看明白它的内容了，可当你把最后一段也看懂之，第一段的内容你还能记得多少呢？这个问题在阅读理解进行到第三篇，第四篇的时候尤其突出，以至于头晕脑胀。相信很多人有这个感觉，英语考试过程中，觉得自己脑力不够用，或者考试结束后有朦胧的倦意。这对后边题目的完成绝对是个巨大威胁。第三就是缺乏对整个文章的理解，由于在全面阅读过程中，人的精力集中在具体句子的理解上，冲淡了整体的认识，而几乎每个阅读理解后的题目中，总少不了1个或2个关于文章整体概括性的题目，稍有偏差，就会出错。
【每日一篇】华慧考博英语:考博英语作文优秀范文100篇（5） 如此快速提升考博英语的写作能力？华慧考博老师告诉你——多背考博英语作文范文，多掌握一些考博英语作文范文中的优秀长句。这对于一名作文小白来说是最快速地提升考博英语作文写作能力的途径。自今天起，华慧考博小编将为广大考博考生们每天提供一篇考博英语作文的范文来给考生做为参考和背诵。（范文如有瑕疵，请考生们谅解！） 华慧考博英语作文范文第五篇： 【题干】 Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 【正文】 People seldom agree with each other even in such trivial issues as preference between a big city and a small town. It's a little bit haste to say that it is better to live in a big city than to live in a small town, or vice versus. Living in a big city has several benefits. First, there're more job opportunities readily available in big cities than in a small town. Furthermore, not merely there are more job positions in big cities, the qualities of the position are much higher as well. In addition, the pay is more decent. Second, children are supposed to be able to receive an education with a higher quality compared with their counterparts who live in a small town. For families, children's education is always put in the first place. Finally, living in a big city has a superior overall living standard to that in a small town. There are more commodities and services in city markets; there are more public utilities available in big cities; there are even much more television channels in big cities. However, living in a small town also has some advantages. People who live in a small town often have a much comfortable life style. Most of them are immune from suffering of high working stress. Although the average pay is much less than that of big cities, the price of daily necessities, such as vegetables or meat, is usually more inexpensive. Instead of suffering loneliness which is prevalent in big cities, children might grow up more healthily because of harmonious relationship among residents in small town. People in a small town do not have to get up so early in the morning because there has been no traffic jam, and no body drive so fast in a small town as to cause accidents. They might have fewer channels in television, but they have more friends readily available to chat or entertain with. According to my current situation, although I am longing for the cozy atmosphere and relationship among neighbors and friends which almost only exist in big cities, I have chosen to live in one of the biggest cities in my country --- Beijing, since I have found a pretty good job here, and a decent pay. I think I would prefer living a small town when I get retired one day.
中央民族大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term"downshifting"has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of“have it all",preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life",and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12-hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on“quality time”.
中央党校理论骨干人才培养计划马克思主义中国化研究专业考博指导 一、2016年中央党校马克思主义中国化研究专业考博内容分析(育明考博辅导中心 专业招生人数初试内容复试内容030503 马克思主义中国化研究5人 ①1111英语、1112日语1113俄语(100分 ②2801马克思主义基本理论(含原著 (100分 ③3801马克思主义理论综合考试(100分 ①外语面试(听、说、读, 20分 ②专业课面试(专业问答, 80分 育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析: 1、中共中央党校马克思主义中国化专业考博的报录比平均在6:1左右(竞争较激烈 2、本专业有两位导师:许全兴、陈占安、秦宣、贾建芳
3、本专业共有一个研究方向:马克思主义中国化 4、初试英语拉开的分差较小,两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。 5、特殊要求: (一中共中央党校马克思主义理论骨干人才培养计划博士研究生招生对象主要是高等学校、各级党校在职在编人员,党政机关从事理论研究和思想宣传工作的在职在编人员,以及新闻出版部门从事理论研究和思想宣传工作的在职在编人员。 (二报考条件1.中华人民共和国公民,中共党员;2.热爱祖国,拥护中国共产党的领导,遵纪守法,品行端正;3.具有硕士或博士学位(在境外获得的各种学位应通过教育部留学服务中心认证,复试时提交认证证书;4.身体和心理健康状况符合国家高校招生体检相关规定;5.年龄不超过45周岁(1971年3月1日后出生。 育明教育考博分校针对中共中央党校马克思主义中国化专业考博开设的辅导课程有:考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源,整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料,为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。 (中共中央党校考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩:八九三、二四一、二二六二、中央党校2015年理论人才培养计划考博复试分数线(育明考博课程部年份复试分数线复试人数/录取人数复试内容 2015外语50分,