Book2 Unit1
RT A heated discussion about whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way. 关于男人是否比女人更勇敢的一场激烈争论以一种颇为出人意料的方式解决了。
The Dinner Party
Mona Gardner
晚宴
莫娜·加德纳
1RT I first heard this tale in India, where it is told as if true —though any naturalist would know it couldn't be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down.
我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，一家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。
2RT The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests — officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist — in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.
故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。
3RT A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't.
席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。
4RT "A woman's reaction in any crisis," the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts."
他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。”
5RT The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room.
那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。
6RT Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors.
在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。
7RT The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing — bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters — the likeliest place —but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left — under the table.
那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了——餐桌下面。
8RT His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it silences everyone. 他首先想到的是往后一跳，并向其他人发出警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话，其语气非常威严，竟使得所有的人都安静了下来。
9RT "I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred — that's five minutes — and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready!"
“我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力，我数三百下——也就是五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好！”
10RT The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying "... two hundred and eighty..." when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.
在他数数的过程中，那二十个人都像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“……二百八十……”时，突然从眼角处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来，向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往走廊的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时，室内响起了一片尖叫声。
11RT "You were right, Major!" the host exclaims. "A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control."
“你刚才说得很对，少校！” 男主人大声说。“一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫、镇定自若的范例。”
12RT "Just a minute," the American says, turning to his hostess. "Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?"
“且慢，” 那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。“温兹太太，你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢？”
13RT A faint smile lights up the woman's face as she replies: "Because it was crawling across my foot."
女主人脸上闪出一丝淡淡的微笑，回答说：“因为它当时正从我的脚背上爬过去。”
Unit2
RT Jefferson died long ago, but many of his ideas are still of great interest.
杰斐逊已谢世很久，但他的许多思想仍使我们感到很大的兴趣。
Lessons from Jefferson
Bruce Bliven
杰斐逊的遗训
布鲁斯·布利文
1RT Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at least one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.
美国第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊也许不像乔治·华盛顿和亚伯拉罕·林肯那样著名，但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实：是他写的《独立宣言》。
2RT Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:
虽然杰斐逊生活在二百多年以前，但我们今天仍可以从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年来说特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写过的一些观点：
3RT Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot observations.
自己去看。杰斐逊认为，一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识；他认为，亲自做调查是很重要的。在他还很年轻的时候，他就被任命为一个委员会的成员，去调查詹姆斯河南部支流的水深是否足以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内研究有关这一问题的文件，而杰斐逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。
4RT You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, "You must go into the people's homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."
你可以向任何人学习。按出身及其所受的教育，杰斐逊均属于最高的社会阶层。然而，在那个贵人们除了发号施令以外很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代，杰斐逊却常破例跟园丁、仆人和侍者交谈。有一次杰斐逊曾这样对法国贵族拉斐特说过：“你必须像我那样到平民百姓的家里去，看看他们的锅里煮些什么，吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做，你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意，你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。”
5RT Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything," he wrote to his nephew, "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."
自己作判断。未经过认真的思考，杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。上帝赐予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就运用它吧。”
6RT Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."
杰斐逊觉得，人民“是完全可以信赖的，应该让他们听到一切真实和虚伪的东西，然后作出正确的判断。倘使让我来决定，我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。”
7RT Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."
做你认为是正确的事。在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相互冲突的思想，而这正是力量的源泉。使
应那些批评他的人。他在写给一位朋友的信中表达了自己的观点：“每个问题都有两面。如果你坚决站在一面并根据它有效地采取行动，那么，站在另一面的那些人当然会对你的行动怨恨不满。”
8RT Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society," he said, "can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. "How much pain," he remarked, "has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind."
相信未来，相信青年。杰斐逊认为，绝不可以用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚住“现在”的手脚。他说：“没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至连一条永远适用的法律也制订不出来。地球是属于活着的一代的。”他不害怕新思想，也不惧怕未来。他评论说：“有多少痛苦是由一些从未发生过的灾难引起的啊！我期待的是最好的东西，而不是最坏的东西。我满怀希望地驾驶着自己的航船，而把恐惧抛在后面。”
9RT Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.
杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为基础的。他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。在人们普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的做法之前一个世纪，他就这样做了。他还发明了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。他影响了整个美国的建筑业，他还不断地制造出各种机械装置，使日常生活中需要做的许多工作变得更加容易。
10RT Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ..."
在杰斐逊的众多才能中，有一种是最主要的：他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。目前正在第一次出版的他的全集将超过五十卷。他作为一个作家的才能很快便被发现了，所以，当1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时，这一任务便落在了他肩上。数以百万计的人们读到他写的下列词句都激动不已：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：一切人生来就是平等的……”
11RT When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.
1826年7月4日，正值美国独立五十周年纪念日之际，杰斐逊与世长辞了。他给他的同胞留下了一份丰富的思想遗产和众多的榜样。托马斯·杰斐逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献，他认为，只有受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。
Unit3
RT Trying to make some money before entering university, the author applies for a teaching job. But the interview goes from bad to worse ...
为了想在进大学前赚些钱，作者申请了一份教职。但面试情况却越来越糟……
My First Job
Robert Best
我的第一份工作
1RT While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.
在我等着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。我因为手头很拮据，同时也想做点有用的事，于是便提出了申请，但在提出申请的同时我也担心，自己一无学位，二无教学经验，得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。
2RT However, three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for an interview. It proved an awkward journey: a train to Croydon station; a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter of a mile. As a result I arrived on a hot June morning too depressed to feel nervous.
然而，三天之后，却来了一封信，叫我到克洛伊登去面试。这一路去那儿原来还真麻烦：先乘火车到克洛伊登车站，再乘十分钟的公共汽车，然后还要至少步行四分之一英里。结果，我在六月一个炎热的上午到了那儿，因为心情非常沮丧，竟不感到紧张了。
3RT The school was a red brick house with big windows. The front garden was a gravel square; four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.
学校是一座装着大窗户的红砖房子。前庭园是个铺着沙砾的正方形：四个角上各有一丛冬青灌木，它们经受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。
4RT It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. He was short and fat. He had a sandy-coloured moustache, a wrinkled forehead and hardly any hair.
开门的显然是校长本人。他又矮又胖，留着沙色的小胡子，前额上布满皱纹，头发差不多已经秃光。
5RT He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone. "Ah yes," he grunted. "You'd better come inside." The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage; the walls were dirty with ink marks; it was all silent. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room. "You'd better sit down," he said, and proceeded to ask me a number of questions: what subjects I had taken in my General School Certificate; how old I was; what games I played; then fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boy's education. I mumbled something about not attaching too much importance to them. He grunted. I had said the wrong thing. The headmaster and I obviously had very little in common.
他带着一种吃惊的、不以为然的神态看着我，就像一位上校看着一名没系好靴带的二等兵一样。“哦，”他咕哝着说，“你最好到里面来。”那狭窄的、不见阳光的走廊里散发出一股腐烂的卷心菜味，闻上去很不舒服；墙上墨迹斑斑，显得很脏；周围一片静寂。根据地毯上的面包屑来判断，他的书房也是他的餐室。“你最好坐下，”他说，接着便问了我许多问题：为了得到普通学校证书我学过哪些课程；我多大岁数了；我会玩些什么游戏；问到这里他突然用他那双充满血丝的眼睛盯住我，问我是否认为游戏是儿童教育的一个极为重要的组成部分。我含含糊糊地说了些不必太重视游戏之类的话。他咕哝了几句。我说了错话。我和校长显然没有多少共同语言。
6RT The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen.
I should have to teach all subjects except art, which he taught himself. Football and cricket were played in the Park, a mile away on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons.
他说，学校只有一个班，二十四名男生，年龄从七岁到十三岁不等，除了美术课他亲自教以外，其余所有的课程都得由我来教。星期三和星期六的下午要到一英里以外的公园去踢足球，打板球。
7RT The teaching set-up filled me with fear. I should have to divide the class into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels; and I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry — two subjects at which I had been completely incompetent at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.
整个教学计划把我吓坏了。我得把全班学生分成三个组，按三种不同的程度轮流给他们上课；想到要教代数和几何这两门我在读书时学得极差的科目，我感到很害怕。更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排，因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地自得其乐。
8RT I said shyly, "What would my salary be?" "Twelve pounds a week plus lunch." Before I could protest, he got to his feet. "Now", he said, "you'd better meet my wife. She's the one who really runs this school." 我怯生生地问：“我的薪水是多少？”“每周十二磅外加中饭。”还没等我来得及提出异议，他已经站了起来。“好了，”他说，“你最好见见我的妻子。她才是这所学校真正的主管人。”
9RT This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.
我再也无法忍受了。我当时很年轻：在一个女人手下工作的前景构成了最大的侮辱。
Unit 4
RT Seen through the eyes of a young friend Einstein was a simple，modest and ordinary man.
在一个年轻朋友的心目中，爱因斯坦是个纯朴、谦虚的普通人。
The Professor and the Yo-Yo
Thomas Lee Bucky with Joseph P.Blank
教授与溜溜球
托马斯·李·巴基和约瑟夫·P·布兰克
1RT My father was a close friend of Albert Einstein. As a shy young visitor to Einstein's home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, "I have something to show you." He went to his desk and returned with a Yo-Yo. He tried to show me how it worked but he couldn't make it roll back up the string. When my turn came, I displayed my few tricks and pointed out to him that the incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance. Einstein nodded, properly impressed by my skill and knowledge. Later, I bought a new Yo-Yo and mailed it to the Professor as a Christmas present, and received a poem of thanks. 我父亲是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的密友。小时候有一次我去爱因斯坦家拜访时很腼腆，他说，“我有样东西拿给你看，”于是我便感到无拘无束了。他走到书桌旁，拿回来一只溜溜球。他试图做给我看这种玩具怎么个玩法，但他没法使它顺着线再转上去。轮到我时，我露了几手并向他指出，绕错的线圈使玩具失去了平衡。爱因斯坦点点头，我的技能和知识给他留下了颇深的印象。后来，我买了一只溜溜球，把它作为圣诞礼物送给了教授，并收到他一首表示感谢的诗。
2RT As a boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. He was the only person I knew who had come to terms with himself and the world around him. He knew what he wanted and he wanted only this: to understand within his limits as a human being the nature of the universe and the logic and simplicity in its functioning. He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reach. But this did not frustrate him. He was content to go as far as he could.
作为一个孩子，以后又作为一个成人，我一直对爱因斯坦的个性惊叹不已。他是我所认识的人中唯一能跟自己及周围世界达成妥协的人。他知道自己想要什么，而他想要的只是：在他作为一个人的能力范围之内理解宇宙的性质以及宇宙运行的逻辑和单纯。他知道有许多问题的答案超出了他智力所及的范围。但这并不使他感到灰心丧气。只要在能力许可的范围内取得最大的成功他就心满意足了。
3RT In the 23 years of our friendship, I never saw him show jealousy, vanity, bitterness, anger, resentment, or personal ambition. He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyond any pretension. Although he corresponded with many of the world's most important people, his stationery carried only a watermark —W — for Woolworth's.
在我们二十三年的友谊中，我从未见他表现出妒忌、虚荣、痛苦、愤怒、怨恨或个人野心。他好像对这些感情具有免疫能力似的。他毫无矫饰之心，虚荣之意。虽然他与世界上的许多要人通信，他用的却是有W水印字母的信笺，水印字母W——五分钱商店伍尔沃思的缩写。
4RT To do his work he needed only a pencil and a pad of paper. Material things meant nothing to him. I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use for it. He believed in simplicity, so much so that he used only a safety razor and water to shave. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, "The razor and water do the job."
为了做他的工作他只需要一支笔和一本拍纸簿。物质的东西对他毫无意义。我知道他身上从不带钱，因为他从来不需要用钱。他信奉简朴，甚至于只用一把安全剃刀和清水刮胡子。当我建议他用一下刮胡膏时，他说：“剃刀和水就够了。”
5RT "But Professor, why don't you try the cream just once?" I argued. "It makes shaving smoother and less painful."
“但是，教授，为什么你就不能仅仅试用一次刮胡膏呢？”我争辩说。“它可以让你刮起胡子来又平滑又不痛。”
6RT He shrugged. Finally, I presented him with a tube of shaving cream. The next morning when he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. "You know, that cream really works," he announced. "It doesn't pull the beard. It feels wonderful." Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty. Then he reverted to using plain water.
他耸了耸肩。最后，我终于送给他一管刮胡膏。第二天早上，当他下楼来用早餐时，他因为有了一大新发现而高兴得满脸含笑。“你知道，那种刮胡膏还真有效，”他说。“它不扯胡子，感觉好极了。”打那以后，他每天早晨都用那管刮胡膏，直到那一管用完为止。然后他又回复到只用清水刮胡子了。
7RT Einstein was purely and exclusively a theorist. He didn't have the slightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history — yet Einstein wouldn't walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize for his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance, but he didn't have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.
爱因斯坦完完全全是个理论家。他对自己的思想和理论的实际应用丝毫不感兴趣。他提出的E=mc2也许是有史以来最著名的公式——然而爱因斯坦却不愿费举足之劳去看反应堆产生原子能。他因其光电理论——他认为这是比较次要的一系列公式——而获得诺贝尔奖金，但对于观察他的理论怎样使得电视得以产生却没有一点好奇心。
8RT My brother once gave the Professor a toy, a bird that balanced on the edge of a bowl of water and repeatedly dunked its head in the water. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle. But he couldn't.
我兄弟曾送给教授一个玩具，那是一只立在盛水的碗边保持平衡并反复把头浸入水中的鸟。爱因斯坦高兴地注视着它，试图推断出它的运动原理，但他没能推断出。
9RT The next morning he announced, "I had thought about that bird for a long time before I went to bed and it must work this way ..." He began a long explanation. Then he stopped, realizing a flaw in his reasoning. "No, I guess that's not it," he said. He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. His quick expression of disapproval told me he
第二天早晨他宣布说：“关于那只鸟我睡觉前思索了很长时间，它一定是这样运转的……”他开始做起了长篇解释。后来他意识到自己推理中的一个漏洞便停了下来。“不，我想不是那么回事。”他连续几天试着用各种理论来加以解释，后来我建议他把玩具拆开来看看它是怎样运转的。他迅速显出的不赞成的表情告诉我，他并不同意这种切实可行的作法。他一直没有研究出这个答案。
10RT Another puzzle that Einstein could never understand was his own fame. He had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists. Yet his name was a household word across the civilized world. "I've had good ideas, and so have other men," he once said. "But it's been my good fortune that my ideas have been accepted." He was bewildered by his fame: people wanted to meet him; strangers stared at him on the street; scientists, statesmen, students, and housewives wrote him letters. He never could understand why he received this attention, why he was singled out as something special.
爱因斯坦一直没能理解的另一个谜是他自己的名望。他提出的理论都是些非常深奥、只能使比较少的科学家感兴趣的理论。然而他的名字在整个文明世界却家喻户晓，尽人皆知。有一次他说：“我有一些很好的思想，别人也有一些很好的思想。只是由于我运气好，我的思想才被人接受了。”他的名望使他感到迷惑不解：人们都想见他；陌生人在街上盯着他看；科学家、政治家、学生和家庭主妇都给他写信。他一直不能理解，为什么他会受到这种注意，为什么单单把他挑出来当作特殊人物对待。
Unit5
1RT There is one gas present in the air we breathe that is essential to life. Unfortunately, one can have too much of a good thing and the growth in carbon dioxide threatens to warm up our planet to a dangerous extent. Isaac Asimov introduces us to this villain in the atmosphere, explaining how it works and what can be done about it.
在我们呼吸的空气中，有一种气体对生命是必不可少的。遗憾的是，一样好东西我们可能会拥有得太多，而二氧化碳的增长威胁着我们，使地球变暖到一种危险的程度。艾萨克·阿西莫夫向我们介绍了大气层中的这个坏蛋，向我们解释了它是怎样活动的以及对付它的办法。
The Villain in the Atmosphere
Isaac Asimov
大气层中的恶棍
艾萨克·阿西莫夫
1RT The villain in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.
大气层中的恶棍乃是二氧化碳。
2RT It does not seem to be a villain. It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm.
二氧化碳看上去不像一个恶棍。它毒性不大，在大气层中的含量极小——只占0.034％——不会对我们造成任何伤害。
3RT What's more, that small quantity of carbon dioxide in the air is essential to life. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into their own tissue, which serve as the basic food supply for all of animal life (including human beings, of course). In the process they liberate oxygen, which is also necessary for all animal life.
再者，空气中的那一点点二氧化碳对生命至关重要。植物吸收二氧化碳并将其转化成它们自己的组织，充当所有动物（当然也包括人类）的基本食物供给。在这一过程中，植物释放氧气，而氧气又是所有动物生命所不可缺少的。
4RT But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us:
5RT The sea level is rising very slowly from year to year. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise and do so at a greater rate in the course of the next hundred years. Where there are low-lying coastal areas (where a large fraction of the world's population lives) the water will advance steadily, forcing people to retreat inland.
年复一年，海平面正在慢慢上升。它很可能继续上升，而在今后数百年间，会以更快的速度上升。在那些低洼的沿海地区（在这些地区居住着世界上很大一部分人口），海水会稳步向前推进，迫使人们向内陆退居。
6RT Eventually the sea will reach two hundred feet above its present level, and will be splashing against the windows along the twentieth floors of Manhattan's skyscrapers. Florida will disappear beneath the waves, as will much of the British Isles, the crowded Nile valley, and the low-lying areas of China, India, and Russia.
最后，海水将会高出目前海平面两百英尺，一阵阵海浪将会拍打曼哈顿摩天大楼二十层楼的窗户。佛罗里达将会沉没在海浪之下，英伦三岛的大部分，人口稠密的尼罗河流域，还有中国、印度和俄罗斯的低洼地区也都将遭到同样的命运。
7RT Not only will many cities be drowned, but much of the most productive farming areas of the world will be lost. As the food supply drops, starvation will be widespread and the structure of society may collapse under the pressure.
不仅许多城市将被淹没，而且世界上大部分盛产粮食的地区也将会失去。由于食品供应下降，到处都会出现饥荒，在这种压力下，社会结构有可能崩溃。
8RT And all because of carbon dioxide. But how does that come about? What is the connection?
而这一切都是因为二氧化碳。可怎么会出现这种情况呢？两者之间又有什么联系呢？
9RT 9.It begins with sunlight, to which the various gases of the atmosphere (including carbon dioxide) are transparent. Sunlight, striking the top of the atmosphere, travels right through miles of it to warm the Earth's surface. At night, the Earth cools by radiating heat into space in the form of infrared radiation.
首先是太阳光，大气层中的各种气体（包括二氧化碳）对于太阳光来说是透明的。太阳光照射大气层的顶部，径直透过数英里的大气层，温暖着地球的表面。在夜间，地球将热量以红外线的形式放射到外层空间而冷却下来。
10RT However, the atmosphere is not quite as transparent to infrared radiation as it is to visible light. Carbon dioxide in particular tends to block such radiation. Less heat is lost at night, for that reason, than would be lost if carbon dioxide were not present in the atmosphere. Without the small quantity of that gas present, the Earth would be distinctly cooler, perhaps uncomfortably cool.
然而，大气层对红外线来说并不像它对可见光那样透明。二氧化碳特别会阻挡这样的热量辐射。因此，在夜间失去的热量要比在大气中没有二氧化碳的情况下失去的要少。要是没有少量的二氧化碳存在，地球就会明显冷得多，说不定就冷得不舒服了。
11RT We can be thankful that carbon dioxide is keeping us comfortably warm, but the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is going up steadily and that is where the villainy comes in. In 1958, carbon dioxide made up only 0.0316 percent of the atmosphere. Each year since, the concentration has crept upward and it now stands at 0.0340 percent. It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration will be nearly twice what it is now.
我们该感到欣慰，二氧化碳给我们温暖使我们舒舒服服，但是大气中二氧化碳的浓度正在稳步升高，其恶迹也就由此而生。1958年，二氧化碳只占大气总量的0.0316％。此后，其浓度逐年悄悄攀升，而现在已达到0.0340％。据估算，到2020年，二氧化碳的浓度将接近现在的两倍。
12RT This means that in the coming decades, Earth's average temperature will go up slightly. As a result, the polar ice caps will begin to melt.
这就意味着，在未来几十年间，地球的平均温度将要稍许升高。极地冰盖因此将开始融化。
13RT Something like 90 percent of the ice in the world is to be found in the huge Antarctica ice cap, and another 8 percent is in the Greenland ice cap. If these ice caps begin to melt, the sea level will rise, with the result that I have already described.
世界上大约90％的冰都聚积在巨大的南极冰盖中，另有8％在格陵兰冰盖。如果这些冰盖开始融化，海平面将要升高，其结果就是我上面描述的那个样子。
14RT But why is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere steadily rising?
可是大气中的二氧化碳浓度为什么正在不断升高呢？
15RT To blame are two factors. First of all, in the last few centuries, first coal, then oil and natural gas, have been burned for energy at a rapidly increasing rate. The carbon contained in these fuels, which has been safely buried underground for many millions of years, is now being burned to carbon dioxide and poured into the atmosphere at a rate of many tons per day.
难辞其咎的有两个因素。首先，在近几个世纪中，先是煤，其后是石油和天然气，以快速增长的态势被用做燃料获取能量。这些燃料中所含的碳，在过去数百万年的岁月里一直安全地埋在地下，而现在正被烧成二氧化碳，并以每天数吨的速率大量排放到大气中。
16RT To make matters worse, Earth's forests have been disappearing, slowly at first, but in the last couple of centuries quite rapidly. Right now it is disappearing at the rate of sixty-four acres per minute.
更糟的是，地球上的森林在不断消失，起先是慢慢地消失，但在近一两个世纪里其消失的速度相当快。现在，森林消失的速度是每分钟64英亩。
17RT Whatever replaces the forest — grassland or farms or scrub — produces plants that do not consume carbon dioxide at an equal rate. Thus, not only is more carbon dioxide being added to the atmosphere through burning of fuel, but as the forests disappear, less carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere by plants.
不管取代森林的是草地、农田，还是灌木丛，其生产的植物消耗二氧化碳的速率与森林是不相等的。因此，不仅是通过燃料的燃烧使更多的二氧化碳被释放到大气中，而且，随着森林的消失，植物从大气中吸收的二氧化碳也减少了。
18RT But this gives us a new perspective on the matter. The carbon dioxide is not rising by itself. It is people who are burning the coal, oil, and gas. It is people who are cutting down the forests. It is people, then, who are the villains.
但是这也给了我们一个新的视角来考察这个问题。大气中二氧化碳并不是自行上升的。是人在烧煤、烧油和烧气。是人在砍伐森林。所以，人才是真正的元凶。
19RT What is to be done?
怎么办呢？
20RT First, we must save our forests, and even replant them.
首先，我们必须拯救森林，乃至重植森林。
21RT Second, we must have new sources of fuel that do not involve the production of carbon dioxide. Nuclear power is one of them, but if that is thought too dangerous, there are other alternatives. There is the energy of waves, tides, wind, and the Earth's interior heat. Most of all, there is the direct use of solar
第二，我们必须有新的不产生二氧化碳的燃料源。核能就是其中之一，如果认为核能太危险，也还有其他选择。有波浪能，潮汐能，风能，还有地球内部的热能。尤其是，还可以直接利用太阳能。
22RT All of this will take time, work, and money, to be true, but nations spend more time, work, and money in order to support competing military machines that can only destroy us all. Should we object to spending less time, work, and money in order to save us all?
诚然，这一切将需要时间、努力和金钱，但是，各个国家却把更多的时间、努力和金钱花在了对抗性的军事器械上，而这些军备只能毁灭我们大家。为了拯救我们大家而减少在这方面时间、努力和金钱的花费，难道我们应该反对吗？
Unit6
RT A famous surgeon tells about the importance of self-confidence from his own experience.
一位著名的外科医生以自己的亲身经历来谈自信的重要性。
The Making of a Surgeon
Dr. Nolen
外科医师的成功之道
诺兰医生
1RT How does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a "surgeon"? As my year as chief resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion.
一位医生怎样辨认自己终于成了一名“外科医师”的那一时刻呢？在我任住院主任医师的那一年快要结束的时候，我曾不止一次地问过自己这个问题。
2RT The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, "There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon" — then, and not until then, you are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point.
我最后认定，问题的答案在于“自信”二字。当你能够对自己说：“任何外科病人我都能胜任进行治疗，我的治疗跟其他外科医生一样高明，甚至比任何外科医生都更为高明”——那时，而且只有到了那时，你才真正成了一名外科医师。当时我正接近那个时刻。
3RT Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone. I knew it meant another critical decision to be made. Often, after I had told Walt or Larry what to do in a particular situation, I'd have trouble getting back to sleep. I'd review all the facts of the case and, not infrequently, wonder if I hadn't made a poor decision. More than once at two or three in the morning, after lying awake for an hour, I'd get out of bed, dress and drive to the hospital to see the patient myself. It was the only way I could find the peace of mind I needed to relax.
就以我们几乎每晚都会碰到的急诊情况为例吧。在那一年的最初几个月，我一直害怕听到电话铃响。我知道电话铃声意味着又要作出一个生死攸关的决定。事情往往是这样：在我告诉沃尔特或拉里对于某一特殊情况应如何处理之后，我就很难再重新入睡了。我会重温那位急诊病人的整个病情，常常会怀疑自己是否作出了不妥的决定。不止一次，在我躺了一个小时还睡不着之后，我会在凌晨两三点钟从床上跳起来，穿好衣服，驾车去医院亲自探视病人。唯有这样我才能找到安心休息所需要的内心平静。
4RT Now, in the last month of my residency, sleeping was no longer a problem. There were still situations in which I couldn't be certain my decision had been the right one, but I had learned to accept this as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved -- and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer dwelt on it. Reviewing it wasn't going to help and I knew that with my knowledge and experience, any decision I'd made was bound to be a sound one. It was
然而，在我做住院医生的最后一个月，睡眠已不再是个问题了。在有些情况下我仍然不能确定自己的决定是否正确，但我已学会把这看做一个外科医师经常会遇到的问题，一个永远也不能完全解决的问题——我已能适应它了。所以，我一旦经过深思熟虑作出某个决定，就不再去多想它了。多想也不会有什么帮助，而且我知道，凭我的知识和经验，我作出的任何决定肯定都是稳妥的。这是一种令人愉快的感觉。
5RT In the operating room I was equally confident. I knew I had the knowledge, the skill, the experience to handle any surgical situation I'd ever encounter in practice. There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest. I knew that even if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever I found. I'd sweated through my share of stab wounds of the belly, of punctured lungs, of compound fractures. I had sweated over them for five years. I didn't need to sweat any more.
在手术室里我也同样充满信心。我知道自己的知识、技术和经验足以对付我在开业行医中将会碰到的任何外科病例。当我切开病人的腹部或胸腔时，我不再紧张得瑟瑟发抖了。我知道，即使碰上事先无法预见其问题所在的病例，我也能处置我发现的任何情况。我战战兢兢地治疗过交在我手上的腹部刺伤、肺部穿孔以及复合性骨折等病例。这类外科手术我已经战战兢兢地干了五年。我再也不必担惊受怕了。
6RT Nor was I afraid of making mistakes. I knew that when I was out in practice I would inevitably err at one time or another and operate on someone who didn't need surgery or sit on someone who did. Five years earlier — even one year earlier — I wouldn't have been able to live with myself if I had had to take sole responsibility for a mistake in judgment. Now I could. I still dreaded errors — would do my best to avoid them — but I knew they were part of a surgeon's life. I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasn't able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have, either.
而且，我也不再怕犯错误了。我知道在我出去开业行医时，说不定什么时候我就会不可避免地出差错；我会给不需要手术治疗的病人开刀，也可能会把需要动手术的病人忽略过去。五年前——甚至一年前——如果我不得不为一次判断上的失误负全部责任的话，我是没法容忍自己的。现在我能了。我仍然害怕犯错误——愿意竭尽全力避免出错——但我知道这是外科医师生活的一部分。我之所以能够平静地接受这一事实，是因为我知道：如果我不能避免出差错，那么换了任何别的外科医生很可能也不能避免。
7RT This all sounds conceited and I guess it is — but a surgeon needs conceit. He needs it to encourage him in trying moments when he's bothered by the doubts and uncertainties that are part of the practice of medicine. He has to feel that he's as good as and probably better than any other surgeon in the world. Call it conceit — call it self-confidence; whatever it was, I had it.
这些话听上去很自负，而且我以为这的确是自负——但外科医师就是需要这种自负。当他受到行医中必定会遇到的重重疑虑的煎熬时，他需要“自负”来支撑自己度过这些难受的时刻。他必须觉得，他与世上任何一位外科医生相比都毫不逊色，甚至还技高一筹。你管这叫自负也好，叫自信也罢；不管你叫它什么，反正我是有了。
Unit 7
RT People thought Ethel Armstead was crazy to stand up to the young men dealing drugs outside her house. But Ethel had had enough. Summoning up her courage, she went out to talk to the gang. This is the story of what happened.
人们认为埃塞尔·阿姆斯特德准是疯了，竟然敢去面对那些在她房子外面贩卖毒品的年轻人。但埃塞尔已忍无可忍。她鼓足勇气，走出去跟那帮人谈话。下面就是所发生的故事。
Not on My Block
离开我这个街区
琳恩·罗塞利尼
1RT Ethel Armstead liked the gray row house right off. It had an extra bedroom and a big backyard where her grandkids could play. The marble stoop would be perfect spot to sit on summer evenings.
埃塞尔·阿姆斯特德一下子就喜欢上了那栋灰色的联房。房子里多出了一间卧室，还有一个很大的后院，可以让她的小外孙和外孙女在那儿玩耍。那个大理石的门廊将是夏天夜晚坐着乘凉的理想场所。
2RT But when Armstead arrived home from work that first night after moving in, she found a bunch of tough-looking young men sitting on her front steps.
但搬进来后的第一个晚上，当阿姆斯特德下班回到家时，她却发现有一帮样子很凶的人坐在她家门前的台阶上。
3RT "Excuse me," she said, startled. "I live here." The group of seven young men rose reluctantly, staring at her with cold, hard eyes. Once inside, Armstead locked the door and peered out the window. She was surprised to see that the men had already reseated themselves on her steps.
她大吃一惊，说道：“请原谅，我住在这儿。”那一帮七个年轻人不情愿地站了起来，用冷酷无情的目光盯着她看。一走进去，阿姆斯特德就锁上门，从窗口往外看。她吃惊地发现那几个年轻人已经又坐在了她家的台阶上。
4RT In coming weeks, Armstead learned that her house, long vacant, was used by drug dealers, who hid their drugs under the front steps. As a steady stream of cars and foot traffic passed by, the dealers conducted business on the stoop. Addicts shot up in the path behind the house and urinated in the backyard.
在以后的几个星期里，阿姆斯特德了解到她那栋房子过去长期空关时，曾被一些毒品贩子用来在前面台阶下面藏过毒品。当川流不息的车辆和行人经过时，毒品贩子就在门廊上做生意。吸毒成瘾的人就在房子后面的小路上注射毒品，并在后院里随地撒尿。
5RT Armstead had no illusions about the men who occupied her front steps. Almost every night for the ten years she had lived in the tough Oliver neighborhood of East Baltimore, she lay in bed listening to the sound of gunshots as the drug wars raged. But this house, with dealers hanging out on her stoop, was the worst.
阿姆斯特德对占用她家前门的那些人不抱任何幻想。在东巴尔的摩那个充满犯罪与暴力的奥利弗地区居住的十年间，几乎每个晚上，她躺在床上都能听到毒品战激烈进行时的枪击声。但是，（在）这栋房子，有毒品贩子经常出没于她的门廊却是最糟糕的。
6RT Sometimes she called the police several times a day, begging them to disperse the dealers. But once the police car disappeared down the street, the dealers drifted back.
有时候她一天要报警好几次，恳请警察把这些毒品贩子驱散。但警车一旦在街角消失，那些毒品贩子们又会陆陆续续地回来。
7RT As a 50-something mother of grown children, Armstead had not imagined fighting this battle. But it wasn't the first time she'd risen to an unexpected challenge. Back in the mid-1990s, when her own daughter was addicted to drugs and her young grandchildren faced foster care, Armstead got custody of the three boys and one girl.
作为一个50多岁、子女已经长大成人的母亲，阿姆斯特德从未想像过要进行这场战斗。但这并不是她第一次奋起应付突如其来的挑战了。在20世纪90年代中期，当她自己的女儿染上毒瘾，她的小外孙和外孙女需要人领养时，阿姆斯特德就把那三个男孩和一个女孩领来照管了。
8RT One night in September 2000, about a month after she moved into her new house, Armstead prayed to God. "I'm gonna talk to these guys tomorrow. Help me."
2000年9月的一个夜晚，在她迁入新居后大约一个月的时候，阿姆斯特德向上帝祈祷：“明天我要跟那些家伙谈一谈。请帮助我。”
9RT The next day, she confronted the leader of the group, a young man in jeans and a white T-shirt. Armstead's insides were turning over, but she knew she couldn't show her fear.
第二天，她直接找到那帮人的头，一个身穿牛仔裤、白色T恤衫的年轻人。阿姆斯特德的五脏六腑在翻滚，但她知道她绝不能露出恐惧的样子。
10RT "This is my space," she said calmly and quietly, keeping her face a mask. "I shouldn't have to say …Excuse me' to get into my own house."
“这里是我的地方，”她平静而温和地说，脸上一直挂着装出来的微笑。“我本不需要在进自己家时还要说一声…请原谅?。”
11RT She told the young man that she didn't want him and his friends dealing drugs in front of her grandkids anymore. They were to stay off her property, off the vacant property next door, off the corner.
她对那个年轻人说，她不希望他和他的朋友们再当着她小外孙和外孙女的面贩卖毒品。他们必须离开她的住宅，离开隔壁空关的住宅，离开那个街角。
12RT The man was silent. Armstead's heartbeat rose into her throat. Then he nodded. The group left. But a few days later, they were back. Armstead repeated her request. She repeated it the next day. And the next.
那人一声不响。阿姆斯特德的心已跳到喉咙口。随后那人点了点头。那伙人离开了。但过了几天，他们又回来了。阿姆斯特德把她的要求重说了一遍。第二天、第三天又重说了一遍。
13RT Then a funny thing happened. They began to listen. They moved down to the next block. When winter came, they cleared snow from her walk and checked in on her when she was ill. Before long, they took to calling her "Mom."
随后，一件有趣的事情发生了。那伙人开始听话了。他们转移到了下一个街区。冬天来了，他们把她房前路上的积雪扫干净，她生病的时候，他们还来看望她。不久，他们就开始喊她“大妈”了。
14RT Her grandkids could play ball in the street now. Sometimes the young men played with them. And if one of the kids was talking back, someone would say, "Don't you talk like that. That's your grandma!"
她的外孙、外孙女们现在可以在街上打球了。有时候，那些年轻人也和他们一起玩。如果哪个孩子跟外婆顶嘴，某个年轻人就会说：“你不可以这样讲话。她是你外婆!”
15RT Armstead kept "fussin'," warning of the dangers of fast money. "You're gonna get yourselves killed!" She told them. "Do something positive!"
阿姆斯特德不停地“嘀咕”，警告他们轻易得来的钱有危险。“你们会被杀头的！”她对他们说。“还是干点正经事吧！”
16RT People told her she was crazy to talk to those thugs that way. Especially after another mom who had taken a stand was killed just five blocks away. Angela Dawson had waged her own battle against a different set of drug pushers — and lost. In a tragedy that made the national news, the Dawson house was set on fire and Angela, her husband, Carnell, and five of their children died. A neighborhood man was charged. Armstead didn't know Angela Dawson, but she knew her children. After the deadly fire, she was more cautious — but she didn't stop.
人们对她说，她跟那帮恶棍这样讲话真是太蠢了。尤其是在仅仅五个街区外另一个表明自己立场的大妈被杀之后。这个大妈叫安吉拉·道森。她只身与另一伙毒品贩子进行了一场战斗——结果失败了。道森家的房子被人放火烧了，安吉拉、她的丈夫卡内尔和他们的五个孩子都死了，这一悲剧成了震惊全国的新闻。邻近地区内的一名男子受到指控。阿姆斯特德不认识安吉拉·道森，但她认识她的孩子。在这场致死的大火后，她更加当心了——但她并没有停止。
17RT And she didn't just talk. She has been a driving force in the community organization BUILD (Baltimore United in Leadership Development). Together they drove drug dealers off a vacant lot and built a playground. They established an extended-day program at school to keep kids off the streets. They prompted the city and local churches to step up efforts to redevelop abandoned houses.
而且她不仅仅限于谈话。她一直是社区组织巴尔的摩发展领导才能联合会（BUILD）的推动力。他们一起把毒品贩子从一块空地上赶走，在那里建了一个儿童游乐场。他们在学校里开办了一项放学后的校内活动，让孩子们不要到街上去。他们促使市里和当地的教堂加快了重建弃房的步伐。
18RT Not long ago, Armstead ran into one of the men who used to hang out on her steps. "Hey, Mom!" he exploded, giving her a hug. He got a job, he told her, adding, "I want to thank you for all your fussin'."
不久前，阿姆斯特德偶然碰见了过去常在她门前台阶上荡来荡去的那伙人中的一个。“嗨，大妈！”那人大喊了一声，一边紧紧地拥抱着她。他告诉她，他已经找到一份工作，接着又说：“我真要谢谢你当年给我们嘀咕的那些话。”
19RT Armstead is modest about the impact she's had. She says simply, "It makes me feel good to know my message got through to at least one young man."
阿姆斯特德对她产生的影响很是谦虚。她只是说：“知道自己那番话至少说服了一个年轻人，这就让我很开心了。”
Unit 8
RT Ever thought about cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest ...
曾想到过在考试中作弊吗？当然没有。可是有些学生并不那么诚实……
Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?
Stacia Robbins
诚实：难道它正在变得不合时宜？
斯泰茜娅·罗宾斯
1RT According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response may not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbor's test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.
根据最近的一次民意测验，百分之六十一的美国中学生承认曾在考试中至少作过一次弊。人们可以争论说，这样一种回答也许没有多大意义。毕竟大多数学生都曾受到过偷看邻座考卷的诱惑。而学生们在评价这类行为时有时对自己过于严格。不过，还有别的一些迹象也表明，中学里的作弊现象可能是在上升。
2RT More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations. 越来越多的州要求学生通过能力测试以取得中学毕业文凭。很多教育学家担心，更多地利用州级考试将会导致作弊的相应增加。一个明显的例子就是纽约州的一些学生，他们因拥有并出售州教育董
3RT Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say they've dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they can't track down all the cheaters anymore.
现在作弊也被看作是大学的一大问题了。一些教授说他们已经放弃了传统的学期论文这一要求，因为很多学生购买预先写好的各种学期论文，教授们再也查不出所有的作弊者了。
4RT Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said they'd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch "ringers," students who take tests for other students.
除了谈论学生作弊的上升外，全国各地的大学已决定采取一切措施。例如，马里兰大学心理系就开展了一场制止某种作弊形式的运动。当409名学生考完试鱼贯离开教室时，他们发现除了一个出口外，所有的出口都堵住了。监考人员要求每个学生出示贴有照片的身份证。那些说把身份证留在宿舍或家中的学生都被拍了面部照。这一运动的目的是捉拿“冒名顶替者”，即帮别人代考的学生。
5RT The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, "Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word."
马里兰大学的大多数学生都鼓掌欢迎这一运动。校刊社论说：“就像警察逮捕违法超速驾车者一样，这一运动的目的并不是要捉拿所有的人，而是抓住足够的作弊者以便把信息传开去。”
6RT We frequently hear about "the good old days," when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today.
我们经常听人谈起“美好的往日”，说是那时的美国人比现在好，比现在幸福，也比现在诚实。但他们真的较诚实吗？也许在很久以前，他们确实更诚实，因为那时的生活跟今天的生活大不相同。
7RT School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny he'd overcharged a customer. It's the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true ... unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washington's first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax." What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.
中、小学学生过去都知道亚伯拉罕·林肯步行五英里把多收的一分钱还给顾客的故事。我们已经把这类故事看成了神话。但就林肯来说，这故事却是真实的……而不像乔治·华盛顿和樱桃树的故事那样是杜撰的。华盛顿的第一位传记作者虚构了小乔治对父亲说“我不能说谎，我用斧子砍倒了樱桃树”的故事。然而，在两个故事中都很重要的一点是，诚实过去一向被看作是美国人性格中的一个重要组成部分。
8RT And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didn't read "fun" stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends.
而且这仅仅是许许多多故事中的两个故事。上个世纪的学生一般都不读“娱乐性的”故事。他们读的都是些传授道德标准的故事。这类故事非常明确地指出，说谎、骗人、偷东西的孩子决没有好下场。
9RT Parents may have further reinforced those values. It's difficult to know. We do know that children
做父母的很可能进一步加强了这些道德标准。是不是真的如此就很难知道了。但我们的确知道，过去的孩子听不到父母谈论在所得税上欺骗政府的事——那时候还没有所得税。
10RT A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money to a customer? It's less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? It's less likely.
林肯的故事中提供了一个线索，说明为什么过去的美国人也许是比较诚实的。这就是林肯认识他的顾客，他们都住在同一个小镇上。一家大的超级市场的结账员会把多收的钱还给顾客吗？可能性较小。反之，在一家夫妻经营的小旅馆过夜的客人会偷毛巾吗？可能性也不大。
11RT Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best.
也许这就告诉我们，人们需要互相了解才能达到最诚实的境界。
12RT The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty is an important part of the American character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
绝大多数美国人仍然认为诚实是美国人性格的一个重要组成部分。因此，在社会各级都有许多监督委员会。虽然学校、商界和政府中的作弊和欺诈行为近年来似乎比过去多了许多，但这会不会是由于我们越来越善于揭露这类不诚实行为的缘故呢？
13RT There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down.
有某些证据表明，欺诈行为可消可长，有起有伏。当时世艰难时，偷窃和欺骗事件通常便会增多。当形势好转时，这类事件往往就会减少。
14RT Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesn't seem linked to the economy.
学校中的作弊现象也往往有涨有落。但它似乎跟经济没有什么联系。
15RT Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating —a person may feel "they don't trust me anyway," and be tempted to "beat the system." Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust!
许多教育学家认为，当学生对自己和自己的能力有了信心以后，他们就不大可能作弊了。令人惊奇的是，某些防止作弊的努力可能反而促使学生作弊——一个人可能会感到“他们反正不信任我”，于是便很想“击败这个制度”。不信任可以有传染性。但是，信任也可以有传染性。
Unit 9
RT Asimov explains why there is much more in intelligence than just being able to score high on intelligence tests.阿西莫夫说明了为什么智力远非只是在智力测验中取得高分。
What Is Intelligence, Anyway? Isaac Asimov
智力到底是什么？艾萨克·阿西莫夫
1RT What is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ever seen a figure like that and for two hours they made a big fuss over me. (It didn't mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my highest duty.)
智力到底是什么呢？当我在部队服役时，我曾接受过一种所有士兵都参加的智能测验，在标准得分为100的情况下，我得了160分。基地上没有哪个人曾见过这样的高分，于是他们便对我大加吹捧了两个小时之久。（这对我毫无意义。第二天我仍然是一名列兵，最高的职务是担任伙食值勤员。）2RT All my life I've been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that I'm highly
I am very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who make up the intelligence tests — people with intellectual bents similar to mine?
我一生中一直得到这样的高分，因此便有一种自鸣得意之感，认为自己非常聪明，而且期望别人也这样认为。然而，实际上，难道这类分数不是仅仅意味着我很善于回答那些编制智力测验的人们——智力爱好跟我类似的人们——认为值得回答的那类学究式的问题吗？
3RT For instance, I had an auto repairman once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than 80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles —and he always fixed my car.
比方说吧，我过去有位汽车修理师，据我估计，在这类智力测验中，他的得分不大可能会超过80。我过去总是想当然地以为我比他聪明得多。然而，每当我的汽车出了毛病，我总是急急忙忙地去找他，焦急地注视着他检查汽车的主要部位，恭听着他的见解，仿佛聆听神谕一般——而他总能把我的汽车修好。
4RT Well, then, suppose my auto repairman devised questions for an intelligence test. Or suppose a carpenter did, or a farmer, or, indeed, almost anyone but an academician. By every one of those tests, I'd prove myself a moron. And I'd be a moron, too. In a world where I could not use my academic training and my verbal talents but had to do something intricate or hard, working with my hands, I would do poorly. My intelligence, then, is not absolute. Its worth is determined by the society I live in. Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.
那好，假定让我的汽车修理师来为智力测验设计题目。或是让一位木匠、一个农夫或者是除了学究以外的几乎任何一个人来设计题目。按每一次这类的测验来衡量，我都会表明自己是一个笨蛋，而且我也会真的成为一个笨蛋。在一个无法运用我所受过的学校训练以及我在词语方面的才能，而不得不用双手工作，做一些复杂或艰苦的事情的世界上，我会干得很差劲。因此，我的智力并不是绝对的。它的价值是由我生活在其中的社会所决定的。它的数值是由那个社会中的一小部分人决定的，他们作为这类事情的仲裁人已设法把他们的意志强加在我们身上。
5RT Consider my auto repairman, again. He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from under the automobile hood to say: "Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk brought him nails. He picked out the sizes he wanted, and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was a blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you suppose he asked for them?"
再来考虑一下我的汽车修理师吧。他有个习惯，每次见到我都要跟我讲些笑话。有一次他从汽车引擎罩下面抬起头来说：“博士，有一个又聋又哑的人走进一家五金店买钉子。他把两个手指头一起放在柜台上，用另一只手做了几次锤击动作。”“店员给他拿来一把锤子。他摇摇头，指了指他正在敲击的那两个手指头。店员给他拿来了钉子。他选出了自己需要的尺寸，然后就走了。听好，博士，接着进来的是一个瞎子。他要买剪刀。你猜他是怎样表示的呢？”
6RT I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon my auto repairman laughed heartily and said, "Why, you dumb fool, he used his voice and asked for them." Then he said, smugly, "I've been trying that on all my customers today." "Did you catch many?" I asked. "Quite a few," "he said, "but I knew for sure I'd catch you." "Why is that?" I asked. "Because you're so goddamned educated, doc, I knew you couldn't be very smart."
我举起右手，用食指和中指做了几次剪切动作。我的汽车修理师一看就开心地哈哈大笑起来说：“啊，你这个笨蛋，他是用他的嗓子说他要买剪刀的。”接着他又沾沾自喜地说：“今天我用这个问题把我所有的主顾都考了一下。”“上当的人多吗？”我问。“不少，”他说。“但我事先就吃准你一定会上当。”“那为什么？”我问。“因为你受的教育太多了，博士，我知道你不会太精明的。”
7RT And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.
我有一种不安的感觉：他的话不无道理。
Unit 10
1RT Are we too quick to blame and slow to praise? It seems we are.
我们是不是指责别人太快而表扬别人太慢呢？看来是的。
赞扬的好处
珍妮特·格雷厄姆
1RT It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, my feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier and heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.
我在纽约一家生意繁忙的餐馆做女侍的第一天，令人精疲力竭的第一天，就要结束了。我的帽子歪了，围裙上污迹斑斑，两脚疼痛。我感到手中盛着食物的托盘越来越重。我又疲倦又沮丧，仿佛什么事情都没法干好。当我为有好几个孩子的一家人开好一份复杂的账单时——因为这些孩子在要冰淇淋时换来换去有十几次之多——我便准备辞职不干了。
2RT Then the father smiled at me as he handed me my tip. "Well done," he said. "You've looked after us really well."
这时候，那位做父亲的一边把小费交给我，一边对我微微一笑，“干得很好，”他说。“你对我们照顾得真是太好了。”
3RT Suddenly my tiredness vanished. I smiled back, and later, when the manager asked me how I'd liked my first day, I said, "Fine!" Those few words of praise had changed everything.
听了这话，我的倦意顿时消失了。我对他也报以微笑。后来，经理问我对第一天感觉怎样时，我说：“好极了！”那两句赞扬的话改变了一切。
4RT Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.
对于人的精神来说，赞扬就像阳光一样；没有它我们便不能开花生长。然而我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风，不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们的同伴。
5RT Why — when one word can bring such pleasure? A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to learn a little of the language of any place she visits. She's not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word — "beautiful" — in several languages. She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. The ability has earned her friends all over the world. 只要一句话就能带来这样的欢乐，我们为什么却不愿意这样做呢？我有一个到处旅行的朋友总是努力学一点她要去访问的国家的语言。她并不是什么了不起的语言学家，但她的确知道怎样用几种语言说一个词——“美极了”。她可以对一个怀抱婴儿的母亲或者对一个从身上掏出全家照的寂寞的推销员用上这个词。这种能力为她在全世界赢得了朋友。
6RT It's strange how chary we are about praising. Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comment.
奇怪的是我们对赞扬何其慎重。这也许是因为我们很少有人知道怎样大大方方地接受赞扬。相反，我们往往会不知所措，对于我们实际上非常乐意听到的话却耸耸肩膀不屑理睬。由于这种防御性的反应，给人以直接的赞扬就变得极为困难了。一些最宝贵的赞许鼓励之词往往是在信中或通过朋友间接地传达给我们，原因就在于此。当我们想到那些充满恶意的言词传播的速度之快，我们就会感到，人们没有做出更多的努力来传递令人愉快、使人高兴的评语似乎是太遗憾了。
7RT It's especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? Do you ever praise your paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year?
对于通常不为人们注意或提及的努力加以赞扬是特别有益的。艺术家因画出一幅绚丽多彩的画而受到赞美，厨师因烧出一顿美餐而受到称赞。但是当你的衬衫被洗得干干净净，烫得平平整整时，你可曾告诉过洗衣店的经理你是多么高兴吗？你可曾因为你的报童每年365天都按时送报上门而夸奖过他吗？
8RT Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs: gas-station attendant, waitresses —even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, "What a tidy room"? Hardly anybody does. That's why housework is considered such a dreary grind. Comment is often made about activities which are
housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.
那些从事例行工作的人们特别懂得赞扬的意义，如汽车加油站的服务员、女侍者——甚至家庭主妇。当你走进一家住房时，你可曾说过：“多么整洁的房间啊！”几乎没有人这么说过。家庭劳动之所以被认为是沉闷乏味的苦差使，原因就在于此。人们经常对一些比较容易而又令人满意的活动，如插花，加以评论；但对像擦地板这样又苦又脏的工作却不予置评。莎士比亚说过：“对我们的称赞就是给予我们的报酬。”既然在很多情况下，称赞是家庭主妇得到的唯一报酬，因此在所有的人中，她理应得到自己的一份赞扬。
9RT Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. Still, we're not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. One day I was criticizing my children for squabbling. "Can you never play peacefully?" I shouted. Susanna looked at me quizzically. "Of course we can," she said. "But you don't notice us when we do."
母亲们本能地知道，对孩子们来说，一句赞扬抵得上十句责骂。然而对于运用这一规律，我们的感觉并非一直都很敏锐。有一天，我因为孩子们在争吵而批评他们：“你们就永远不能安安静静地玩耍吗？”我大声说道。苏珊娜疑惑地看着我。“我们当然能，”她说。“可是在我们安安静静玩耍时，你却不注意我们。”
10RT Teachers agree about the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. "I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual standard," writes the teacher, "and that he waits hungrily for a brief comment in the margin to show him that the teacher is aware of it, too."
对赞扬的重要性教师们的意见是一致的。有一位教师写道，如果教师不用挑剔的红墨水把学生们的作文改得一塌糊涂，而是找出一两处比上一次做得好的地方并给予好评，他就会得到更富有建设性的结果。“我相信，当学生交上一篇超过他平时水平的作文时，他自己心中是有数的，”这位教师写道，“因此，他如饥似渴地等待着老师在页边空白处写上一段简短的评语从而向他表明老师也注意到了他的进步。”
11RT Behavioral scientists have done countless experiments to prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result. In one such experiment, a number of schoolchildren were divided into three groups and given arithmetic tests daily for five days. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.
行为科学家已经做过无数试验，证明任何人都往往会重复一个立即产生出愉快结果的动作。在一次这样的试验中，若干学生被分为三个组，连续五天每天都对他们进行算术测验。第一组自始至终都因上次测验的成绩而受到表扬；另一组却受到批评，而第三组则无人理睬。
12RT Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved also, but not so much. And the scores of the children who were ignored hardly improved at all. Interestingly the brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise the most. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.
毫不令人感到意外的是，那些受到表扬的学生进步显著。那些受到批评的学生也有进步，但并不那么显著。而那些无人理睬的学生，他们的分数却几乎没有什么提高。有趣的是，最聪明的孩子从批评中得到的帮助跟从表扬中得到的帮助一样多，但能力较低的孩子却对批评的反应很差，他们最需要表扬。然而后者恰恰是在大多数学校中得不到赞许鼓励的孩子。
13RT To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort — perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. It is such a small investment — and yet consider the results it may produce. "I can live for two months on a good compliment," said Mark Twain.
对于赞扬只需要给予者付出片刻的思索和片刻的努力——或者是很快地打个电话传递一句赞美的话，或者是花五分钟的时间写一封感谢信。投入的时间和精力可谓少矣
——然而考虑一下它可能产生的效果吧。马克·吐温曾说过：“只凭一句赞美的话我就可以活上两个月。”
14RT So, let's be alert to the small excellences around us — and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other people's lives, but also, very often, added happiness into our own.
所以，让我们随时注意周围各种小小的优点并加以评论吧。我们将不仅给别人的生活带来欢乐。而
WORD 格式可编辑 所属行业类别、分类及行业代码查询表 发布日期： 2014-10-31 浏览次数： 13180 核心提示：国民经济行业类别、如何分类以及各行业代码查询：国民经济行业分类与 代码（ GB/4754-2011 ），国民经济行业分类。A 农、林、牧、渔业； B 采矿业； C 制 造业； D 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应 业； E 建筑业； F 批发和零售业； G 交 通运输、仓储和邮政 业；H 住宿和餐饮业； I 信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业； J 金融业； K 房地产业；L 租赁和商务服务 业；M 科学研究和技术服务业；N 水利、 环境和公共设施管理业；O 居民服务、修理和其他服务 业；P 教育； Q 卫生和社会 工 国民经济行业分类与代码查询表： A农、林、牧、渔业 行业代码行业名称详细说明 1农业 0111 谷物的种植； 0112 薯类的种植； 0113 油料的种植； 0114 豆 类的种植； 0115 011谷物及其他作 麻类的种植； 0117 糖料的种植； 0118 烟草的种 植； 0119 其 棉花的种植； 0116 物的种植 他作物的种植 012蔬菜、园艺作物 0122 花卉的种植； 0123 其他园艺作物的种植0121 蔬菜的种 植； 的种植 水果、坚果、饮 0131 水果、坚果的种植；0132 茶及其他饮料作物的种植；0133 香料作物的种13料和香料作物 植 的种植 14中药材的种植 2林业 021林木的培育和 造林； 0213 林木的抚育和 管理、 0211 育种和育苗； 0212 种植 022木材和竹材的 竹材的采运 0221 木材的采运； 0222 采运
UNIT 2-1 一场关于男人是否比女人勇敢的激烈的讨论以一个意外的方式。晚宴我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像实有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之后不久就出现在一本杂志上。但登在杂志上的那篇故事, 以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。故事发生在印度。某殖民官员和他的夫人举行盛行的晚宴。跟他们一起就座的客人有——军官和他人的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家——筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是阳台。席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。“女人一遇到危急情况，”少校说，反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。”那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。在座的客人中，除了那位美国人以外论证也没有注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的阳台上。那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着下一道菜。这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了餐桌下面。他首先想到的是往后一跳，并向其他人发警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜索受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话，其语气非常威严，竟使所有的人安静了下来。我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力，我数三百下——也就五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好！”在他数数的过程中，那2 0 个人像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“……280……”时，突然从眼然处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来，向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往阳台的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时，室内响起了一片尖叫声。“你刚才说得很对，少校！”男主人大声说。一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫、镇定自若的范例。”“且慢”，那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。温兹太太，你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢？”女主人的脸上闪现出一丝淡淡的微笑，回答说：“因为它当时正从我的脚背上爬过去。” UNIT2 杰斐逊很久以前就死了，但是我们仍然对他的一些思想很感兴趣,杰斐逊的箴言, 布鲁斯.布利文、托马斯.杰斐逊美国第三任总统，也许不像乔治.华盛顿和亚伯拉罕.林肯那样著名，但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实：《独立宣言》是他起草的。虽然杰斐逊生活在二百多年以前，但我们今天仍可以从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写到过的一些观点：自己去看。杰斐逊认为，一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外，还可以从许多别的来源获得知识；亲自做调查是很重要的。当他还年轻的时候，他就被任命为一个委员会的成员，去调查詹姆斯河南部支流的水深是否可以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内，研究有关这一问题的文件，而杰斐逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。你可以向任何人学习。按出身及其所受的教育，杰斐逊均属于最高的社会阶层。然而很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代，在那个贵人们除了发号施令以外。杰斐逊却想尽办法跟园丁、仆人和侍者交谈。有一次杰斐逊曾这样对法国贵族拉斐特说：你必须像我那样到平民百性的家里去，看看他们的烧饭锅，吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做，你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意，你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。”自已作判断。未经过认真的思考，杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。“不要相信它或拒绝它。
高中语文必修课本1~5名著导读梳理 名著导读是高中语文必修教材重要的板块之一。必修1~5出现的多篇名著：比如《大卫·科波菲尔》、《家》、《巴黎圣母院》、《红楼梦》、《高老头》、《三国演义》、《唐吉珂德》等。今天小简老师帮同学们整理了必修1~5中出现的名著，对于同学们积累作文素材，提升阅读能力有很重要的帮助！一起来看看吧！ 一、《大卫-科波菲尔》（必修一） 作者是英国作家狄更斯。主人公大卫·科波菲尔尚未来到人间，父亲就已去世，自幼受尽继父的虐待，因反抗被送进一所寄宿学校，母亲死后，就被送去当童工。后在姨婆的抚养下成为名作家。作品围绕大卫的生活遭遇生动描绘了维多利亚时代一幅幅社会画面，揭露了司法界的黑暗，会议对人民的欺压，资产阶级对人民的剥削，寄宿学校对儿童的虐待；刻画了形形色色得人物，特别是下层劳动者的形象。 作品从某种意义上讲也是一部教育小说，它通过主人公经个人奋斗成为名作家的经历，赞美了忠诚正直、勤奋坚毅的品质，贬斥了贪婪伪善的恶习，鼓励人们无论在何种情况下都要对生活充满信心。 二、《家》（必修二） 艺术成就 《家》是巴金30年代创作的“激流三部曲”中的第一部，它从1931年问世至今，一直以其特有的反封建的思想光辉和动人的艺术魅力吸
引着广大读者，在中国现代文学史上占有着重要的地位。长篇小说《家》以20年代初期中国内地城市四川成都为背景，真实地写出了高家这个很有代表性的封建大家庭腐烂、溃败的历史。 作品中的高家是中国封建社会和家族制度的缩影。作品在揭露这个封建家庭罪恶的同时，还侧重表现了封建制度、封建礼教对青年一代的摧残和迫害。同时还表现了以觉慧为代表的一代觉醒了的青年同这个罪恶家族的斗争。这些青年受“五四”反封建巨浪的影响，一方面在社会上积极参加宣传革命思想的学生运动，一方面在家庭内部和封建势力、封建礼教展开勇猛的战斗，最后，他们真正敲响了这个封建大家庭的丧钟。 《家》是一部思想相当深刻的现实主义力作，作品通过以觉慧为代表的青年一代与以高老太爷为代表的封建腐朽势力的激烈斗争，反映了当时的社会面貌，深刻地揭露了封建社会和家族制度的腐败与黑暗，控诉和揭示了大家族和旧礼教、旧道德的罪恶以及吃人本质，并且揭示了其必然灭亡的历史命运。同时，作品还以极大的激情歌颂了青年知识分子的觉醒、抗争以及他们与罪恶的封建家庭的决裂。 人物鉴赏 1.觉新
所属行业类别、分类及行业代码查询表 发布日期：2014-10-31 浏览次数：13180 核心提示：国民经济行业类别、如何分类以及各行业代码查询：国民经济行业分类与 代码（GB/4754-2011 ），国民经济行业分类。 A 农、林、牧、渔业； B 采矿业； C 制造业； D 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业； E 建筑业； F 批发和零售业；G 交通运输、仓储和邮政业；H 住宿和餐饮业；I 信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业；J 金融业；K 房地产业；L 租赁和商务服务业；M 科学研究和技术服务业；N 水利、环境和公共设施管理业；O 居民服务、修理和其他服务业；P 教育；Q 卫生和社会工 国民经济行业分类与代码查询表： A 农、林、牧、渔业 行业代码行业名称详细说明 01 农业 011 谷物及其他作 物的种植 0111 谷物的种植；0112 薯类的种植；0113 油料的种植；0114 豆类的种植；0115 棉花的种植；0116 麻类的种植；0117 糖料的种植；0118 烟草的种植；0119 其 他作物的种植 012 蔬菜、园艺作物 的种植 0121 蔬菜的种植；0122 花卉的种植；0123 其他园艺作物的种植 水果、坚果、饮 0131 水果、坚果的种植；0132 茶及其他饮料作物的种植；0133 香料作物的种 013 料和香料作物 植 的种植 014 中药材的种植 02 林业 林木的培育和 021 0211 育种和育苗；0212 造林；0213 林木的抚育和管理、种植 022 木材和竹材的 采运 0221 木材的采运；0222 竹材的采运 023 林产品的采集03 畜牧业
Unit1 The Dinner Party 关于男人是否比女人更勇敢的一场激烈争论以一种颇为出人意料的方式解决了 The dinner party 晚宴 1. I first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true—though any naturalist would know it couldn’t be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That magazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down. 我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，一家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。 2.The country is India.A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests—officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist—in their spacious dining room, which has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda. 故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。 3. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't. 席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。 4. "A woman's reaction in any crisis, "the major says, "is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts." 他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。” 5. The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the hostess. She is straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boy's eyes widen：he quickly leaves the room. 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。 6. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on the veranda just outside the open doors. 在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。 7. The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing—bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters—the likeliest place—but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and in the fourth the servants are
Unit1 Twocollege-ageboPs,unawarethatmakingmonePusuallPinvolveshardwork,aretemptedbPanadvertis ementthatpromisesthemaneasPwaPtoearnalotofmoneP.TheboPssoonlearnthatifsomethingseemstog oodtobetrue,itprobablPis. 一个大学男孩，不清楚赚钱需要付出艰苦的劳动，被一份许诺轻松赚大钱的广告吸引了。男孩们很快就明白，如果事情看起来好得不像真的，那多半确实不是真的。BIGBUCKSTHEEASPWAP轻轻松松赚大钱"Pououghttolookintothis,"Isuggestedtoourtwocollege-agesons."ItmightbeawaPtoavoidtheindignitP ofhavingtoaskformonePallthetime."Ihandedthemsomemagazinesinaplasticbagsomeonebadhungon ourdoorknob.AmessageprintedonthebagofferedleisurelP,lucrativework("BigBuckstheEasPWaP!")o fdeliveringmoresuchbags. “你们该看看这个，”我向我们的两个读大学的儿子建议道。“你们若想避免因为老是向人讨钱而有失尊严的话，这兴许是一种办法。”我将挂在我们门把手上的、装在一个塑料袋里的几本杂志拿给他们。塑料袋上印着一条信息说，需要招聘人投递这样的袋子，这活儿既轻松又赚钱。（“轻轻松松赚大钱!”） "Idon'tmindtheindignitP,"theolderoneanswered.“我不在乎失不失尊严，”大儿子回答说。"Icanlivewithit,"hisbrotheragreed.“我可以忍受，”他的弟弟附和道。"Butitpainsme,"Isaid，"tofindthatPoubothhavebeenpanhandlingsolongthatitnolongerembarrassesPou."“看到你们俩伸手讨钱讨惯了一点也不感到尴尬的样子，真使我痛心，”我说。TheboPssaidthePwouldlookintothemagazine-deliverPthing.Pleased,Ilefttownonabusinesstrip.BPmi dnightIwascomfortablPsettledinahotelroomfarfromhome.Thephonerang.ItwasmPwife.Shewantedt oknowhowmPdaPhadgone.孩子们说他们可以考虑考虑投递杂志的事。我听了很高兴，便离城出差去了。午夜时分，我已远离家门，在一家旅馆的房间里舒舒服服住了下来。电话铃响了，是妻子打来的。她想知道我这一天过得可好。 "Great!"Ienthused."HowwasPourdaP?"Iinquired.“好极了!”我兴高采烈地说。“你过得怎么样?”我问道。 "Super!"Shesnapped."Justsuper!Andit'sonlPgettingstarted.Anothertruckjustpulledupoutfront."“棒极了!”她大声挖苦道。“真棒!而且这还仅仅是个开始。又一辆卡车刚在门前停下。”"Anothertruck?"“又一辆卡车?” "Thethirdonethisevening.ThefirstdeliveredfourthousandMontgomerPWards.Thesecondbroughtfour thousandSears,Roebucks.Idon'tknowwhatthisonehas,butI'msureitwillbefourthousandofsomething.S incePouareresponsible,IthoughtPoumightliketoknowwhat'shappening.“今晚第三辆了。第一辆运来了四千份蒙哥马利-沃德百货公司的广告；第二辆运来四千份西尔斯-罗伯克百货公司的广告。我不知道这一辆装的啥，但我肯定又是四千份什么的。既然这事是你促成的，我想你或许想了解事情的进展。” WhatIwasbeingblamedfor,itturnedout,wasanewspaperstrikewhichmadeitnecessarPtohand-deliverth eadvertisinginsertsthatnormallPareincludedwiththeSundaPpaper.ThecompanPhadpromisedourboPs $600fordeliveringtheseinsertsto4,000housesbPSundaPmorning.我之所以受到指责，事情原来是这样：由于发生了一起报业工人罢工，通常夹在星期日报纸里的广告插页，必须派人直接投送出去。公司答应给我们的孩子六百美金，任务是将这些广告插页在星期天早晨之前投递到四千户人家去。 "Pieceofcake!"ouroldercollegesonhadshouted.“不费吹灰之力!”我们上大学的大儿子嚷道。"SiGhundredbucks!"Hisbrotherhadechoed,"Andwecandothejobintwohours!"“六百块!”他的弟弟应声道，“我们两个钟点就能干完!” "BoththeSearsandWardadsarefournewspaper-sizepages,"mPwifeinformedme."TherearethirtP-twot housandpagesofadvertisingonourporch.Evenaswespeak,twobigguPsarecarrPingarmloadsofpaperup thewalk.Whatdowedoaboutallthis?"“西尔斯和沃德的广告通常都是报纸那么大的四页，”妻子告诉我说，“现在我们门廊上堆着三万二千页广告。就在我们说话的当儿，两个大个子正各抱着一大捆广告走过来。这么多广告，我们可怎么办?”"JusttelltheboPstogetbusP,"Iinstructed."TheP'recollegemen.TheP'lldowhatthePhavetodo."“你让孩子们快干，”我指示说。“他们都是大学生了。他们自己的事得由他们自己去做。”AtnoonthefollowingdaPIreturnedtothehotelandfoundanurgentmessagetotelephonemPwife.Hervoic
第一册 ?《沁园春·长沙》毛泽东 1、选自《毛泽东诗词集》。毛泽东，代表词作有《沁园春·雪》《七律·长征》。沁园春，词牌名。 2、内容主旨：在长沙逗留期间重游橘子洲，面对湘江上美丽动人的自然秋景，联想起当时的革命形势，便以“长沙”为题写下了这首《沁园春》，抒写出一个革命青年对国家命运的感慨和以天下为己任、蔑视反动统治者、改造旧中国的豪情壮志。 3、艺术特色：用词精准，富有表现力；采用对比的手法、选用意境宏大的意象、景中寓情，情景交融的特点。 ?《跨越百年的美丽》梁衡 1、选自《光明日报》。梁衡（1946-)新华社高级记者，当代散文家。散文集《把栏杆拍遍》《人杰鬼雄》。 2、内容主旨：这是一篇赞美居里夫人的文章，文章以“美丽”为主线，表明了居里夫人的美丽不在于容貌，而在于心灵和人格。她为人类做出了伟大的贡献，实现了自己的人生价值。 3、艺术特色：正、侧面相结合的描写手法来表现人物的创作手法；穿插故事凸显其神；引用名言颂扬其德。 ?《边城》（节选）沈从文 1、沈从文（1902-1988），湖南凤凰人。现代作家。有中篇小说《边城》，散文集《湘行散记》《湘西》。 2、内容主旨：在风光秀丽的湘西，生活着相依为命的祖父孙女两人，翠翠美丽纯洁，情窦初开，她爱上了船总的二儿子傩送。船总的大儿子天保也喜欢翠翠。天保和傩送相约以唱歌来进行爱情的“决斗”。后来天保为成全弟弟和翠翠，外出闯滩而死。傩送心怀内疚，也离开故乡。祖父忧心去世，只剩下翠翠苦等傩送回来。《边城》是一曲充满爱和美的田园牧歌，成为一种文化概念。 3、艺术特色：语言具有田园牧歌式的诗情画意；叙述平稳有节奏；人物心理刻画细腻。 ?第5课《合欢树》史铁生 1、史铁生（1951-)北京人，当代作家，代表作有《我的遥远的清平湾》《我与地坛》《务虚笔记》。 2、内容主旨：文章表现了对自己有了成就而母亲辞世，“子欲养而亲不待”的伤感，表现深沉的母爱以及作者对母亲的缅怀。 3、艺术特色：沉静、淡然的语言风格；象征手法的运用（象征母爱、象征我的成长、象征我的命运） ?第7课《最后的常春藤叶》欧．亨利 1、欧·亨利(1862-1910)美国小说家，代表作《警察与赞美诗》《麦琪的礼物》《没有完的故事》。 2、内容主旨：小说讲述了老画家贝尔曼为了鼓励贫病交加的青年画家顽强地活下去，在风雨之夜挣扎着往墙上画了一片永不凋零的常春藤叶。他为此杰作付出了生命的代价，但青年画家却因此获得勇气而活了下来。歌颂了艺术家之间相濡以沫的友谊和苍凉人生中那种崇高的艺术家品格。 3、艺术特色：场景的描写融人到故事情节和人物的行为之中；叙述的简练；欧·亨利式的结尾：情理之中，意料之外；幽默与讽刺意味的语言风格。 ?第8课《邂逅霍金》葛剑雄
UNIT 1 As we are at the start of the course, this seems a good moment to offer some advice on how to make the task of learning English easier. 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies for Learning English Learning English is by no means easy. It takes great diligence and prolonged effort. 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 Nevertheless, while you cannot expect to gain a good command of English without sustained hard work, there are various helpful learning strategies you can employ to make the task easier. Here are some of them. 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. Do not treat all new words in exactly the same way. Have you ever complained about your memory because you find it simply impossible to memorize all the new words you are learning? But, in fact, it is not your memory that is at fault. If you cram your head with too many new words at a time, some of them are bound to be crowded out. What you need to do is to deal with new words in different ways according to how frequently they occur in everyday use. While active words demand constant practice and useful words must be committed to memory, words that do not often occur in everyday situations require just a nodding acquaintance. You will find concentrating on active and useful words the most effective route to enlarging your vocabulary. 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2. Watch out for idiomatic ways of saying things. Have you ever wondered why we say, "I am interested in English", but "I am good at French"? And have you ever asked yourself why native English speakers say, "learn the news or secret", but "learn of someone's success or arrival"? These are all examples of idiomatic usage. In learning English, you must pay attention not only to the meaning of a word, but also to the way native speakers use it in their daily lives. 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I'm interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I'm good at French”？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或秘密”是“learn the news or secret”，而“获悉某
高中语文前五册课文整理!! 第一册 第一单元 每一个人的生命体验都是独特的。青年毛泽东意气风发，指点江山；居里夫人站在智慧的高地，坚守理性的美丽。即使是普通人的生命也各有其精微和美妙，不可重复。体悟创造生命之美，是每个生命个体的意义所在。 一、沁园春·长沙 “推翻历史三千载，自铸雄奇瑰丽词”，这是柳亚子先生赠毛泽东主席的词句，可谓对 毛主席诗词的千古定评。《沁园春·长沙》意境开阔，气势宏大，是诗人气质和革命气度的完美结合。 鉴赏这首词，要反复诵读，理解景中寓情，情中言志的特点，感受毛
泽东早年的博大胸怀和凌云壮志。 二、跨越百年的美丽 一百多年前，年轻的居里夫人经历了长久的艰辛，发现了一种闪烁着蓝色荧光的放射性 元素——镭，由此引发了一场科学革命，为人类留下了永恒的遗产。在这篇表现和赞美人物崇高精神的文章里，我们可以感受到居里夫人的道德力量和理想光辉，渐渐靠近她的高贵的心灵。 文章朴素大气，意蕴丰赡，精彩的比喻不时涌出。 三、生命本来没有名字 第二单元： 亲情出于人的自然本性，与生俱来。“边城”里亲人的爱，自然、明净而深沉，甚至令人伤感。母爱更是无私，博大，子女永远无法全然报答。我们要细心领悟亲情，学会感恩，让美好的感情贮满心灵。
《边城》 清丽的语言、抒情的调子，传达出作者对真善美得最深切的追求。祖孙之间相依为命的亲情，少女成长中的伤感，乃至与过渡人之间的淳朴乡情，都是那样的优美、自然和合乎人性。 《合欢树》： 伟大的母爱是文学的一个永恒主题，然而看过《合欢树》，我们依然为之唏嘘不已。母亲不仅给了作者第一次生命的资格，又给了他第二次生命的勇气。合欢树是一段生命体验的见证，在它的生长中，母亲的身影无处不在。 《合欢树》是作者用刻骨铭心的体验写就的独白式的文字，看似淡然的叙述背后，是作者难以抑制的悲伤和思念。 《我们是怎样过母亲节的》
UNIT 01 关于男人是否比女人更勇敢的一场激烈争论以一种颇为出人意料的方式解决了。 晚宴 莫娜·加德纳 我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好像确有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我，在第一次世界大战之前不久，一家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人，我却一直未能找到。 故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里，室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯；屋顶明椽裸露；宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人，另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。 席间，一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；少校则不以为然。 他说：“一遇到危急情况，女人的反应便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫，但比起女人来，自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。” 那个美国人没有参加这场争论，他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时，他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方，脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势，对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的，迅速地离开了餐室。 在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕，也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。 那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度，碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的，而在第四个角落里，仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。这样，剩下的就只有一个地方了——餐桌下面。 他首先想到的是往后一跳，并向其他人发出警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱，致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话，其语气非常威严，竟使得所有的人都安静了下来。 “我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力，我数三百下——也就是五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好！” 在他数数的过程中，那二十个人都像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“……二百八十……”时，突然从眼角处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来，向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往走廊的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时，室内响起了一片尖叫声。 “你刚才说得很对，少校！” 男主人大声说。“一个男子刚刚为我们显示了从容不迫、镇定自若的范例。” “且慢，” 那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。“温兹太太，你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢？”女主人脸上闪出一丝淡淡的微笑，回答说：“因为它当时正从我的脚背上爬过去。”
Unit 1 一个年轻人发现，在街上漫无目的的闲逛也会带来涉及法律上的麻烦。一种误解导致另一种误解，直到最终他必须在法庭上接受审判……. 法律小冲突 我平生只有一次陷入与法律的冲突。被捕与被带上法庭的整个经过在当时是一种令人极不愉快的经历，但现在这却成为一个好故事的素材。尤其令人恼怒的是我被捕及随后在法庭上受审期间的种种武断情形。事情发生在十二年前的二月，那是我中学毕业已经几个月了，但是要等到十月份才能上大学，所以当时我仍在家中。 一天上午，我来到离我住地不远的伦敦郊区的里士满，那是我正在找一份临时的工作，一边攒些钱去旅游。由于天体晴朗，有没有什么急事，我便悠然自得的看看窗店橱窗，逛逛公园，有时干脆停下来四处观望。一定是这种显然无所事事的样子使我倒了霉。 事情发生在十一点半左右，当我在当地图书馆谋之未成，刚从那里出来，就看见一个人从马路对面走过来，显然是想跟我说话。我愿意为他是要问我时间。想不到他说他是警察，要逮捕我。开始我还以为这是个玩笑。但紧接着又来了一个穿着警服的警察，这下我无可置疑了。 “为什么抓我？”我问。 “四处游荡，有作案嫌疑，”他说。 “做什么案？”我又问。 “偷东西，”他说。 “偷什么”我追问。 “牛奶瓶”他说，表情极端严肃。 “噢，” 事情是这样的，这一带经常发生小偷小摸的案件，尤其是从门前台阶上偷走牛奶瓶。 接着，我犯了个大错误，那是我才十九岁，留着一头乱蓬蓬的长发，自以为是六十年代“青年反主流文化”的一员。因此，我想对此表现出一副冷漠，满不在乎的态度，于是用一种很随便的无所谓的腔调说：“你们跟我多久了？”这样一来，我在他们眼里，我是惯于此种情形的，这又使他们确信我是一个彻头彻尾的坏蛋。 几分钟后来了一辆警车。 “坐到后面去，”他们说：“把手放在椅背上，不许乱动。”他俩分别坐在我的左右，这下可不是闹着玩的了。 在警察局，他们审问了我好几个小时。我继续装着老于世故，对此种事习以为常的样子。当他们问我一直在干什么事时，我告诉他们我在找工作。“啊哈”，这下我可看到他们在想，“无业游民”。 最后，我被正式指控，并得到通知下周一到里士满地方法院受审。他们这才让我走。 我本想在法庭上自我辩护，但是父亲一弄清事情原委后，就为我请了一位很不错的律师。就在那个星期一，我们带着各种证人出庭了，这其中包括我的中学英语教师作为我的平行见证人。但法庭没有传唤他作证。对我的“审判”并没有进行到那一步，才开庭十五分钟，法官就驳回了此案。我被无罪释放。可怜的警察毫无胜诉的机会。我的律师甚至成功的使警察承担了诉讼费。 这样，我没有留下任何犯罪记录。但当时，最令人震惊的是我被无罪释放所明显依赖的证据：我有标准的口音，有受人尊重的中产阶级父母来到法庭，有可靠的证人，还有，很明显我请得起很好的律师。想到这次指控的含混不清的特点，我敢断定，我如果出生在一个不同背景的家庭，并真失了业，则完全可能被判为有罪。当我的律师要求赔偿诉讼费时，他的辩词很显然的紧紧围绕着我“学习成绩优异”这一事实。 与此同时，在法庭外面，曾逮捕我的警察中的一个沮丧的想我的母亲抱怨说，又有一个小伙子要与警察做对了。他以责备的口气对我说：“我们抓你的时候，你本可以帮帮忙的。” 他这话是什么意思？也许是说我因该做出大发雷霆的样子，并说：“喂，你们知道是在和谁说话么？
高中语文课内重点篇目整理 第一册重点篇目 《跨越百年的美丽》（作者、主要人物、百年、美丽、写法） 作者：梁衡 文章主人公：居里夫人 百年：1998年是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现放射性元素镭一百周年。 美丽：“跨越百年的美丽”不仅是指居里夫人美丽的容貌，也不光是她伟大的研究成果，更重要的是她的科学精神——对科学执著追求，为科学奉献终身，以及淡泊名利。 结构与写法：倒叙和侧面描写（男学生们为了能更多地看她一眼，或有幸凑上去说几句话，常常挤在教室外的走廊里。她的女友甚至不得不用伞柄赶走这些追慕者。） 《合欢树》（作者、线索、写法） 作者：史铁生 线索：合欢树 故事梗概：作者以合欢树为线索，回忆了母亲为治疗“我”瘫痪的腿奔波，以及对我的写作理想的支持和帮助，母亲去世后，“我”几次探访老家，母亲当年种下的合欢树苗已经长成了参天大树。 写法：借物抒情的手法。合欢树象征了作者的经历，也有着同样顽强的生命力，同时，还象征着母爱。 《最后的常春藤叶》（作者、主题、线索、写法） 作者：欧·亨利（美国） 世界三大小说家：契诃夫、莫泊桑、欧·亨利 主题：《最后的常春藤叶》讲述了老画家贝尔曼为了鼓励贫病交加的青年画家顽强地活下去，在风雨之夜挣扎着往墙上画了一片永不凋零的常春藤叶。他为绘制这杰作付出了生命的代价，但青年画家却因此获得勇气而活了下来。歌颂了艺术家之间相濡以沫的友谊和苍凉人生中那种崇高的艺术家品格——舍己救人。 线索：常春藤叶写作顺序：时间顺序 写法：1、欧·亨利式结尾：故事的结尾出人意料却又合情合理。2、反衬：人物外貌与心灵之间的反差：性格暴躁，酗酒成性，爱讲大话（杰作），牢骚满腹——舍己救人。 《邂逅霍金》（作者、写法、情感） 作者：葛剑雄 写法：侧面描写（以作者的眼光写对霍金的情感）心理描写细腻 情感变化：写我与霍金相遇时的敬仰、震惊、凝视、沉思这一心理变化。 《一碗阳春面》（作者、主要人物、线索与情感） 作者：栗良平 主要人物：一家三口（母子三人）次要人物（面店老板夫妇） 线索：阳春面 开端：第一年母子三人合吃一碗阳春面（设置悬念）； 发展：第二年母子三人合吃一碗阳春面、第三年母子三人吃两碗阳春面、面馆的等待；高潮和结局：十四年后母子三人再次来到面馆吃三碗阳春面。 情感：以一碗阳春面为贯穿全文始末的线索，使其具有了团结、不屈、向上、奋争等多种美好的含义。 第二册重点篇目 《老王》（作者、写法、情感）
大学英语精读第三版第四册课文及课文翻译 Unit 1 Text Two college-age boys, unaware that making money usually involves hard work, are tempted by an advertisement that promises them an easy way to earn a lot of money. The boys soon learn that if something seems to good to be true, it probably is. BIG BUCKS THE EASY WAY John G. Hubbell "You ought to look into this," I suggested to our two college-age sons. "It might be a way to avoid the indignity of having to ask for money all the time." I handed them some magazines in a plastic bag someone bad hung on our doorknob. A message printed on the bag offered leisurely, lucrative work ("Big Bucks the Easy Way!") of delivering more such bags. "I don't mind the indignity," the older one answered. "I can live with it," his brother agreed. "But it pains me," I said，"to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longer embarrasses you." The boys said they would look into the magazine-delivery thing. Pleased, I left town on a business trip. By midnight I was comfortably settled in a hotel room far from home. The phone rang. It was my wife. She wanted to know how my day had gone. "Great!" I enthused. "How was your day?" I inquired. "Super!" She snapped. "Just super! And it's only getting started. Another truck just pulled up out front." "Another truck?" "The third one this evening. The first delivered four thousand Montgomery Wards. The second brought four thousand Sears, Roebucks. I don't know what this one has, but I'm sure it will be four thousand of something. Since you are responsible, I thought you might like to know what's happening. What I was being blamed for, it turned out, was a newspaper strike which made it necessary to hand-deliver the advertising inserts that normally are included with the Sunday paper. The company had promised our boys $600 for delivering these inserts to 4,000 houses by Sunday morning. "Piece of cake!" our older college son had shouted. " Six hundred bucks!" His brother had echoed, "And we can do the job in two hours!" "Both the Sears and Ward ads are four newspaper-size pages," my wife informed me. "There are thirty-two thousand pages of advertising on our porch. Even as we speak, two big guys are carrying armloads of paper up the walk. What do we do about all this?" "Just tell the boys to get busy," I instructed. "They're college men. They'll do what they have to do." At noon the following day I returned to the hotel and found an urgent message to telephone my wife. Her voice was unnaturally high and quavering. There had been several more truckloads of ad inserts. "They're for department stores, dime stores, drugstores, grocery stores, auto stores and so on. Some are whole magazine sections.