精读第二册课文整理(1)(2015-3-22 16.35.10 2005)

【现代大学英语精读2课文原文】大学英语精读2课文原文Beneath my clenched fingers the alder was wriggling like a small, frightened snake. My father saw that I was about to drop it.“Hang on to it!"“The branch is squirming," I repeated. "And I hear something that sounds like a river!""Open your eyes," my father ordered.I was stunned, as though he'd awakened me while I was dreaming."What does it mean?" I asked my father."It means that underneath us, right here, there's a little freshwater spring. If we dig, we could drink from it. I've just taught you how to find a spring. It's something my own father taught me. It isn't something you learn in school. And it isn't useless: a man can get along without writing andarithmetic, but he can never get along without water."Much later, I discovered that my father was famous in the region because of what the people called his "gift": beforedigging a well they always consulted him; they would watch him prospecting the fields or the hills, eyes closed, hands clenched on the fork of an alder bough. Wherever my father stopped, they marked the ground; there they would dig; and there water would gush forth.Years passed; I went to other schools, saw other countries, I had children, I wrote some books and my poor father is lying in the earth where so many times he had found fresh water.One day someone began to make a film about my village and its inhabitants, from whom I've stolen so many of the stories that I tell. With the film crew we went to see a farmer to capture the image of a sad man: his children didn't want to receive the inheritance he'd spent his whole life preparing for them—the finest farm in the area. While the technicians were getting cameras and microphones ready the farmer put his arm around my shoulders, saying:"I knew your father well.""Ah! I know. Everybody in the village knows each other. No one feels like an outsider.""You know what's under your feet?""Hell?" I asked, laughing."Under your feet there's a well. Before I dug I called in specialists from the Department of Agriculture; they did research, they analyzed shovelfuls of dirt; and they made a report where they said there wasn't any water on my land. With the family, the animals, the crops, I need water. When I saw that those specialists hadn't found any. I thought of your father and I asked him to e over. He didn't want to; I think he was prettyfed up with me because I'd asked those specialists instead of him. But finally came; he went and cut off a little branch, then he walked around for a while with his eyes shut; he stopped, he listened to something we couldn't hear and then he said to me: "Dig right here, there's enough water to get your whole flock drunk and drown your specialist besides." We dug and found water. Fine water that's never heard of pollution.The film people were ready; they called to me to take my place."I'm gonna show you something," said the farmer, keeping me back." You wait right here."He disappeared into a shack which he must have used to store things, then came back with a branch which he held out to me."I never throw nothing away; I kept the alder branch your father cut to find my water. I don't understand, it hasn't dried out."Moved as I touched the branch, kept out of I don't know what sense of piety—and which really wasn't dry—I had the feeling that my father was watching me over my shoulder; I closed my eyes and, standing above the spring my father had discovered, I waited for the branch to writhe, I hoped the sound of gushing water would rise to my ears.The alder stayed motionless in my hands and the water beneath the earth refused to sing.Somewhere along the roads I'd taken since the village of my childhood I had forgotten my father's knowledge."Don't feel sorry," said the man, thinking no doubt of his farm and his childhood; "nowadays fathers can't pass on anything to the next generation."And he took the alder branch from my hands.桤木树枝在我紧握的手指下扭动，如受惊的蛇一般。

现代大学英语精读第二册语法点总结Unit 1: the usages of future times ；（将来）coordinating conjunctions （并列）Unit 2 ：“ the way ” in relative clauses（ the way 在关系从句中的用法）with + noun + preposition phrase/ participle /adjective construction （ with 构做伴随状）（名性从句）Unit 3: noun clauses (introduced by wh-words);the gerund （名）Unit 4: appositive clause（同位从句）indefinite pronoun: anybody/anyone; somebody / someone; everybody/ everyone; nobody/ no one; anything; something; everything; nothing（不定代）Unit 5: the gerund;（名）the infinitive;（to do不定式）attributive modifiers (定)Unit 6 ：the present perfect continuous tense ( 在完成行 )the usage of the present participle phrase ( 在分 )Unit 7 ：无（ test）Unit 8 ：Comparative Degree （比：特是 the more ⋯ .the more; better and better 构）Subject Complement ( 形容做主足：S+V+Adj.)Unit 9: with/without + noun phrase + an infinitive phrase (with、without在独立主格构的用 )the infinitive as the subject (to do不定式做主)Unit 10 ： past participle phrase as adverbial（去分做定的用法）Unit 11 ： part of speech （性）Unit 12: ever/ never 的用法比的用法（特是比前面有副修；同比）Unit 13 ：Ｖ＋Ｏ＋Ｃ足Could / might /should/ must +have done（虚气）Unit 14 ：无（test）Unit 15 ： Parallelismsingle compound sentence (简单并列复合句 ) Unit 16 ：把疑问句改写为陈述句。

大学英语精读二（上海外语教育出版社）humorous['hju:m4r4s]a.幽默的essay['esei]n.散文，随笔excitement[ik'saitm4nt]n.刺激，兴奋，激动planet['pl1nit]n.行星Venusian[vi:n'ju:si4n]n.金星的；金星人satellite['s1t4lait]n.(人造)卫星signal['sign4l]n.信号；暗号astronomer[4s'tr3n4m4]n.天文学家telescope['telisk4up]n.望远镜extremely[iks'tri:mli]a d.极端，非常feasibility[fi:z4'biliti]n.可行性feasible['fi:z4bl]a.可行的manned[m1nd]a.载人的saucer['s3:s4]n.浅碟；茶托conference['k3nf4r4ns]n.会议technology[tek'n3l4d9i]n.技术conclusion[k4n'klu:94n]n.结论reporter[ri'p3:t4]n.记者compose[k4m'p4uz]v t.组成，构成concrete['k3nkri:t]n.混凝土atmosphere['1tm4sfi4]n.大气；空气carbon['ka:b4n]n.碳monoxide[m3'n3ksaid]n.一氧化物deadly['dedli]a.致命的gas[g1s]n.气体survive[s4'vaiv]v i.幸存 vt.经历……后还活着；比……活得长program['pr4ugr1m]n.计划concern[k4n's4:n]v t.涉及，关系到oxygen['3ksid94n]n.氧，氧气originally[4'rid94n4li]a d.起初，原来hazard['h1z4d]n.危险hover['h3v4]v i.盘旋consolidated[k4n's3lideitid]a.联合的belt[belt]n.(地)带indicate['indikeit]v t.显示，象征，指出pollute[p4'lju:t]v t.污染unfit['8n'fit]a.不适宜的，不适当的particle['pa:tikl]n.粒子；微粒emit[i'mit]v t.散发，射出第1页crash[kr15]v.坠落；猛撞smash[sm15]v.(使)碎裂stalagmite['st1l4gmait]n.石笋projection[pr4'd9ek54n]n.凸出物type[taip]n.类型，种类granite['gr1nit]n.花岗岩formation[f3:'mei54n]n.形成(物)skyscraper['skai'skreip4]n.摩天大楼scrape[skreip]v t.刮，擦proceed[pr4'si:d]v i.(停顿后)继续进行fund[f8nd]n.资金；基金billion['bilj4n]n.十亿zilch[zilt5]n.零；无；微不足道的事物(或人)(be) known as以……闻名，通常名叫name after以……名字命名as to关于base on/upon以……为基础，把……基于for one thing... (for another)一则……再则be composed of由……组成as far as... be concerned就……而言stick up直立；突出give off发出；散发出set back耽搁；阻碍heated['hi:tid]a.热烈的；激烈的unexpected['8niks'pektid]a.意外的naturalist['n1t54r4list]n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者)shortly['53:tli]a d.不久，马上colonial[k4'l4uni4l]a.殖民地的spacious['spei54s]a.广阔的；宽敞的dining room餐厅bare[bA4]a.不铺地毯的；赤裸的；光秃的marble['ma:bl]n.大理石rafter['ra:ft4]n.椽onto['3ntu]p rep.到……之上；向……之上veranda[v4'r1nd4]n.阳台spirited['spiritid]a.精神饱满的；生机勃勃的outgrow[aut'grou]v t.长大得使……不再适用；成长得不再要mouse[maus]n.鼠era['i4r4]n.时代；年代major['meid94]n.少校第2页crisis['kraisis]n.危机ounce[auns]n.盎司；少量argument['a:gju:m4nt]n.争论；辩论hostess['h4ustis]n.女主人muscle['m8sl]n.肌肉contract['k3ntr1kt, k4n'tr1kt]v i.收缩slightly['slaitli]a d.稍微地motion['m4u54n]v i.打手势；点(或摇)头示意widen['waidn]v.加宽，扩展bait[beit]n.诱饵cobra['k4ubr4]n.眼镜蛇likely['laikli]a.可能的impulse['imp8ls]n.冲动commotion[k4'm4u54n]n.混乱；骚动tone[t4un]n.语气；音调commanding[k4'm2:ndi6]a.威严的forfeit['f3:fit]v t.(作为惩罚而)失去rupee[ru:'pi:]n.卢比image['imid9]n.雕像emerge[i'm4:d9]v i.显现，浮现，暴露slam[sl1m]v t.砰地关上host[h4ust]n.男主人faint[feint]a.微弱的；不明显的crawl[kr3:l]v i.爬行track down追捕到；追查到be seated坐下spring up突然开始；迅速生长at the sight of一看见feel like想要come to苏醒make for走向ring out突然响起light up照亮；变亮declaration['dekl4'rei54n]n.宣言independence['indi'pend4ns]n.独立obtain[4b'tein]v t.获得source[s3:s]n.(来)源；源头personal['p4:s4nl]a.亲自的；个人的investigation[in'vesti'gei54n]n.调查appoint[4'p3int]v t.任命第3页committee[k4'miti]n.委员会capitol['k1pit4l]n.(美国)州议会大厦canoe[k4'nu:]n.独木舟on-the-spot a.现场的humble['h8mbl]a.地位低下的origin['3rid9in]n.血统；出身；起源gardener['ga:dn4]n.园丁waiter['weit4]n.(男)侍者nobleman['n4ublm4n]n.贵族dissatisfy[dis's1tisfai]v t.使不满threaten['7retn]v t.威胁reject[ri'd9ekt]v t.拒绝nephew['nevju:]n.侄子，外甥error['er4]n.错误，过失false[f3:ls]a.虚伪的，假的judgment['d98d9m4nt]n.判断，看法hesitate['heziteit]v i.犹豫，迟疑不决prefer[pri'f4:]v t.更喜欢；宁愿latter['l1t4]a.后面的；后半的 n.后者conflict['k3nflikt, k4n'flikt]v i.冲突 n.斗争，冲突unquestioning[8n'kwest54ni6]a.不加疑问的，不问是非的，不犹豫的agreement[4'gri:m4nt]n.同意；一致criticism['kritisiz4m]n.批评critic['kritik]n.评论家；批评者philosophy[fi'l3s4fi]n.哲学resent[ri'zent]v t.对……忿恨；对……不满action['1k54n]n.行动过程；行动custom['k8st4m]n.习惯，风俗perpetual[p4'pet5u4l]a.永恒的；连续不断的constitution['k3nsti'tju:54n]n.宪法；章程living['livi6]a.活(着)的remark[ri'ma:k]v t.说；评论 n.话语；评论evil['i:vl]n.邪恶，罪恶 a.邪恶的，坏的idealism[ai'di4lizm]n.理想主义；唯心主义archaeology['a:ki'3l4d9i]n.考古学rotation[r4u'tei54n]n.轮作；旋转conservation['k3ns4:'vei54n]n.保护；保存superior[sju:'pi4ri4]a.较好的；优的existence[ig'zist4ns]n.存在influence['influ4ns]v t.影响第4页architecture['a:kitekt54]n.建筑术；建筑学constantly['k3nst4ntli]a d.不断地；经常地perform[p4'f3:m]v t.做，履行talent['t1l4nt]n.才能；天资central['sentr4l]a.主要的tireless['tai4lis]a.不疲劳的writer['rait4]n.作家publish['p8bli5]v t.出版volume['v3ljum]n.卷；册thrill[7ril]v i.非常激动，发抖self-evident a.不言而喻的create[kri'eit]v t.创造anniversary[,1ni'v4:s4ri]n.周年纪念日countryman['k8ntrim4n]n.同胞legacy['leg4si]n.遗产owe[4u]v t.欠(债等)；把……归功于debt[det]n.债(务)educate['edju:keit]v t.教育，训练，培养go out of one's way (to do something)特地leave... to交托，委托act on按照……行事leave behind丢弃；留下，忘带in existence存在above all首先，尤其是apply[4'plai]v i.申请interview['int4vju:]n.面试；接见；会见advertise['1dv4taiz]v t.为……做广告local['l4uk4l]当地的；地方性的post[p4ust]n.职位suburb['s8b4:b]n.郊区slim[slim]a.微小的；苗条的depress[di'pres]v t.使沮丧brick[brik]n.砖gravel['gr1v4l]n.砾石evergreen['Av4gri:n]a.常绿的shrub[5r8b]n.灌木fume[fju:m]n.浓烈难闻的烟、气、汽headmaster['hed'ma:st4]n.(中、小学的)校长sandy-coloured a.沙色的，黄中带红的moustache[m4s't2:5]n.小胡子第5页disapproval['dis4'pru:v4l]n.不赞成；不满colonel['k4:nl]n.上校private['praivit]n.列兵；士兵bootlace['bu:tleis]n.靴带undo['8n'du:]v t.解开；松开ah[a:]i nt.啊grunt[gr8nt]v t.咕哝着说出unpleasantly a d.令人不愉快地stale[steil]a.不新鲜的cabbage['k1bid9]n.卷心菜crumb[kr8m]n.面包屑；糕饼屑carpet['ka:pit]n.地毯certificate[s4'tifikit]n.证(明)书bloodshot['bl8d53t]a.(眼睛)充血的vital['vaitl]a.必不可少的，极其重要的mumble['m8mbl]v t.含糊地说attach[4't1t5]v t.把……给予；系，贴importance[im'p3:t4ns]n.重要性，重大，价值obviously['3bvi4sli]a 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t.邮寄poem['p4uim]n.诗personality['p4:s4'n1liti]n.个性logic['l3d9ik]n.逻辑(学)；推理(法)simplicity[sim'plisiti]n.简单；简朴；单纯function['f86k54n]n.操作intellectual['inti'lektju4l]a.智力的frustrate[fr8s'treit]v t.使沮丧；挫败jealousy['d9el4si]n.妒忌vanity['v1niti]n.虚荣心bitterness['bit4nis]n.苦；痛苦resentment[ri'zentm4nt]n.怨恨ambition[1m'bi54n]n.野心；抱负immune[i'mjun]a.有免疫力的；不受影响的emotion[i'm4u54n]n.情感，情绪，感情pretension[pri'ten54n]n.矫饰，做作，虚荣correspond['k3ris'p3nd]v i.通信stationery['stei54n4ri]n.信笺；文具watermark n.水印pad[p1d]n.便笺薄razor['reiz4]n.剃刀shave[5eiv]v t.剃，刮cream[kri:m]n.膏状物argue['a:gju:]v t.争辩painful['peinful]a.使痛苦的shrug[5r8g]v.耸肩present['preznt]v t.赠送；提供第7页tube[tju:b]n.管；软管beam[bi:m]v i.面露喜色；高兴地微笑beard[bi4d]n.胡须thereafter[0A4'ra:ft4]a d.其后，从那以后revert[ri'v4:t]v i.回复，回返exclusively a d.独有地，排他地theorist['7i:4rist]n.理论家equation[i'kwei54n]n.方程式slight[slait]a.微小的，轻微的application['1pli'kei54n]n.应用theory['7i4ri]n.理论reactor[ri1:3'1kt4]n.反应堆atomic[4't3mik]a.原子的photoelectric['f4ut4ui'lektrik]a.光电的series['si4ri:z]n.系列；套，组relatively['rel4tivli]a d.相对地；比较地curiosity['kju4ri'3siti]n.好奇心observe[4b'z4:v]v.观测，观察repeatedly[ri'pi:tidli]a d.重复地，再三地dunk[d86k]v t.把……浸一浸deduce[di'dju:s]v t.演绎，推断principle['prins4pl]n.原理；原则flaw[fl3:]n.缺点，瑕疵reasoning['ri:z4ni6]n.推理pursue[p4'sju:]v t.从事；忙于；继续apart[4'pa:t]a d.分离，分开approach[4'pr4ut5]n.方式，方法solution[s4'lju:54n]n.解决办法puzzle['p8zl]n.谜fame[feim]n.名望，名声profound[pr4'faund]a.深奥的；深刻的capable['keip4bl]a.有能力的，能干的household['haush4uld]n.一家人，家族 a.普通的，平常的civilized['sivilaizd]a.文明的fortune['f3:t54n]n.运气，好运bewilder[bi'wild4]v t.把……弄糊涂；使迷惑statesman['steitsm4n]n.政治家housewife['hauswaif]n.家庭主妇at ease安逸，自由自在off balance失去平衡的第8页come to terms with与……达成协议；与……妥协as far as到……程度mean nothing to对……来说不重要believe in信仰，信任so much so that……到这个程度以至于a series of一系列，一连串take apart拆开work out解决；算出；想出capable of能够……，可以……single out选出，挑出surgeon['s4:d94n]n.外科医生self-confidence n.自信心making n.成功之道resident['rezid4nt]n.住院医生conclude[k4n'klu:d]v t.得出结论surgical['s4:d9ikl]a.外科的；手术的competently a d.称职地；胜任地near[ni4]v t.接近，走近emergency[i'm4:d94nsi]n.紧急情况；急症encounter[in'kaunt4]v t.遭到；意外地遇见dread[dred]v t.畏惧critical['kritik4l]a.紧要的；关键性的particular[p4'tikjul4]a.特定的case[keis]n.病例infrequently a d.很少地，罕见地relax[ri'l1ks]v i.放松residency['rezid4ns]n.高级专科住院实习(期)constant['k3nst4nt]a.不断的；始终如一的resolve[ri'z3lv]v t.解决considered[k4n'sid4d]a.经过深思熟虑的dwell[dwel]v i.居住bound[baund]a.一定的；必然的sound[saund]a.正确的；合理的confident['k3nfid4nt]a.自信的handle['h1ndl]v t.处理butterfly['b8t4flai]n.蝴蝶abdomen['1bd4men]n.腹(部)anticipate[1n'tisipeit]v t.预期anticipation[1n'tisi'pei54n]n.预期sweat[swet]n.汗 vi.流汗第9页stab[st1b]n.刺，戳belly['beli]n.肚，腹部puncture['p86kt54]v t.刺穿compound['k3mpaund, k4m'paund]a.复合的fracture['fr1kt54]n.骨折inevitably[in'evit4bli]a d.不可避免地err[4:]v i.犯错，做错operate['3p4reit]v i.动手术surgery['s4:d94ri]n.外科；外科手术sole[s4ul]a.唯一的responsibility[ris'p3ns4'biliti]n.责任，责任心avoid[4'v3id]v t.避免conceited[k4n'si:tid]a.自负的trying['traii6]a.难受的；恼人的bother['b304]v t.烦扰，麻烦uncertainty[8n's4:tnti]n.不确定，不可靠，半信半疑draw to a close结束live with学会适应；容忍dwell on老是想着；详述；强调(be) bound to (do)一定……，必然……in practice(医师、律师等)在开业中；在实践中butterflies in the stomach忐忑不安open up切开，给……开刀in advance预先，事前at one time or another早晚sit on拖延；搁置numb[n8m]a.失去知觉的，麻木的garage['g1ra:9]n.汽车库wallet['w3lit]n.皮夹vaguely['veigli]a d.模糊地annoy[4'n3i]v t.使恼怒gunman['g8nm1n]n.持枪歹徒shrubbery['5r8b4ri]n.灌木丛release[ri'li:s]v t.松开；释放split[split]v t.劈开trigger['trig4]n.扳机crouch[kraut5]v i.蹲伏absurdly[4b's4:dli]a d.愚蠢地，荒唐可笑地melodramatic[mel4dr4'm1tik]a.感情夸张的；闹剧式的plea[pli:]n.恳求第10页specific[spi'sifik]a.明确的；具体的flee[fli:]v.逃走；逃离baseball['beisb3:l]n.棒球(运动)bat[b1t]n.球棒，球拍cop[k3p]n.巡警noodle['nu:dl]n.面条stiff[stif]a.严肃的criminal['kriminl]n.罪犯penalty['penlti]n.惩罚rage[reid9]n.狂怒contented[k4n'tentid]a.满足的cozy['k4uzi]a.暖和舒适的ill-tempered a.脾气坏的；易怒的ado[4'du:]n.忙乱hopeless['h4uplis]a.没有希望的；无能的identification[ai'dentifi'kei54n]n.鉴别horrify['h3rifai]v t.使恐怖；使震惊detail['di:teil]n.细节matter-of-fact a.注重事实的；讲究实际的sheepish['5i:pi5]a.局促不安的trail[treil]v i.逐渐变弱jerk[d94:k]v t.猛拉，猛抬replay[ri:'plei]v t.重放glove[gl8v]n.手套last[la:st]v i.持续relive['ri:'liv]v t.再体验intelligent[in'telid94nt]a.聪明的；明智的response[ris'p3ns]n.反应；回答security[si'kju4riti]n.安全，平安illusion[i'lju:94n]n.错觉；幻觉pull out (of)(车、船等)驶出have/get/catch hold of抓住bring back恢复clean up彻底打扫；整理turn out出来，出动in force大批地，人数众多地much ado about nothing无事生非；小题大做come to谈到(某一点)agree on对……意见一致in detail详细地第11页trail off(声音等)逐渐变弱no way不可能prepare for准备end up结束，告终honesty['3nisti]n.诚实style[stail]n.时尚，时髦poll[p4ul]n.民意测验admit[4d'mit]v.承认，供认temptation[temp'tei54n]n.引诱，诱惑peek[pi:k]v i.偷看behavior[bi'heivj4]n.行为indication['indi'kei54n]n.迹象competency['k3mpit4nsi]n.能力；胜任diploma[di'pl4um4]n.文凭corresponding['k3ris'p3ndi6]a.相应的criminal['kriminl]a.犯罪的misdemeanour[misdi'mi:n4]n.轻罪charge[t5a:d9]n.指控possess['p4'zes]v t.占有，拥有advance[4d'va:ns]a.预先的regent['ri:d94nt]n.(学校董事会的)董事drop[dr3p]v t.放弃；革除traditional[tr4'di54nl]a.传统的requirement[ri'kwai4m4nt]n.要求；必要条件prewritten a.预先写的psychology[sai'k3l4d9i]n.心理学launch[l3:nt5]v t.发起；发动campaign[k1m'pein]n.运动file[fail]v i.排成纵队行进exit['eksit]n.出口(处)proctor['pr3kt4]n.监考人ID card n.身份证dorm[d3:m]n.宿舍mug[m8g]n.脸，嘴shot[53t]n.照片ringer['ri64]n.冒名顶替者applaud[4'pl3:d]v t.拍手称赞campus['k1mp4s]n.大学；校园editorial['edi't3:ri4l]n.社论arrest[4'rest]v t.逮捕第12页speeder['spi:d4]n.违法超速驾驶者intent[in'tent]n.意图，目的frequently['fri:kw4ntli]a d.频繁地overcharge['ouv4't52:d9]v t.对……要价太高customer['k8st4m4]n.顾客myth[mi7]n.神话unlike['8n'laik]p rep.不像，和……不同cherry['t5eri]n.樱桃biographer[bai'3gr4f4]n.传记作家ax[1ks]n.斧子character['k1rikt4]n.性格，品质moral['m3r4l]a.道德的reinforce['ri:in'f3:s]v t.加强tax[t1ks]n.税，税款clue[klu:]n.线索check-out n.结账处supermarket['sju:p4'ma:kit]n.超级市场overnight['4uv4nait]a.住一夜的；一整夜的inn[in]n.小旅馆，客栈towel['tau4l]n.毛巾vast[va:st]a.巨大的numerous['nju:m4r4s]a.许多的watch-dog a.起监督作用的dishonesty[dis'3nisti]n.欺骗，不老实reveal[ri'vi:l]v t.揭露evidence['evid4ns]n.证据ebb[eb]v i.落潮；低落，衰退flow[fl4u]v i.(潮)涨；上升；流incident['insid4nt]n.事件theft[7eft]n.偷窃行为tend[tend]v i.易于，往往会link[li6k]v t.连接；联系economy[1:'k3n4mi]n.经济anyway['eniwei]a d.究竟；无论如何tempt[tempt]v t.引诱system['sistim]n.体制；制度distrust[dis'tr8st]n.不信任，怀疑contagious[k4n'teid94s]a.传染的out of style过时的，不再流行的according to按照，根据第13页be faced with面对be hard on对……过分严厉on the rise在增长；在加剧a case in point恰当的例子all but除了……都(be) different from与……不同think of... as把……认作in the case of就……来说，至于come to变成(某种状态)lie in在于on the other hand另一方面，反过来说at one's best处于最佳状态go up上升；增加go down下降；减少aptitude['1ptitju:d]n.能力，才能normal['n3:m4li]n.正常的状态或水平figure['fig4]n.数字fuss[f8s]n.大惊小怪buck private列兵KP a bbr.炊事值勤(员)register['red9ist4]v t.取得，登记complacent[k4m'pleisent]a.自满的；自鸣得意的highly a d.高度地；非常simply['simpli]a d.仅仅；只不过academic['1k4'demik]a.学术的，学究的；学院的worthy['w4:0i]a.值得的bent[bent]n.嗜好，倾向similar['simil4]a.类似的auto['3:t4u]n.汽车estimate['estimit, 'estimeit]n.估计grant[gra:nt]v t.授予；准予hasten['heisn]v i.赶快；急忙explore[iks'pl3:]v t.探索；探究vitals['vaitlz]n.主要部件；(人体的)重要器官pronouncement[pr4'naunsm4nt]n.声明；见解divine[di'vain]a.神的；神圣的oracle['3r4kl]n.圣言；神谕devise[di'vaiz]v t.想出；设计carpenter['ka:pint4]n.木匠academician[4k1d4'mi54n]n.院士，学会会员第14页moron['m3:r3n]n.低能者；蠢人verbal['v4:b4l]a.词语的；口头的intricate['intrikit]a.错综复杂的absolute['1bs4lu:t]a.绝对的determine[di't4:min]v t.确定numerical[nju'merik4l]a.数字的；用数字表示的evaluation[i'v1lju'ei54n]n.估价subsection['s8bsek54n]n.小组，分部foist[f3ist]v t.把……强加于arbiter['2:bit4]n.仲裁人，公断人joke[d94uk]n.笑话；笑料automobile['3:t4m4bi:l]n.汽车hood[hud]n.(汽车)引擎罩doc.n.医生deaf[def]a.聋的dumb[d8m]a.哑的；愚笨的deaf-and-dumb a.聋哑的hardware['ha:dwA4]n.金属器具hammer['h1m4]n.锤子，榔头 v.撞击clerk[kla:k, kl4:k]n.店员scissors['siz4z]n.剪刀scissor['siz4]v.剪whereupon['w94r4'p3n, 'hw]a d.于是，因此；然后heartily['ha:tili]a d.尽情地smugly a d.沾沾自喜地goddamned['g3dd1md]a d.极，非常uneasy[8n'i:zi]a.局促的；不安的；不安适的make a fuss of/over为……大惊小怪worthy of值得make up编制；配制by one's estimate据某人估计take something for granted认为某事当然go wrong出毛病pick out挑选try... on在……身上试验for sure确切地；肯定profit['pr3fit]n.益处；利润exhaust[ig'z3:st]v t.使筋疲力尽waitress['weitris]n.女服务生awry[4'rai]a.歪；斜第15页apron['eipr4n]n.围裙stain[stein]v t.玷污load[l4ud]v t.装满tray[trei]n.托盘weary['wi4ri]a.厌倦的，厌烦的discourage[dis'k8rid9]v t.使泄气，使灰心ice-cream n.冰淇淋dozen['d8zn]n.(一)打quit[kwit]v.离(职)，不干sunlight['s8nlait]n.阳光；日照human['hju:m4n]a.人性的，人类的apply[4'plai]v t.运用，实施somehow['s8mhau]a d.不知怎地；以某种方式reluctant[ri'l8kt4nt]a.不情愿的；勉强的sunshine['s8n5ain]n.阳光linguist[li6'gwist]n.通晓数国语言的人；语言学家salesman['seilzm4n]n.推销员earn[4:n]v t.挣得，赢得chary['t51ri]a.谨慎小心的compliment['k3mplim4nt]n.赞美(话) vt.赞美gracefully a d.大大方方地；优美地embarrass[im'b1r4s]v t.使尴尬defensive[di'fensiv]a.防御的surprisingly a d.令人惊讶地pat[p1t]n.轻拍 v.轻拍indirectly a d.间接地spiteful['spaitful]a.恶意的convey[k4n'vei]v t.转达，传达relay['ri:lei]v t.传送；转达flatter['fl1t4]v t.过奖；谄媚，奉承comment['k3ment]n. & v.评论rewarding[ri'w3:di6]a.值得(做)的；报答的generally['d9en4r4li]a d.通常，一般地artist['a:tist]n.画家；艺术家glorious['gl3:ri4s]a.辉煌的laundry['l3:ndri]n.洗衣店appreciate[4'pri:5ieit]v t.欣赏，鉴赏；感谢，感激routine[ru:'ti:n]a.常规的，例行的gas station n.加油站attendant[4'tend4nt]n.服务人员第16页tidy['taidi]a.整洁的，整齐的housework['hausw4:k]n.家务劳动dreary['dri4ri]a.沉闷乏味的grind[graind]n.苦差使scrub[skr8b]v t.擦洗wage[weid9]n.工资，报酬measure['me94]n.份儿instinctively a d.本能地scold[sk4uld]v t.申斥，怒骂perceptive[p4'septiv]a.感觉灵敏的criticize['kritisaiz]v t.批评squabble['skw3bl]v i.争吵，口角peacefully a d.安静地quizzically a d.嘲弄地；疑惑地drown[draun]v t.淹没；使(某人)淹死critical['kritik4l]a.挑剔的，苛求的constructive[k4n'str8ktiv]a.建设性的favorably['feiv4r4bli]a d.赞成地，称赞地brief[bri:f]a.简短的，短暂的margin['ma:d9in]n.页边的空白behavioral[bi'heivj4r4l]a.行为的countless['kauntlis]a.无数的，数不尽的arithmetic[4'ri7m4tik]n.算术consistently a d.始终如一地；一贯地previous['pri:vj4s]a.以前的ignore[ig'n3:]v t.不理，忽视dramatically[dr4'm1tikli]a d.显著地react[ri'1kt]v i.反应youngster['j86st4]n.年青人；少年appreciative[4'pri:5j4tiv]a.表示感激的investment[in'vestm4nt]n.投资alert[4'l4:t]a.警觉的excellence['eks4l4ns]n.优秀，卓越，美德make out开出；填写only too极，非常not much of a不十分好的fish out掏出shrug off耸肩表示不屑理睬pat on the back赞扬；鼓励pass on传递第17页live on靠……生活第18页。

大学英语精读（2）英语知识点总结Unit 1 The Dinner Party1. shortly before WW1 一战前不久2. track down 追溯，追查3. be seated 就座4. spring up 突然出现，开始5. outgrow the jumping-on-a-chair-at the sight of a mouse era 不再像过去那样见到老鼠就跳到椅子上6. That last ounce of self-control is what really counts.这多出来的一点自制力才是真正起作用的。

7. motion to sb 向某人示意signal to sb8. whisper sth to sb 向某人嘀咕，耳语9. the America comes to with a start.这个美国博物学家突然醒悟了.Startle-----startled10. bait for a snake 蛇的诱饵11. an empty room 一个空房子a bare marble floor 没铺地毯的大理石地板barely any hair====hardly/scarcely any hair12. serve the next course 上下一道菜a course of dish 一道菜13. frighten sb into doing sth 吓得某人去做…persuade sb into doing sthtalk sb into doing sththreaten sb into doing sth14. out of the corner of his eyes 从他的眼角里15. Stare straight ahead 盯着往前看16. Not move a muscle 纹丝不动17. Make for 前往18.Ring out19. Slam the door shut20. Exclaim21. at the sight of 一看见at the thought of 一想起22. a heated/spirited discussion 一场激烈的争论22. an example of perfect self-control一个镇定自若的典范23. A faint smile lights up the hostess’s face.Two spots of color brightened her face.A strange expression came over her face.24. a colonial official 一个殖民地官员25. give a large dinner party 办一个盛大的晚宴26. a visiting American naturalist美国访问博物学家27. a spacious dining room 宽敞的餐厅28. the major 少校the colonel29. feel like doing sth 想要/喜欢做某事30. commotion 混乱，骚动31. The tone of his voice is so commanding that it silences everyone. 他的语调很威严，让每个人都静下来不出声.32. count three hundred 数三百下count up to three hundred 数到第三百下33. sit like stone images 像石雕一样坐着Sit rootedUnit 2 Lessons from Jeffersonbe of interest/important 很有趣/很重要obtain knowledge from many sources从许多源头获取知识personal investigation 个人调查appoint him to a committee 派他去一个委员会study papers on the subject 研究该课题的文件make on-the-spot observations 做现场观察By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class.无论是论出身还是论教育，杰弗逊都属于最高的社会阶层.noble persons 贵族persons of noble origins 出身高贵的人persons of humble origins 出身卑微的人go ou t of one’s way to do sth 特意/专门去做某事a cooking pot 做饭的锅If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied. 如果也只有你愿意这样做，你才可能发现为什么人民不满意.Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it.上帝赋予你一个判断正确和错误的头脑，就运用它吧.form a correct judgment 形成正确的判断not hesitate a moment to do sth毫不犹豫地去做某事the former and the latter 前者和后者In a free country, there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength.在一个自由的国度，总会有冲突的意见，而这正是力量的源泉.It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.让自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致.There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions.每个问题都有两面.如果你有力地站在一方，那么另一方的人必定会憎恨你的行动.be chained to customs 受习俗的禁锢lose its usefulness 失去它的效用No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. 任何一个社会都不能制定出永久的宪法或永久的法律.He did n’t fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future.他不惧怕新观点，也不惧怕未来.I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.我满怀希望驾驶着帆船，把恐惧抛在身后.be based on knowledge 以知识为基石men of his age===peer 同龄人practice crop rotation and soil conservation 施行作物轮作和土壤保持standard practice 标准的做法be superior to any other in existence比现存的任何做法都优越be inferior to 不如…Of all Jefferson’s many talents, one is central.在杰弗逊的诸多才能中，其中一个是重要的.He was above all a good and tireless writer.首先，他是个优秀的不知疲倦的作家.Ageless-----parentless-----timeless31. complete works 全集32. when the time came to do sth当该做…的时候33. the task of writing it was his.撰写的任务都落在他的肩头了.34. We hold those truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.]我们坚信这些不言而喻的事实：人人生而平等.Every is born equal.35. He left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples.他给他的同胞留下一笔丰富的思想遗产和范例.36. owe a great debt to 归功于….====Be indebted to37. Only a nation of educated people could remain free. 只有一个由受教育的人民组成的国度才能保持自由.Unit 3 My First Jobapply for a teaching job 申请一份教学工作go from bad to worse 每况愈下enter university 进入大学in a suburb of London 在伦敦的郊区be very short of money 手头很紧Without a degree and with no experience in teaching, my chances of getting this job were slim. 一无学历，二无教学经历，我得到可能性是微乎其微. Chances of doing are/were……做某事的机会是……It proved an awkward journey. 这一路原来真是麻烦。

word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持英语close汇总第一单元1.At a dinner party the guests and their hosts were involved in a heated discussion ,or rather an argument concerning the question of whether women had as much self-control as men .As they argued, signs appeared to one of the guests that a cobra was present in the room. while his first impulse was to jump back ,he knew that this would be a mistake; so he urged the other dimmers in a commanding tone to hold still without telling then why .shortly ,the cobra emerged on the veranda; and then man ran quickly to the door to slam it shut .it was soon discovered that the had crawled across the foot lf the hostess ,who kept calm ,not uttering a sound .thus the conclusion of this crisis laid bare the fact that women have as much selfcontrol as men.2.lying comfortably upon a sofa, harket brayton smiled as he read the book marvels of science .suddenly something in a dark comer of the room attracted his attention in the shadow ,under the bed,he noticed two points of light about an inch apart,shinng with a greenish glow .his attention was now directed fully to those shining points. there, almost right under the foot-rail of the bed ,he saw the body of a large snake .the points of light were its eyes! Brayton rose to his feet and prepared to back softly away from the snake At that moment ,howeve r ,he felt strangely unwilling to do so .instead of moving backward as planned ,he took a step forward, and then another! the snake made neither sound nor motion, but its evil head was still thrust forth ,its eyes were shining as if electrified, sending needles of light through the shadows. Frightened ,brayton fell to the floor ,dead .Two hours later, when the doctor was pulling the body out ,he chanced to look under the bed, “good god” he cried a snakeHe reached under the bed, pulled out the snake and threw it to the center of the room , where it lay without motion, it was a snake made of cloth and filled with cotton Its eyes were two buttons .第二单元Thomas jefferson was not only a man of ideas, he was also a man ofaction he believed that, rather than simply learn from reading ,one should engage in personal investigations to gain knowledge from its source ,he also believed that one could obtain valuable knowledge not only from expert people of higher classes, but also from people of people of humble origins .jefferson felt that one must think for himself rather than simply seek agreement with others ;and that it was wrong to go out of one’s way to avoid disagreement or conflict .in spite of his critics, Jefferson constantly held to and acced on his own beliefs.americans owe much Thomas Jefferson for the legacy of ideas and examples he left behind2.When Jefferson began to write the declaration of independence, he was bearing a heavy load of personal sorrow and trouble .Only a few months before, in September, his baby daughter ,aged one and a half had died ,then ,in the following marchm his mother had also died. Now he learned that his wofe was lying seriously ill at homeIt took so many days for news to come from there that she might be dying even as he sat at his desk .always in his mind was the thought that if only he could be there he minght be able to save her life. perhaps, too, if he had not been obliged to be away from home so much he might have saved the lives of his mother and daughter.it was thoughts such as these that may have given his work its passion and nobility, as great sorrow often does when he wrote, for all the world to see the wrongs that England had done to America ,maybe he felt them all the more strongly because his own happiness was mow in such great danger chiefly through englands selfish and foolish actions第三单元While waiting to enter university .the young man saw a teaching jobadvertised in a local newspaper ;and thought he thought his chancesof getting the job were slim ,he decided to apply .when he arrived at theschool for his interview, he sensed in the headmaster an attitude of superiority and disapproval .he interview consisted of a number of questions regarding the young man’s education and background .and then he was asked whether or not he attached importance to games as part of a boy’s schooling .obviously his answer was not entirely satisfactory to the headmaster ,in spite of the fact that he and the headmaster had little in common in their views on education ,the young man wastold that he would be hired .however,at a salary of only twelve pounds per week and with the prospect of having to work under the headmaster’s wife ,the teaching post had become quite undesirable.2. a gentleman put an advertisement in a newspaper for a boy to work in his office. Out of nearly fifty persons who came to apply ,the man selected one and dismissed the others .I should like to know ,said a friend ,the reason you select that boy, who brought not a single letter ,not a single recommendation.You are wrong,said the gentleman .the had a great many .he wied hid feet at the door and closed the door behind him, showing that he was careful. He gave his seat immediately to that old man,showing that he was kind and thoughtful .he took off his cap when he came in and answered my questions promptly .showing that he was polite and gentlemanly .All the others stepped over the book which I had purposely put on the floor .he picked it up and placed it on the table; and he waited for his turn instead of pushing and crowding.when o talked to him .i noticed his tidy clothing, his neatly brushed hair and his clean finger hails .can’t you see that these things are excellent recommendations? O consider them more significant than letters.第四单元As a boy and as an adult ,the authou of this article felt awed andbewildered at the personality of his father’s friend the great scientist albert Einstein .what inpressed him most was einstenin’s modest manner .though a profound thinker ,Einstein never displayed vanity, jealousy ,or personal ambition ,and though his ideas were singled out as something special and he was awarded the nobel prize ,he seemed tofind his own fame a puzzle .it appeared that the great man was not capable ofconceit or pretension; and for this reason. The author always felt at ease in his presence .2\. At one time Einstein traveled all over the united states giving lectures. He traveled by car and soon became quite friendly with the driver.The driver listened carefully to einstein’s lecture, which the great scientist gave again and again one day he told Einstein that he knew the lecture so well that he was sure he could give it himself. Einstein smiled and said why don’t you gave the lecture for me next time the driver agreedThat evening the two of them went along to the lecture hall nobody there had seen Einstein before . as the driver took his place on the stage everybody clapped .then he began the lecture .sure enough .he did not make a single mistake .it was a great success.and when it was over, people clapped and clapped .then he started to leave .shaking hands woth everybody ,while Einstein followed quietly a few steps behind.Just before they got to the door ,a man stopped them and asked the driver a very difficult question .the driver listened carefully .of course he did not understand a thing ,but he nodded his head as if he did . when the man stopped talking, the driver said that he thought the question was very interesting but really quite simple. In fact , in order to show how simple it was ,he would ask his driver to answer it!第五单元It is a apparent that the temperature ofthe earth is rising .if this trend is allowed to continue ,many coastal cities will disapper beneath the ocean waves ,much farmland woll be lost to the sea, and the resulting pressure on food supply may cause widespread starvation and lead to the collapse of the whole social structureWhat’s to be done ? there’s no alternative but to get at the villain of all this ,carbon dioxide .carbon dioxide is not very poisonous ,.and in small quantities it does us no harm .plants absorb it and convert it into their own tissue,which serve as the basic food supply for all of animal life .including human beings ,in the process they liberate oxygen, which,again ,is essential to all animal life .however, carbon dioxide lets in visible sunlight during the day, but blocks infrared radiation at nighr ,when itsconcentration in the atmosphere rises, the temperature on earth goes up ,too But carbon dioxide is not rising by itself .if we stop cutting down the forests and consume less coal and gas. Or use fuel that does not produce carbon dioxide ,such as nuclear and solar energy, in all likelihood we can restore its concentration toprevious levels and save mankind from disaster .2\As the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases steadily, earth’s average temperature will go up slightly .winters will grow a bit milder on the average and summers a bit hotter that may not seem frightening, milder winters don’t seem bad ,and as for hotter summers ,we can just run our air –conditioning a bit more .But consider this : if winters in general grow milder ,less snow will fall during the cold season .if summers in general grow hotter ,more snow will melt during the cold season. That means that, little by little ,the snow line will move away from the equator toward the poles. The glaciers will retreat,the mountaintops will grow more bare, and thepolar ice caps will begin to meltThat might be annoying to skiers and to other devotees of winter sports but would it neccssarily bother the rest of us? After all. If the snow line moves north .it might be possible to grow more food in Canada .scandinavia .and russia .Still if the cold weather moves poleward. Then so do the storm belts the desert regions that now exist in subtropical areas will greatly expand, and fertile land gained in the north will be list in the south .more may be lost than gained .It is the melting of the ice caps, though, that is the worst change, it is this which demonstrates the villainy of carbon dioxide .Something like 90 percent of the ice in the world is to be found in the huge Antarctica ice cap, and another 8 percent is in the Greenland ice cap. In both places the ice is piled miles high, if these ice caps begin tomelt. The water that forms won’t stay in place. It will drip down into theocean.taking up more space and causing sea level to rise. Low-lying coastal areas worldwide would be flooded and the rising oceans would surge farther inland during storms, adding to the problem of coastal flooding.第六单元1. dr. nolen believes that the most important time in a surgical career is the point at which the surgeon begins to feel confident in his ability to make sound decisionsin each individual case. Many young doctors dwell on the possibility that they may have made a mistake, especially in emergency situations. At such times , they sweat over patients, wondering if they are competent enough for the job they are attempting to do. And they feel that bound to make a fatal error a at one time or another. When a surgeon learns to relax and approach these situations with confidence in his ability to handle them successfully, according to dr.nolen. he has taken the first step to maturity.2. a man went to see his doctor because he was suffering from pains in his stomach. After the doctor had examined him carefully. He said to him , well, there’s nothing really wrong with you, I’m glad to say Your only trouble is that you worry too much. You know I had a man with the same trouble as you in here a few days ago, and I gave him the same advice, as I’m going to give you.He was worried because he couldn’t pay his tailor’s bills. I told him not to worry his head off about the bills any more. He followed my advice, and when he came to see me again two days ago, he told me that he now felt quite all right again.Yes, I know all about that, answered patient sadly. You see, I’m that man’s tailor .B篇The patient was lying in bed after a minor operation. His friend asked him how he was getting along.Pretty well, as the answer .after my first operation. They had to cut me open again. It seems the surgeon had left a sponge in me and they had to get that out ,But you got over it all rigtOh yes, only I had another operation yesterday. They found a scalpel which had been sewed up in me by mistake .But the patient suddenly got nervous again, for just then the surgeon hurried through the ward saying :Has anyone seen my hat around here?i left it somewhere yesterday.。

UNTH 2-1It is humorous essay. 这是一篇幽默的文章。

But after reading it you will surely find that the author is most serious in writing it. 但是读过之后你将会发现作者写这篇文章的时候是很严肃的。

Ts There Life on Earth? 地球上有生命吗？Art Buchwald阿特.布奇沃德There was great excitement on the planet of Venus this week. 金星上本周异常热闹。

For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the plant Earth, 那里的科学家首次成功地将一颗卫星送上了地球，and is has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 从此卫星便一直不断地发回信号和照片。

The satellite was directed into an area know as Manhattan 卫星被发射到一个叫曼哈顿的地区(named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. （它是用金星上伟大的天文学家曼哈顿教授的名字命名的, Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago). 两万光年前是他首次用望远镜发现了该地区）。

Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, 由于良好的天气条件以及高质量的信号，Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information 使得金星上的科学家们能够获得宝贵资料as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. 有关载人飞碟能否在地球上着陆。

一：1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。

Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。

The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3. 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。

Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.4. 当全部乘客都向出口处 (exit) 走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。

While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane.5. 这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。

The letter is to be handed to Dr. Wilson himself.6. 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。

While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home?8. 猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下 (lay) 的陷阱(trap) 方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。

The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid第二单元1) 会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。

Unit1Text 1Nike, from Small Beginnings to World Giant (I)耐克、小开端对世界的巨人1.Nike is one of the most powerful marketing companies in the business world today, but it had very small beginnings. The global giant company with revenues in 1996 of US $6.4 billion and profits of US $553 million started in the 1960s with the company's founders selling cheap Japanese sports shoes to American high school athletes at school track meetings, using a supply of shoes they kept in their car. One of Nike's founders, Philip Hampson Knight had been a top athlete when he was at the University of Oregon. He moved on to become a student at Stanford Business School, but retained his interest in sport. At Stanford he brought his enthusiasm for track sports to his studies, writing a paper on how to create a cheaper, better running shoe using Japanese labor, which was cheaper than American.1.耐克是其中一个最强大的营销公司在商业世界,但却有非常小的开始。

Unit1Another School Year — What ForLet me tell you one of the earliest disasters in my career as a teacher. It was January of 1940 and I was fresh out of graduate school starting my first semester at the University of Kansas City. Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top who came into my class, sat down, folded his arms, and looked at me as if to say "All right, teach me something." Two weeks later we started Hamlet. Three weeks later he came into my office with his hands on his hips. "Look," he said, "I came here to be a pharmacist. Why do I have to read this stuff" And not having a book of his own to point to, he pointed to mine which was lying on the desk.New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. It would not read: Qualified Pill-Grinding Technician. It would certify that he had specialized in pharmacy, but it would further certify that he had been exposed to some of the ideas mankind has generated within its history. That is to say, he had not entered a technical training schoolbut a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education.I could have told him all this, but it was fairly obvious he wasn't going to be around long enough for it to matter. Nevertheless, I was young and I had a high sense of duty and I tried to put it this way: "For the rest of your life," I said, "your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours. They will be a little shorter when you are in love, and a little longer when you are out of love, but the average will tend to hold. For eight of these hours, more or less, you will be asleep.""Then for about eight hours of each working day you will, I hope, be usefully employed. Assume you have gone through pharmacy school —or engineering, or law school, or whatever —during those eight hours you will be using your professional skills. You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn't jump the fence, or that your client doesn't go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. These are all useful pursuits. They involve skills every man must respect, and they can all bring you basic satisfactions. Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rearsyour children. They will be your income, and may it always suffice.""But having finished the day's work, what do you do with those other eight hours Let's say you go home to your family. What sort of family are you raising Will the children ever be exposed to a reasonably penetrating idea at home Will you be presiding over a family that maintains some contact with the great democratic intellect Will there be a book in the house Will there be a painting a reasonably sensitive man can look at without shuddering Will the kids ever get to hear Bach" That is about what I said, but this particular pest was not interested. "Look," he said, "you professors raise your kids your way; I'll take care of my own. Me, I'm out to make money." "I hope you make a lot of it," I told him, "because you're going to be badly stuck for something to do when you're not signing checks."Fourteen years later I am still teaching, and I am here to tell you that the business of the college is not only to train you, but to put you in touch with what the best human minds have thought. If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man's development we call history — then you haveno business being in college. You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal. Our colleges inevitably graduate a number of such life forms, but it cannot be said that they went to college; rather the college went through them — without making contact.No one gets to be a human being unaided. There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything one needs to know in order to be a civilized human.Assume, for example, that you want to be a physicist. You pass the great stone halls of, say, M. I. T., and there cut into the stone are the names of the scientists. The chances are that few, if any, of you will leave your names to be cut into those stones. Yet any of you who managed to stay awake through part of a high school course in physics, knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past. You know more because they left you what they knew, because you can start from what the past learned for you.And as this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind's spiritual resources. Most of these resources, both technical and spiritual, are stored in books. Books are man's peculiar accomplishment. When you have read a book, you have added to your human experience. Read Homer and your mindincludes a piece of Homer's mind. Through books you can acquire at least fragments of the mind and experience of Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare —the list is endless. For a great book is necessarily a gift; it offers you a life you have not the time to live yourself, and it takes you into a world you have not the time to travel in literal time. A civilized mind is, in essence, one that contains many such lives and many such worlds. If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy.I think it was La Rochefoucauld who said that most people would never fall in love if they hadn't read about it. He might have said that no one would ever manage to become human if they hadn't read about it.I speak, I'm sure, for the faculty of the liberal arts college and for the faculties of the specialized schools as well, when I say that a university has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include. The faculty, by its very existence, saysimplicitly: "We have been aided by many people, and by many books, in our attempt to make ourselves some sort of storehouse of human experience. We are here to make available to you, as best we can, that expertise."Unit2Maheegun My BrotherThe year I found Maheegun, spring was late in coming. That day, I was spearing fish with my grandfather when I heard the faint crying and found the shivering wolf cub.As I bent down, he moved weakly toward me. I picked him up and put him inside my jacket. Little Maheegun gained strength after I got the first few drops of warm milk in him. He wiggled and soon he was full and warm.My grandfather finally agreed to let me keep him.That year, which was my 14th, was the happiest of my life. Not that we didn't have our troubles. Maheegun was the most mischievous wolf cub ever. He was curious too. Like looking into Grandma's sewing basket — which he upset, scattering thread and buttons all over the floor. At such times, she would chase him out with a broom and Maheegun would poke his head around the corner, waiting for things to quiet down.That summer Maheegun and I became hunting partners. We hunted the grasshoppers that leaped about like little rockets. And in the fall, after the first snow our games took us to the nearest meadows in search of field mice. By then, Maheegun was half grown. Gone was the puppy-wool coat. In its place was a handsome black mantle.The winter months that came soon after were the happiest I could remember. They belonged only to Maheegun and myself. Often we would make a fire in the bushes. Maheegun would lay his head between his front paws, with his eyes on me as I told him stories. It all served to fog my mind with pleasure so that I forgot my Grandpa's repeated warnings, and one night left Maheegun unchained. The following morning in sailed Mrs. Yesno, wild with anger, who demanded Maheegun be shot because he had killed her rooster. The next morning, my grandpa announced that we were going to take Maheegun to the north shack.By the time we reached the lake where the trapper's shack stood, Maheegun seemed to have become restless. Often he would sit with his nose to the sky, turning his head this way and that as if to check the wind.The warmth of the stove soon brought sleep to me. But something caused me to wake up with a start. I sat up, and in themoon-flooded cabin was my grandfather standing beside me. "Come and see, son," whispered my grandfather.Outside the moon was full and the world looked all white with snow. He pointed to a rock that stood high at the edge of the lake. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears pointed, alert, listening."Maheegun," whispered my grandfather.Slowly the wolf raised his muzzle. "Oooo-oo-wow-wowoo-oooo!" The whole white world thrilled to that wild cry. Then after a while, from the distance came a softer call in reply. Maheegun stirred, with the deep rumble of pleasure in his throat. He slipped down the rock and headed out across the ice."He's gone," I said."Yes, he's gone to that young she-wolf." My grandfather slowly filled his pipe. "He will take her for life, hunt for her, protect her. This is the way the Creator planned life. No man can change it."I tried to tell myself it was all for the best, but it was hard to lose my brother.For the next two years I was as busy as a squirrel storing nuts for the winter. But once or twice when I heard wolf cries from distant hills, I would still wonder if Maheegun, in his battlefor life, found time to remember me.It was not long after that I found the answer.Easter came early that year and during the holidays I went to visit my cousins.My uncle was to bring me home in his truck. But he was detained by some urgent business. So I decided to come back home on my own.A mile down the road I slipped into my snowshoes and turned into the bush. The strong sunshine had dimmed. I had not gone far before big flakes of snow began drifting down.The snow thickened fast. I could not locate the tall pine that stood on the north slope of Little Mountain. I circled to my right and stumbled into a snow-filled creek bed. By then the snow had made a blanket of white darkness, but I knew only too well there should have been no creek there.I tried to travel west but only to hit the creek again. I knew I had gone in a great circle and I was lost.There was only one thing to do. Camp for the night and hope that by morning the storm would have blown itself out. I quickly made a bed of boughs and started a fire with the bark of an old dead birch. The first night I was comfortable enough. But when the first gray light came I realized that I was in deep trouble.The storm was even worse. Everything had been smothered by the fierce whiteness.The light of another day still saw no end to the storm. I began to get confused. I couldn't recall whether it had been storming for three or four days.Then came the clear dawn. A great white stillness had taken over and with it, biting cold. My supply of wood was almost gone. There must be more.Slashing off green branches with my knife, I cut my hand and blood spurted freely from my wound. It was some time before the bleeding stopped. I wrapped my hand with a piece of cloth I tore off from my shirt. After some time, my fingers grew cold and numb, so I took the bandage off and threw it away.How long I squatted over my dying fire I don't know. But then I saw the gray shadow between the trees. It was a timber wolf. He had followed the blood spots on the snow to the blood-soaked bandage."Yap... yap... yap... yoooo!" The howl seemed to freeze the world with fear.It was the food cry. He was calling, "Come, brothers, I have found meat." And I was the meat!Soon his hunting partner came to join him. Any time now, Ithought, their teeth would pierce my bones.Suddenly the world exploded in snarls. I was thrown against the branches of the shelter. But I felt no pain. And a great silence had come. Slowly I worked my way out of the snow and raised my head. There, about 50 feet away, crouched my two attackers with their tails between their legs. Then I heard a noise to my side and turned my head. There stood a giant black wolf. It was Maheegun, and he had driven off the others. "Maheegun... Maheegun...," I sobbed, as I moved through the snow toward him. "My brother, my brother," I said, giving him my hand. He reached out and licked at the dried blood.I got my little fire going again, and as I squatted by it, I started to cry. Maybe it was relief or weakness or both — I don't know. Maheegun whimpered too.Maheegun stayed with me through the long night, watching me with those big eyes. The cold and loss of blood were taking their toll.The sun was midway across the sky when I noticed how restless Maheegun had become. He would run away a few paces — head up, listening — then run back to me. Then I heard. It was dogs. It was the searching party! I put the last of my birch bark on the fire and fanned it into life.The sound of the dogs grew louder. Then the voices of men. Suddenly, as if by magic, the police dog team came up out of the creek bed, and a man came running toward my fire. It was my grandfather.The old hunter stopped suddenly when he saw the wolf. He raised his rifle. "Don't shoot!" I screamed and ran toward him, falling through the snow. "It's Maheegun. Don't shoot!"He lowered his rifle. Then I fell forward on my face, into the snow.I woke up in my bedroom. It was quite some time before my eyes came into focus enough to see my grandfather sitting by my bed. "You have slept three days," he said softly. "The doc says you will be all right in a week or two.""And Maheegun" I asked weakly."He should be fine. He is with his own kind."Unit3More Crime and Less PunishmentIf you are looking for an explanation of why we don't get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. Each year almost a third of the households in America are victims of violence or theft. This amounts to more than 41 million crimes,many more than we are able to punish. There are also too many criminals. The best estimates suggest that 36 million to 40 million people (16 to 18 percent of the U. S. population) have arrest records for nontraffic offenses. We already have 2. 4 million people under some form of correctional supervision, 412, 000 of them locked away in a prison cell. We don't have room for any more!The painful fact is that the more crime there is the less we are able to punish it. This is why the certainty and severity of punishment must go down when the crime rate goes up. Countries like Saudi Arabia can afford to give out harsh punishments precisely because they have so little crime. But can we afford to cut off the hands of those who committed more than 35 million property crimes each year Can we send them to prison Can we execute more than 22,000 murderersWe need to think about the relationship between punishment and crime in a new way. A decade of careful research has failed to provide clear and convincing evidence that the threat of punishment reduces crime. We think that punishment deters crime, but it just might be the other way around. It just might be that crime deters punishment: that there is so much crime that it simply cannot be punished.This is the situation we find ourselves in today. Just as the decline in the number of high-school graduates has made it easier to gain admission to the college of one's choice, the gradual increase in the criminal population has made it more difficult to get into prison. While elite colleges and universities still have high standards of admissions, some of the most "exclusive" prisons now require about five prior serious crimes before an inmate is accepted into their correctional program. Our current crop of prisoners is an elite group, on the whole much more serious offenders than those who were once imprisoned in Alcatraz.These features show that it makes little sense to blame the police, judges or correctional personnel for being soft on criminals. There is not much else they can do. The police can't find most criminals and those they do find are difficult and costly to convict. Those convicted can't all be sent to prison. The society demands that we do everything we can against crime. The practical reality is that there is very little the police, courts or prisons can do about the crime problem. The criminal justice system must then become as powerless as a parent who has charge of hundreds of teenage children and who is nonetheless expected to answer the TV message: "It's 10 o'clock!Do you know where your children are"A few statistics from the Justice Department's recent "Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice" illustrate my point. Of every 100 serious crimes committed in America, only 33 are actually reported to the police. Of the 33 reported, about six lead to arrest. Of the six arrested, only three are prosecuted and convicted. The others are rejected or dismissed due to evidence or witness problems or are sent elsewhere for medical treatment instead of punishment. Of the three convicted, only one is sent to prison. The other two are allowed to live in their community under supervision. Of the select few sent to prison, more than half receive a maximum sentence of five years. The average inmate, however, leaves prison in about two years. Most prisoners gain early release not because parole boards are too easy on crime, but because it is much cheaper to supervise a criminal in the community. And, of course, prison officials must make room for the new prisoners sent almost daily from the courts.We could, of course, get tough with the people we already have in prison and keep them locked up for longer periods of time. Yet when measured against the lower crime rates this would probably produce, longer prison sentences are not worth thecost to state and local governments. Besides, those states that have tried to gain voters' approval for bonds to build new prisons often discover that the public is unwilling to pay for prison construction.And if it were willing to pay, long prison sentences may not be effective in reducing crime. In 1981, 124,000 convicts were released from prison. If we had kept them in jail for an additional year, how many crimes would have been prevented While it is not possible to know the true amount of crime committed by people released from prison in any given year, we do know the extent to which those under parole are jailed again for major crime convictions. This number is a surprisingly low 6 percent (after three years it rises to only 11 percent). Even if released prisoners commit an average of two crimes each, this would amount to only 15,000 crimes prevented: a drop in the bucket when measured against the 41 million crimes committed each year.More time spent in prison is also more expensive. The best estimates are that it costs an average of $13,000 to keep a person in prison for one year. If we had a place to keep the 124,000 released prisoners, it would have cost us $ billion to prevent 15,000 crimes. This works out to more than $100,000 percrime prevented. But there is more. With the average cost of prison construction running around $50,000 per bed, it would cost more than $6 billion to build the necessary cells. The first-year operating cost would be $150,000 per crime prevented, worth it if the victim were you or me, but much too expensive to be feasible as a national policy.Faced with the reality of the numbers, I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem. My contribution to the public debate begins and ends with this simple observation: getting tough with criminals is not the answer.Unit4The Nightingale and the Rose "She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses," cried the young Student, "but in all my garden there is no red rose."From her nest in the oak tree the Nightingale heard him and she looked out through the leaves and wondered."No red rose in all my garden!" he cried, and his beautiful eyes filled with tears. "Ah, I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose my life is made wretched.""Here at last is a true lover," said the Nightingale. "Night after night have I sung of him, and now I see him."The Prince gives a ball tomorrow night," murmured the young Student, "and my love will be there. If I bring her a red rose she will dance with me till dawn. I shall hold her in my arms, and she will lean her head upon my shoulder. But there is no red rose in my garden, so I shall sit lonely and my heart will break.""Here, indeed, is the true lover," said the Nightingale. Surely love is a wonderful thing. It is more precious than emeralds and opals."The musicians will play upon their stringed instruments," said the young Student, "and my love will dance to the sound of the harp and the violin. She will dance so lightly that her feet will not touch the floor. But with me she will not dance, for I have no red rose to give her," and he flung himself down on the grass, and buried his face in his hands, and wept. "Why is he weeping" asked a green Lizard, as he ran past him with his tail in the air."Why, indeed" said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam."Why, indeed" whispered a Daisy to his neighbor, in a soft, lowvoice."He is weeping for a red rose," said the Nightingale. "For a red rose" they cried, "how very ridiculous!" and the little Lizard, who was something of a cynic, laughed outright. But the Nightingale understood the Student's sorrow, and sat silent in the Oak-tree.Suddenly she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She passed through the grove like a shadow and like a shadow she sailed across the garden.In the centre of the grass-plot stood a beautiful Rose-tree, and when she saw it she flew over to it. "Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song."But the Tree shook its head."My roses are white," it answered, "as white as the foam of the sea, and whiter than the snow upon the mountain. But go to my brother who grows round the old sun-dial, and perhaps he will give you what you want."So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing round the old sun-dial."Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song." But the Tree shook its head."My roses are yellow," it answered, "as yellow as the hair ofthe mermaiden, and yellower than the daffodil that blooms In the meadow. But go to my brother who grows beneath the Student's window, and perhaps he will give you what you want."So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing beneath the Student's window."Give me a red rose," she cried, "and I will sing you my sweetest song." But the Tree shook its head."My roses are red," it answered, "as red as the feet of the dove, and redder than the great fans of coral. But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.""One red rose is all that I want," cried the Nightingale, "only one red rose! Is there no way by which I can get it" "There is a way," answered the Tree, "but it is so terrible that I dare not tell it to you.""Tell it to me," said the Nightingale, "I am not afraid." "If you want a red rose," said the Tree, "you must build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with your own heart's blood. You must sing to me with your breast against a thorn. All night long you must sing to me, and the thorn must pierce your heart, and your life-blood must flow into my veins, and become mine.""Death is a great price to pay for a red rose," cried the Nightingale, "and life is very dear to all. Yet love is better than life, and what is the heart of a bird compared to the heart of a man"So she spread her brown wings for flight, and soared into the air. She swept over the garden like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed through the grove.The young Student was still lying on the grass, and the tears were not yet dry in his beautiful eyes. "Be happy," cried the Nightingale, "be happy, you shall have your red rose. I will build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with my own heart's blood. All that I ask of you in return is that you will be a true lover."The Student looked up from the grass, and listened, but he could not understand what the Nightingale was saying to him. But the Oak-tree understood and felt sad, for he was very fond of the little Nightingale. "Sing me one last song," he whispered. "I shall feel lonely when you are gone."So the Nightingale sang to the Oak-tree, and her voice was like water bubbling from a silver jar.When she had finished her song, the Student got up."She has form," he said to himself, as he walked away. "Thatcannot be denied. But has she got feeling I am afraid not. In fact, like most artists, she is all style without any sincerity." And he went to his room, and lay down on his bed, and after a time, he fell asleep.And when the Moon shone in the heaven, the Nightingale flew to the Rose-tree, and set her breast against the thorn. All night long she sang with her breast against the thorn, and the cold crystal Moon leaned down and listened. All night long she sang, and the thorn went deeper into her breast, and her life-blood ebbed away from her.She sang first of the birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl. And on the topmost spray of the Rose-tree there blossomed a marvelous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song.But the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and louder and louder grew her song, for she sang of the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid.And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose, like the flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses thelips of the bride. But the thorn had not yet reached her heart so the rose's heart remained white.And the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. "Press closer, little Nightingale," cried the Tree, "or the Day will come before the rose is finished."So the Nightingale pressed closer against the thorn, and the thorn touched her heart, and a fierce pang of pain shot through her. Bitter, bitter was the pain, and wilder and wilder grew her song, for she sang of the Love that is perfected by Death, of the Love that dies not in the tomb.And the marvelous rose became crimson. Crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as ruby was the heart.But the Nightingale's voice grew fainter and a film came over her eyes. Fainter and fainter grew her song, and she felt something choking her in her throat.Then she gave one last burst of music. The white Moon heard it, and she forgot the dawn, and lingered on in the sky. The Red Rose heard it, and trembled all over with ecstasy, and opened its petals in the cold morning air."Look, look!" cried the Tree, "the rose is finished now." But the Nightingale made no answer, for she was lying dead in the long grass, with the thorn in her heart.。

Unit 1At a dinner party the guests and their hosts were involved in a heated discussion, or rather an argument concerning the question of whether women had as much self-control as men. As they argued, signs appeared to one of the guests that a cobra was present in the room, While his first impulse was to jump back, he knew that this would be a mistake; so he urged the other diners in a commanding tone to hold still without telling them why. Shortly, the cobra emerged on the veranda; and the man ran quickly to the door to slam it shut. It was soon discovered that the cobra had crawled across the foot of the hostess, who kept clam, not uttering a sound. Thus the conclusion of this crisis laid bare the fact that women have as much self-control as men.Unit 2Thomas Jefferson was not only a man of ideas, he was also a man of action. He believed that, rather than simply learn from reading, one should engage in personal investigations to gain knowledge from its source .He also believed that one could obtain valuable knowledge not only from expert people of higher classes, but also from people of humble origin. Jefferson felt that one must think for himself rather than simply seek agreement with others; and that it was wrong to go out of one's way to avoid disagreement or conflict. In spite of his critics, Jefferson constantly held to and acted on his own beliefs. Americans owe much to Thomas Jefferson for the legacy of ideas and examples he left behind.Unit 3While waiting to enter university,the young man saw a teaching job advertised in a local newspaper;and,though he thought his chances of getting the job were slim,he decided to apply. when he arrived at the school for his interview,he sensed in the headmaster an attitude of superiority and disapproval.The interview consisted of a number of questions regarding the young man's education and background.And then he was asked whether or not he attached importance to games as part of a boy's schooling.Obviously his answer was not entirely satisfactory to the headmaster.In spite of the fact that he and the headmaster had little in common in their views on education, the young man was told that he would be hired.However, at a salary of only twelve pounds per week and with the prospect of having to work under the headmaster's wife,the teaching post had become quite undesirable.Unit 4As a boy and as a adult,the author of this article felt awed and bewildered at the personality of his father's friend,the great scientist Albert Einstein.What impressed him most was Einstein's modest manner.Thought a profound thinker,Einstein never displayed vanity, jealousy, or personal ambition, and though his ideas were singled out as something special and he was awarded the Nobel Prize,he seemed to find his own fame a puzzle.It appeared that the great man was not capable of conceit or pretension;and for this reason,the author always felt at ease in his presence Unit 5It is apparent that the temperature of the earth is rising .If this trend is allowed to continue,many coastal cities will disappear beneath the ocean waves ,much farmland will be lost the sea and the resulting pressure on food supply may cause widespread starvation and lead to the collapse of the whole social structure.What's to be done ?There's no a alternative but to get the villain of all this,carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide is not very poisonous,and in small quantities it does us no harm .Plants absorb it and convert it into their own tissue,which serve as the basic food supply for all of animallife ,including human beings.In the process they liberate oxygen,which ,again,is essential to all animal life .However carbon dioxide lets in visible sunlight during the day, but blocks infrared radiation at night .When its concentration in the atmosphere rises,the temperature on earth goes up,too.But carbon dioxide is not rising by itself .If we stop cutting down the forests and consume less coal and gas,or use fuel that does not produce carbon dioxide ,such as nuclear and solar energy,in all likelihood,we can restore its concentration to previous levels and save mankind from disaster. Unit 6Dr.Nolen believes that the most important time in a surgical career is the point at which the surgeon begins to feel confident in his ability to make sound decisions in each individual case.Many young doctors dwell on the possibility that they may have made a mistake ,especially in emergency situations.At such times, they sweat over patients ,wondering if they are competent enough for the job they are attempting to do.And they feel that they are bound to make a fatal(致命的) error as one time or another.When a surgeon learns to relax and approach these situations with confidence in his ability to handle them successfully,according to Dr.Nolen,he has taken the first step to maturity(成熟)Unit 7My friends and I used to sell illegal drugs on the stoop of a vacant house Shortly after a women moved in,she waged a battle against us repeatedly telling us to go away from her space.We grew a bit angry with her ,but then we thought that was her property after all and she had a good reason to take a stand .Finally we listened and drifted away from her block .After that,whenever we met, the women would warn us that if we continued to make fast money,we were bound to end up in a tragedy.To help prevent us from meeting with such a fate,she would prompt us to find a useful job and do something positive.What the women said had a great impact on some of us .Soon we took to calling her "Mom" and tried to do our bit for her .Indeed,her message got through to me.The other day,I ran into "Mom" in the supermarket.I told her I'd got a job and thanked her for all her fussing.Unit 8As more states require high school students to pass cometence exams before graduating,evidence suggests that cheating among students is also on the rise.Many educators are concerned about dishonest behavior among examinees,and have launched a number of campaigns to control cheating.In spite of their efforts,however,cheating seems to be increasingly contagious among students in both high schools and universities. Numerous arguments have been made about the cause of this widespread problem.Some experts believe it is linked to changes in American society as a whole since,unlike earlier times,modern America is largely a nation of strangers.Additionally,moral values are not taught or reinforced as they were in"the good old days."Unit 9Scientist and science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov explores the question of intelligence in this article.He begins with his recollection an aptitude test on which he had scored far above normal.This indicates that he was a highly intelligent individual;however,Asimov questions whether such scores are worthy of the attention they receive .To make his point,he gives the example of a garage mechanic who,though lacking in academic knowledge,has an ability far beyond Asimov's to determine causes of automotive problems and solve them.Indeed,in an areasuch as mechanics,Asimov admits that he could be considered quite dumb.Intelligence,therefore,is not absolute but relative.This has led Asimov to make an evaluation of such aptitude tests,whose worth ,it seems,should not be taken for granted。