Large span continuous beam bridge construction control content and method of
Keywords: large span continuous beam bridge; construction control;
Abstract: in our country, the suspension bridge, arch bridge, continuous rigid frame bridge and other aspects of research and practice has achieved good results, but for large span prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge construction control technology of the relatively few studies. So the research and application of large span prestressed concrete continuous beam bridge construction control technology has very practical significance in engineering. This paper first analyzes the influence of long-span bridges construction control factors, followed by the construction of the contents and methods of construction control, the control principle are elaborated.
1 Preface
The construction of long span bridge to go through a complicated process, in this process will be a lot of certain and uncertain factors, leading to the bridge structure 's actual status deviates from the theoretical calculation state. Therefore, the bridge construction control is the focus of the construction process by analyzing deviations which occur in the identification, identify problems and timely rectification, and the structure of the follow-up phase undertakes forecasting, make construction system is always in control.
Effects of 2 factors in the construction control of [ 1]
Large span continuous beam bridge construction control the main purpose is to make the actual construction condition and maximize the ideal design ( alignment and stress ) coincide. To achieve these goals, we must fully understand the construction state may deviate from the theoretical design status of all the factors, so as to implement effective control of the construction of have a definite object in view.
2.1 structure parameters [2 ]
Regardless of the bridge construction control, the structure parameters are very important factors to consider, structural parameters control in the construction simulation analysis of basic information, whose accuracy directly affects the accuracy of analytical results. In fact, the actual bridge structure parameters are generally very difficult to design for structural parameters of identical, there is always some errors, control of construction how to properly credited for these errors, so that the structural parameters of the actual structure parameters as close as possible to the bridge, is the first problem to be solved. Structure parameter mainly includes structure cross section dimension, structure the elastic modulus of the material, material density, coefficient of thermal expansion of materials, construction loads, prestressing or cable force etc..
2.2 construction technology
Construction control for construction services, in turn, construction quality has a
direct impact on the implementation of target of control. In addition to the requirements of construction technology must comply with the control requirements, the construction control must be included in the construction conditions of non ideal brings the fabrication, installation and other aspects of the error, and make the construction state is maintained in the control of.
2.3 construction monitoring
Construction control of bridge monitoring is one of the most basic methods. Monitoring includes stress monitoring, deformation monitoring. Because the measurement apparatus, instrumentation installation, measurement method, data acquisition, environment, errors exist, therefore, structure always exist error monitoring. In the control process, in addition to the measuring device, method to try to reduce the measurement error, in the control analysis must be included in the.
2.4 changes of temperature
Temperature change on the stress and deformation of the bridge structure has great influence, this effect varies with the temperature change in different time on the structure, state ( stress, deformation ) were measured, the results are not the same, if the construction control of neglected the factors, it is difficult to obtain the true state of the data structure thus, it is difficult to ensure the effectiveness of control, therefore, must consider the influence of temperature change. Is generally a day the temperature variation in smaller morning as required to control data acquisition time. But for seasonal temperature difference and the bridge body temperature residual effects to attention.
The 2.5 material shrinkage, creep
On the concrete bridge structure, material shrinkage, creep of structural internal force, deformation has a greater influence, mainly due to the large span continuous beam bridge construction concrete common loading age short, each stage of age difference between the major cause, control should be carefully studied, in order to adopt reasonable, practical creep parameters and calculate model. Shrinkage, creep will also influence the bridge after the operational phase of the structure deformation, which is also the setting pre-arch factors need to be considered.
Construction of the 3 control tasks and work content
The bridge construction control task is to bridge construction process control [3 ], to ensure that the construction process of bridge internal force and deformation of structure is always in the allowable safety limits, ensure that a bridge state (including the bridge linear and bridge structure internal force ) meets the design requirements. The bridge construction control the control missions, the construction control work mainly includes the following aspects:
3.1 geometric ( deformation ) control
The method of construction, the bridge structure in the construction process to
produce deformation ( deflection ), and the deformation of the structure will be affected by many factors, is very easy to make the bridge structure in the construction process of the actual position ( elevation elevation, position ) state to deviate from the expected state, so that the bridge could not smooth closure, or into a bridge linear shape and design do not meet the requirements, so we have to carry out control of bridge structure in construction, make its actual location in the state and the desired state between the error in the permissible range and into the bridge linear state meet the design requirements.
The 3.2 stress control
Bridge structure in the construction process and the stress condition of bridge state and design accord with the construction control is the important issue to clear. Usually by structural stress monitoring to understand the actual stress state, if it is found that the actual stress state and stress state theory (Computational ) differential overrun must carry checks and regulation, which is within the allowable range change. Structure stress control is not so easy to find if the deformation, stress control not do one's best to structural damage, serious will happen structural damage ( China Ningbo Zhaobaoshan Bridge Girder fracture is one example), therefore, must be the implementation of strict control on structural stress. Stress control of the project and the precision is not well defined, according to the actual situation, usually including: The structure caused by stress ( the actual stress and design phase should be controlled within + 5% ). The structure under construction load stress ( the actual stress and design phase should be controlled within + 5% ). The structure of prestressing force in addition to the tensioning implement double control ( oil gauge control and elongation control, elongation error allowed within plus or minus 6% ), must also consider the pipe friction influence ( for post tensioned structure ). The temperature stress, especially large volume foundation, pier column. The other stresses, such as foundation displacement, wind load, snow load caused by structural stress. The construction used in the bridge construction safety has a direct influence on the rack, basket, cable hoisting system in a safe range of stress.
3.3 stability control
The stability of bridge structure is related to the safety of bridges, it is with bridge strength has equal or even more important. The world has had many bridges in the construction process due to instability and cause the whole bridge failure examples, the most typical is Quebec Canada ( Quebec ) bridge. The bridge on the south side of the anchor frame truss is finished, because the cantilever end of the buckling of web plate and the bottom chord bar suddenly collapses fall. China Sichuan River Bridge by cantilever girder hoisting system in main span of bear large axial force and failure. Therefore, the construction process of the bridge construction should not only strictly control the stress and deformation, and to strictly control in each stage of construction structure of local and overall stability. Mainly through the stability analysis ( stability safety coefficient ), and with the structural stress, deformation to comprehensive assessment, control of its stability.
3.4 safety control
B ridge construction safety control during the bridge construction control is the important content in the construction process, only to ensure the safety, just talk to go up the other control and bridge construction, in fact, bridge construction safety control is the control of deformation, stress control, stability control integrated embodiment, each of the above gets out of control, safety get control ( because the bridge construction quality problems caused by security issues except). Due to the structure of different forms, directly affects the construction safety factors are not the same, in construction control of the basis of the actual situation, determine its safety control key.
4 construction control method
Continuous beam bridge construction monitoring and recognition is to adjust to the trailer, construction cycle, its essence is to make construction according to a predetermined desired state (mainly the construction elevation ) smoothly. But whether the theoretical ideal state, or the actual construction error, therefore, construction control of the core mission is to all sorts of error analysis, recognition, adjustment of structure,making predictions.
4.1 predictive control method
Predictive control law refers to fully consider the impact of various factors and structural state of bridge construction to achieve the goal, the structure of each construction stage ( segment ) before and after the formation of forecast, make construction along a predetermined state. As a result of predictive state and the actual state of unavoidable errors exist, some kind of error on the construction goals influence in subsequent construction state prediction for consideration, this cycle until the completion of construction, and obtained with design accord with the structure state. This method is applicable to all bridges, and for those who have a structure with adjustable bridge construction control must use this method. Predictive control based on modern control theory, the prediction methods are common Calman filter method, grey system theory control method.
4.2 adaptive control method
In view of the continuous beam bridge completed segment is not controllable and construction of linear error corrective control limited, the error is very important, so, the adaptive control method in the control is very effective.
4.3 linear regression analysis method
Linear regression analysis method is based on the cantilever box girder with cantilever length of cantilever deflection, the weight of a Yuan linear regression treatment or two element linear regression, linear regression mathematical model establishment of deflection summary. It can be used for the analysis of box beam deflection regularity, can also be used to predict the pending construction of beam
deflection. But it is not possible to temperature and construction caused by error correction, and requires a more regular data lines, in the relatively small number of beam section obtained by the regression curve precision is hard to guarantee.
5 Summary
Mainly discusses the effect of large span continuous beam bridge construction control factors, construction control task and work content and construction control method. Our country in bridge construction control theory and practice is not to establish a set of perfect construction control technology system and management system. Therefore, in-depth study of the bridge construction control theory, development is more reasonable, practical control software and more convenient, accurate monitoring equipment, establish and improve the control technology of bridge construction system and management system is the future development of bridge construction the urgent need for work.
Reference
Liu Laijun [ 1]. Large span bridge construction control analysis of uncertain factors [ D]. Master Dissertation of Chang'an University, 2002
[2 ] Xiang Zhong-fu. Control technology of bridge construction [ M]. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2001
[3 ] Gu Anbang, Chang Ying, Le Yun. Long span prestressed concrete continuous rigid frame bridge construction control theory and method [ J]. Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong College
大跨径连续梁桥施工控制的内容与方法探析
论文关键字：大跨径；连续梁桥；施工控制
论文摘要：我国在悬索桥、拱桥、连续刚构桥等方面的研究与实践取得了较
好的成果，但对大跨预应力混凝土连续梁桥的施工控制技术研究相对较少。因此研究和应用大跨预应力混凝上连续梁桥施工控制技术具有极现实的工程意义。本文首先分析了大跨桥梁影响施工控制的因素，其次对施工控制的内容及方法、施工控制的基本原理等进行了的阐述。
1 序言
大跨度桥梁的施工要经过一个复杂的过程，在此过程中将受到许多确定和不确定因素的影响，导致桥梁结构的实际状态偏离理论计算分析状态。因此，桥梁施工控制的重点就是通过对施工过程中出现的偏差进行分析识别，发现问题并及时进行纠偏，同时对结构的后续阶段进行预测，使施工系统始终处于控制之中。
2 影响施工控制中的因素[1]
大跨径连续梁桥施工控制的主要目的是使施工实际状态最大限度地与理想设计状态（线形与受力）相吻合。要实现上述目标，就必须全面了解可能使施工状态偏离理论设计状态的所有因素，以便对施工实施有的放矢的有效控制。
2.1 结构参数[2]
不论何种桥梁的施工控制，结构参数都是必须考虑的重要因素，结构参数是控制中的结构施工模拟分析的基本资料，其准确性直接影响分析结果的准确性。事实上，实际桥梁结构参数一般很难与设计所用的结构参数完全吻合，总是存在一定的误差，施工控制中如何恰当地记入这些误差，使结构参数尽量接近桥梁的真实结构参数，是首先需要解决的问题。结构参数主要包括结构构件截面尺寸、结构材料弹性模量、材料容重、材料热膨胀系数、施工荷载、预加应力或索力等内容。
2.2 施工工艺
施工控制是为施工服务的，反过来，施工的好坏又直接影响控制目标的实现。除要求施工工艺必须符合控制要求外，在施工控制中必须计入施工条件非理想化带来的构件制作、安装等方面的误差，使施工状态保持在控制中。
2.3 施工监测
监测是桥梁施工控制的最基本手段之一。监测包括应力监测、变形监测等。因测量仪器、仪器安装、测量方法、数据采集、环境情况等存在误差，所以，结构监测总是存在误差的。在控制过程中，除要从测量设备、方法上尽量设法减小测量误差外，在进行控制分析时必须将其计入。
2.4 温度变化
温度变化对桥梁结构的受力与变形影响很大，这种影响随温度的改变而改变，在不同时刻对结构状态（应力、变形）进行量测，其结果是不一样的，如果施工控制中忽略了该项因素，就必然难以得到结构的真实状态数据，从而也难以保证控制的有效性，所以，必须考虑温度变化的影响。一般是将一天中的温度变化较小的早晨作为控制所需实测数据的采集时间。但对季节温差和桥梁体内的温度残余影响要予以重视。
2.5 材料收缩、徐变
对混凝土桥梁结构而言，材料收缩、徐变对结构内力、变形有较大的影响，这主要是由于大跨径连续梁桥施工中混凝土普遍加载龄期短、各阶段龄期相差大等引起的，控制中要予以认真研究，以期采用合理的、符合实际的徐变参数和计一算模型。收缩、徐变还将影响成桥后运营阶段的结构变形，这也是设定预拱度需要考虑的因素。
3 施工控制的任务与工作内容
桥梁施工控制的任务就是对桥梁施工过程实施控制[3]，确保在施工过程中桥梁结构的内力和变形始终处于容许的安全范围内，确保成桥状态（包括成桥线形与成桥结构内力）符合设计要求。桥梁施工控制围绕上述控制任务而展开，其施工控制的工作内容主要包括以下几个方面：
3.1 几何（变形）控制
不论采用什么施工方法，桥梁结构在施工过程中总要产生变形（挠曲），并且结构的变形将受诸多因素的影响，极易使桥梁结构在施工过程中的实际位置（立面标高，平面位置）状态偏离预期状态，使桥梁难以顺利合拢，或成桥线形形状与设计要求不符，所以必须对桥梁实施控制，使其结构在施工中的实际位置状态与预期状态之间的误差在容许范围之内和成桥线形状态符合设计要求。
3.2 应力控制
桥梁结构在施工过程中以及成桥状态的受力情况是否与设计相符合是施工控制要明确的重要问题。通常通过结构应力的监测来了解实际应力状态，若发现实际应力状态与理论（计算）应力状态的差别超限就要进行原因查找和调控，使之在允许范围内变化。结构应力控制的好坏不像变形控制那样易于发现，若应力控制不力将会给结构造成危害，严重者将发生结构破坏（我国宁波的招宝山大桥主梁断裂就是一个例子），所以，必须对结构应力实施严格控。对应力控制的项目和精度还没有明确的规定，需根据实际情况确定，通常包括：
①结构在自重下的应力（实际应力与设计相差宜控制在+5%）。②结构在施工荷载作用下的应力（实际应力与设计相差宜控制在+5%）。③结构预加力除对张拉实施双控（油表控制和伸长量控制，伸长量误差允许在±6%以内）外，还必须考虑管道摩阻影响（对于后张结构）。④温度应力，特别是大体积基础、墩柱等。⑤其他应力，如基础变位、风荷载、雪荷载等引起的结构应力。⑥施工中用到的对桥梁施工安全有直接影响的支架、挂篮、缆索吊装系统等的应力在安全范围内。
3.3 稳定控制
桥梁结构的稳定性关系到桥梁结构的安全，它与桥梁的强度有着同等的甚至更重要的意义。世界上曾经有过不少的桥梁在施工过程由于失稳而导致全桥破坏的例子，最典型的是加拿大的魁北克（Quebec）桥。该桥在南侧锚锭析架快要架完时，由于悬臂端下弦杆的腹板屈曲而发生突然崩塌坠落。我国四川州河大桥也因悬臂体系的主梁在吊装主跨中段承受过大的轴力而失稳破坏。因此桥梁施工过程中不仅要严格控制应力和变形，而且要严格地控制施工各阶段结构构件的局部和整体稳定。目前主要通过稳定分析计算（稳定安全系数），并结合结构应力、变形情况来综合评定、控制其稳定性。
3.4 安全控制
桥梁施工过程中安全控制是桥梁施工控制的重要内容，只有保证了施工过程中的安全，才谈得上其他控制与桥梁的建设，其实，桥梁施工的安全控制是上述变形控制、应力控制、稳定控制的综合体现，上述各项得到了控制，安全也就得到了控制（由于桥梁施工质量问题引起的安全问题除外）。由于结构形式不同，直接影响施工安全的因素也不一样，在施工控制中需根据实际情况，确定其安全控制重点。
4 施工控制的方法
连续梁桥是施工→监测→识别→调整→预告→施工的循环过程，其实质就是使施工按照预定的理想状态（主要是施工标高）顺利推进。而实际上不论是理论分析得到的理想状态，还是实际施工都存在误差，所以，施工控制的核心任务就是对各种误差进行分析、识别、调整，对结构未来做出预测。
4.1 预测控制法
预测控制法是指在全面考虑影响桥梁结构状态的各种因素和施工所要达到的目标后，对结构的每一施工阶段（节段）形成前后进行预测，使施工沿着预定状态进行。由于预测状态与实际状态免不了有误差存在，某种误差对施工目标的影响则在后续施工状态的预测予以考虑，以此循环，直到施工完成和获得与设计相符合的结构状态。这种方法适用于所有桥梁，而对于那些已成结构状态具有不可调整性的桥梁施工控制必须采用此法。预测控制以现代控制论为理论基础，其预测方法常见的有卡尔曼滤波法、灰色系统理论控制法等。
4.2 自适应控制法
鉴于连续梁桥已完成节段的不可控性以及施工中对线形误差的纠正措施有限，控制误差的发生就显得极为重要，所以，采用自适应控制法对其进行控制也是很有效的。
4.3 线形回归分析法
线形回归分析法是通过对悬臂箱梁挠度与悬臂长度、悬臂重量的一元线形回归处理或二元线形回归处理，总结建立挠度线形回归数学模型。它可以用于分析箱梁挠度变形的规律，也可以用于预测待施工梁段的挠度。但它无法对温度和施工引起的误差进行修正，并且要求有较多有规律的数据才行，在梁段数比较少时所得到的回归曲线的精度难以保证。
5 小结
主要讨论了影响大跨度连续梁桥施工控制的因素、施工控制的任务与工作内容以及施工控制的方法。我国在桥梁施工控制的理论与实践还未建立起一套完善的施工控制技术系统和组织管理系统。因此，深入研究桥梁施工控制理论，研制更加合理、实用的控制软件以及更加方便、精确的监测设备，建立完善的桥梁施工控制技术系统和组织管理系统是今后桥梁建设事业发展迫切需要进行的工作。
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Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
例： 参考文献： [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.doczj.com/doc/868516092.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母
桥梁监控方案参考 Document number：BGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-2022
目录
XXXX连续箱梁桥施工监控方案 一、工程概况 ……。主箱梁预应力采用纵、横、竖三向预应力体系。主梁采用C50混凝士，按照悬臂现浇法施工。下部采用板式墩身，钻孔灌注桩基础。 本桥采用节段悬臂灌注法施工。先由0＃段对称向两侧悬臂施工，形成单“T”，先合拢边跨，再合拢中跨，完成梁部施工。主梁最大悬臂施工长度64m，分成18个悬臂段，边跨直线段长22.85m，再边墩旁搭设支架现浇施工。 桥梁设计设计时速100km/h；设计荷载取按公路——I 级的倍，温度作用、汽车制动力及冲击力按《公路桥涵设计通用规范》（JTG D60-2004）规定计算。 二、施工控制的目的、意义 对于分节段悬臂浇筑施工的预应力混凝土连续梁桥来说，从开工到成桥要经过一个复杂的施工过程，结构要经过多次体系转换，结构内力和变形亦随之不断发生变化，并决定成桥后结构的受力及线形。由于各种因素的直接和间接影响，使得实际桥梁在施工过程中的每一状态几乎不可能与设计状态完全一致，施工控制就是在施工过程中根据施工监测所得的结构参数真实值进行施工阶段计算，确定出每个悬臂浇筑节段的立模标高，并在施工过程中根据施工监测的成果对
误差进行分析、预测和对下一立模标高进行调整，以此来保证施工沿着预定轨道（能达到成桥设计目标的施工路径）进行，从而保证主梁合拢段两悬臂端标高的相对偏差不大于规定值（±15mm），成桥后主梁各控制点的标高与设计值最大相差控制在30mm以内，成桥后主梁各控制截面的内力与设计值最大相差控制在10%以内。 总之，桥梁施工控制的目的就是保证施工过程中主桥结构的安全、桥梁顺利合拢、桥梁成桥受力状态及合拢后桥面线形良好。三、施工监控方法和依据 本桥采用悬臂施工，属于典型的自架设施工方法。由于连续梁桥在施工过程中的已成结构（悬臂梁段）几何状态（平面、立面）是无法事后调整的，所以，施工控制主要采用事前预测和事中控制法，主要体现在施工控制结构仿真分析、施工监测（包括结构变形与应力监测）、施工误差分析与后续施工状态预测、梁段施工立模标高提供等几个方面。 (一)施工控制方法 大跨度连续梁桥，悬臂施工中每个节段的受力状态达不到设计所确定的理想目标的重要原因是计算模型中计算参数的取值问题，主要包括混凝土弹性模量、材料的容重、徐变系数和预应力张拉力与施工中实际情况有一定的差距以及环境温度、临时荷载的影响。要得到比较准确的控制调整量，必须根据施工中实测到的结构反应来修正计算
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
桥梁监控测量方案 导线控制测量、桥轴线测量控制、墩、台、桩定位测量、支座垫石施工放样和支座安装、桥面控制测量、高程控制测量 1、导线控制测量 利用设计单位提供的已知点，用全站仪（必要时用GPS）补测导线点，并形成三维导线控制网进行桥轴线平面位置控制。经环导闭合测量，角度闭合差、坐标闭合差均满足一级导线技术要求。 2、桥轴线测量控制 利用已知的控制点坐标及施工图提供的桥轴线控制点坐标，用坐标放线法进行各匝道桥桥轴线恢复测量。即以桥轴线长度作为一个边，而布置成闭合导线，再采用坐标法施放轴线上各点。 3、墩、台、桩定位测量 施工阶段测定桥轴线长度，目的就是为了建立起施工放样墩、台、桩的平面控制。墩、台、桩定位测量的内容就是准确定出桥墩、台、桩的中心位置和它的纵轴线。可根据设计单位提供的墩、台、桩设计坐标，按坐标反算求出坐标法的放样数据，用以施放墩、台、桩平面位置。同时采用坐标法，在不同曲线控制点、交点设站，直接测距，对施放的墩、台、桩位置进行复核验证。 （1）桩基础钻孔定位放样 根据设计图计算出每个桩基中心的放样数据，设计图纸中已给出的数据也应经过复核后方可使用。施工放样采用全站仪坐标法进行。 （2）承台施工放样 用全站仪坐标法放出承台轮廓线特征点，供安装模板用。通过吊线法和水平靠尺进行模板安装，安装完毕后，用全站仪测定模板四角顶口坐标，直至符合规范和设计要求。用水准仪进行承台顶面的高程放样，其精度应达到四等水准要求，用红油漆标示出高程相应位置。 （3）墩身放样 桥墩墩身形式多样，大型桥梁地般采用分离式矩形薄壁墩。墩身放样时，先在已浇筑承台的顶面上放出墩身轮廓线的特征点，供支模板用（首节模板要严格控制其平整度）。用全站仪测出模板顶面特征点的三维坐标，并与设计值相比较，
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Stable Control Loops 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25 院（部）：信息与电气工程学院 专班姓学业：电气工程与自动化级： 名： 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：2011.3.10
外文文献： Designing Stable Control Loops The objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures,initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis. I. I NTRODUCTION Insuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysis which many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models.While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort. II. S TABILITY D EFINED Fig. 1.Definition of stability Fig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that
译文 交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展 摘要：城市化和机动化的快速增长，通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现，但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念，它应该满足集体经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的目标。然后，根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。研究结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。 一、介绍 城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展，交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题，造成较大的时间延迟，增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性。在许多城市，交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞，包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作，并利用现有的基础设施，通过需求管理策略，包括定价机制，更有效地减少运输密度。 交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施，来缓解的交通挤塞情况。交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费，以纾缓拥堵情况。转移非高峰期一些出行路线，远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行，交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上，改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环，在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在，它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。 然而，交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。道路收费
1 工程概况 1、鲁南高铁花果峪特大桥DK212+220.5处跨S241省道，道路与线路为斜交，角度约30。，采用一联三孔(60+112+60)m的预应力混凝土双线连续箱梁跨越，梁全长233.5m。S241省道路面宽度为15米，公路交叉里程K13+747。桥型布置如图1-1所示。 图1-1 （60+112+60）m连续梁桥型布置图 （1）下部结构 本连续梁10#、13#边墩基础采用8-φ1.5m钻孔灌注桩，桩长分别为20.5m、15.0m，11#主墩基础采用12-φ1.8m钻孔灌注桩，桩长为15.0m，12#主墩基础采用12-φ1.8m 钻孔灌注桩，桩长为13.0m；10#、13#边墩承台尺寸:12.4×6.5×3m，边墩高度：10#墩10米；13#墩13.5米；11#主墩尺寸：14.0×10.3×4.0m，12#主墩尺寸：14.0×11.3×4.0m，桥墩采用圆端形实体直坡墩，10#、13#边墩高10.0m、13.5m，11#、12#主墩高9.0m、12.0m。 （2）梁部结构 箱梁为单箱单室、变高度、变截面箱梁，梁底、腹板、顶板局部向内侧加厚，均按直线线性变化。全联在端支点，中支点处设横隔板，横隔板设有孔洞，供检查人员通过。中支点处梁高9.017m，边支点处梁高5.017m。边支点中心线至梁端0.75m，梁缝分界线至梁端0.1m，边支座横桥向中心距离6.0m，中支座横桥向中心距离6.0m。桥面防护墙内侧净宽7.6m，桥梁宽12.6m，桥梁建筑总宽12.9m，底板宽7.0m。顶板厚度43.5-73.5cm，腹板厚度50cm～95cm，底板厚度50cm～90cm，腹、底板厚度均按折线变化。在梁体边支点、中支点共设4个横隔板，隔板中部设有孔洞，供检查人员通过。在0#段中跨梁侧底板处设φ1.0m进人洞，作为梁部桥墩检查通道。 梁体分11#、12#墩2个对称T构，单个T构分13个悬臂浇筑段，1（1'）#段到4（4'）#节段长度3.0m，5（5'）#段到9（9'）#节段长度3.5m，10（10'）#节段到13（13'）#节段长度 4.0m，14#边跨合龙段、14'#中跨合龙段节段长度均为 2.0m；0#段节段长度19.0m，重量1833.51t，15#边跨现浇段节段长3.75m，重量274t。连续梁悬臂段采用挂
目录 Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method ........ 1 Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system in power station错误～未定义书签。7 Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature ........................................................ .......... (13) Part 4 为Part3译文:锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制21 Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and Parameters adaptive method Wu zhi QIAO, Masaharu Mizumoto Abstract: The authors of this paper try to analyze the dynamic behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a PD controller that may yield steady-state error for the control system. By relating to the conventional PID control theory, we propose a new fuzzy controller structure, namely PID type fuzzy controller which retains the characteristics similar to the conventional PID controller. In order to improve further the performance of the fuzzy controller, we work out a method to tune the parameters of the PID type fuzzy controller on line, producing a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. Simulation experiments are made to demonstrate the fine performance of these novel fuzzy controller structures.
天津科技大学本科生 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 学院：材料科学与化学工程学院 专业：高分子材料与工程 ：阮孝顺 学号：10032411 指导教师（签名）：
2014年3月15日
基底机械附着防水体系ACC板 适宜性的确认及其高风压下的强度 Michal Bartko a, Hiroyuki Miyauchi a,*, Kyoji Tanaka b a忠南大学，305-764，大田，南 b日本东京工业大学，226-8503，神奈川县，日本 2012年9月7日收到，2013年5月9日收到修改稿，2013年5月19日接受，2013年6 月19日发表 【摘要】受到强风的影响，机械连接防水体系的蒸气压混凝土板（AAC）的可靠性需要验证。通过静态和动态拉伸试验研究AAC面板紧固件的优点。对最常用的机械和化学紧固件的优点和AAC断裂类型进行测试观察。静态强度值介于2.0至5.0kN之间，动态强度下降围在１.5到2.2kN之间。而且，我们创造性的应用了弹性粘合剂来代替常用的环氧树脂从而广泛的消除了ACC断裂。 我们使用专门设计和生产的恒定负载型动态测试仪，检查完整的机械连接的防水体系的特征。我们测试了两种聚氯乙烯（PVC）卷材的类型和两种不同的卷材和圆盘连接方法。重复实验，直到失败的次数高达100,000次，并记录在相同强度的强风下实际屋顶发生的断裂类型。 也发现了紧固件的动态强度和完全防水体系之间的关系，证明了AAC面板有足够承载力能够作为机械连接防水体系的基底，也探究出了确定紧固件最大间距的方法。 2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。 【关键词】：机械连接防水体系；AAC镶基板；阻力风；静态和动态测试；断口模式；体系设计方法 2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。 1.前言 机械连接防水体系是一种干式防水体系，有几个优势，比如不受裂缝和联合移动的影响。该防水体系适用于多种类型的基板，安装简单容易，可以方便的修复，在技术上和经济上可行。因此，该体系在日本和全球的使用量正在增长。蒸压加气混凝土板（AAC板）经常被用作住宅楼屋顶基底上。 机械连接体系的目的是要为日本抵御许多台风的袭击。从充分实现防水体系的透视性看，如图1中所示的负风压，该行为在低坡屋顶表面，是设计紧固件类型和负风压的基础。AAC面板常用的紧固件类型如图2所示。考虑到跟常规钢筋混泥土相比AAC板强度明显较低，已经有人注意到风应力不持久的AAC 紧固件，但在文献里还未被提到。