Literary Translation
陈水平 helen.csp@https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
Lecture One
1. Definition of Translation
By translation here I specrifically mean translating, the process of translation, in which something is translated, instead of the work translated.
翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格的神韵。（吴献书，1949）
翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，1980）
翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990）
翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，1997）
翻译是语际之间的信息传递和语族之间的文化交流。（萧立明，2001）
A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言，以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。（泰特勒，1790）
翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。（费道罗夫，1953）
Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).翻译的定义也可以这样说：把一种语言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（TL）中的篇章材料来加以代替。（卡特福德，1965）
Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言。 （奈达，1974）
翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。（巴尔胡达罗夫，1985中文版）
(Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. 通常（虽然不能说总是如此），翻译就是把一个文本的意义按作者所意想的方式移译入另一种文字（语言）。（纽马克，1988）
2. Nature of Translation
There is also a divergence of opinion on nature of translation. Some maintain that translation is a science, since it has its own laws and methods; some advocate that translation is an art, because the translators recreate a literary work by using expressions of another language. For example:
翻译是一种艺术，而非科学。 ——
《英汉翻译津指》陈生保
翻译不仅是一种艺术，一种技巧，还是一门科学。所谓科学，是指可以采用处理语言结构的科学途径、语义分析的途径和信息论来处理翻译问题，也就是采取语言学的、描写的方法来解释翻译过程。
—— 奈达（美）
“翻译是科学”的观点是不能成立的，翻译不是科学，翻译学才是科学。
——《新编奈达论翻译》谭载喜教授
Now there is a tendency to combine their theories into a comprehensive one.
3. Principles / Criteria of Translation
1）A Brief introduction to the history of translation criteria in China
Yan Fu “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.” Yan Fu’s “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or though. His “expressive” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before Han Dynasty.
Mr. Lin Yutang proposed “faithful, flowing and beautiful” (忠实、通顺、美);
Mr. Lu Xun, the greatest modern Chinese writer advocated “faithfulness” and “smoothness” as translation standards and attached importance to the original flavor. But he once said, “rather be faithful than smooth.” This was only put forward in opposition to Zhao Jingshen’s saying: “it is better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.” And this is, of course, understandable.
Mr. Fu Lei put forward “to be alike both in spirit and appearance” (神似);
Mr. Qian Zhongshu proposed “hua”(化境).
Then based on the Yan Fu’s three characters, Liu Zhongde put forth” faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness” (信、达、切) in which faithfulness refers to be faithful to the content of the original, expressiveness refers to be as expressive as the original and closeness refers to be as close to the original style as possible.
2）A Brief introduction to the translation criteria in West
Fraser Tytler’s three principles: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3) The translation should have the ease of the original composition.（Tytler, 1790）译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容；译文的风格笔调应与原文的性质相同；译文应像原文一样流畅自然。
Nida’s dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (在目标语中再现原语的思想内容和文体风格，使目
标语尽量接近原语) (Nida, 1982)
3）翻译标准的具体化问题
“具体化”可从不同的角度出发，如可以时间、作者风格、文体、目的等为划分依据来确定所要翻译文本的最终标准。
赖斯以布勒（Buhler）的三种语言功能为基础，分出三种文本类型：重内容content-focused/ informative, 重形式form-focused/expressive, 重感染appeal-focused/operative。
英国文化学派的翻译理论家巴斯奈特（Susan Bassnett）提出四种不同类型的文本：
Different types of texts require different translation strategies: texts to convey information, texts to entertain, texts to persuade, texts that belongs to the “cultural capital” of a given culture.
4) Criteria for Beginners
Faithfulness: 1) refers to the content of the original work 2) includes the keeping of the original style
Smoothness: requires that version must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic.
4. Prerequisites for a Translator
1) A good knowledge of the two languages
2) An acquaintance with the subject matter/ the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge
3) A good command of translation theory and skills
Examples：
1. He is easily the best student in the class.
他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。（他比班上别的学生要好得多。）
2. The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。
I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。（我举双手赞成。）
They gave the boy the lie. 他们指责男孩说谎。（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。）
This is a very good price. 真便宜。
She sighed for her mother. 他很怀念母亲。（她渴望见到母亲。）
Her mother died of difficult labor.她母亲死于难产。
I won’t do it to save my life. 我（宁）死也不干。
I dare say he is honest.我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。
I have no opinion of him. 我觉得他不怎么样。
Their panic was their only punishment. 他们只是受了一场虚惊。（有惊无险）
Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗？
He was then bright in the eye.此时他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。
Calculation never makes a hero. 举棋不定永远成不了英雄。
He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
陈先生乃中国学界泰斗，他的那本书似为汉语修辞学的嚆矢（haoshi）。
Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. The book written by him seems to be the earliest one in the Chinese rhetoric studies.
那研究生英年好学，矻矻三载，终使其论文得以付梓。
That graduate student at his life’s full flowering was eager to learn, worked diligently and untiringly for 3 years, and finally he had his th
esis published.
不少人认为“信达雅”是严复的戛戛（jiajia）独造，并奉之为译事圭臬（guinie）。
Many people hold that “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” is Yan Fu’s own great original creation and regard it as the standard of translation.
在旧中国，小人当道，瓦釜雷鸣的情形屡见不鲜。
In old China, it was a general case that mean persons were in power and unworthy people were influential and in high places.
5. Translator’s Workbox
词典：《汉英大词典》《新世纪汉英大词典》 《汉英科技大词典》
杂志：《中国翻译》 《中国科技翻译》 《上海科技翻译》 《英语世界》
报刊：《 21世纪报》 《北京周报》 《中国日报》 《今日中国》
网站: 翻译人才网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
中国自由翻译人网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,/
中国翻译网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
译林网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,/cn/
中国译协网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
人民日报网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,/
联合国网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,/english/
汉英双语网站 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
香港中文大学翻译系 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,.hk/tra/
中华翻译 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,.au/~ysang/chinatranslators.htm
中国翻译家联盟 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
6. Certificate for Translators
1 全国外语翻译证书考试（NAETI）
National Accreditation Examinations for Translators and Interpreters 由教育部考试中心和北京外国语大学合作举办。网址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html, 和 https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
2 全国翻译资格考试（CATTI）
China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters 由国家人事部统一规划，中国外文局组织实施，网址是: https://www.doczj.com/doc/86207560.html,
第二部分 翻 译方法
Lecture 2 : Domestication and Foreignization
1. 归化和异化之源
翻译界直译(literal translation)与意译(liberal translation)之争,可谓由来已久。而归化(domesticating translation)与异化(foreignizing translation)之争,则是直译与意译之争的延伸。归化和异化可看成直译和意译概念的延伸，但并不完全等同于直译与意译。 如果说直译和意译是语言层次的讨论，那么，归化和异化则是将语言层次的讨论延续升格至文化、诗学和政治层面。也就是说，直译和意译之争的靶心是意义和形式的得失问题，而归化和异化之争的靶心则是处在意义和形式得失旋涡中的文化身份、文学性乃至话语权利的得失问题。随着文化日益成为翻译的重心,归化异化孰优孰劣的争论声也越来越大。
1997年英国出版的《翻译研究词典》(Dictionary of Translation Studies)认为归化和异化的说法直接来源于德国早期思想家斯莱尔马赫(Schleiermacher)1813年6月24日在柏林皇家科学院所作的题为《论翻译的方法》(On Different Me
thods of Translation)的演讲. 斯莱尔马赫说: “翻译只有两种方法，不是译者不打扰读者，尽可能让读者靠拢作者，就是译者尽量不打扰作者，让作者靠拢读者。” 美籍意大利翻译理论家文努蒂(Venuti)便是在此基础上结合社会文化、政治、意识形态、历史等因素，于 1995年在《译者的隐身》(The Translator’s Invisibility)一书中将归化和异化作为翻译术语提出。
在上一个世纪，有围绕鲁迅的“硬译”而展开的洋化与归化之争。在此以前，严复、林纾、梁启超等人的翻译，均可视为归化的翻译。“鲁迅的‘硬译’及他的翻译思想是出于他‘反对封建主义，改造国民性’的理念。但鲁迅的意图招致了误读，‘硬译’的倡议最终淹没在归化论的喧嚣声中。后来傅雷的‘神似’论、钱钟书的‘化境’说可以说都是归化论的延伸。可见，归化/异化的讨论往往都是归化论占上风，虽说大家都赞成要保留洋味。”（葛校琴，2002：33）
泱泱中华是文化大国。数千年丰厚的文化底蕴造就的中华文明有着独特的魅力，从古至今不仅使炎黄子孙为之骄傲，也无时无刻不吸引着世界的目光。在中国古典作品的对外翻译中,处理好异化归化之间的矛盾有着特殊的意义。
2. 归化和异化之义
归 化
根据文努蒂的理论，《翻译研究词典》将归化定义为：在翻译中采用透明、流畅（transparent, fluent style）的风格，最大限度淡化原文陌生感（strangeness）的翻译策略。奈达是归化论的代表人物。他提出的“最贴近的自然对等”理论把译文读者置于首位。他认为译文读者从译文中所获得的感受应该尽可能接近于原文读者从原文中获得的感受。因此，译者有责任帮译文读者将一些有可能难于理解的信息“改头换面”，从而使译文的阅读与理解轻松自如。
奈达将翻译中的文化因素分为五类，一：生态文化；二：语言文化；三：宗教文化；四：物质文化；五：社会文化。下面我们从中国古典名著《红楼梦》的英译中选取一些宗教文化、物质文化以及社会文化的例子作一分析。
1)宗教文化
谋事在人，成事在天。 （曹雪芹）
Man proposes, Heaven disposes, (Yang Xianyi)
Man proposes, God disposes, (Hawkes)
“天”在中国古代哲学中占据着至高无
\上的地位。而“天”与“人”的关系则是异常敏感的。皇帝自称“天子”，要稳固统治必须“顺天应民”；揭竿而起的造反者号称要“替天行道”。“天”似乎是一切规律、法则的总称。仅仅把它理解成佛教的影响似乎有些太过笼统。对于这样一个虚无飘渺不可捉摸的概念，外国读者如何才能理解并接受呢？好在西方也有类似的哲学思想，因此杨宪益和霍克斯分别
使用“上天”和“上帝”这两个概念替换了“天”。原则上说，杨译是异化，霍译属于归化。
2)物质文化
一部《红楼梦》就如同一部中国古代文化的百科全书，其间物质文化之丰富令人叹为观止。无疑，中国文化中独特的物质文化给古籍英译带来很大的障碍。《红楼梦》中服饰、医药、礼仪、建筑、文学、饮食、民俗等等无一不包，翻译时一旦处理不好就会蕴意尽失。曹氏在描写贾家无尽风光之后的败落时写道：陋室空堂，当年笏满床。（曹雪芹）“陋室” “空堂”哪个文化中都有，不足以构成理解障碍，难就难在什么叫“当年笏满床”，这个“笏”有什么特殊的寓意呢？中国古代礼仪规定，官员百姓不得直视君王，因此官员上朝面君时往往带上一块用竹、玉或象牙做成的细长的板子，可以在上面记事。（“陋室空堂当年笏满床”，笏，笏板，做官的，象牙的，带弯的，见皇帝，床不是睡觉的床，古代的床就是摆东西的架子，这个大富贵之家，他们做官那个笏板下了朝来都摆在那儿，都摆满了。）
杨宪益翻译如下：
Mean huts and empty halls,Where emblems of nobility once hung. (Yang) 在杨的笔下，笏不是笏，而是显示高官厚禄的“徽章”。读者便不必去无谓地猜测自己文化中没有的物质，而抓住这一特定的物质所揭示的寓意，这不是事半功倍吗？
霍克斯对本句的处理同样也可圈可点：Mean hovels and abandoned halls,Where courtiers once paid daily calls. (Hawkes)为了显示贾家的位高权重，霍克斯既没有把“笏板”直译，也没有象杨一样转成“族徽”，而是从其他官员日日拜访贾家来间接告诉读者，贾家非同一般。真是神来之笔。
3)社会文化
《红楼梦》中的民俗文化异常丰富，尤其是小人物口中的俗语更是别有一番风味。
俗语说得好：“杀人不过头点地。”（意思是目的达到了,就不要再继续下去了,有点类似于不要得陇望蜀的意味，用以比喻做人或者做事情要留有余地，不要太过分,以免殃及无辜或给他人带来更多的痛苦和不幸，那样对自己也未必有太多的好处。）
Remember the proverb “A murder can only lose his head.”(Yang)
“You know what the proverb says:He who checks a moment’s rage.Shall calm and carefree end his days. ”(Hawkes)
杨宪益在处理本句时使用了直译法,和霍克斯使用归化译法相比,虽然也可以将汉语中的慷慨表现出来,但明显不如后者生动形象。归化翻译的正确恰当应用使本句让译文读者更加易于接受了。
异 化
毫无疑问,异化决不是简单的直译。因为异化的概念已经远远超出了语言的层面,而上升到了文化、诗学、以及政治的层次。文努蒂对异化的定义是:偏离本土主流
价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异。(Venuti)根据他的定义,《翻译研究词典》把异化定义为:在一定程度上保留原文的异域性,故意打破目标语言常规的翻译。同样，我们从《红楼梦》中选出一些例子予以说明。
心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。（曹：）
She looked more sensitive than Pikan, more delicate than His Shih.
两个注解.紧随其后：
1. A prince noted for his great intelligence at the end of the Shang Dynasty.
2. A famous beauty of the ancient kingdom of Yueh. (Yang)
再看下一种：
She had more chambers in heart than the martyred Bi Gan;
And suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi. （Hawkes）
林黛玉的聪明和美貌在比干和西施的映衬下呼之欲出。两位大师均采用了异化翻译，前者还附加了两个注解来确保英语读者准确理解原作者的意图。
3. 归化和异化之争
归化异化各占半壁江山，各领风骚。究竟孰优孰劣？持归化论者认为归化翻译的长处在于：
一，不会将源语文化的体系强加给目的语读者；
二，不会因为文化冲突带来误解；
三，不会对读者的智力水平提出过高的要求，而是尽量将原语文化接近目的语读者的世界。
而持异化论者认为异化的优点在于：
一，有必要让译文读者了解异国文化，而且这也往往是读者的初衷，同时也是翻译的目的。
二，在目的语文化中移植进原语文化会丰富后者的表达方式。
三，译者应该相信读者的智力和想象力足以理解异国文化的独特之处。
4.归化和异化之和
在中国古籍的翻译中归化异化又应如何把握呢？请再看例子：
真是“天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福”。(曹：156)
“Truly, ‘Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight.’”(Yang:155)
“I know‘the weather and human life are both unpredictable.’”(Hawkes:231)
杨宪益采用的是异化的方法，保留了原语中的“风云”、“祸福”等形象，而霍克斯采用归化译法，两者的意义都没有太多缺失，唯一不同的是前者似乎从形象上更胜一筹，而后者则照顾了译文读者的接受能力，可谓各有短长。
又如：
至于才子佳人等书…（曹：5）
As for books of the beauty-and-talented type…(Yang:4)
And the “boudoir romance”…(Hawkes:49)
两位翻译大家在处理“才子佳人”这一中国味道十足的形象时，杨先生使用了异化译法，尽可能保留原文文化特色；而霍克斯则使用归化译法，读者一眼看去便像西方罗曼史中的英雄美人，定会有似曾相识的感觉，能不接受吗？
不难看出，归化异化各有所长，也各有所短。
在古籍英译的过程中译者必须把握的还有以下几个变数：翻译目的、目标读者群、交际功能等等。归化异化两者之间
的关系应该是矛盾的统一，而非绝对的对立。它们所映射的“不仅仅是语言或语言中所含文化的单纯转化问题”。（葛校琴：2003，5）因此，非此即彼的争论显得多少有些乏味。而与此同时，古籍的魅力绝非仅仅限于语言。其丰富的哲学、社会学内涵更是弥足珍贵。无论对一种的接受还是对另一种的排斥，都必须将它置于特定的背景下，综合考虑各种因素，谨慎而为之。
第二部分 翻译方法
第三章 如何正确选择词义
在文学翻译过程中，针对原文的词义正确地选择汉语词义，是保证译文质量的根本一环。首先一个词在不同的句子中有不同的含义。
1) This general was charged with treason.
这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。
2) The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work.
委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项研究工作。
类似短语有take charge of, take charge译为“负责”
3) As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the soldiers charged the enemy position bravely.
总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。
4) She complained that she had been charged too much.
她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。
5) The powder in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down the charge..
火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。
6) This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later.
这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。
7) Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion.
电池充电后，他启动了马达。
此外，charge还有如下意义。如charge sb. to do sth.(责令某人做某事)，charge oneself with a task (承担一项任务)等。
一字多义在汉语里也是相当常见的。
这娃娃头真大。 The baby has got a big head.
她正在梳头。 She was combing her hair.
他的女儿在山头上玩。His daughter is playing on the top of the hill
一辆小车停在桥西头。 A car was parked at the west end of the bridge.
让我们从头讲起吧。 Let me tell the story from the very beginning.
他把铅笔头扔了。He has thrown away the pencil stub.
她是我们组的头儿。She is the head/chief of our group.
他们是一头儿的。They are on the same side.
事情不能只顾一头。We mustn’t pay attention to only one aspect of the matter.
这还是我头一次来杭州呢。This is the first time I have been in Hangzhou.
我们有30头牛。We have thirty head of cattle.
他头天上午就来了。He came here the previous morning.
现代英国语言学派创始人弗斯(Furth)说过“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”(每个词用在不同的句子中就有不同的含义。)苏联翻译理论家巴尔胡达罗夫也主张多义词的意义通常是通过言语的上下文来揭示的。作
者使用多义词究竟指哪一义，只能从上下文中去寻找。尤其是遇到常用词时，不要自以为对它们已很熟悉，想当然地把自己已懂得的词义放到译文中去。须知，译者自以为懂了而实际又不懂的地方，往往最容易译错。
1）I want my martini dry. 我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。
There are still some dry states in the United States. 在美国尚有几州禁酒。
She prefers dry bread. 她喜欢无奶油的面包。
The cows are dry. 这些母牛缺奶。
He gave us a dry lecture yesterday. 昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。
I am sure what he presented was a dry fact. 我确信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实
2）Here is a pretty go! 这件事真难办！
He is itching to have a go at it. 他跃跃欲试。
The old man is still full of go. 这位老人仍然精力充沛。
These brightly colored stockings are all the go this summer. 这些颜色鲜明的袜子今夏很流行。
英语单词good 是个虚指的抽象词语；在不少情况下，可以用它的基本词义“好”来翻译，如a good man（一个好人）,a good book(一本好书)，good news (好消息) 等，但是，比较正规的书面语体里就不能一味用“好”字来翻译good 一词了。例如：
3 ) It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。
These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。
Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends. 狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。
…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;…(W. M. Thackeray : Vanity Fair)
……不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的女儿，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们；……
在英语中还存在着一个词的单数和复数意义全然不同的情况。兹举例如下：
Ninety 90(单) nineties 90年代（复）
time 时间（单） times 时代，此书，倍数（复）
finding 发现，探索（单） findings 研究成果，调查结果（复）
work 工作，功（单） works 工厂，著作，工事(复)
还有前后搭配不同而意义不同的情况：
1）soft pillow 软枕 soft music 轻柔的音乐 soft cushion 靠垫
soft wood 软木 soft money 纸币 soft fire 文火
soft drink 不含酒精的饮料 soft breeze 和风 soft light 柔光
soft voice 低声 soft goo
ds 毛织品 soft hat 呢帽
soft words 和蔼的话 soft heart 慈心 soft water 软水
soft answer 委婉的回答
2）a broken man （在精神等方面）潦倒的人 a broken soldier 伤兵
broken time 零星时间 broken money 零钱
broken English 不标准的英语 a broken promise 未践之约 a broken road 凹凸不平的路
一字多种搭配引起的意义差别在汉语里也是相当常见的。
上班 to go to work; to be on duty 上报 to appear in the newspaper
上场 to appear on the stage 上当 to be taken in
上灯 to light the lamp 上吊 to hang oneself
上冻 to freeze 上光 glazing; polishing
上访 to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help
上坟 to visit a grave to honor the memory of the dead
上纲 to raise to the higher plane of principle
上供 to offer up a sacrifice 上钩 to rise to the bait
上轨道 to get on the right track 上火 to get angry
上进 to make progress 上课 to attend class
上口 to be suitable for reading aloud 上路 to set out on a journeyp;
上马 to mount a horse 上年纪 to be getting on in years
上台 to come to power 上鞋 to sole a shoe
上相 to come out well in a photograph; to be photogenic 上演 to perform 上阵 to go into battle 上瘾 to be addicted to sth.
干部要能上能下。A cadre should be ready to take a lower as well as a higher post.
随函附上2角钱邮票一张。Enclosed herewith is a 20-fen stamp.
这一盘你上。You play this game.
一连上了好几道菜。Several courses were served in succession.
行李还没上架。The luggage has not been put on the rack yet.
我来给门上漆。Let me paint the door.
这事已上了电视。It has been publicized on TV.
表该上了。The watch needs winding.
英语中还有一些习惯用法，在翻译中容易疏忽或错译，下面是一个很典型的例子。
The importance of a safe spillway cannot be overemphasized.
安全溢洪道的重要性无论怎样强调也不会过分
You cannot pay too much attention to your pronunciation.
你越注意你的发音越好。
You can never be too careful in your work.
在工作中你越细心越好。
One can scarcely pay too high price for liberty.
人对自由付出的代价再高，也不过分。
要正确地确定词义和选择恰当的译词，应从以下四个方面着手 ：
（一）根据词性确定词义
1) Your account of what happened is not quite right.
你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。
Go right on until you reach the church.
一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。
It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it.
我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或减慢车速直到我走过去为止。
She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.
她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤
2). A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation.
在机器投入运行前，要先进行试车。
An intricate network of the computer system runs this modern petroleum factory.
电子计算机系统的复杂网络管理着这个现代化的炼油厂。
They are loading the run goods into the hold.
他们正在把走私物品装进船舱。
3). 贾政便问: “该死的奴才！你在家不读书也罢了，怎么又做出这些无法无天的事来。(第三十四回)
“You scoundrel!” thundered his father. “Not content with shirking your studies at home, you commit such wicked crimes outside!
这样无法无天的忘八羔子，还不撵了做什么！（第四十五回）
How can we keep on such an insolent, lawless young bastard?
这百日内，只不曾拆毁了怡红院，和这些丫头们无法无天，凡世上所无之事，都玩耍出来。（第七十九回）
So during these hundred days he and his maids rampaged as they pleased, getting up to mischief never heard of before and stopping short only of pulling down Happy Red Court.
（二）根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义：根据上下文和逻辑关系判别词义是词义辨析中非常重要而又切实可行的办法
1) Who’s going to perform this delicate operation on the patient’s eye?
谁准备给这位病人做精细的眼科手术？
She is in delicate health. 她身体虚弱。
He has a delicate ear for music. 他对音乐很有鉴赏力。
That’s a delicate diplomatic question. 那是个微妙的外交问题。
2) We have been working all day. We must have a break.
我们干了整整一天了，必须休息一下。
Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
引爆线突然耷拉下来。史密斯说：“我回去看看。一定是某个地方断了线。等一下，我五分钟就回来。”
3) 碧痕、秋纹、麝月等众丫鬟见吵闹的厉害，都鸦雀无声的在外头听消息，这会子听见袭人跪下来央求，便一齐进来，都跪下了。(第三十一回)
This was the signal for Bihen, Qiuwen and Sheyue, who had been listening with bated breath outside, to rush in and kneel down beside her.
不想步入院中，鸦雀无声，一并两只仙鹤芭蕉下都睡着了。（第三十六回）
To her surprise, his courtyard was utterly quiet. Even the two storks were sleeping under the plantain.
不用你们作老娘的操一点儿心，他鸦雀无声的给你们弄了一个好女婿来，大家倒省心。
She’s saved her granny and everyone trouble by quietly
picking a fine young man for herself.
(三)注意词义的褒贬性：为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒贬含义反映出来。
1.They incited him to go into further investigation. 他们鼓励他作进一步的调查。
The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。
2. It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps.
当时是八月中旬，他们讨论的题目是隆美尔及其非洲军团的下场。
They predicted the youth would have a bright future。
他们预言，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。
3. The peasants and workers were hand-in-glove with one another in the struggle against landlords and capitalists who worked hand-in-glove with each other.
在反对狼狈为奸的地主、资本家的斗争中工农亲如手足。
4. The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰一个敌特。
5. An aggressive country is always ready to start a war.一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。
An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.一个富有进取心的年青人在这家公司前途无量。
6).她父亲是一位有名的外科医生。
Her father is a famous surgeon.
黄金荣是旧上海有名的大亨。
Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times.
7).诗人应该具有丰富的 想象力。 A poet should have rich imagination.
真遗憾！你的想象力太丰富了。 What a pity! You’ve got into wild flights of fancy.
（四）活用词典：根据各种词典所赋予的基本意义，融会贯通，选择恰如其分的措词，使译文精益求精。
就拿die来说，它的基本意义为“死”，但是在不同的上下文中，die有许许多多同义词和近义词可供选择：
亡；故；卒；逝；殁；毙；薨；崩；陨；身故；物故；谢世；过世；仙逝；千古；归西；归天；大故；见背；牺牲；就义；捐躯；殉职；殉难；殉情；疾终；长逝；永诀；长眠；就木；溘逝；老了；挺腿；完蛋；毙命；丧亡；横死；成仁；夭折；早逝；暴卒；客死；升天；坐化；圆寂；宾天；驾崩；回老家；登鬼录；见马克思；呜呼哀哉；百年之后；寿终正寝；一命呜呼；跨鹤西游；玉殒香消；马革裹尸；兰摧玉折；肝脑涂地；杀身成仁；千秋之后
同样，在汉译英时，汉语中的“死”在英语中也有很多同义词和近义词：
Perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, depart, drown, fall, cease to exist, lose one’s life, cease respiration, emit the last breath, meet one’s death, commit suicide, drop dead, end one’s day, pass
away, fade away, burn out, go west, return to the earth, rest in peace, fall asleep, go to glory, close one’s eyes, kick the bucket, leave this world, go to one’s last home, join the majority, return to dust, to be no more, to lay down one’s life, to die a martyr, to breath one’s last, to come to a violent death, to pass over to the world of shadows; to go to Nirvana