人教版高中英语【必修一】[语法讲解 定语从句(1)

定语从句定语从句在句中充当定语是修饰名词的主谓结构，必须有先行词，在定语从句中，引导词必须充当成分1. 关系代词，关系副词（1）指人that who whom whoseeg: The man who lives next to us sells vegetablesThe girl (that/whom) we saw yesterday was Jim’s sisterThat’s the girl whose father is a teacher(2) 指物that which whoseeg: A plane is a machine that can flyThe noodles (that) I cooked were deliciousThis is the house whose window broke last night(3) 指地点where that which whoseeg: This is the factory where we worked last yearThis is the factory (that/which) we visited last yearcf: This is the factory where we visited some equipment last yearThis is the factory that/ which produces shoeseg: I stood next to the window from where I could see a beautiful gardencf: I stood next to the window and from there I could see a beautiful gardeneg: Where there is a will，there is a wayThat’s where you make mistakesYou should put back the books where they belongcf: You should put back the books at the place where they belongeg: Is this factory the one where we worked last year?cf: Is this factory where we worked last year?eg: It is in the classroom that I lent Tom money It is the classroom where I lent Tom moneycf: Where did you find Tom? It was in the hotel where we often met each other (that I found him) (4). 指时间when that whicheg: I’ll never forget the day s when we worked togetherI’ll never forget the days that或which we spent togethercf: I’ll never forget the day s when I spent my childhood in the countryTell me the exact time at which he is to arrive in Beijingeg: It is two o’clock when he gets up It is at two o’clock that he gets up(5). 指原因why for which that /eg: He doesn’t know the reason why/ for which/ that/ / his wife said that eitherThe reason why he was late for school was that he missed the busThe reason that he gave us was that he missed the bus(6). 指方式in which that /eg: He should tell me the way in which/ / / that he made moneyCould you tell me the way Tom thinks of to solve the problem?2. 只用that不用which的几种情况1）当先行词为all, little, much以及复合不定something, anything, nothing, everythingeg: There is nothing in the world that can frighten him Tell me all that are absentcf: The plane is something which/that can fly2). 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, the last, the same, the very, just the, little, much等修饰eg: There is no art that stands above classesHe is the very boy that we are looking for3). 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰eg: This is the first step that we should take This is the most exciting basketball match that I have ever watched4). 当先行词为并列的人和物eg: They talked about the persons and things that most impressed themI saw a girl and a dog that are crossing the street5). 当主语是以who which 开头的特殊疑问句eg: Who is the man that called on you just now?Which of the subjects that you are studying is the most difficult?3. whose n = of which the n/the n of whicheg: That is a book whose cover \The cover of which \Of which the cover is blue4. one of 单独作主语谓语用单数eg: One of the students is often late在定语从句中，one前没有修饰词，从句谓语用复数，one前有the, the only, the very, just the等修饰，从句中谓语用单数eg: Tom is one of the students who are late for schoolTom is the/ the only/ the very/ just the one of the students who is late for school5. 只用which 用来引导非限制性定语从句或介词加whicheg: Grammar, which I like very much, is good for meThe knife with which I’m cutting the meat is very sharp6. 在非限制性定语从句中，all of few of many/most/none/some of…等结构中eg: It’s a family of eight people, all of who m love music He has many books, few of which are interesting 但若是句号，分号and/ so/ but以及为短语时，则用all of them/ iteg: He has many books./ ; most of them are interestingHe has many books and most of them are interestingHe has many books，most of them over 100 years7. but用作关系代词相当于that/who….noteg: He is world-famous，so there is nobody but knows of himThere is no difficulty but can be overcome8. 关系代词as经常与主句先行词被as such so the same等修饰，连用eg: Such a man as he (is) is not easy to get along with Have you ever seen as lovely goldfish as these?I told him the same story that/as you told me Here is so heavy a box as no one can lift 定从cf: Here is so heavy a box that no one can lift it 结从9. the same…..as 同类（one）The same…..that 同一（it）eg: That’s the same watch that/ as I have I want to use the same tool that/as you used yesterday cf: I want to buy the same coat as is on show on TV10. as , which都能代表前面主句整个意思而which只能放在主句之后eg: She was late for school, as/which made the teacher very angryAs everybody can see, the elephant is not like a wallHe wrote many books, some of which you will read some daycf: as is hoped as everyone can see As is well known as we knowAs often happens as we had expected As has been said before11. He lost the papers during the war, in which case he had to rewrite themDon’t call between 12 o’clock and 1 o’clock, during which time I am usually having lunch12. 先行词为case point conditions situation position等名词+ where从句在。

定语从句(I)关系代词的用法定义—复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句基本用法：1. who 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语2. whom指人，在从句中作宾语3. whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语4. which 指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语5. that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语一、定语从句的定义与关系词的分类1.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

2. 关系词分为关系代词(that, which, who, whom,whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why 等)两类。

主句关系主语代词Beijing, which is the capital of China is a very beautiful city.先行词定语从句主句中的表语中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。

二、关系代词的基本用法1. who 指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略The children who were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。

Danny was the man(who) we rescued from the ruins.丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的那个人。

2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用who 代替The boy(whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。

3. whose 既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.我想帮助那些父母在地震中丧生的孩子们。

高中英语学习资料madeofjingetieji语法专题一：定语从句1.定语从句的几个基本看法：1)先行词：即被定语从句修饰的名次或代词，平时位于定从的前面。

2)先行词在从句中担看作份：依照不同样成份，用相应的关系代词或关系副词。

3)关系代词：即先行词在定从中作主、宾、表、定。

作主语：指物，则用that, which 引导，且不能够省略；指人，用that, who 引导，不省略。

作宾语：即及物动词宾语和介词宾语：指物，用 that, which 引导，可省略；指人，用that, who, whom 引导，可省略。

注意：如将介词提到了定从之首，先行词指人，只能用whom;指物只能用which 。

作表语：一般指人、指物皆用that, 可省略。

作定语：指人、指物皆用whose,不省略。

5)非限制性定语从句：即用逗号与主句或先行词分开，用于补充说明。

(1)which: 用于指代先行词（物），或整个主句，不能够省略。

(2)who / whom: 用于指代先行词（人），不能够省略。

(3)all / some of + which / whom: 用于指代先行词的部分。

(4)as 为关系代词，“正如、就像”的意思 , 引导定从时可置于句首、句中或句末。

注意：在非限制性定从中，不能够用that。

2.一些特别用法：1)一般只用 that 引从句的情况：(1) 限制性定从句中，当先行被，如被any, every, each, few, little, no, some, theonly, the very 等修；(2) 先行是不定代all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等；(3)先行被序数或形容的最高所修；(4)先行既有人又有物；(5)当句中已有 who 或 which ，防备重复。

2)一般只用 which 引从句的情况：(1)引非限制性定从句，指前面的某名或它前面的整个主句；(2)引介、介短提前的定从句；(3）当先行集体名，着眼于整体，用which ；着眼于各个成，用who；(4) 取代某些固定短中的指示代，如this, that 等 , 引定从。

新人教高一英语必修一U4 Natural Disasters 语法定语从句一．定义：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的，起限定作用的成分。

定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词（现在分词或过去分词）、不定式（短语）、介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。

充当定语功能的句子就是定语从句。

二、定语从句三要素1. 先行词：被修饰的名词/代词/整个主句2. 关系代词：连接先行词与定语从句（that, which, who, whom,whose）3. 关系副词：连接先行词与定语从句（where, when, why）注意：关系代词/副词的选择→看定从是否完整句子完整→用关系副词缺少成分→用关系代词定从=先行词+关系词+从句例：I know the girl. The girl is in red. (两个简单句)→I know the girl who is in red. （定语从句）例句中被修饰的词是the girl, 这个词就称为先行词。

其中连接两个句子的是who，称为关系词。

关系词在从句中指代先行词，并在从句中充当一定的成分，观察上句，关系词在从句中充当主语。

☆总结：关系词有三个作用：（1）连接定语从句; （2）、指代先行词；（3）、在从句中充当成分关系词的用法如下表：三、关系代词的用法：定语从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语、定语用关系代词。

在从句中作宾语时，关系代词常可以省略。

1.that的用法that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，但that不用于引导非限制性定语从句。

例：The letter that I received was from my father.The girl that has long hair is my sister.The city is no longer the one that it used to be.注意：用that不用which的情况2.which 的用法which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。

定语从句定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示;例如 a clever boy the boiling water fallen leaves•The boy in the classroom needs a pen.•The man standing there is my teacher.定语从句：一个句子充当定语The boy who is reading needs the pen.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语;短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语;Ⅰ. 概念：1 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句;定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面;2 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份;先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句;3 关系词：引导定语从句的词,并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分;分为关系代词和关系副词;4 定语从句基本构成：先行词+关系词+从句A 关系词的作用：1 引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词；2 必在从句中作某个句子成份可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语1.The student who answered the question was John.2. I know the reason why he was so angry.3. The boy whom you are talking to is my brother.4. I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.B简单句变定语从句例1：The girl is Mary. The girl is standing there.The girl who is standing there is Mary.如何改写定语从句1、找准主句和从句,并找出两个简单句的共有成分,确定先行词;2、将从句中的共有成分去掉;3.找准关系词,用关系词引导从句剩下的部分,并紧接在被修饰词先行词之后;例2：A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.例3：The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.C定语从句选择关系词三步曲：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能做主语、宾语或状语；第三选择合适的关系词;Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法：●that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语;指人时,相当于who或whom；指物时,相当于which 一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. 主语2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now3. You can take anything that you like. 宾语4. What is the question that/which they are talking about5. Here is the man who/whom/that you want to see.●which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.主语2. The book which/that I bought yesterday is very interesting.宾语3. He was proud, which his brother never was. 表语●who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人whom: 宾格,在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whose: 属格,在从句中作定语,可指人也可指物;I like the students who/that work hard. 主语All who heard the story were amazed. 代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.He's a man from whom we should learn. 宾语= He's a man whom/who/that we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.指人I'd like a room whose window faces south. 指物whose +n. =the +n. + of which 物= of which 物+ the +n.=I'd like a room of which the window faces south. whose + n. =the +n. + of whom人= of whom人+ the +n.=I'd like a room the window of which faces south.注意：定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数于先行词保持一致This is one of the best books that have ever been written.He is one of the students who study hard at school.当one前面有the only等限定词和修饰语时, 定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致而取单数形式例如This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written.He is the only one of the students who studies hard at school.Ⅲ. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.①先行词为不定代词表示物,all, much, something, everything, anything ,nothing, none, the one等,②先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时;③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时;④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时;.⑤先行词既有人又有物,用which和who都不适合,这时宜用that. 如：⑧主句是There be 结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.⑨被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that .2. My home village is no longer the place that it used to be .●定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe's dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. which 指代主句B who & that:● who 和that 指代人时,有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that①先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时. 如：.②在There be 结构中,修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .Ⅳ.关系副词引导的定语从句:●When 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;定语从句中when=in/on/at which, 其先行词是表时间的名词如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.作状语I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou Ⅴwas launched, which has a great effect on my life.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. 作宾语Next winter which/that you'll spend in Harbin, I'm sure, will be exciting.●Where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语;定语从句中where=in/on/at which,其先行词是表示地点的名词,如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. 作状语This is the place where I was born.This is the park which/that they visited last year. 作宾语I live in the room which was bought by my father.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he's likely to lose control of the plane.●Why 指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语;先行词为reason 时,可用for which指代；如：That’s the reason why/for which he was late.The reason why / for which he didn't attend the meeting was that he was ill.I don't believe the reason that/which he gave me. 作宾语Have you asked him the reason t hat may explain his success 作主语当先行词为way时,关系词在句中作状语时,定语从句常用that, in which引导,that常可以省略;way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多;但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that 引导;如:This is the way that /in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the waythat/whichI have shown you.V.介词+关系代词考点1.基本考点考点1 简单介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,that和who不能用于介词之后,能用于介词＋关系代词引导定语从句的代词只有which和whom;考查“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词前该选什么样的介词,要根据不同的语境、词组搭配、习语、惯用法等来决定,归纳起来介词的选择主要依据如下几点：①介词与定语从句的先行词搭配;如：The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new look．on the farm②介词与从句中动词搭配;如：Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands shake hands with sb.In the dark street there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. turn to sb. for help③介词与定语从句中的形容词搭配,如：The west lake, for which Hang Zhou is famous, is a beautiful place. be famous for④根据句子的意思来决定, 此时不但要注意其前的搭配也要注意其后的搭配;Water is very important for us without which we can’t live.2004辽宁The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad．2006辽宁I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany.The old man has two daughters．Both of them are doctors．那位老人有两个女儿,她们都是医生;③as 常用在as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected 等结构中;例如：一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . as 作宾语=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . as 作主语=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .=Smoking is harmful to one's health, as we all know .as 作宾语Jack has won the first prize, as often happens. 像往常一样,Jack得了一等奖;训练题汇总◆EX1用适当的关系词填空.1. I will never forget the day __________ I first went to school.I will never forget the day __________ we spent in Beijing.2. The house __________ we visited is being repaired now.The house ______ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.◆Ex2选择适当的代词填空,注意非限制性定语从句和单句的比较;1.I am reading Harry Porter, _____is an interesting book.2.He failed in the exam._______ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _______made his parents angry.4.He has two sons. Both of ________ are teachers.5.He has two sons, both of ________ are teachers.◆EX3 思考:用五种方式定语从句翻译句子这是他工作的工厂;1. This is the factory________ he works.2. This is the factory ________he works.3. This is the factory________ he works in.4. This is the factory ________he works in.5. This is the factory________he works in.◆EX4 思考: 介词+关系代词的情况介词+关系代词的情况 1The man whom you spoke________ was a scientist. The city ________she lives in is far away.介词+关系代词的情况2 改错The man to who you spoke was a scientist.The city in that she lives is far away.◆Ex5: 介词+关系代词的使用1. Do you like the book she spent $102. Do you like the book she paid $103. Do you like the book she learned a lot4. Do you like the book she often talks5. He dug a hole he could got water from the lake.6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest ___________is the Yellow River.8. The man ____________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at swimming.9. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most __________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.。