以语义学为视角探析英语语言中的性别歧视现象孔秋梅
Sexism on semantics in English language
Abstract: As a phenomenon of society, language reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Sexism is one of the main contents for sociolinguistics---a
new dual discipline. And sexism is also a common feature of all cultures. This paper does a research on the subject from semantics. Further, it explains the reasons of sexism and provides some relative solutions.
在20 世纪60 年代, 随着欧美国家的妇女解放运动的发展, 英语语言中的性别歧视现象越来越引起人们的关注。从20 世纪80 年代以来, 我国的社会语言学家对英语语言中的性别歧视进行了大量的研究。但多数论述是以西方著名语言学家的思想体系为视角。因此, 以语言现象本身为切入点来研究英语语言中的性别歧视现象是必要的。
一、语义学是研究语言意义的语言学分支。它涵盖了词汇意义和句子结构意义等方面
内容。本文仅从词汇意义方面来阐释英语语言中的性别歧视现象。
1. woman( 女人) 一词的由来
据 经 约全书所载, 上帝从亚当身上取下一根肋骨, 造成一个女人, 亚当看
见女人, 在惊喜之中说道: 这是我骨中之骨, 肉中之肉, 应该给她取名叫WOMAN 从此, 妇女就被视为男人的附庸。而且随着基督教的广为流传, WOMAN一
词更加深入人心, 难以改变。
2. boy ( 男孩) 和 girl ( 女孩) 的不同词汇含义
在美国, 未成年男性被称作boy( 男孩) , 未成年女性被称为 girl( 女孩) 。因为无
论男孩与女孩都具备幼小与天真、不成熟这一特征。但从他们进入高
中, boy( 男孩) 一词的称呼却有所改变。他们被称作 guy (男人的俚语) ,而
女孩却仍被称作 girl。称女人( woman) 为女孩( girl) 表面上看是在吹捧她年轻,
但实际却暗示幼稚、不成熟之意。例如, 有一部英文影片Splendor In The Grass( 青春
梦里人) , 剧中女主角Jenney 在她长大成年以后不满母亲称她为my girl。又如, 美
国当代作家J. D 塞林格的代表作 田里的守望者 男主人公霍尔顿讨厌被称作 my
boy , 一位年仅16 岁的少年不认同这一称呼, 这一反例足可证明这一点。
3. 同一词汇, 因性别不同则含义不同
如果说 woman ( 女人) 和 girl ( 女孩) 被视作某种含蓄的英语语言中的性
别歧视现象, 以下两例却是公然的性别歧视用语。
( l) Professional
当该词被用作修饰一男性时, 意思是从事专门职业的。但当该词被用作修饰一女性
时, 则指妓女
( 2) Easy
当该词被用作修饰一男性时, 意思是容易相处的 , 但当其被用作修饰一女性时,则
指不整洁的、不修边幅的女人, 娼妓、淫妇。此外因性别不同,
指同一性格时, 修饰语的使用则迥异。如, 人们用 hard task masters来指严厉
的男性雇主。但却用 hard to work for来指严厉的女性雇主。又如, 若指一男子易动感情的, 常用only human( 很人性化) , 但若指女性, 却用emotional( 情绪化的) 。再如, 人们常用decisive man 来指做事果断的男人, 而
在表述做事果断的女性时, 却用 stubborn 为修饰语, 暗含倔强、顽固 意。
4. 一些相互代名词的不同含义
英语中由于性别差异, 存在着不同的相互代词来表示同一意义。对女性的用语有损
毁, 降低女性身份之意。
例如, bachelor用于指男性时, 是单身汉 , 未婚男士 意。但其相
互代名词 spinster却是性情乖戾的老处女。又如指一精明的男性用sage( 圣
人) , 而同一意义的女性却用witch( 原意巫婆 ) 或midwife( 原意接生婆 )
来表示。请看下面4 例
( 1) He is only thirteen, but he is already a man.
( 2) She is only thirteen, but she is already a woman.
( 3)Mary is going out with this gentleman. .
( 4) John is going out with a new lady tonight.
句( 2) 中的 woman含贬义指堕落的女子 , 句( 4) 中的lady 为中性名词, 意思是另一女子 , 但它们的相互代名词,句( 1) 中的man 却含褒义, 指男子汉, 成熟的男子 句( 3) 中的gentleman 则为绅士之意。
5. 从字面意义和引申意义看英语语言中的性别歧视现象
名词字面意义引申意义
Dog 狗娼妓
Tomato 西红柿美丽的黑肤女子
Honey 蜜性感的女子
Doll 玩具娃娃美而无知识之女性
又如, 美国著名作家纳尔森在他的著作中曾把女人进行
了深刻形象的比喻。
In her youth, she is a chick, then she marries and feeling
cooped up, so she goes to hen parties where she cackles with her
friend.Then she has her brood and begins to henpeck her husband.
Finally she turns into an old biddy.
这一描述尖刻地体现了众多妇女的社会角色仅限于性、
生育、抚养孩子、料理家务及服侍丈夫。这种女性一生的真
实写照是对英语语言中的性别歧视现象的极大讽刺。
6. 亵渎女性的用语
在英语词汇中, 亵渎女性是直接和性相关联的。例如
fallen , wanton , whorish , unchaste , loose woman ,
on the streets等等诸如表示不贞洁 荡妇、妓女一类的单词
在英语中总共超过500 种, 而且该短语超过1000 种。但其同义词汇 whoremonger ( 淫媒) 也有60 余种。但这种短语用来指男性时, 却少之甚少。
同时, 某一词汇是否和性相关联还应视性别差异而定。如tramp 一词, 当用于指男性时, 则指流浪者。但当其用于指女性时, 则是妓女之意。这是由于在人们头脑中, 不正常的男女性关系是肮脏的, 因而女性受到歧视。
二、纵观上文, 造成英语语言中的性别歧视现象的原因是多方面的 诸如历史因素、心理因素、环境因素等, 但主要是社会因素。
在西方社会, 女性直到19 世纪末才争取到受教育的权利, 在她们获得教育权之前, 女性根本不知道如何去争取与男人同等的权利, 她们没有工作的权利, 甚至没有权利说不, 不难理解, 在这种状态下, 女性的语言如何不如此苍白无力?
曾有一位社会语言学家把女性受到歧视的原因归为女性在西方社会被视为商品和私有财产。
例如( 1)Men compete for power , fame and women.
男人们为争夺权力、名誉、女人而竞争。
( 2) The brave pioneers crossed the plains with their wives, their
children, and their cattle.
这些勇敢的拓荒者携妻带子, 和他们的牲畜穿越了大平原。
读到以上句子, 人们不禁想到女性被视作男性争夺的猎物或成为男性的一部分财产。
三、英语语言中的性别歧视现象并不是语言本身的错误, 而是许多复杂因素的结果。如今由于妇女解放运动的兴起, 对女性的歧视正逐渐削弱, 女性争取与男性同等的权利的思想越来越强烈。女性开始涉足比较重要的职位。如在商业、政府、艺术领域等。同时, 女性开始更多地注重英语语言中的性别歧视, 她们要使用 human being ( 人类) 来
代替原有的( 人, 男人) ; 用 man来代替 person , 用 their来代替 his , 用 woman来代替 girl等, 许多已婚妇女选择保留自己的姓名, 而不随夫姓; 大众媒体中的语言形式也在变化,妇女们认为男性能干的事, 自己也能干, 这些在某些职业名称上也反映出来。
如: sportsman sportswoman
postman postwoman
salesman saleswoman
businessman businesswoman
在1972 年, Ms 成为美国历史较长的女性杂志的代名词。除此之外, 人们还尽全力在许多领域消除性别歧视。例如,美国的新闻出版界规定编辑和作者应尽量避免使用导致性别歧视的词语, 如未能找到合适的词语来替换, 作者应事先向女性读者郑重地道歉。
英语语言中的性别歧视现象在语义学方面, , 最能深刻地得以体现, 词汇的含义能直接地导致女性地位的降低, 这方面已很大程度地影响了人们的思维模式。所以, 要消除英语语言的性别歧视视象, 从语义学方面作为切入点是极其必要的。
语言是社会的一面镜子, 因此, 消除英语语言中的性别歧视是全社会的责任, 男人应尊重女人, 男人应承认女人与他们拥有同等的权利, 因此, 男人不应使用贬损女性的词汇,也不能把妇女视作二等公民。同时, 女性应高昂起头来, 为争取与男人同等的社会身份而奋斗, 她们应当拥有与男人同等的语言身份, 只有这样, 我们才能彻底地消除英语语言中的性别歧视现象。
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[ 3] 潘建. 英语语言性别歧视的比较研究, 外语与外语教学, 2001, ( 3) .
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Semantics 1. What is Semantics? Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科 2．Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型: ①Conceptual meaning概念意义 ②Connotative meaning内涵意义 ③Social meaning社会意义 ④Affective meaning 感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义（②——⑥） ⑤Reflected meaning反射意义 ⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义 ⑦Thematic meaning主位意义 3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)is also called “denotative”（外延义）and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义，它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系 Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary. 4.Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies. 5.Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的 6. The Referential Theory（指称理论）： ① The Referential Theory ② The Semantic Triangle ③ Sense and Reference 7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论 8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，它们是以概念为中介的 9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name. 10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object. 11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference. 12. Sense Relations涵义关系 ①Synonymy（同义关系） ②Antonymy（反义关系）（Gradable、Complementary、Converse） ③Hyponymy（上下义关系） 13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.
关于性别歧视About Gender Discrimination 大学英语作文 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women.3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性别歧视仍然存在,对于男性和女性来说。For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work.人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造了女权主义这个词,许多女性争取得到尊重。现在大多数女性已经成长为新一代,她们自
[Abstract] Language plays an important role in society. As a phenomenon of society, language reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Sexism is a phenomenon that takes a male-as-norm attitude, trivializing, insulting or rendering women invisible. As a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language. To start with, the thesis traces the reasons for the occurrence of sexism in the English language. In nature, sexism in language reflects sexism in society. The two are closely related. Social connotations of sexism in English tell the relationship between phenomenon of sexism in language and essence of sexism in society. Then the thesis analyses sexism in terms of the generic masculine, word order and semantic derogation of women in greater detail. Finally, a large part of the thesis is contributed to how to change sexism in English. The author of the thesis thinks the key to the problem is: (1) solve the problem of generic pronouns; (2) neutralize lexis; (3) strive for balanced naming and addressing system; (4) coin new corresponding words. The elimination of linguistic sexism lies in social change. Only by changing the social structure, that is, women and men own really equal status, can language equality be truly achieved. [Key Words] sexism; English language; lexical neutralization; feminism [摘要] 语言在社会中所处的地位尤为重要。作为一种社会现象的语言，必然会反映出人类社会的各种社会观念。性别歧视作为这其中的一种，是指把男性视作社会规范和中心，轻视，侮辱女性或使她们显得微不足道。而这一特定的社会现象必然会在语言中折射出来。 论文首先剖析了英语中性别歧视现象形成的根源。从本质来说，语言中的性别歧视是社会中性别歧视的体现。两者紧密相连。性别歧视的社会内涵反映的就是这种语言中的性别歧视现象与社会中的性别歧视的本质的关系。接着论文从阳性词泛指，词序，词义的贬降等方面对英语中的性别歧视现象进行了详细的分析。最后论文还着力探讨如何改变这种歧视。作者认为，改变性别歧视主要解决以下几个问题：(1) 避免阳性代词的泛指；(2) 词汇的中性化； (3)命名与称谓的对等；(4)创造新的对应词。语言中的性别歧视的最终消亡取决于社会变化。只有改变社会结构，即男女真正拥有平等的地位，语言中的平等才能真正实现。消除语言中的性别歧视的根本在于实现男女的平等的社会变革。 [关键词] 性别歧视；英语语言；词汇中性化；女权主义 1. Introduction As the peculiar result of the development of human society, language is a kind of social phenomenon and reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Its existence and development are closely linked with the social attitudes of human beings and to a great extent are affected by their social views and values. Historically and sociologically, our society is man-oriented and man-centered.
论英语中的性别歧视现象及其消除方法 ［Abstract］Language reflects a nation’s history, culture and all of its entertainments, believes and prejudice. Therefore, language inevitably has the traits of sexism. It is the use of language which devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women, and thus fosters gender inequality. It discriminates against women by rendering them invisible or trivializing them at the same time that it perpetuates notions of male supremacy. This thesis is to talk about the sexual discriminations in English, traits of female language, and solutions to eliminate sexual discriminations. ［Key words］English,sexual discrimination,female language,solution I. Sexual Discrimination in English 1.1 Take the men’s language as the standard language, and women as the ancilla of men In English, there are many words with sexual discrimination phenomenon, and in the order of words, we can find that men are usually in front of women. For instance, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, brothers and sisters, etc.. Because of the long-term historical reason, women have been put in the position of appurtenant of men. In many countries there is the tradition that unmarried women are
Semantics Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. Semantics = Theory of Meaning Its goal is to reveal how language are matched with their proper meanings by the speakers of that language. Lexical semantics—the study of word meanings. it deals not only with the meanings of individual words but also the relationship between the meanings of different words. Compositional semantics—is concerned exclusively with the meanings of phrases and sentences. History of Semantics 1893 - French linguist Breal coined ―semantique‖. 1897 – Breal first use it as the science of meaning. 1900 – Its English version came out. 1980s – semantics began to be introduced into China. One of the most famous books on semantics is The Meaning of Meaning(1923). Semantic Triangle 语义三角 Concept（meaning） refers to symbolizes Symbol Thing （word）（referent） stands for The Referential Theory 指称论 Concept (Meaning): the mental image, the abstraction or generalization of objects of the same kind. Referent (Thing): the physical entity or actual object, event, idea or whatever if denoted by a word, phrase or expression. Concept VS. Referent (Thing) A referent may exist in the physical world. The concept is abstracted from the referent and labeled by a word. Sense 语义 Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form independent of situational context. It’s abstract and de-contextualized. Sense Relations Sense relations between words
Female inferiors Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter. To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are
一英语语言中的性别歧视现象 首先我们来了解一下什么是性别歧视（sexism）。根据Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary，其定义是：prejudice or discrimination based on sex ; esp: discrimination against women , 基于性别的偏见或歧视，尤其是对妇女的歧视。?朗曼英语词典?对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。”?? Longman English Dictionary on "gender discrimination" explanation was: "based on gender discrimination, particularly male prejudice against women. ?牛津字典?给“性别歧视”所下的定义是：“性别偏见或歧视(尤其对女性).”?Oxford Dictionary?to the "gender discrimination" by the definition of is: "gender bias or discrimination (especially for women)."因此，在语言习惯上，“性别歧视”通常是指语言对女性的歧视，那么，英语语言是怎样歧视女性的呢？ 1.以男性语言为规,而女性语言只是一种附属或变体.Therefore, on the language, "sex discrimination" usually refers to the language of discrimination against women, then the English language is how to discriminate against a woman then 1.1在词汇上的表现a) “当中最明显的例子就是”man”一词，既有“男子“的意思，又表示”人类”.泛指所有的人，而woman仅是“女子”的意思。如：Man cannot live by bread alone.(人不能单靠面包生活)。The man in the street(普通人，一般人)。一个语言学家曾抱怨说：假如一个女人从船上掉入水中，呼叫的是：“MAN，OVERBROAD。”若她被闯了祸逃走的司机撞死控告词是MANSLAUGHTER。倘若在工作中受伤，她的医疗费称作WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION。但是如果她来到一个写着man only ！的地方。她立刻明白整个告戒不是针对动物或植物或无生命之物而写的，而是冲着她来的.”[1][P22-23]b)不知道所指之人的具体性别时，he ,his 和 him 经常用来泛指全人类，（这是英语中的一条规则）, 如 Every student has to make up his own mind. He who laughs last laughs best.男主女从，以逻辑性为中心，女性便居于从属地位。就词汇而言，如以—er, --or 结尾的名词实则是个中性词，但人们将之看作男性名词，所以如是女性则在前面加woman,如：a woman doctor. Man 一词不但可以指男人，成年男人，而且作为“人类的总称”,而woman 则不然。许多职业名词常以man 作为后缀，尽管干这工作的有许多女性。he 和she 的单数中性人称代词用he 表示，因而我们常见Nobody in the class can be proud of his English.这类说法，尽管教室中有男有女。 1．2 称谓上的表现a) “把女性当做男性的附属品，而这一观点充分体现在英语称谓词当中。Mr. 是对一位男士的尊称， Mrs.则是一位男子的太太的尊称，女性的称谓也就依附于男性了，如: 丈夫是John Smith 具有博士学衔，于是可以称这对夫妇为Dr. and Mrs. John Smith.假如丈夫没有学衔或职称，那只能称为Mr. and Mrs. John Smith. 假如妻子是博士，丈夫没有学衔或职称，妻子的名字叫Marry随夫姓后只能称呼为Marry Smith. Miss是用来称呼未婚女性的称呼。Mr.却既可以称呼未婚男性，也可以称呼已婚的男性。女性从称谓马上就可以识别出婚姻状况，而对于男性却无从知晓，而且女性结婚后改随夫姓，这样自己的姓就完全被遗忘了。b) 许多职业名称如doctor, professor, engineer,等对男女都适应，可是人们习惯于把他们跟男性联系在一起。而对于女性则成了一个标志项，往往要加上woman, lady, 或female 等词加以限定。如：female judge, lady doctor, woman lawyer. 这些从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地，teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male 或是man.如male nurse, man teacher. 这些除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见.” 2.女性语言语意贬低的表现 “英语中，与女性有关的词语的贬化大大多于与男性相关的词语。曾有人做过统计，与prostitute意思接近的词大约有500多个，而与whole-monger(嫖客)意思相近的词只有65个。此外这一点还表现在对于与女性相关的词语的含义的贬化上。在英语中，任何词只要与女性有关，其意思就要变质，这个词就会成为贬义词。同一个词用与男性和女性身上可以引起极为不同的联想，甚至是有完全不同的意思。用与男性常常带有褒扬或赞美之意，而用于女性常常带有贬低或轻蔑的意思。例如，professional一词，用在男性身上和女性身上可能会引起的联想却大相径庭。He is a professional.让人联想起体面的职业，如律师，医生等，而She is a professional很多英语国家的人会理解为She is a prostitute。
论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化 在人类的历史长河中,性别歧视是一种普遍的社会现象,它不仅反映在社会生活的各个方面,更反映在语言上。语言性别歧视是指人们在使用语言的过程中针对不同的性别产生的歧视和偏见,但它多数情况下是指针对女性而言。随着女性解放运动的发展,英语中的性别歧视语有所减少,但是基于语言的滞后性,性别歧视仍大量存在于英语语言中。本文多角度分析了英语语言中性别歧视的形成原因,揭示了词汇、语义和习语谚语等方面所存在的性别歧视,并探索了近几十年来英语中性别歧视的发展变化情况。 1英语中性别歧视存在的根源 首先,从文化角度看,《圣经》中上帝在创造了亚当之后,又取其一根肋骨造就了夏娃。受此神话中男女形象的影响,女性生来就被当作男性附属品的观念在西方人的思想中根深蒂固。英语中因此常常表现出“以男性为本体,以女性为变体”。其次,从社会角度看,随着社会生产力的发展,男子逐渐占据了社会主导地位,而女性却处于被支配地位,造成了以“男主外,女主内”为原则的两性不同分工。因此,在英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词大都指男性。而从心理角度看,在西方文化中,女性多以反面形象出现,神话中堕落、善变的女性形象导致后人在思想意识上的偏见,甚至形成女性邪恶的思维定势。
2性别歧视在英语中的表现 2.1 从词形的标记角度看性别歧视 英语词汇往往以男性为中心,表示男性的词汇一般是“无标记的”,可表示男女两性。但是,女性的词汇通常是有标记的,只表示女性或女性的某一特征。 (1)基于男女不同的社会分工影响,英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词如mayor,doctor,president,governor等,人们在使用这些词的时候,大多数场合指的是男性,若要表明是女性,往往会在词前加上female/woman/lady标记出来。 (2)许多女性名词通常是在男性词汇后加上后缀,如:waiter / waitress,comedienne/ comedian,salesman/saleswoman等。这些后缀-man,-ess,-tee等都是女性的标记,这些标记显示了女性是男性的附庸和例外。 (3)在称谓语中,对于女性的标记现象十分明显,如男人无论是否结婚都可以称之为“Mr.”而称呼女人时则需要明确区分其婚姻状况,如:Miss,Mrs. (4)在姓氏命名上,女性婚后随夫姓体现了女性在婚姻上的附属地位,如:Helen Smith 与 Jack Williams结婚后,她的名字随夫姓就变成了Helen Williams。 2.2 从语义角度看性别歧视 (1)英语中阳性词汇通常被赋予“大”的含义,而与之对应的阴性词汇则往往带有“小”的含义,这主要表现在表示职业和
The relationship between semantics and pragmatics As a branch of linguistics, semantics can be simply defined as the study of linguistic meaning, which studies literal, structural or lexical meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences. What we concerned with is the denotation of the word, namely the relationship between words , phrases and sentences not the possible connotations. It is context independent, de-contextualized.and it deals with what is said. while pragmatics is a study which can be defined as the analysis of meaning in a particular context, which studies non-literal, implicit meaning. It deals with the relations between language and context that are basic to language understanding. pragmatics is context dependent, contextualized. What we concerned is what is communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. Through the definition of semantics and pragmatics, we can see that semantics and pragmatics both concern the meaning of language. But they research the different sides of language, and they have different study methods. The study objects of semantics is words, phrases and sentences, what we need to know is their meaning, sense , reference and presupposes. Different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. And one word may belong to another word. So we can conclude the words to these relations, Such as synonymy, polysemy, homonymy,hyponymy and antonymy. And when we talk about the sense relations between sentences ,we may think of presupposes. Whether it is right under the presupposes. All those are semantics. It would not change with the
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company. As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally. The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
景德镇陶瓷学院科技 艺术学院 本科生毕业论文（设计） 题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学号： 姓名： 院（系）： 专业： 完成时间： 指导老师： CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………….. Abstract in Chinese……………………………………. Abstract in English……………………………………. 1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods……………….. 2.1 Suffixes………………………………………… . 2.2 Sexism in compound words…………………….. 3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing………………….. 3.1 Sexism and Naming………………………………. 3.1.1 Sexism in the first names……………….. 3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names…….. 3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names………. 3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….
高中英语作文：关于性别歧视 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women. 3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性 别歧视仍然存有,对于男性和女性来说。 For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work. 人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造 了女权主义这个词,很多女性争取得到尊重。现在绝大部分女性已经成 长为新一代,她们自信并且独立。但在某些方面,女性仍在争取与男性 平等。比如工作酬劳和工作的机会。 For the discrimination on men, which is easily to be ingored. When people see a man who dresses the colorful clothes, or polishes his nails, they will laugh at him,for this is a girl thing and a man should not do it. Men are considered to be different from women in their acts. Actually, men have the right to do what they want, but the public opinion limits them.
Eliminating the Sexism in English Abstract: Language plays an important role in society, which can reflect all the sides of human society naturally. Linguistic sexism is a type of social phenomenon that reflects the certain traditional social value. One of the Sexism?s definitions is that “The discrimination based on gender, especially discrimination against women.” the Danish linguist points out that English is the most masculine language as far as he is concerned in his Growth and Structure of the English Language. As a language which has a long history and influencing the world extensively, English has experienced innumerable reformations, which updates the language constantly. The reason of the sexist phenomenon?s eliminating in the English language and then proposes ways to avoid sexist English. Key Words: sexism; English; language; feminism; avoid 1. The phenomenon of Sexist English Linguistic sexism is a social problem, which can reflect people?s discrimination against the female sex. T he women?s l iberation movement made people began to realize that the language reform and nonsexist becomes necessary. Sexist language should be changed and avoided, which is definitely positive for the developing of language. As the most widespread language in the world, English sexism should be avoided. Being given the same opportunities as men is the key point to eliminate linguistic sexism. The sexism in English Language has existed for a long time, and brings many bad feelings to women. This sexism comes from the deep cultural sexism on women in society, and has realistic factors. Though women?s position is higher, the sexism still exists. 2. Women and men truly have equal status means language equality In the Holy Bible(The Books of The Old Testament): “So the L ord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed