前言
《美语怎么说( How to Say It in American English )》是美国之音中文部英语教学组推出的又一强档节目，教你用地道美语说时髦中文。
第一辑推出后受到了大家的喜爱，所以，第二辑来了！
这本电子书又收入了十集节目的原文和原声，你可以一边听节目，一边看文字，
轻松对照学习，省力又见效！
看完本书，你将学会怎么用地道美语说“牛”、“海选”、“潜规则”、“窜红”、“人脉”......
以及更多更多！
Enjoy!
第一课花美男
Jessica在北京学汉语，她的中国朋友杨琳想知道“花美男”用美语怎么说。
杨琳: Jessica，你发现没有，现在有一种男人，皮肤比女人还好，比女人还爱打扮，穿得
特时髦，都跟从偶像剧里走出来似的。我们叫他们“花美男”，flower-pretty-man! 呵呵，我瞎翻的，美语中不会也有类似的称呼吧？
Jessica: Actually, there IS an English equivalence. It's "metrosexual" m-e-t-r-o-s-e-x-u-a-l, metrosexual.
杨琳: Metro-- "大城市"，加上 Sexual-- "性别的"。那 Metrosexual 跟中文里说的“花美男”指的是一种人吗？
Jessica: Well, Metrosexual men live in big cities, know all the trendy places in town and pay great attention to their appearances.
杨琳: 没错! 花美男就是住在大城市里的时尚达人，特别注重外表和打扮！要这么说，花
美男就是 metrosexual man.
Jessica: I guess being a metrosexual man means you're doing your homework on the latest trends. You need to be up-to-date on the hottest fashion!
杨琳: Up-to-date on the hottest fashion? Fashion是时尚的意思，up-to- date 是跟上潮流，所以，up-to-date on the hottest fashion 就是“紧跟最新时尚”吧？
Jessica: That's right! But 杨琳, I would say the real fashionable people are not those who follow the trends, but the trend setters!
杨琳: Trend setters? T-r-e-n-d, trend 是趋势的意思，setter, s-e-t-t-e-r 是设定者，所以, trend setter 就是开创时尚的真正潮人!
JESSICA: 没错! Now let's see what you've learned today!
杨琳: 第一，注重打扮的“花美男”是 metrosexual men；第二，紧跟流行时尚是 be up-to-date on the hottest fashion；第三，领导时尚的潮人叫 trend setter!
Donny 在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友吴琼想知道“窜红”用美语怎么说。
Donny: 吴琼，你看什么杂志呢, and who's the girl on the cover?
吴琼: 这是最新一期的时尚周刊。这个女生现在可红了。你肯定猜不到，她是我高中时的
好朋友! 拍了一部电影，一下就窜红了!
Donny: No kidding! Introduce her to me! 对了，你说她“窜红”，什么意思啊？
吴琼: 就是红得很快，suddenly 她就 famous了!
Donny: I got it. She became famous overnight.
吴琼: Overnight? 我知道，o-v-e-r-n-i-g-h-t, overnight 就是一夜之间。To become famous overnight 就是“一夜成名”!
Donny: That's right. You can also say "she's an instant hit". Instant is spelled i-n-s-t-a-n-t; hit is spelled h-i-t.
吴琼: 哦，说一个人火速窜红还可以用 an instant hit.
Donny: Yeah. In the case of this old friend of yours, you can say "her exceptional performance in the new movie made her an instant hit."
吴琼: 对，我这个同学特别会演戏，电影一出来，她马上就窜红了。
Donny: 吴琼, I just thought of another way to put it---She catapulted to fame with her first movie! 吴琼: “Cata" 什么？怎么拼？
Donny: Catapult, c-a-t-a-p-u-l-t, catapult, 有“弹弓”的意思. As a verb, it means to launch.
吴琼: 我明白了，Catapult 是弹弓，所以 Catapult to fame，就是“一炮而红”! 我这个朋友演了一部电影就红了，所以说 She catapulted to fame with her first movie.
Donny: That's right! Now, 吴琼, tell me what you've learned today!
吴琼: 第一，to become famous overnight，一夜成名；第二，to be an instant hit, 火速窜红；第三：to catapult to fame，就是“一炮而红”!
Donny在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友方方想知道“人脉”用美语怎么说。
Donny: 方方，听说你找到一个特好的实习？
方方: 还不错啦! 现在竞争激烈，多亏我人脉广! 对了，美语里“人脉”怎么说啊？
Donny: I think you can use the word "connection". C-o-n-n-e-c-t-i-o-n, connection.
方方: 原来connection 就是“人脉”。那我说自己路子野，人脉广，就是 I have a lot of connections. 对么？
Donny: That's right. 你还可以说：I'm well-connected. C-o-n-n-e-c-t-e-d, connected。
方方: Connected? 这词儿我知道，意思是“连在一起”，所以 Well-connected 就是和很多人连在一起，也就是人脉广喽!
Donny: Right! Connections are important. 有人说，找工作时，What really counts is not what you know, but who you know.
方方: "Not what you know but who you know?" 不是看你知道什么，而是看你认识谁？我觉得，也不能这么绝对! 关系固然重要，但自己还是要有真本事!
Donny: Certainly! So it should be "what you know plus who you know"!
方方: 对，肚子里有学问，人脉又广，二者结合在一起，你就无敌了。不过，像我这种刚出校门的，社交能力还不行，需要磨炼!
Donny: Don't worry. You'll have plenty of time to work on your networking skills.
方方: 哦! Networking skills 就是社交技巧。
Donny: Right. With strong networking skills, you'll develop more connections. 到时候，我找工作可得靠你帮忙了!
方方: 哈哈，我期待这一天!
Donny: 先别美! Tell me what you've learned today!
方方: 第一，"人脉"在美语里就是 connection；第二，形容"人脉广"用 well-connected；第三，社交技巧，是 networking skills!
Jessica 在北京学汉语，她的中国朋友杨琳想知道“海选”用美语怎么说。
杨琳: Jessica! 送你一张我的签名照！快拿着！
Jessica: Your autograph? why do I want that?
杨琳: 告诉你，我快成明星啦!
Jessica: Really? You will be a super star? 你被张艺谋看中了？
杨琳: 不是。我参加“阳光女生”的海选，击败了众多对手......对了，海选你明白么？Sea selection! 谁都能参加! 也有人管它叫甄选。
Jessica: Sea selection? 哦,I see. In English, it's called "an open audition". Everyone can walk in the door, perform and compete, like American Idol.
杨琳: 没错，就是那种！原来这叫"open audition". Open 开放的; Audition, a-u-d-i-t-i-o-n, audition 试演选拔，连在一起，Open audition, 就是“海选”或是“甄选”。这么说，I am the winner of the open audition!
Jessica: Well, I don't think you can call yourself a "winner", because more than one person get selected in an open audition to advance to the next round.
杨琳: 也是，这次一共一百人过关，进入下一轮比赛。但不管怎样，I was selected!
Jessica: Yeah, congratulations! You can also say you made the cut.
杨琳: Make the cut, 就是被选中，过关了。哎? 那要是被刷下来，该怎么说呢？
Jessica: Then you could say you got eliminated. E-l-i-m-i-n-a-t-e-d, eliminated.
杨琳: 明白了。 Eliminate 是淘汰，被淘汰就是 get eliminated.
Jessica: That's right. I sure hope you can make it to the final round and not get eliminated! But first, tell me what you've learned today!
杨琳: 第一“甄选，海选”在美语里叫open audition；第二，过关，被选上了，是 make the cut；第三，被刷下去了，就是 get eliminated。
第五课潜规则
Jessica 在北京学汉语，她的中国朋友杨琳想知道“潜规则”用美语怎么说。
杨琳: Jessica! 上次我给你的签名照呢？快还给我!
Jessica: Why? 你不是参加“阳光女生”的比赛，要当 super star了么？
杨琳: 别提了! I got eliminated!
Jessica: 被刷下来了？!
杨琳: 是啊。虽然过了第一轮海选，可第二轮一上来就被刷了! 哼! 这里面肯定有潜规则! 对了，潜规则美语怎么说啊？
Jessica: Well, if you suspect the competition has some secret, back-door deals, you can say there are some "unspoken rules".
杨琳: 哦！Unspoken, u-n-s-p-o-k-e-n, unspoken 就是“没有明说的”; Rules 规则；unspoken rules
就是“潜规则”喽!
Jessica: That's right! So, you think you were cut because the selection process wasn't fair and open, like the competition is following some unspoken rules. Right?
杨琳: 没错! 我看，获胜者可能是内定的！
Jessica: If that's true, then the whole competition is rigged!
杨琳: Rigged?
Jessica: Yes! R-i-g-g-e-d, rigged 就是内定. It means the outcome has been predetermined by the producers.
杨琳: 哦，比赛结果被“内定”就是 rigged! 那还比个什么劲儿啊!
Jessica: I agree. Rigged competitions aren't worth attending, because someone is pulling the strings from behind the scenes.
杨琳: 等会儿，你说 Someone is pulling the strings from behind the scenes， “从后面拉线”，就
是有人幕后操纵的意思，对不对？
Jessica: Exactly! So tell me what you've learned today!
杨琳: 第一“潜规则”在美语里叫 unspoken rules; 第二，说比赛结果内定，可以说 rigged；第三，幕后操纵，叫 pull the strings from behind the scenes.
第六课扫兴
Donny在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友Jimmy想知道“扫兴”用美语怎么说。Donny: Jimmy, sorry I can't make it to your birthday party this weekend. 我明天要去香港。Jimmy: That's okay, Donny. 说实话，我自己对这个生日派对也没什么兴趣。
Donny: Why? Last time we talked about it, you were really excited.
Jimmy: 还不是因为我女朋友老打击我! 她说，过生日意味着我又老了一岁，还说，我开party大吃大喝会变得更胖。唉，真扫兴!
Donny: Oh, no! Your girlfriend is such a wet blanket! All the bad things she said made you NOT look forward to the party.
Jimmy: Wet blanket? W-e-t, wet, 是“潮湿”的意思; B-l-a-n-k-e-t, blanket, 是“毯子”。你说我女朋友是个湿糊糊的毯子？
Donny: Actually, a wet blanket 就是让别人扫兴的人或事。
Jimmy: 哦! A wet blanket 说话讨厌，专给别人的好心情泼冷水!
Donny: That's right. There is a similar phrase---party pooper. Pooper is spelled p-o-o-p-e-r. A party pooper is a person who refuses to go along with everyone else and join the fun.
Jimmy: 哦! Party pooper是在派对上扫大家兴的人! Donny, 要是我去一个party, 结果大家玩儿的游戏我都不参加，还老嚷着要回家，then I'm a party pooper，对不对？
Donny: 标准的 party pooper! But Jimmy, in real life, you are by no means a party pooper, on the contrary, you're the life of the party!
Jimmy: The life of the party? 我是派对的生命？
Donny: 差不多! The life of the party is the most fun and exciting person at a party, you know, the person who makes the party fun for everyone else.
Jimmy: 哦，the life of the party 就是派对上的开心果! 有这种人在，气氛一定很high! 你别说，我还真是the life of the party! 哈哈!
Donny: Of course you are! So don't let your girlfriend ruin your spirits. Now, let's see what
you've learned today!
Jimmy: 第一，让人扫兴的人或事是a wet blanket, 或者a party pooper；第二，派对的灵魂人物，开心果, 是 the life of the party.
第七课不速之客
Donny在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友Jimmy想知道“不速之客”用美语怎么说。Donny: Jimmy! How did your birthday party go last weekend?
Jimmy: 不错! 大家玩儿得很高兴! 可是，有些客人我根本不认识。这些不速之客，用美语怎么说？Donny: Ah-ha! These guests are called party crashers! Crasher is spelled c-r-a-s-h-e-r.
Jimmy: 哦，聚会上的不速之客是party crasher. 现在想想，I got at least three party crashers. 客人太多，没注意，就让他们混进来了。
Donny: 没错! Party crashers usually target big parties. They blend into the party so they don't get kicked out.
Jimmy: 可不，他们混进来之后就猛吃猛喝，不太说话。
Donny: 其实，Having a couple of freeloaders in your party was not that terrible.
Jimmy: Freeloader?
Donny: Yes. F-r-e-e-l-o-a-d-e-r, freeloader-- 白吃白喝的人。
Jimmy: Freeloader就是蹭吃蹭喝的人。我生日party上那几个party crashers明显是冲着吃喝来的，他们就是典型的freeloaders!
Donny: 没错，Some party crashers come for the food and drinks, while others just want to meet new people.
Jimmy: 还好我那天准备的酒足够多，虽然有些不速之客，大家还是能尽兴! Party结束后，几个朋友喝多了，还在我家睡了一晚上呢!
Donny: Jimmy, it's nice of you to let them crash for the night at your place. You're such a good host. Jimmy: 怎么又是 crash?
Donny: Here, the word "crash" means to temporarily stay or sleep at a place. For example, a friend might ask you: "Can I crash on your sofa for the night?"
Jimmy: 哦! Crash 就是暂住。那你说的"Can I crash for the night on your sofa?" 也就是“我能不能在你家沙发上凑合一晚上”。
Donny: That's right! Now let's see what you've learned today!
Jimmy: 第一，派对上的不速之客是party crasher；第二，白吃白喝的人是freeloader；第三，凑和睡一晚，可以说 crash here for the night.
第八课八卦
Jessica 在北京学汉语，她的中国朋友杨琳想知道“八卦”用美语怎么说。Jessica: 杨琳，what are you planning on doing Friday night?
杨琳: 星期五晚上我要和几个特别好的朋友聚会，都是女孩儿!
Jessica: Wow....A girls' night out! That's awesome!
杨琳: Girls' night out? 没错! 就是只有女孩参加的姐妹淘聚会! 我们打算在朋友家里吃饭、看片、唱歌，当然，最重要的就是--八卦! 对了，八卦怎么说？
Jessica: 八卦就是 gossip. It means a trivial chat among friends.
杨琳: 哦，聚会时的闲聊八卦就是 gossip. I enjoy gossiping with my friends. 我喜欢和朋友们瞎聊。 But, Jessica, 八卦这个词也有不好的意思，就是传流言蜚语，gossip 也有这种意思么？
Jessica: Yes! Gossip can also mean spreading rumors.
杨琳: 哎! 这倒让我想到另外一个和八卦有关的词---八卦杂志，小报儿，怎么说？
Jessica: Those are called tabloids. Tabloid is spelled t-a-b-l-o-i-d, tabloid. In America, tabloids usually refer to media that follow celebrity scandals.
杨琳: 哦，tabloid 就是专门报道名人丑闻的八卦媒体。所以我可以说 tabloid magazines, 八卦杂志，也可以说 tabloid web site，八卦网站。
Jessica: 对。
杨琳: I see. So, what about the reporters who gather information for the tabloids---狗仔队! 怎么说？doggies?
Jessica: No! 狗仔队是paparazzi, p-a-p-a-r-a-z-z-i, paparazzi. It's in plural form.
杨琳: 那我可以说. The local paparazzi are following this movie star everywhere.当地的狗仔队四处跟踪这个电影明星。对么？
Jessica: 没错! Now let's see what you've learned today!
杨琳: 第一，闲聊八卦，或者传流言蜚语，都可以用gossip; 第二，八卦媒体是tabloid; 第三，狗仔队，是复数名词 paparazzi!
第九课牛
Donny 在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友方方想知道“牛”用美语怎么说。
Donny: 方方, I heard you went to a ballroom dance competition yesterday. How did it go?
方方: 我进决赛啦! 怎么样，牛吧？
Donny: 牛？A cow?
方方: 不是，“牛”就是特别厉害--very good!
Donny: I got it. In English, we use the word "awesome", a-w-e-s-o-m-e, awesome.
方方: 哦! Awesome 就是说特牛。
Donny: You can also use the word "ballin". b-a-l-l-i-n, ballin. It also means "cool or very good".
方方: 哦，Ballin 也是“很牛”的意思。Donny, 那天的跳舞比赛上还真有不少高手。在这种情况下，我可以跟他们说，You're awesome! 或者 You're ballin! 对么？
Donny: That's right. You can also say "you rule" or "you rock!"
方方: Rule, r-u-l-e, rule; Rock, r-o-c-k, rock, 这两个词也可以形容某人或某事很牛，不过它们都是动词，对不对？
Donny: Exactly! For example, 如果你看了一场特别牛的演唱会，you can say "it rocks!" or "it rules!"
方方: 明白了。不过那天也有一些人在比赛前一副不可一世的样子，可真跳起来，也不怎么样，真不知道他们有什么好牛的！对了，形容这些人，也用 awesome 或是 ballin 么？
Donny: No! You can use "cocky" c-o-c-k-y, cocky, to describe this kind of people.
方方: 哦，说一个人牛气哄哄的，就是 cocky.
Donny: Now, 方方, If you can tell me what you've learned today, I'd say your English 很牛!
方方: 好！第一，说人或事很牛，用形容词 awesome 或 ballin；第二，说人或事很牛，还可以用动词 rule 或者 rock；第三，形容某人傲慢，牛气哄哄，可以用 cocky!
第十课看热闹
Donny 在北京学汉语，他的中国朋友吴琼想知道“看热闹”用美语怎么说。
Donny: 吴琼, I heard you got your driver's license!
吴琼: 是啊，昨天我已经开车上路啦!
Donny: So how did it go?
吴琼: 唉，别提了! 我开的那条路上出车祸，结果，开车的、骑车的、走路的，都想看热闹，最后，整
条街都堵住了! 对了Donny，这些看热闹的人，用英文怎么说呢？
Donny: 英文叫 rubberneck.
吴琼: Rubberneck? 我知道 rubber 是橡胶，neck 是脖子。那rubberneck不就是橡胶脖子么？
Donny: 你想啊，那些看热闹，围观的人. They stretch their necks to watch what's happening, right?
吴琼: 哦……我明白了，伸长脖子看热闹的人好像长了橡胶脖子，所以叫他们rubberneck! 哈哈，真形象! Donny: Right! Rubberneck 也可以当动词。你刚才说，大家看热闹，整条街大堵车，在英文里就是 The traffic was bumper-to-bumper because of rubbernecking.
吴琼: Bumper-to-bumper? B-u-m-p-e-r, bumper, 不是汽车保险杠么？
Donny: Exactly! So bumper-to-bumper means cars are moving so slowly that their bumpers are almost touching.
吴琼: 我明白了，bumper-to-bumper，汽车一辆紧挨着一辆，慢慢往前拱。这么说，I was stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic，郁闷死了!
Donny: 吴琼, 那车祸到底严不严重？
吴琼: 特严重! 六辆车撞在一起了!
Donny: Ouch... a six-car pileup!
吴琼: Pileup? P-i-l-e, pile, 再加上 up, pileup 就是连环车祸么？
Donny: That's Right!
吴琼: 我跟你说，这个pileup里，有两辆奥迪，一辆奔驰，一辆宝马，好像还有......
Donny: 吴琼, 你看得这么清楚，真不愧是 a good rubberneck! Okay, new driver, tell me what you've learned today!
吴琼: 第一，看热闹的人叫 rubberneck；第二，堵车可以说 bumper-to-bumper；第三，连环车祸是 pileup, p-i-l-e-u-p!
感谢您阅读《美语怎么说》第2辑，如果您有任何问题或意见，
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Unit 7 Inner Voice I. New words and expressions New words 1. inner adj. 内心的；隐藏的 2. precisely adv. 准确地；恰好地 precise precision 联想：accurate, accuracy 比较：simply, possibly, subtly, truly / definitely, rarely, fortunately, likely / luckily, heavily 3. bombard v. 大肆抨击；连珠炮似地质问；提供过多信息， 4. dreaded adj. 令人害怕的；可怕的 5. small talk n. 寒喧；闲谈；聊天 6. hesitation n. 犹豫 hesitate hesitant hesitancy / hesitation 7. wonder v. 想知道；想弄明白；琢磨n. 奇迹 wonder wh-… do / work wonders / miracles
精选文库 8. prompt v. 促使；导致；激起 9. complete adj. （用以强调）完全的，彻底的 10. upset adj. 难过的；不高兴的；沮丧的 11. roll v. （使）翻滚，滚动 12. despite prep. 即使；尽管 despite / in spite of that fact that … 13. feeble adj. 无效的；无力的 14. attempt n./ v. 企图；试图；尝试 attempted 15. wipe v.（用布、手等）擦干净，抹掉 16. profusely adv. 大量地；连连地 17. address v. 写（收信人）姓名地址；致函 18. receptionist n. 接待员 19. attach v. 把…固定，把…附（在…上） attach …to… attached 依恋的；附加的；附属的 attachment 依恋；附件 20. emotion n. 强烈的感情；情感；情绪 emotional emotionless 21. contain v. 控制，克制，抑制（感情） 22. apparently adv. 据…所知；看来；显然
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty I. New words and expressions New words 1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆 2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿 3. recognize v. 承认；意识到 4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠 5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上 6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行 7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向 8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待 9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求 10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的 11. multitude n. 众多；大量 12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的 mutual respect / understanding 辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental 13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞 14. site n. 网站；站点 15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭 17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆 18. gossip n. 流言蜚语 19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧 20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的 21. deposit n. 存款 22. account n. 账户 accountant current account deposit account 23. interest n. 利息 24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐 25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康 26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓 27. seek v. 寻找 28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声 notorious 相当于infamous 29. premise n. 前提；假定； 30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利） 31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络 32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的 33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges I. New words and expressions New words 1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍 2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的 3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心 4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的 5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的 6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道 7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所 8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol -ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly 变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arise arouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸 17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱 Phrases and Expressions 1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯） 2. end up最终成为；最后处于 end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaire
Unit 11 Cyber World A Famous Quote The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. - Bill Gates Bill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Text A Cyber Love Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship? 2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet? Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances. Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates. Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reach
Unit11CyberWorld I.Newwordsandexpressions Newwords 1.chatlinen.（消遣性的）热线电话交谈服务 2.variety?n.（同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 varyvaryfrom…to… 比较：range/shiftfrom…to… various 3.romance?n.恋爱；爱情 romantic https://www.doczj.com/doc/8e2835063.html,arreadj.极其怪诞的；异乎寻常的 5.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的 6.scriptn.剧本；广播（或讲话等）稿 7.intimacy?n.亲密；关系密切 intimate 8.initialadj.最初的；开始的 9.perceivev.将…视为；认为 10.avalanchen.雪崩；山崩 11.literary?adj.文学的；文学上的 literature literal literary literate liberal
12.versen.诗；韵文 13.animatedadj.栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的 14.inclination?n.倾向；意愿 incline inclined 15.sweatyadj.满是汗的；汗津津的 16.palmn.手掌；手心 17.varyv.相异；不同 18.conveyv.表达，传递（思想、感情等） 19.polishv.修改；润饰；润色 20.intellectn.（尤稻高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 21.personalityn.性格；个性；人格 22.sequencen.顺序；次序 23.reversev.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反 24.veil?v.掩饰；掩盖 unveil揭露，揭开 25.intellectualadj.智力的；脑力的；理智的 26.familiarity?n.熟悉；通晓 familiar familiarize 27.appearance?n.外貌；外表 28.intensity?n.强烈；紧张；剧烈 intense 29.stirringn.（感情、想法或发展的）开始，出现，萌发
Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,A,,,,,,,,,,怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者 “学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。” 大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。 语言学习不同于其他学习。许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。 语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。” 然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢,,,,,语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。 首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。他们都努力从错误中学习。 成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。他们找到（说）这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的。对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。 最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。 你是什么样的语言学习者,,,,,如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地，主动地，目的明确地学习。另一方面，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些技巧。 Unit,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,,Text,,,,,B,,,,,,,,,,语,,,,,言 当我们想告诉别人我们想什么时，我们不但可以借助于词语，还可以用其他表达方法。比如，当我们想说“是”时，我们有时会上下点头，而当我们想说“不”,,,,,时，我们会左右摇头。那些既听不见也不会说话的人（也就是聋哑人）借助于手势相互交谈。那些彼些不懂对方语言的人也用这种方式交谈。下面这个故事就说明了人们有时是怎样借助于手势进行交谈的。
Lesson 38 Everything except the weather唯独没有考虑到天气Why did Harrison sell his house so quickly? My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock. He acted as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more than he could bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country. The dream he had had for so many years ended there. Harrison had thought of everything except the weather. 参考译文 我的老朋友哈里森在回到英国以前曾多年居住在地中海地区。过去他常幻想退休后到英国，并计划在乡间安顿下来。他刚一回到英国便买下了一幢房子住了进去。但紧接着他就开始抱怨那里的天气了。因为即使那时仍为夏季，但雨总是下个不停，而且常常冷得厉害。在阳光下生活了那么多年的哈里森对此感到惊奇。他的举动就好像他从未在英国生活过一样。最后，他再也忍受不住，还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。他多年来的幻想从此破灭。哈里森把每件事情都考虑到了，唯独没想到天气。 【New words and expressions】（6） except prep．除了，除了…外 eg. Except a broken chair, the room has no furniture. 除了一把破椅子，这间房子里什么也没有。（chair与furniture性质相同） except for eg. Except for a broken chair, the room is empty. 除了一把破椅子外，这间房子是空的。 except for没有“所指项目类别”的限制 except that eg. I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of Oxford University.
第1课Text A 批判性地阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。 考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。 质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。 与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。 分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。 鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。 甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。 成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。 第1课Text B 自信的语言 语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致可以极大地改善我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要。 再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是有意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。’ “尽力” 这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。如果有人说“我会尽力做这件事的”，你
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1