当前位置:文档之家› 【全国百强校】西藏自治区拉萨中学2017-2018学年高一下学期期末考试物理试题(解析版)

【全国百强校】西藏自治区拉萨中学2017-2018学年高一下学期期末考试物理试题(解析版)

【全国百强校】西藏自治区拉萨中学2017-2018学年高一下学期期末考试物理试题(解析版)
【全国百强校】西藏自治区拉萨中学2017-2018学年高一下学期期末考试物理试题(解析版)

西藏自治区拉萨中学2017-2018学年高一下学期期末考试物理试题

一、单选题

1. 一船在静水中的速度大小为3 m/s,要渡过宽30 m、水流流速为4 m/s的河流,下列说法中正确的是

A. 此船不可能垂直河岸到达对岸

B. 此船不可能渡过河

C. 船相对于河岸的速度一定是5 m/s

D. 此船渡河的最短时间是6 s

【答案】A

【解析】

A. 由于船速小于水速,所以此船不可能垂直河岸到达对岸,但只要垂直于河岸有速度小船就可以过河,故A正确,B错误;

C. 当船头方向垂直于河岸过河时,船相对于河岸的速度是5 m/s,当船头方向与河岸不垂直时速度就不是5 m/s ,故C错;

D.当船头垂直于河岸时,过河时间最短,最短为,故D错;

综上所述本题答案是:A

2. 如图所示,相对的两个斜面,倾角分别为30o和60o,在顶点两个小球A、B以同样大小的初速度分别向左、右两方水平抛出,小球都落在斜面上,若不计空气阻力,则A、B两小球运动时间之比为()

A. 1:2

B. 2:1

C. 1:3

D. 3:1

【答案】C

【解析】

本题考查平抛运动中飞行时间和水平射程的关系,由飞行时间,水平射程,,则

;正确答案为C。

3. 洗衣机的脱水筒在转动时有一衣物附在筒壁上,如图所示,则此时:

A. 衣物随筒壁做圆周运动的向心力是由摩擦力提供的

B. 衣物受到重力、筒壁的弹力和摩擦力的作用

C. 筒壁对衣物的摩擦力随转速增大而减小

D. 筒壁对衣物的摩擦力随转速增大而增大

【答案】B

【解析】

B、衣服受到重力、筒壁的弹力和静摩擦力作用,故B正确;

A、筒壁的弹力F提供衣物的向心力,故A错误;

CD、衣物附在筒壁上随筒一起做匀速圆周运动,衣物的重力与静摩擦力平衡,筒的转速增大时,摩擦力不变,故CD错误;

故选B。

4. 如图所示,质量为m的小球用长为L的悬绳固定于O点,在O点的正下方L/2处有一颗钉子,把悬绳拉直于竖直方向成一定角度,由静止释放小球,当悬线碰到钉子的时候,则下列说法错误的是:

.........

A. 小球的角速度突然增大

B. 小球的向心力突然变大

C. 小球的速度突然变大

D. 悬线的弹力突然增大

【答案】C

【解析】

【详解】当悬线碰到钉子时,线速度大小不变,摆长变小,根据ω=v/l知,角速度变大,故A正确,C错误;线速度大小不变,摆长变小,根据a=知,向心加速度变大,向心力变大,故B正确。根据牛顿第二定律得:F-mg=ma,向心加速度变大,则悬线拉力变大。故D正确。此题选择不正确的选项,故选C。

【点睛】解决本题的关键抓住悬线碰到钉子时,线速度大小不变,通过摆长的变化判断角速度、向心加速

度等变化.

5. 如图,放置在光滑的水平地面上足够长斜面体,下端固定有挡板,用外力将轻质弹簧压缩在小木块和挡板之间,弹簧的弹性势能为100J。撤去外力,木块开始运动,离开弹簧后,沿斜面向上滑到某一位置后,不再滑下,则

A. 木块重力势能的增加量为100J

B. 木块运动过程中,斜面体的支持力对木块做功不为零

C. 木块、斜面体和弹簧构成的系统,机械能守恒

D. 木块运动过程中,发热量为零

【答案】B

【解析】

【分析】

放置在光滑的水平地面上足够长斜面体,下端固定有挡板,用外力将轻质弹簧压缩在小木块和挡板之间,弹簧的弹性势能为100J.撤去外力,木块开始运动,斜面体也会运动,木块沿斜面向上滑到某一位置后,不再滑下,说明木块和斜面体有共同速度,根据功能关系分析力做功和能的转化。

【详解】对整个系统除重力和系统内弹力做功,还有木块和斜面体之间的摩擦力做功,系统机械能不守恒定律,弹簧的弹性势能为100J转化为木块重力势能以及动能和斜面体动能及内能,故木块重力势能的增加量小于100J,故AC错误;斜面体支持力垂直于斜面,木块运动的方向不是沿斜面,故力与位移不垂直,可以做功,故B正确;木块运动过程中,与斜面有摩擦,则发热量不为零,故D错误。故选B。

【点睛】此题的关键是分析出那些力做功,知道力做功对应的能力转化关系,注意地面光滑这个条件。

二、多选题

6. 一物体沿直线运动,其v-t图象如图所示。已知在前2 s内合力对物体做的功为W,则( )

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