1．人体主要器官前缀
名称通用名前（后）缀形容词↓此列均为炎症（-itis）示例
心heart cardio - cardial carditis/ cardiology
脑brain encepholo- cerebral encephalitis/ encephalology
肺lung pulmo- pulmonary pulmonitis/ pulmonectomy/ pulmonology
肝liver hepato- hepatic hepatitis/ hepatobiliary/ hepatology
胃stomach gastro- gastric gastritis/ gastrointestinal/ gastrology
胆gallbladder chole- biliary holecystitis/ cholinergic/ cholecystectomy 肠intestine entero- intestinal enteritis/ enterectomy/ enterology
脾spleen splen- splenic splenitis/ splenectomy/ splenology
胰pancreas pancreato- pancreatic pancreatitis/ pancreatectomy
肾kidney nephro- renal/ nephric nephritis/ nephropathy/ nephrology
2．与人体系统、器官有关的前（后）缀
名称通用名前（后）缀示例
血blood hemo-/hemato hematology/ hemoglobin/ hematoma
血管vessel vaso- vasopressor/ cardiovasology/ verebrovascular
静脉vein veno- venography/ intravenous/ venoconstriction
动脉artery arterio- arteriology/ arteriole/ arteriosclerosis
肌muscle myo- mycology/ myositis/ myocarditis
髓marrow myel-/myelo- myelocyte/ myelitis/ myeloma
神经nerve neur-/neyro- neurology/ neuritis/ neuron
细胞cell cyto-/-cyte cytology/ cytoma/ leukocyte
尿urine uro-/ur- urology/ urosurgery/ urogenital
体body somato-/some somatology/ somatopsychic/ chromosome
3．与数字有关的前缀
数字前缀示例
一（单）mono-/uni- monomer/ monoclone/ carbon monoxide/ unidirectional
二bi-/di- bilateral/ biphasiccarbon dioxide/dipeptide
三tri- trilateral/ triphasic/ trigeminal nerve
四tetra- tetramer/ tetracycline/ tetraplegia
五penta- pentagon/ pentachromic/ pentachloride
六hexa- hexachromic/ benzene hexachloride(666)/ hexacycliccompiund
七hepta- heptachromic/ heptaploid/ heptavalent
八octa- octahedral/ octal system
九nona- nonapeptide/ nonagon
十deca- d ecade/ decagram/ decaliter
注：十位数的表示一般为：个位数前缀+deca，如：hexadecanol（十六烷醇），
tetradecapeptidegastrin（十四肽胃泌素），octadecanoic acid（十八烷酸）
4．颜色及与颜色有关的前缀
颜色通用名前缀示例
色color chrom-/chromo- chromosome/ chromatin/ chromatometer
红red erythro- erythrocyte/ erythrocyturia/ erythrometer
白white leuko- leukocyte/ leukemia/ leukocytuira
黑black melano- melena/ melanoma/ melanoderma
黄yellow xantho- xanthopsin/ xanthosis/ xanthoma
绿green
棕brown brown mixture/ brown ring
橙orange Victoria orange/ ethyl orange/ orange G 粉红pink oink frothy sputum
绯红crimson
青铜bronzed bronzed diabetes
蓝blue cyan-/cyano cyanosis/ cyanopsia/ cyanemia
紫violet/ purple
注：有些病名的“蓝”“紫”“青”为同义，其前缀都为“cyano-”.
5．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(1)
含义前（后）缀形容词示例
病patho- pathogen/ pathology/ pathogenesis/ -pathy -pathic neuropathy/ nephropathy/ adenopathy
病态-osis –otic neurosis/ tuberculosis/ schistosomiasis
增多leukocytosis/ erythrocytopenia/ granulocytosis
减少-penia -penic leukocytopenia/ erythrocytopenia/ granulocytopenia
无a-/an- atypical/ anuria/ agranulocytopenia
小/微-let droplet/ platelet/ leaflet
micro- microscopy/ microorganism/ micronucleus
大/巨macro- macroscopic/ macronucleus/ macrophage -megaly splenomegaly/ acromegaly/ hepatomegaly
复合/多poly- polyuria/ polymer/ polyopia
全/泛pan- pancolectomy/ panmyelosis/ pandemic
6．与疾病和疾患有关的前（后）缀(2)
含义前（后）缀示例
相反dis- disease/ disorder/ disability
困难/障碍dys- dysfunction/ dyspepsia/ dyspnea
不良mal- malfunction/ malnutrition/ malpractice
炎症-itis appendicitis/ bronchitis/ arthritis
瘤/块-oma lymphoma/ adenoma/ hematoma
血症-emia leukemia/ septisemia/ bacteremia
痛-algia/-algesia/alge-/algo- analgesia/ hypoalgesia/ algometer
麻痹-plegia hemipleia/ pamplegia/ myoplegia
流出-rrhea diarrhea/ hypermenorrhea/ rhinorrhea
坏死-necrosis /necro-/necr- hepatonecrosis/ myonecrosis/ necrospermia
结石litho-/-lith lithiasis/ lithogenesis/ cholelithes
7．与方位有关的前缀
含义通用词前缀示例
上upper/superior pi-/supra- epidemic/ epithelium/ supracostal
下lower/inferior nfra-/sub- infracostal/ subclavicular/ subcutaneous
前front/anterior/prior fore-/ante- /pre- forehead/ anteroposterior/ precirrhosis
后back/posterior post-/retro- posthepatic/ postprandial/ retrocardiac
内inner/internal in-/endo-/ento- inhalation/ endoscopy/ entocranial
外outer/external ex-/exo- extract/ excretion/ exocardial
间between inter- intermuscular/ intercostal/ intercourse
旁/副on the side of para- parathyroid/ paraprotein/ pararenal
周around peri- perioperative/ pericarditis/ peritoneum
中心central centri-/centra- /centro- centrifugation/ centralize/ centronucleus 反/对opposite counter-/contra- counterpart/ countershock/ contraindication
注：in vivo/in’vaivou/活体内; in vitro/in vaitrou/活体外或试管内；in situ/in’saitju:/原位
8．与外科手术有关的前（后）缀
含义前（后）缀示例
切除-ectomy appendectomy/ gastrectomy/ splenectomy
切开-tomy tracheotomy/ hysterotomy/ craniotomy
切（割）-tome tracheotome/ thoracotome
吻合-stomy duodenoenterostomy/ gastroesophagostomy
成形术-plasty tracheoplasty/ osteoplasty/ myoplasty
整（矫）形ortho- orthopedics/ orthopod/ orthotherapy
造影-graphy angiography/ nephrography/ phlebography 经…trans- transdominal/ translateral/ transurethral
注：ortho-也是“正”“原”的前缀，如：ortho-acid（正酸）
-graphy为方法，如：electrocardigraphy心电图检查术；
graph为仪器，如：electrocardigraph心电图机；
gram为图象，文字，如：electrocardiogram心电图记录。
9．与化学品有关的前（后）缀
含义前（后）缀示例
酸盐ate sulfate/ nitrate/ acetate
醇-ol alcohol/ propanol/ taxol
醛-al retinal/ methylal/ propanal
酮-one acetone/ progesterone/ ketone
糖glyco- glycogenolysis
saccharo- saccharomyces
-saccharide polysaccharide
酶-ase reductase/ transminase/ kinase
素-in penicillin/ heparin/ nuclein
原-gen allogen/ antigen/ glycogen
苯基/酚phen-/pheno- phenol/ phenate/ phenetidin
氨基amino- aminobenzene/ aminopherase/ aminopyrine
10．与“作用”有关的前（后）缀
含义前（后）缀示例
杀-cide/-cidal insecticide/ pesticide/ bactericidal
抑-stasis/-static bacteriostasis/ virostatic/ tuberculostatic
驱逐-fuge febrifuge/ centrifuge
抗-anti antibiotic/ antimycotic/ antimutagen
去/脱/除de- dehydroprednisone/ detergent/ desensitization 回/再/复re- reabsorb/ reactivation/ recombinant
冷冻cryo- cryobiology/ cryopreservation/ cryoprotectant
否/去/分离dis- disinfection/ dissociate/ dissection
向后/退行retro- retrograde/ retrosternal/ retrocardiac
Suffix Meaning Example
-ac pertaining to 属于，关于cardiac: pertaining to the heart心脏（病）的
-al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine
-ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule 分子的
-ary pertaining to belonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的
-ase enzyme 酶amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉
酶
-cle smallness小,少,贫乏,小气follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac小囊,(头发的)毛囊
-e an instrument 仪器auriscope: an instrument for examining the ear (检查
耳朵用的)耳镜
-eal pertaining to
laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx喉的, 喉音的
-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧，害怕
-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin有毒的；因中毒引起的
-ics study of; name of a science pediatrics: study of children, their development and
diseases 儿科学
-ine/in substance 物质insulin：substance (hormone) produced by the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas 胰岛素
-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes
addictive 酒精中毒
-ist one who specializes in 精通于……的人pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drugs 药理专家
-itis inflammation refers to a part in……部位的炎症rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages鼻炎，鼻粘膜炎
-(i)um relation to a whole; related to
与……相关
endometrium: inner lining of the uter子宫内膜
-ive characterizes by antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing止咳药
-let tiny; small droplet: a tiny drop 小滴
-ment the result or product of an action development: thing which develops or is being developed;
action of becoming mature
-oid resembling; like像mucoid: resembling mucus粘液样的
-ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the
centrosome细胞中心粒；中心体
-oma tumor; swelling refers to a doer dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin皮肤纤维瘤
-or/-er either a person or thing receptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various
stimuli感受器，受体
-ose sugar fructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖-osis abnormal condition onychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌
甲
-ous pertaining to poisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有
毒的，分泌毒素的
-somes bodies ribosome: the body of nucleic acid核糖体
-um structure; thing; substance结构，物质magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁（金属元素）
-y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or
metabolism 营养不良
The following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛
--ase enzyme protease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶
-blast embryo胚，胚胎，人类胚胎hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞，原始血细胞
-carcinoma malignant tumor developing from
connective tissue 相关组织的恶
性肿瘤adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from glandular tissue 腺癌
-cele protrusion; distention突出；膨
胀，延伸esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管突出
-centesis surgical puncture 手术穿孔paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the
aspiration of fluid 穿刺术
-capnia carbon dioxide 二氧化碳acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏
-cide kill germicide: (substance) which can kill germs杀菌剂
-clast cell phagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can
surround and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞
-dynia pain glossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛
-ectasia/-ec tasis expansion; dilation(膨胀，扩张) atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺
不张
-ectomy surgical excision or removal of gastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach胃切除术
-edema excessive accumulation of serous
fluid 水肿myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病，粘液水肿
-emia blood condition leukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an
abnormal number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病-emesis vomiting 呕吐hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血；吐血
-gen something that produced or
prouduces pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing disease 病菌，病原体
-genesis production 生产spermatogenesis: formation and development of
spermatozoa in the testes精子发生
-globin protein蛋白质hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by
erythrocytes 血红素
-gnosis knowledge diagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence
of a disease through knowledge and examination
-gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical
activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis
of heart disease.
Abbr. ECG and EKG. Syn. cardiogram
-graph(y) process of recording记录过程electocardiography: the process of making or recording
electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录
-iasis condition; state情况，状况cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症
-iatry/-iatri cs healing, frequently refers to a
branch of medicine 康复，常指
医学的一个分支
podiatry: treatment of foot disorders足部医疗
-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder
胆结石
-logy the study of cytology: the science study of cells 细胞学
-logist one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of
urology 泌尿科医生
-lysis breakdown, destruction hemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells
with release of hemoglobin溶血
-malacia softening osteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化
-mania extreme compulsion or
preoccupation强迫症kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable compulsion to steal 盗窃癖
-megaly giant acromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement
of the facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大
症
-metry/-me ter measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and
exhaled or the air capacity of the lungs肺(活)量测定
(法),呼吸量测定(法)
-odynia pain cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛，胸痛
-one hormone荷尔蒙，激素parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the
blood, bones, and teeth甲状旁腺激素
-opia a defect in the eye眼睛的毛病myopia: being short-sighted 近视
-opsy to view biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis活
检
-osis morbid condition病态的sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症
-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell嗅觉丧失
-ostomy process of making an opening
into or a connection between造
瘘gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the surface of the abdomen into the stomach胃造口术
-oxia level of oxygen氧水平hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body
tissues组织缺氧
-pathy disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease眼病
-penia deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn.
leukocytopenia白细胞减少症
-pepsia digestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好
--pexy a fixing or setting firmly in place
by suturing 缝合固定
hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver肝固定术-phagia/ph
agy
eating; swallowing 吃，吞咽dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing吞咽困难
-phil attraction吸引，具有吸引力的事
物basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which contains granules嗜碱性粒细胞
-phobia fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers对外国人的恐惧，
憎恶
-plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ
-phonia voice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking发声困难
-plasm formation; growth or substance
of formation
cytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell细胞浆
-plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone骨整形术，骨成形
术
--plegia stroke; paralysis 中风thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke热射病
-pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing呼吸正常，平静呼吸
--ptosis a falling, the dropping or sagging
of an organ器官下移
hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver肝下垂
-ptysis spitting分散melanoptysis: spitting of the spleen黑色痰液;咳黑痰
-poiesis production hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用，生血作
用
-rrhage/-rr hagia bursting forth of blood 出血menorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月
经过多
-rrhaphy surgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen脾修补术
-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge液溢
-(o)rrhexis splitting or rupture 撕裂，破裂，
疝气
amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac羊膜破裂
-sarcoma malignant tumor developing from
connective tissue
liposarcoma: malignant tumor containing fat脂肪肉瘤
-schesis a holding back; suppression of
discharge阻碍；抑制排放
uroschesis: suppression of urine闭尿，尿潴留
-sclerosis a hardening dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin硬皮病
-scope instrument for viewing stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate
ausculation听诊器
-scopy process of examining visually hepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查
-spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood
vessel血管痉挛
-stasis suppression; stoppage; control;
arrest抑制，中止
hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding止血，止血法
-stenosis abnormal narrowing of a duct or
canal管、道德异常狭窄
laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄
-stomy surgical opening to the outside of
the body造口colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the colon结肠造口术
-tention pressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压
-therapy treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means物
理疗法
--tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized住院
-tocia labor; birth 生产embryotocia: abortion 流产
-tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint关节刀
-tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术
-tropia turning 转弯，变向esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视
-trophy nourishment or development of
an organ器官的营养、发育dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism营养不良
-uria a condition of the urine（小便）dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难-version turning eversion: a turning outward外翻，翻转Here is a table of the most commonly used prefixes
Prefix Meaning Example
words or to speak meaningfully失语症
ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus流产
ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的
acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh嵌甲
alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation白发病者
amb-/ambi - both ambisexual、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to
both males and famales 双性恋
amphi-/am pho- both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel起
止同源的血管
ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up complex chemical
substances on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢
Angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel血管瘤ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and
childbirth 出生前的，怀孕期的
anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression抗抑郁剂audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing听力测定
auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s own
cells自身抗体
bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells两室的
bio- living organisms生命体biochemistry: chemistry living tissues生物化学
brady- slow bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a
slow pulse rate心动过缓
carcin- carcinoma or cancer癌；瘤carcinogen: a cancer-causing substance致癌物
cata- downwards; under; against; along
with cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque白内障
centi- one hundredth百分之一centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth
of a meter)厘米
co(n)- with or together consanguineous: blood relationship血亲的，血缘的，密
切的
contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or
drugs 避孕法，节育法
de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖
啡因的
deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克
deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a
little)1/10公升
di- two diglossia: a double tongue使用两种语言
dia- through; between; apart; across diathermy: process of (treating) through heat
透热疗法
dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to come to pieces分解，破裂
dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint关节变
形
echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart心回波描
记，超声心动描记术
ect-/ecto- outside or outer ecchondroma: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage or
bone外生软骨瘤
en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone内生骨疣
endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart心内膜
ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell红细胞eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视
eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by
genetic selection优生学
ex-/ exo- out of exhale: to breath out 呼出
extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule囊外的
hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body
偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂
hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity
such as the scrotum阴囊积水
hyper- higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood高血糖症hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血
钾
in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and
female 近亲交配
in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense
语无伦次
infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella髌
inter- between interlobular: between lobules小叶间的
intra- inside intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓
内
itro- into introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his
own mental state性格内向的人
mal- bad or abnormal malfunction: abnormal working of an argan机器等运转失
常；失灵；出现故障
meta- changes metaplasia: change of one tissue to another 化生，转化，
组织变形
micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small red blood cell小红细胞
mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones腕骨间的milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克
mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion流产
multi- many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been
pregnant at least twice before 经产孕妇
noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when
asleep in bed at night夜尿症
nona- nine or the nineth nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides九边形
octa- eight octan: every eight days八日热；每隔八日发一次的odont- teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and
their disorders
onco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths肿瘤学
oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue口与舌的pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body
become abnormally thick躯体肥厚
pali-/palin- against; pathologic repetition病
态的重复
palindromic: (disease) which recurs复发的，再发的
pan-/pant-/ panto- all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular
elements of the blodd全血细胞减少症
para- similar to or near; changed or paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they
pen-/penta- five pentosuria: excretion of pentoses in the urine戊糖尿
per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin经皮
的，由皮的
peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder膀胱
周炎
pero- deformed or defective畸形有缺
陷的
peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs四肢不全pharmaco- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their
action, properties and characteristics药理学，药物学
pleo-/pleio - too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal
number of cells in cerebrospinal fluid多核细胞
pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands多
线性的
pneum-/pn
eunmo-
air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung肺炎
poly- touching many organs polyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much;
morbid desire for every king of food 多食症，杂食症post- after or later postprandial: after a meal 餐后的
pre- before of in front of premature: early or before the normal time 过早的，早产presby- old age presbyopia: an old person’s sight fails gradually老花眼
pro-/supin-/pron- before or in front of lying on
the back bend forward
prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease预测；预
后
quadri-/ quint- four
five/fifth
quadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at
the same time四胞胎
radio- ray or radiation radiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected
part to radioactive 放射疗法
semi- half semiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an
organ 轻度睑下垂
sub- under submucous: under the mucous membrane粘膜下层的；粘
膜下的
super- above; extremely superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin白蛋白过
多
syn- with; joint syndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by
ligaments 韧带联合
supra- above; over suprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺
tachy- fast tachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速
tetra- four tetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of
bacterial diseases 四环素
trans- across; through; beyond transmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person
to another 传染
tri- three tricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎
ultra- beyond; excess ultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound
waves 超声波学
uni- one uniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的
xen(o)- strange; foreign xenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of
different species 异种移植物
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.
第一章医学英语词汇 医学领域涉及的科学和专业广泛，不仅包括基础医学和临床医学的诸多学科，还涉及化学和物理两大基础学科领域，甚至社会科学领域中的诸多学科和专业。因此，医学英语词汇数量庞大，其词汇量高达数十万。同时，由于医学专业的历史渊源，医学英语词汇大多含有希腊语和拉丁语成分，一些医学英语单词显得古怪而陌生，单词结构长而复杂。但就其构词法上基本遵循普通英语单词的构词规律，也往往由前缀、词根、后缀组成，虽然具有其自身的特点，也是可以找到规律的。因此，医学英语词汇构词法，理解与掌握单词尤其是组合词构成的基本知识，牢记必要的基本词素，就能找到掌握医学英语词汇的捷径。 第一节医学英语词汇的结构 一、医学词素 一般认为，词是语言中可独立使用表达意思的最小单位。但是，从结构方面来看时，词并不是最小的语言单位，许多单词可以细分为更小的，同时也是具有意义的单位.这些最小的有意义的单位就是词素。 医学词素（morpheme）是医学语词的组成部分，是医学英语中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个医学语词可以由一个词素构成，也可以由两个或两个以上的词素构成。从语义方面来看，医学词素有两种类型。一种医学词素含有明确的词汇意义，表达单词的主要意义，这类词素称为词根。例如，orth(o)－（正常的）、plasma（血浆）、reticul(o)-（网状）等。其中，plasma可以单独使用，这类词根称为自由词根。另外两个不能单独使用，是黏着词根，这类词根必须与其他词素结合使用。还有一类医学词素是词缀。词缀也有两种，一种屈折词缀只有语法意义而没有词汇的意义（如表示名词复数-s）；另一咱派生词缀有一定的词汇意义，但只表达单词的次要意义。 二、医学词根 医学词根（root）是医学语词的基本形式，承载着医学语词的核心意义。一般认为，词根是同根词共有的、可以辨认的部分，也就是说，词根可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同。例如，erythroblast（成红细胞）、erythrocatalysis（红细胞溶解）、erythroclasis（红细胞破碎）和erythrocytopenia（红细胞减少）都有一个共同的词根“erythr(o)-”（红的）。这一词根在不同的语词里出现，但形式没有什么变化，含义也相同。
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇 骨科ORTHOPEDICS 1、概论INTRODUCTION *fracture n.骨折 pathological fracture 病理骨折 fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折 *open fracture 开放骨折 close fracture 闭合骨折 *comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折 compressed fracture 压缩骨折 shock n.休克 *deformity n.畸形 tenderness n.压痛 swelling n.肿胀 ecchymosis n.瘀斑 obstacle n.功能障碍 *bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染 spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤 surrounding nerve 周围神经 *fat embolism 脂肪栓塞 bedsore n.褥疮
arthroclisis n.关节僵硬 ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死 ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩 *traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎 hematoma n.血肿 *callus n.骨痂 heal n.愈合 *synovitis n.滑膜炎 *ligament n.韧带 *tendon n.肌腱 * pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎 *reduction n.复位 *bone traction 骨牵引 *osteoporosis n.骨质疏松 2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨 *humerus n.肱骨 *rotation n.旋转 supracondyle n.髁上 blister n.水疱 pulsate n.搏动 thrombus n.血栓
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone;
医学专业英语 I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4.A- means _____ . A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5.The suffix -itis means _____ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________ . A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is ______ . A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision o f ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______ . A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____ . A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______ . A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13.Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as ________ . A. leukocyte B. leukemia C. leukogenesis D. erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________ . A. bronchitis B. pneumonitis C. gastritis D. hepatitis 17.-plasm means ______ . A. treatment B. knowledge C. diagnosis D. growth 18.Mammo/o refers to ______ . A. mother B. thymus gland C. thyroid gland D. breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A. en- B. endo- C. intra- D. none of the above 20._____ means surgical repair of an organ. A. phag/o B. –plasm C. –plasty D. –pathy
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
Human Diseases The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases. 第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。 Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类常常被微小的细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。 Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. 许多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的症状、征兆和线索，医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。症状是病人自己就能觉察到的，比如，高烧、流血，或是疼痛。而征兆则是医生能够观察到的，比如，血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。 Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以划分为不同的种类，例如，流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭许多人的疾病。当它年复一年地袭击同一社区，就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快，但病程短，举个例子来说，急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发作则慢，但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病（慢性病）。而介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型，就被称为亚急性。 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of
口腔医学专业英语题库四 川大学华西口腔医学院 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.
专英重点一、 Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病Periostitis 骨膜炎 Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Fracture 骨折 Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生Reparative 修复性 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Radiolucent X光透射 Space 间隙 Infection 感染 Prosthesis义齿 Oblique 倾斜 Scquestrum腐骨死骨 Biopsy 切片检查法 Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant 巨大 Nonmalignant良性的 Pyogenic 化脓性 Mole 胎块 Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热 Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位 句子翻译 1. I f proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise. 若药液注射剂，针头及技术准备妥当，在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现，但是，医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。 2. P ostoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛，可能为非正常情况，需特别仔细检查，其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。3. A cute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽脓肿，是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。 4. S alivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts. 涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎，及其后遗的导管狭窄症。 5. T he lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。 6. T he common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare. 普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。 7. N early all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs. 几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围，除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。 8. T he object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。
一、绪论 中医学TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine), 中医学理论体系的形成Origination of TCM, 形成formation, 发展development 中医学理论体系的基本特点 The basic characteristic of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory 整体观the whole concept, 辨证论治syndrome differentiation and treatment 第一章阴阳五行学说 阴阳Yin-yang , 阴阳的特性the property of yin-yang 阴阳之间的相互关系Interaction between yin and yang 阴阳对立制约Opposition of yin and yang 阴阳互根互用Interdependence between yin and yang 阴阳消长平衡Wane and Wax between yin and yang 阴阳相互转化Mutual transformation between yin and yang 阴阳学说在中医学中的应用 The applications of the theory of yin-yang in TCM 说明人体的组织结构Explanation of the histological structure of the human body 解释人体的生理功能Explanation of the physiology function activity of the human body 阐释病理变化Explanation of pathogenesis 阴阳偏盛Relative predominance of yin or yang 阳偏盛Relative predominance of yang 阴偏盛Relative predominance of yin 阴阳偏衰Relative decline of yin or yang 阳偏衰Relative decline of yang 阴偏衰Relative decline of yin 五行the five elements,