第一讲定语从句
一关键词
定语从句：在复合句中修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
关系词：关系词用来引导定语从句。关系词有关系代词和关系副词之分。关系代词有that, which, who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有when，where，why等。
关系词可以1) 代替先行词；2) 引导定语从句；3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：The car which my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.句中，the car
为先行词；which是关系词引导是定语从句which my uncle had just bought，同时代替先行词the car在定语从句中作主语。
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
who指人，在定语从句中作主语。
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。
that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
whose 通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
Note: whose指物时，常用of which结构来代替：
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
注意：which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。这时which和as 被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。如：He said he was a Frenchman，which／as was not true.
但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。如：As is known to all，China is a socialist country. China is a socialist country, as/which is known to all.
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
介词+关系代词
1)根据动词选择介词。I don't know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.（或I don't know the foreigner whom my teacher shook hands with.)
Note: who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：look for，look after等。
2)根据先行词选择介词。介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。
3)介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when，why，where等。
定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。
被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。
3.常用that引导定语从句的情况：
1)当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。
2)先行词本身是all, few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。
3)先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no ,any，every，little，much, little, the only，the very等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。
二限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉,
主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。
2. 非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。
3. 关系词的使用：1) 关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。2) 限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。3)在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。
第二讲现在完成时，现在完成进行时
一现在完成时
1、构成have/has done
2、用法
I表示过去发生的事对现在具有影响。
1) Justin has disappeared, so Kelly is very sad.
2) The boy is happy. He has caught a bird.
II表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在或者还将持续下去。
1)I have not seen Justin since Last Friday night.
2) Daniel has lived in Beijing since he came to China.
III表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。此时下列词汇经常和现在完成时连用：already, ever, never, for, just, lately/ recently, since, yet。
1) The boy has already come home.
2) I haven't heard anything from him yet.
其中，for + 一段时间，since + 某个时间点。
e.g. We haven't seen him for two days. We haven't seen him since last Monday.
IV表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复的动作。
1) Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.
2) I have advised him to give up smoking many times, but he just won't listen to me.
V 现在完成时还可用于下列句型中：
This/It is the best/ finest/ most interesting … + that- clause,
This/It is the first/ second… time + that- clause, that 从句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时。
It is/ has been a period of time since + 一般过去时
1) This is the best book that I have read.
2) It is the first time that I have seen the film.
3) It is/ has been a long time since I came to Wuxi.
3、注意
1)现在完成时不和明确的表示时间的词连用，如yesterday, last week, in 1976等。
2)表示短暂意义的动词，如begin, leave, arrive, return, stop, open, go, come, die等，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
* Read the following sentences and say T or F .
(1) He has come to Beijing since last year. F
(2) He has been here for three years. T
(3) He has joined the army for three years.F
(4) He has been a solider for 3 years.T
(5) It is 3 years since he joined the army. T
(6) He has joined the army. T
二现在完成进行时
1、构成have/has been doing
e.g. I haven't been sleeping well since I returned home.
2、用法
表示动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，可能刚刚停止，也可能仍然在进行。
1)-- Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
-- Yes. I have been waiting (wait) for an hour.
2) She is very tired. She has been working (work) all morning.
3) The man started working in the field half an hour ago. He is still working now.
The man has been working (work) in the field for half an hour.
4) The boy started having dinner five minutes ago. He is still having dinner now.
The boy has been having (have) dinner since five minutes ago.
3、注意
现在完成进行时多用持续性动词，如do, live, learn, lie, stay, wait, stand, study等，
常和all the time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等表示现在之前这一段时间的状语以及since和for引导的时间状语或从句连用。
e.g. He has been watching television all day.
I have been learning English for three years.
She's been playing tennis since she was eight.
This whole week, he has been training some new employees.
He has been smoking too much recently.
三.现在完成时和现在完成进行时的比较
1、现在完成时表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，强调结果；而现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性，强调“一直”，往往表示动作仍未结束。
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在读这本小说。（书不一定看完)
I have read two novels. 我已读过两本小说。（动作已完成)
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在写信。
I have written three letters. 我已经写完三封信了。
2、有些动词如study, work, live用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大。
I have lived here since 1990. / I have been living here since 1990.
They have studied the problem for quite some time. / They have been studying the problem for quite some time.
3、有些动词动词本身表示一种持续的状态，一般不用现在完成进行时，如be, know, love, remember, understand, see, like, last。
I've known him for many years.
They have not seen each other for a long time.
The war has lasted for a long time.
第三讲将来进行时，过去将来时
一将来进行时
1.将来进行时构成：will/shall be doing
2.主要用法：
1）表示将来某一段时间内持续做的动作。
Don't call me between 9:00 and 11:00 tomorrow morning. I will be taking an exam then. 明天9
点至11点期间，不要给我打电话，那时我将要参加考试。
I shall be doing housework all day this Saturday.本周六一整天我将都在做家务。
2）表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。
At 9:00 this evening I will be watching the news programs on TV. 今晚九点钟，我将正在电视上看新闻节目。
At this time tomorrow we'll be having a maths lesson. 明天的这个时候我们正在上数学课．
3）表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。
Be sure to come. We'll be expecting you. 一定要来, 我们要等你的.
4）表示委婉地询问对方或别人计划要做的事。
What will you be doing at five tomorrow afternoon? .明天下午五点钟你打算做什么？
3.将来进行时与一般将来时的比较：
1) 一般将来时侧重主观意愿，而将来进行时则强调动作的进行。
I'll work on this tomorrow.(表示意愿或许诺)
I'll be working on this tomorrow.（纯粹表示将来要发生的动作）
2)将来进行时比一般将来时在语气上更委婉客气。
比较：When will you finish these letters? (只是问一个将来的事实)
When will you be seeing Mr. White?（语气较委婉）
二过去将来时
1.过去将来时构成：would/should +do
2.用法：表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。用于间接引语或宾语从中，当主句谓语动词用过去时态时。
3.注意：过去将来还可用下列形式来表达，但含义有所不同：
1.）was/were going to do: 表示过去的主观打算。但未必能实现。
We were going to leave, but then it rained.我们正打算离开，但这时下雨了。
I was going to visit the factory but in the end I went to the country. 我当时打算去参观工厂的，但最终我去乡下了。
2）was /were about to do:即将发生的动作“刚要/正要做某事”，不能再与时间状语连用。